KS4 Physical

Education
Drugs

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Learning objectives

Learning objectives
What we will learn in this presentation:
Drugs
What drugs are and why people use them
Socially acceptable drugs: the effects of
tobacco and alcohol
Performance-enhancing drugs: the effects
of stimulants, narcotic analgesics, diuretics,
beta blockers and anabolic agents.
Hygiene
The importance of cleanliness and hygiene
Identifying, preventing and treating athletes
foot and verrucae.
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Drugs
A drug is a chemical substance
that affects the way the body
works.
Sportspeople may take drugs to
improve their performance. Some
drugs are allowed, some are not.
Illegal drug use is known as
doping.
Generally, drugs are developed
for medical use.
All drugs are dangerous when
misused.

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Reasons for taking drugs

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Types of drugs

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Socially acceptable drugs

The two most important drugs that are considered
to be socially acceptable are:
Tobacco (nicotine)
Nicotine is a legal drug, though it is slowly
becoming less socially acceptable. Nicotine
raises the heart rate and blood pressure.
Alcohol
Alcohol is socially acceptable in most
sections of society. However it is banned
in many sports for safety reasons it
acts as a sedative, slowing reactions
and impairing judgement.
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Smoking whats in a cigarette?

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Smoking whats in a cigarette?

Nicotine is a mild poison. It makes your blood pressure and
heart rate rise this can make new smokers dizzy. It is highly
addictive, which is why it is difficult to give up smoking.
Tar is a mixture of chemicals (formaldehyde, arsenic and
cyanide to name a few). When cigarette smoke is inhaled, tar
is left behind in the lungs. It causes many serious diseases.

healthy lungs
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smokers lungs
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Smoking whats in a cigarette?

Carbon monoxide is an odourless, tasteless, poisonous gas.
It bonds with red blood cells in the same way that oxygen
does, except that the bond is permanent. Blood cells carrying
carbon monoxide can no longer transport oxygen, therefore
reducing the amount of oxygen the blood can carry.
Up to 15% of a smoker's blood may be carrying carbon
monoxide instead of oxygen. This means the heart has to work
harder, putting strain on it and causing circulation problems.
It also makes smokers tired and breathless, reducing
cardiovascular endurance.
Smokers tend to be at a disadvantage in sports that require an
efficient and healthy cardio-respiratory system.

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No Smoking Day
Concerns over the health effects of smoking led to the first No
Smoking Day being held in 1984. No Smoking Day has been
held annually ever since and has helped over one million
people stop smoking for good.

No Smoking Day 2006

For more information visit www.nosmokingday.org.uk.

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Alcohol
All alcoholic drinks contain a
chemical called ethanol. This is
what makes people drunk.
It doesnt do much harm in
small quantities, however
larger quantities are
dangerous.
Alcohol puts strain on your body, making you
unwell thats why heavy drinkers may be sick
and later suffer from a hangover.
However, alcohol also has more serious effects,
both short- and long-term.
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Alcohol immediate effects

Immediate effects:
you relax and feel good
dizziness and poor balance
impaired judgement you do and
say things you normally wouldnt
trouble controlling how you move (poor coordination)
slow reactions
How do you think drinking
blurred vision
alcohol before sport affects
impaired speech
performance?
aggressive behaviour
Think about a range of
vomiting.
different activities.

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Alcohol immediate effects

As well as impairing physical and mental abