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SULTHAN BATHERY Biology REI aN 1. The Living World @ The objects exhibiting growth, reproduction, development, responsiveness and other characteristics of lfe are designated as lving beings. © Certain other characteristics of living beings includes cellar stucture, metaboism, consciousness, cxgarisaton, energy, homeastass, varias, adaplations, movements, ttespen, healing repat, disposal of wastes and death, etc. © In 1751, Linnaeus coined the term ‘systematics’. Itcan be defined as the science thal deals with the diversity of cagarisms and al thet comparte and evluionary ‘elationships (according to Simpson: 1961). Systematics includes, ie. identification, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy. @ New systematics (Julian Hunley; 1940) is taxonomic afiniy on the basis of evoltonay, genetical and morphoiogcal tals @ Binomial nomenclature given by Linnaeus is the raring sstemin which the name ol species consists of ‘two words out of which the first is generic name written with inital capital letter and the second is specific name ‘or specific epithet written with initial small letter, @.9, ‘Homo sapiens (for human). These names are Latin and written in Italics, @ Taxonomy isthe branch of study that dees with the laws and principles of classiying organisms. Each step ‘epresents @ taxonomic category. Linnaeus is Known aS the Father of Taxonomy. @ The taxonomic hierarchy is the system of arranging taxonomic categories in a descending order. It was first introduced by Linnaeus (1751) and hence, it is also known 2s Linnaeus hierarchy. © Each category, referred to as unit of classtlication represents a rank and is commonly called taxon, The tem ‘xo’ as fist irroduced by ICBN (1958) © The taxonomic categories which are always used in hierarchical classification of organisms are called obigate 0° common categories. These ate seven in ruber in the descending order as flows © Taxonomic categories * For animals Species» Genus-» Family -» Order > (Class + Phylum + Kingdom, * For plants Species» Genus + Family -» Order» ‘Gass -+ Division -» Kingdom © Taxonomical aids are techniques and provedutes 10 stove information and specimens for identification and classcaton of oganisms, e * Herbarium isa store house of cried, pressed and preserved plant specimens * Botanical gardens have callecion of ving plants. + Museums. have collection of mxeserved plant and ‘animal specimens. * Zoological parks keep wid animals protected environment. * Key is used for identification of pant and animals, 2. Biological Classification ‘© Biological classification is the scientfic procedure of arranging organisms into groups and sub-groups on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities in a tirarchial categories. © Five kingdom classification of (oy Whittaker, 1969) living cgarismsis based on * Compexty of ca stucte * Complexity of body structure * Mode of nutrition + Phylogenetic relationship + Ecological ie style Five kingdom classification Crracer | Kngdon-Monee __Kngiom-Froisa Kingdon Fung Cottype | Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic kano Eukaryotic Comgleity of | Unicel to Unicetar Unicelviarto —Mutietuiar—— Multietar ody mca mutieliar oe a Ecological le PochoersDecomposers Producers/Decomposers Decomposer Producers Consumers ee EE —————————————— Cotwal | Nance, Presertorabsert Chin Cellose Aen _____Bepbdogyean_ Coloopast_| Present Present or absent Absent Present A Inepent Wel organised Wel organised Welloanised Well ganised Ntten— Autoropic or Autotpic or Hetectophic —Afoophio ——_-Heertophic | hetercropic heterotopic {sapropiyic) —(photosynnetc) —_ocasic or os a ee Ntity | Present (fagala)or Present (lagela'+ 9 Present (lagela Present (lagala Present (2+ 9) Absent oegamimeeg ogee oe Reproduction Asewul(ssion)or — Senualgametcor Smal ygotio Samual (Gporeor A seul and semua coniugation 20H gat) (Garetc) © Virus Discovered by D Wanowsky (1892), these are utramicroscopic, noncelle, infectous agers, mut irae ing hes; bt cus ne host body, hey re inet paces. + These possess ether DNA or RNA as their geno material and one paced inbetween noivng end ing eties. + Caps isa protective protein covering round genetc material, have smal sub-unit called capsomeres. Capsid has antigenic proper, i 3, Plant Kingdom © Pants were classed on the bas of diferent characters and on oui of the clessiicaion of kingdor- Plante is as follows i Plants Cryplogaras Phanerogaae (vita secs; ex gare) (win sods sex organs vb) Thalophya Bopha Petite Gyrmespeme Ajosporce Ey mio Oyacopsa. Coneopsita Graopsia ‘Hepatcansida Anthocerotonsida —Bryopsida ‘Monocatyiedons Polgelia ——yugsida—Speropséa. «=i besa © Thallophyta (Alga) It includes simplest plant having unditeentiated thafus lke plant body Reproductive oxygen are smple. Embryo stage, vas and mechanicals issues absent Ts includes algae which has thee main clases as folows * Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) These are green ‘due to the presence of chlorophyha and b pigments localised in chloroplst, e.g. Sao, Vox, Ute, Chamyetmanas and Car * Phaeophyceae (Grown Agee) Members of Phacoptyoeae are known as brown algae. They have characterstic pigments ike chicxoptyla.c, carotenoids and xarthophyl. Brown colours due Yo presence of fucorarthin, eg. Sargassum, Fucus, Etocarpus, et. ‘* Rhodophyceae (Red Algze) Members of Fodophyceae are known 2s red algae du to the presence of ed pigment phycoenytin, 2g, Po)siphonia and Gesu €@ Byophytes usualy growin moist and shady places These are basicly teresral plan, but requre presence of water to compete thet ite cycle Thetelre, they are consideral as amphibians of plant kingdom. © Bryophytes exhibt alteration of gametophytic phasein) and sporophvic phase(n) in ther fe oye. + The dominant plant phase in byophys. is {reeling gametophye epi) Wich develop from haglod spores. Byoghyes ae dided into vemos and mosses, + In masses, spores intaty develop into juvenile sage caled protonema, wich gve ise to acu ametophy + The cotonemal stages absentinnerwort where the spores drecy gaminate and produce thaloid plant body +The sax organ antherda (ate) and axchegonia (female) develop onthe gametonhy + Anihericia produce fagelated male gametes which swim inthe fim of water and reach the archegonia the fomaie sex organ, wich fuse 10 form dpkg 2ygcte + The zygpe is not liberated but grows into a diploid soorophyte consisting of foot, seta and capsule € Prerdoptytes are seedless, vascular plans, They produce spores rather than seeds. eg. norsetas (Equisetum), fems (Selagiela) and Lycopodium {eid moss} (© These are found near the marshy cool and damp places. Prendophytes are divided into four sub-disions + Psllophytopsida (Pslopsia} + Lyoophyta (Lepidophyta) + Arthrophyta(Sphenophyta) + Prerophyta icophyta) © Dominant phase pleridoptytes is sporophy 2), which is frente int oot, stem and let © Sporophvle consis's of leabtke appendages caled sporophyls which produce cust of sporangia cal sori € Some.cels of sporangium undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores) {The haplod spores germinate to produce independ, smal, thaloid gametophy (prothalus) which bears archegonia, (female sex organs) and anthesis (mate sex organs) ‘The fagalate male gametes are iberated ftom antheridia, they sii ina fim of water and reach the archegonia to fertise the 29g cells forming zygot wtich gves rise to sporophytc fem 2). ‘© Gymnosperms are naked seeded plas, which were evolved earl than the flowering plans, Henoe, caled connecting link between pleidophytes and angospems. The tye classes of gyttmospemms re * Cycadopsida Primtve group, represented by small plants. Seed are actly syrmetcal, e.g. Cyeas, Zama (smatest gymnosperms), ec * Coniteropsida Includes lager dominant gymaospers. ‘The plants are commonly caled conifers. Seeds are bicteraly symmetrical, eg. Pinus, Gngo (he maiden hai ree), Tans + Gnetopsida. Inciudes advanced gymnosperms. Ovules axe othntopous wth ong tubular micop, 9, Gretum, Ephedra, Welutscha €@ Prats are heterosporous, Le. producing microspore (male gamelophyte) and megaspores (female gametophyt) Mictosporangia are tome on lower surface of ricrosporophyls and megasporangia (female stabil) are raked and bome of megasporoptys Male garete ae rezased rom microsporanga and cared by pollen tubes towards archegonia. Male gate fuses wih £99 1 give rise to zygote. 2ygote develops ino erbxyo and embryo ito naked seeds «© Angiosperms are soed bearing pants or flowering pants. In angoospors the sporophyl ae organised into lowers and the seeds are produced inside rts, © George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker pesertedtne _ystem of clessticaton of angosporms published in Genera Plantarum (1862-1883) which appeared in tree volumes 4, Animal Kingdom (On he basis pf body symmety, nature of coelom, arrangement of cl, animals can be classified as flows ‘Animal Kingdom {Metazoa) Mulicelusr Booy | Mesoz0a Parazoa [— Fumetazoe ‘Worm ike small, symmatry Calls loosely organised, True issues anda bilateral parasitic on cephaooods no organs, co digestive cavity | —aigestve cay present ad oti invertebrates, hylum-Portera ‘cleavage related and indeterminate. | Divisions een | Radiata Buateria $ymmetry racial biracial Symmetry. lateral fo organs two germ ayer (dipcblastc) ‘organ systems presen ipiobaste phyum-Coclenterata. gestive tract complete | ‘Sub-Divisions Protostomia ~ Deuterostomia Mouth from bastopore ‘Mouth not from bastopore mesoderm develops from archenteron feavage spiral and dterninate |, Acoelomata Pseudocoslomata Eveoelomata (Scizocois) |Nocoelam contains Pseudocosiom cortaing “ra cosom contains phyum-Amnsia fhjur-Playemintnes. ——_pyu-Nematods _Athvopeda and Molusca along wih Spun, Onychoptera ete (mina pia} ‘Sub ison Deutrestoma contains cre section, Le, exootomata(etecoe) Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Urcehord Cpalochordata Verabrata [Netochrd arene coed Notched ne cosdandgit wh zanurn lonyinlane aoutin stsclong tie erte bey and viscera ches ected une perosten ‘erobrate an rain present | ¢ ‘© Phylum-Porifera includes maine asymetical sponges wih _@ Phylum-Ctenophora (Com eles) cana stem as most import feature in trem + These are maine, dpoblasc, bracialy * Conia caviy present in sponges is known as spongocoel, symmetical acoelomate with tissue grade of itis nea by colar cols or choanacytes cxgensaion, Body sot, taspeen, «Thay are suppoted by spleules or spongin rad presin ‘9eatinous vith well marked bioluminescence. fiovep, whic forms slat sytem * Digestion bath extacalar and itacelta, respiration and exccetion through general body + They are hermaphrodite both male and female gametes are ‘surface, with statocyst for balance. produced wii same individual, etiisation i intra * Laval form are distinct fom aduts. * Meron, tt scanal flan snd 9 Sycon, Spongita, Euspongia, 7 ft 1g. Ctenophora, Phylum-Cnidaria (Coelenterata) consists of aquatic marine, Phylum-Platyhelminthes (Fiatworms) sessile, radially symmetrical animals, emacs pose oe fo mash fr es ye "BA ree . acoelomate, mostly endoparasties animals ofence. Body contain cnidablast or cnidocytes used for anhouge, rc and apa Boy «Ty fe specdod cat xen and ‘+ They show polymorphism with two basic body plans csmeoregultion caled fame col {médusa and polyp). Polyp re fed sessile, cyindrcal,eg -—-* They possess high regeneration capacty, Hyg, Ademsia fc. Medusa are umbrella shaped and tree eg Planaia, Teena (lapeworm) and Fascale svefeing, 9. Aro (verte) ‘© Phylum-Aschelminthes (Round worms) + They are biateraly symmetical, tplobastic and pseudocoeomate animals + They possess feeling, aquatic, terestral or parastc adaptation * Thoy aro coscious, fotiistion ioral, with sexual reproduction, Excretion trough excretory pore eg. Ascans (oundwor), Wuchereria fiarasworm) ‘anc’ Ancylastoma (hook worm), ‘© Phylum-Annelida Also krnavm as segmented worms. * They show organ love of organisation, toloblatic and are Diataraly symmetical, having metamerc segmentation * Locomotion is by parapodia respiration trough skin oF ils, circulatory system is closed and digesive system complete, + Excretion through nephricia, e.g, Nereis, Preretna (earthwon), Hrudinai (Leech) + Resptation through skn or gis, circulatory system is. dosed and digestive systems complet, (© Phylum-Arthropoda is laigest phylum of kkngdom-Anmala.Itintudes insect. ‘They are trploblasti, segmented, bieterally symmetrical coelomate animals, Body is covered by chitinous exoskeleton. Body consists of head, thorax and abdorran + They possess jointed appendages. thos- jont and pods - appendages * Circulatory systamis open type. forming ahaemacoel Respiratory system show diverse range, eg. gis trachea, book lungs, general body surface, and book oils. ‘They show serual made of reproduction and are dioocoous, Eyes, antennae are present as sensory ovgars. * Excretion occurs though Malpighian tubules Ecanomicaly mportantinsects are, &¢. Apis (honey bee), Bombyx (sknorm) and Lacaler (fc insects), Vectors Anopheles, Culx and Aedes (mosques, Gregarious pes! Locus. ving fossil Linus (king crab, cockroach, € Phylum-Mollusca tis the second largest phylum * These are mostly marine, some are ireshwater forms having biter! synmetical, trplodastic and coelomate body plan Body is unsegmenied, but consist of distinct head, ‘muscular foot and visceral hump. Feeding through radula. Crcuiaion-open type, excretionorgan of Bojanus or metanephvia pal, They ate dioecious, ovparous, development ether direct oF indirect with larval stages. (rochophore, Glochidium and veiger) e.g. Pia, Octopus, Pinctads ‘and Sepia © Phylum-Echinodermata + Animals have encoskeleton of calcareous asses, body radially (penta novos) symmetical at adit stage and biter synmetrical at lava stage. They axe tipobiastic anc coelomate animals * Water vascular system present. Complete digestive stom presen * Reproduction is semua (eg. Axteras (statis, Echis (sea chi), Cucuraa (se cucu). ‘© Phylum-Hemichordata Hay chords) + These are wormike matin animals, with blaeraly symmetalplblastc body th gen system evel of organisation * Body divided ino proboscis, colar and turk Nokochor absent + Esreton trough proboscis gland, culation open |ype and espration though gist pat * Connecting ink between echinoderms and chordates, 9, Bainoglosss, ec ‘© Phylum-Chordata (chodales) Animals have notochord, dorsal holow nerve chore, pharyngeal gi sils and postal ta at some slag of ie. They ae ded int low subphyla + Urochordata(unicates) Notochord coined ola tal. 0g Hecinana + Cephalochordata fancolets) Notochord oends esi ng of body and passes ahead of nerve cord in ront (@ Branchostoma) * Vertebrata. (vertebrates) Notochord replaced by vericbral column in adults © Class-Chondtichthyes. Includes catiagenous, shes, + Nolochord is wel developed, persistent troughout ie, Mouth on veal si, tooth ae moded placod scales. Heart wo chambered, ureotic. animals, sexes ae separate, males usualy have claspes for copulation, eg. sharks (Seotadon, Spinal, rays {Tygon} ec + Possess uncovered gil, gl lis are ve pars. Soma ae prodaceous (6. Tope, T1900 © Clase-Osteichthyes. includes marine as wel as fresh water bony fishes + Four pat of fizmenious gis, catered by oparcuum Presence of ar blader that equites buoyancy + Heart is thee chambered, mesonepirc kidneys, mostly ueoleke animals. Feriisaton external, (9 12000, Cala, Claas, ec) © Class-AmphibiaEvoutionany, those are ist terestialorganisms and ae pokothemic, ectothernic or celdblodes. * Body divided ino had and trunk, Respiration occurs by gis, lungs, ining of becopharyngel caviy anc shin, ether, separately rin combination. * Tympanun represen the ear, tal fin homocetcal, aronoteic animals, exoskeleton wth cyclod or ‘lenoid stales. Undergo hibematon in winter and aestnatop in. summer to avoid extemes of temperate. + Sexes are separate fertistion is extemal, eg, Bufo (tood), gna (og), Hya (ee frog) Salamander and © Class-Reptiia ‘They shbw creeping and crawling movements, pokkothgrmic, exathermal or cold blooded animals. + Body by diy comifed scales and lack ands. Body endoskeleton, weldeveloped digestive system, fespation through lungs (i turles-through cloaca),| Heat is three chambered (except in rocodids hat have fou-chambered heat * Excel through kidney, landforms urcotee which ceugalic forms are ureotelc. + Fetlisalon is intemal, ovparous, €9, Chelone (tute), Testudo tortoise), Chameleon (rue lize), Crocadtis(racodi) Poisonous snakes Naja (obra), Bangaru (hat. © Class-Aves + These ae charactersed by presence of feathers that facts as insulator and helps in Fight + They possess beak, forlirbs ae modtied into wings. They are endothermal and warm blooded animals, + The skin is cry excepto glans present ate ta, heat ig four chambered, respiration through lungs, Uuicotele wih special vice producing organ called syn * Endosheletonisbory (ossfed) and bones are hollow wit a caves (pnaumate), 29 fight bids Conus (crow), |Pitacule (part), Colurba (pigeon) etc Figitlegs bidEru, Kw, Rhea, Sto ost) et. Class-Mammata, * Animals possess mik producing mammary gland and give bith to young ones * They may be adapted to fly bal) or lve in water (whale) or terest (nose, came, numan), They are thermal. Skin covered with ais, sweat lands and sebacoous gard, * Body is dsb int head, neck, tunk and tal *+ Respiration i pulmonary complet dgesive system, well dtveloped sense organs and brain with 12 pats ‘of cranial nerves. * Sexes are seperate. intemal fertisaton, with highly Resticton endronucleare cutting —> Gene or DNA of interest - Insertion in to vector -> ‘Amplfication of gene by using PCR» New recombinant genes produced n lage armour (© PCR is a method developed by Kary Mul 1985, which have the ably to amply the DNA fragment by using template primers and Tag polymerase. © Downstream processing includes all the processes 10 which a product is subjected to before beng marketed ‘asa finished product. © Bloreactors are large volume (100-10004) vessels in Which raw materials are biologically converted into specitic products, enzymes, ec, using living cel, 34, Biotechnology and Its Applications ¢ Bciecmology has varied aplication forthe wore of human beings, nung erepeutes, processed food and genetical modes cops, © Genetcaly modied organisms se pinsarmaly bactoda ard un! whose genes have been altered by ‘manipulation, e.g. Golden rice (vitamin-A rich), © Production of pest resistant plants (biopesticides) which SGasease he posted wo, 09 Bt eaten @ In the production genetically engineered drugs and omens 29 suion © Gene therapy is colecion of methods tat lows comecion of Gere detec, Gagrosed in a chi or tsttnyo Fst gon therapy wos dane ogi wih ADA Mineralisation © The fow of energy is uniiroctional © Tho energy s transfered in an eoosystem in the form of food which is converted into energy during metabolic ‘088s and a very ile amount is sored as biomass. © Food chain is a sequence of organisms according to their feeding habits. Iti of two types, Le. grazing food. chain, detritus food chain. © Food web isan interconnected network of food chains, © Trophic level is the speciic place occupied by an ‘rgarismin the particular food chain © Ecological pyramid is # graphical presentation of ‘elation between diferent trophic levels in the form of Pyramid. Three common types of ecological pyramids ate pyramid of number, pyramid of biomass, pyramid of ‘nergy. Base of pyramid represents producers, while ‘apex represents the top level carwores, © Saprotrophs are not included in ecological pyramid, © 10% energy aw given by Raymond Lindeman (1942), states that only 10% of energy is transtered to each trophic level rom lower to higher trophic evel © Keystone species are those species wich has a ‘dspropotionaely arg effect on is environment relative to's abundance. These are often a dominant predator ‘whose removal allows the prey population to explode ‘and may often decrease overal versity © The entire sequence of communities thal sucessvely ‘change ina given areais called sere, © Community near equiibrium with the envronment is ‘alld climax community and the species that invade bare area are called pioneer species © Ecological succession is a soquertia, gradual and recctabe change in the species comnpostion ian area ‘ove a period of tie. 1 Ecological succession is of two ypes, ie. primary ans secondary + Primary succession it coouss on the barren lan, where no living axganisms have exsted before. tis 2 very slow process. + Secondary succession i occrs on helana which ves prewously occupied. ti realy a later process © Onthe basis of nature of habit suooession of plants is of two ypes + Hydearch succession occurs in wetter areas where pyoplankions (pionee speces) -+ tee Hosting ngosperns (byopryes) > recad hycrophytes > sedges» ra5565 + E08. + Nerarch succession occiss on bare rocks. Lions (Pines speces) x» Smal plais (byopiytes)-» Bigger pans» Forests, © Nutint cycing i te moverent of nuit element through vious components ofan ecosystem his otwo ‘pes © Ecosystom services ae tne products of ecosystem Processes, e.g, ponaton of rps. 37. Biodiversity and Its Conservation © Itreferstothe variety and variability of ving organisms: ‘onthe planet earth, It can also be defined asthe variety ‘fie forms, gene poo's and habitats found in an area. © The term ‘Biodwversity was popularised by socio-bologist Edward Osborne Wilson 10 describe the combined ‘versity at al the fuels of biological organisations. © Biodiversity includes three levels: * Genetic diversity, civersty within the species + Species diversity, variety of species and their relative ‘abundance present within a region, * Ecological diversity, related to the genetic diversity al ecological level © Patterns of Biodiversity Plants and animals are more. Austalopithecus => Homo habils + Homo erectus > Neanderttaensis > Homo sapiens sapiens 30. Human Health and Diseases (@ Heath isastatof compote physica mental and socal well beng rater than online ebsence of disease ox prysial ines (© Disease is a concton of improper functioning or any cancion which inter with he normal funtonieg fone or more organs ofthe body and causes sod of minor ody tis characterised Dy vaious signs and sympioms, Orgasms that cause disase ae cafe pathogens Diseases can be broadly dase to + Infectious Diseases or Communicable Disease These diseases are caused by pathogen and are easily trensited from one person to another, eg, mar, inlveaa, common cols, ADS, sap. chickenpox ascafasis, ot * Noninfecious Diseases or Nor-communicable Disease Those dseases cannot be transmited rom ce parson another nd are not caused by pathogens, They occ ee by he nttonal decienis cx hough gana imertance, eg, cancer © Imrane syste inthe body consists of phe crgans. “They ae categorised as + Primary lymphoid organs (oe marow and tym) * Secondary lymphoid organs (splen, lynch rode, ) «© immunity the abit ofthe boy host fat agit the ‘638358 casing agent. tis of wo Ypes Immunity Innate immunity ‘Acquired inunity {nao ir) (exept imu) Bas! Car Pryiogicd Cytokine baer fare’ barr Chin Wes imposes, (id sac oe] Poretpa Naa’ sata uh, lecooyes NL tas ate eyes ee) deve vem Passi lnunty @ Protein molecules produced by B-ymphooytes in response o pathogens ae called anibodes (The exagguates or hypersensive regen of he imerne sje o cota egens inthe encore: ' calc alrgy,Autemmmunty ish state where 200 osestha ably fodisingush sf and nen sal clomen's and stats desioying sel, cal, 9 sheumatoid arthritis, Addison's disease, | (© Addiction is the habitual, physiolobical and psycologicl dependenceon a substance Gr practice which is beyond voluntary conal cn be of tobacco, lech, rugs, te \ + Drugs re cheicas present na medic used for treatment, cue, hagas prevention ofa disease. Drugs canbe ofthe allowing ype: + Paychotopic drugs or moodaking drugs they fact on brain. Tranqulisers (reserpine, ec), sedative (abies, ete), opate (morph ne, rerone, et), stimuanss cane et). + Psychedelic drugs (CS naluchogens or vison grodvong crys), eg. LSD (yseige aod Defame), careabras, © Vatcus biomedical techniques and instruments are use for diagnosis of several isases. These are Domed istumenis ke Elctocardogaoh (EG), Bectosneapalogaph (EG), Compusised Torregaphic scan (CT sean), Keay, et, and Doel tachnques lhe EUSA faye Liked Immo. Sorberé Assay), WIDAL tes, Wester ‘ating, Sauter boing, ‘© immunosuppressants 270 he hugs which aro ven to the patients to prevent jection of eran traneperaion. 31, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production © Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of ‘breading and ising nestck i dels wih the care a brecing of iestock ihe cater ules, cows, os, arses, cate, seep, goa, et. asoincudes pouty farting and fisheries © Dairy farm management is te management of animals for mik and its products. it dels wth processes and systems to improve quay ard quanty of ik ‘© Poultry farm management incudes the management of pouty. Pout i the dass of domesticated fom (birds) used for food (broilers) or forth eggs (ayers) nous chicken, ducks, they and geese 18 The dy and pouty farm managamentinoudes processes such as selection of disease fee and Ssutable breeds, proper housing, ood an wae, thatis and © Bee-keepi ‘of honeyb@ or apiculture isthe maintenance of hives ‘and beeges for the production of honey (nutritive food) species ¢ wax for cosmetics, etc. There ate several by bee-kt honeybee but most common species reared 0 Fahery28 5 A08 ica proces? (8 an_indsty, wich indus. cating animating oF seling of fish, shellfish and other aquatic Tori like prawn, crab, lobster, edible oyster, etc. ‘gghivel the increasing demand on fisheries, different (0 B4piQUES Ike equacutue andpiscicutue are applied. ‘oa evoluton isthe movement launched to inease dnprOduction of ih and fish products (1906) Angad breeding is ex important pt of nial ‘issbandry. tas to increase the yield of animals and igbrove the cestable ques of procuve “breed is a group of animals that are similar in most Sarat Ihe genera apoerance, fetes, size, ‘qcontiguation et «Breeding can be Cassie as flows * Inbreeding, reers to the mating between closely telied indvidias win the same breed for 446 generations. It's used to evolve a pureline. * Outbreeding is the breeding of unrelated animals, either of the same breed but not having common ancestors for 4-6 generations (i.e. ou-crossing) or of cifferentbreeds (2. cross-breeding) or even diferent species (interspecific hybridisation), © Ail insemination is @ mettod of contoled breading. The seven tom selected me parents injected into the reproductive tract of selective female ‘Parent, It helps to overcome the problems related to ‘normal mating, The semen can be stored and frozen for laters. ‘© Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) is aprogramme for herd or cattle improvement ‘@ High mik-yielding breeds of females and high quality {lean meat wit less lipid) meat-yilding bulls have been breed suocessfuly to increase the herd siz in a short te by is technique Plant breeding is a technique of manipulation of plant Species inode to ces desired pant types hat ae better suited for cuttin, ge beter and improved ‘yield and are disease-resistant. (© Piantbreeding programmes are caiedoutin systematic way as folows Cotecon ot varity — Evalualon ad slecton paris ‘Tesig lease and — Selection and — Crosstyoidsaon cammeraisaion —tesingofsuperor among selected olnewcutvars recombinants pers © Green revolution refers to @ seies of reseaich Clvelopment and technology transfer that increase the arcu production weridce © Norman Borlaug (ther of green revolution developed semicdwart varia of wheal, that wee introduced in Inia (1969) ‘The various methods used for pant breeding re * Conventional breeding tis done by using chemical ways lke fetiser or sytheic components, eg. Him (vant of wheat i resistant oll and stip rust and nll bunt disease. * Mutation breeding itis done by atcalyinduoed midatons using chemicals or radiators, €g. new vatily of Oryza sativa (ce) called Jagannath Biofortfication Method of breeding crops with higher leves ol vtarins, minerals and healthier as to improve public heath, Some varieties released by IARI inuse eA enich carats, spinach, vi-C rich bata, ee © Single-cell protein eer to sources of mised proteins cotracted from pure or med culures of organisms or cals, Some commen sources of SCP are yeasts, (2. Saccharomyces cerevisie), Spina, chloe, et. Pant tissue cuture ts te scentfc process ofin vito calture of oals, tissues or organs in an organised manner. © Explant isthe plan part taken out fo be grown in a testtube in special nutient media. Totipotency isthe method o producing whole plant om an exglnt Micropropagation is a method of obtaining large umber of plants through tissue cute method. The plants produced are genetical identical to the parents, ‘© Somatic hybridisation tis the process of fusion of ‘rolopiast rom two citferent varieties of patsin vito in asulabe nutrent medum, 32. Microbes in Human Welfare rajor groups of © Microbes are microscopic, tiny creatures that are too smal tobe saen with unaided eye. These ave ide curbody ‘iological word which ae present almost everywhere. insol i, water, onnpantsandanmalsevEN N.. infections © Microbes includes Prtozos, bacteria, fung, microscopic plans viuses, vitkds and prions (potenac agents), ec many ways © Microbes cause inectons and diseases in haan beng, arms and plas but they ae also set in Useful microbes, 7 ___tAvHousehold products a Microbe ‘arate BactoraAB) Bacteria Lacobacius (Lactic Aci) |+ increase vain, stomach |+ Check disease causing microbes in Dow ater yeast (Sacchronycesceensie)|+ 0; released give iy appewance + Used to mse od ik. Swiss chasse acter Popioescteiom shamarci |» Large toesin he poduetondueto evotton ie aennt OO, ouster reese | rangi Peetu oqo + Speci avowed chose = (8) Industral products ‘evarog overages j Wie an bat (widout ssbaion) | Sachacnyeescoevioe + Produce ol emented beverages in ‘Wis, randy rd um isto) being ns ‘Anboities ' Peniciin | Pein rat |+ medic! pose Steptomycin | Sveptmyoes gree | elds | tc acd | Aspergits niga |» civic a producion pote sod |Acsobcte aco | Beate 2d praoueton Eraynes | |+ Usd io ronove caso los esos of Sreptrinase Sroptocooaus tear patent ‘hoactve molecules | yeep A | Tichodoma poyspoun + Anierno svprssve agent in xgan sins erases pups ‘arspletaten © Microbes playa majorrole in sewagettreatment tis carted out in Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs). The sles invohed In sowage treatent areas folows. * Primary treatment (otysical treament) invohes Piysical emaval of parties through fiteation and sedimentation. The supernatant forms the primary effluent thats taken for secondary treatment * Secondary treatment (iciogical ecient) noes use of microbes or bola forthe treatment of sewage. € Biogas or gobar gas is a mixtuze of gases, mainly methane gas. ft is produced ‘by methanogens, “Mettanobacterum, which acts on the cattle during to produce biogas. These are present in anaerobic sidge digester as wel asin rumen of cattle © Biogas used for cocking and lighting. Biogas ‘rodton technology was developed i Inca mainly by KIC ack and Vtage Industes Commission) and IARI (indian Agioultsal Research Insti jae ‘As blood cholate outing © Microbes are also used as biocontrol agents to coro! Plant diseases and pests Bac thuringiensis is used as biocontrol agent (© Fungi (ike Trichoderma sp.) that are common in root ecosystem acting against several pant pathogens. 33. Biotechnology : Principles and Processes ‘© Bitecmnology can bo dolred a5 the use of inca las ama ol tot carpets {0 prodice produc and proosses uso humans @ Term ‘Biotechnology’ was coined by Karoly Ereky niga ‘© Princjple of biotechnology is based on concept of aenete.engreetng. and marienance of slrle coneions © Genetic enginering isa process of manguaton of ete tera yan ito, 38, Environmental Issues @ itis any undesirable change in physioal, chemical or biological characterises ofr, land, water or soi ‘© Environment Protection Act, 1986 was passed by Government ondiato protect andimprovethe quality ot our environment + Primary pollatants. Emited deci from a source, £29,80,.NO,,00,CFC, ete * Secondary pollutants Formed by reaction between primary pokartsinthe armosphere, 40 PAN, ec © Air Polltion Ar poltton occurs due to undesitable change in the physica, chemical and. biological charactortigs of a. They exert harmful effects on all ving beings. + Particulate pollutants Consitute metalic partes, ‘ust partiles, soot, aerosol and smoke * Gaseous) pollutants Consttte carbon did, nirogen pioxde, hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide. Effects of air pollution * Causes fit damage, leat damage, chiooss or necrosis dnd mottled spots on leaves. + Slow the growth yield of crops and cause premature death of pants + About 40% ofhuman deaths occur dueto a pollton * Increased susceptbily to diseases, © Causes of air pollution + Excessive use of fossil fuels by autorobiles, * Smoke stacks from thermal power plants, smelters, paticuate and gaseous air polutans released by ‘tne indies together wth harmless gases such as nirogan| oxygen, forest fires, volcanic eruptions, ec © Control measures of air polation There are several ways for egntoling air paltion ‘Some of them are given below * Electrostatic precipitator_ isthe most widely uscd method and can remove 69% ofthe paricuate mater * Scrubber tis used to remove gases from the incustid exhausts, eg, sulphur dioxide 0, * Catalytic converter As automobiles are a major ‘cause for atmospheric poliion, therefore these are used in vehicles (© Any undesirable change in the sound level in the ‘evironment that disturbs the human being 6 called noise pollution Sound laye! higher than 150 08 or more may damage ‘ar drums thus, permanent impair the nearing abilty of humans. @ Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act (1981), ‘amended in 1987 to include noise as an er pollutant ‘© Causes of noise pollution Je plane or rocket take of, tse of loudspeakers and music systems, trac noises, industrial and factory noses. © Effects of noise pollution psychological disorders, hearing dsebiity in humans, seeplessness and increased heartbeat, atered breathing pattem and tess. © Control measures * Use of sound absorbent material in buildings. By muffing noise, Le. suppressing noise by pianting more trees, * Creating hom ‘tee zones around hospitals and schools. Silencers must be fited to automobiles and industrial goods. ‘© Water polation is the contamination of water bodies due to the changes in physical, chemical end biological properties of water that affect the ling beings adversely. Sources of waler polution ae of two types (9 Natural sources (@ Anitropogenic or man-made sources © Types of Water Polutants + Domestic sewage It primary contains biodegradable organic matter, which is decomposed by the microorganisms, * Industrial wastes These are released tom petroleum, paper manufacturing, metal nd chemical ‘manufacturing industes, ec, * Agrcutural runoff The runoff from agricuture land contains pesticces and fertisers © The various effects of water polation ae given below * Biological Oxygen Demand (80D) Is the ammount ‘of dissoved oxygen in the water body, Microorganisms use BOD to decompose organic ‘matter inthe water. These consume lot of onygen and as @ result there Is a sharp ‘dedine in cissoWved ‘oxygen. inthe waterbody. This can cause deat of shes and aquatic creatures itis higher in poluted waler and lesser in inking water Eutrophication isthe natural ageing of ake by he biological enrichment of ts water. Due to the accumuiation of rents IkeN and P,fertity of fake increase and there is growth of aquatic organisms. ‘Algalbloom Aigalbiooms cause deteroration ofthe water quay and results in fish metalty, Some bloom forming algae are extremely toxic to human beings ‘and animals ao Perera eeeeeey ee eeet ee eres eee gee eee eee mere loves. Few toxic substances present in industial ‘walercan undergo biological magnification in aquatic food chain. These toxic substances get accumulatod in the organism's body and do not get excrcted or metabolised * Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) It's a sustainable system for handing human excreta, using compositing ties, wnich is an effective solstion to human waste disposal © Sokd waste is commonly known as everything that goes out in trash. The various sources are municipal soc ‘wastes, mdustial wastes, hosptal wastes, fy ash and eectonic wastes. Tete are varius folowing methods of sold waste disposal + Open burning involves buming of municipal waste in open dumps to reduce volume, * Sanitary landfills are areas, where wastes are ‘dumped in @ depression o trench after compaction and covered wit ai. + Rag-pickers and kabadiwala collect and separate ‘out wastes into reusable or recyclable categories. * Natural breakdown by dumping biodegradable ‘materials info deep pits for natural dagradtion, + Recycling of e-wastes * Incineration is a method of e-waste disposal © Soil Pollution It may be defined as the presence of ‘materials inthe soi, wich ae harmfulta the living beings ‘when they cross ther teshovd concentration eva © Source of soil polation Folowing are the sources, fertlsers and pesteides trom crop lands, soid wastes from the industries and househodd substance, rains ‘water and surface runott carrying toxic and poisonous substances. © Its conversion ol forested areas to nonforested areas. * Causes are urbanisation, overgrazing, forest fires, demand of forest products, et. * Consevation methods include relorestation and people's paticipation, eg. Amrita Devi in 1731 and CChipko Movement in 1973, © Harmful effects of soil pollution + Non target organisms are kien the sol + Soll becomes unerile + Pesticides can tesutin biomagnitication. © Radioactive or nuciear fall outs (ie. emission of xparicles, fparices or y1ays) released in the environment that causes ar, wate and soi palution Sree reer eee eee eee * Low lve radioactive wastes + Intermediate level radioacive wastes. High leve raoactve wastes © Sources + Leakage o radioactive materials from power pants, * Unsae cisposal methods of racoactive wastes. @ Effects of radioactive waste Radiaton cause mutations. vary frequently and also increases th canoes of cancer. ‘© Disposal method It has been recommended the nuclear waste before csposal shouldbe pretreated an bored about 500_m deep below under the earth's cust in sutaby shielded containers, However, his method ¢

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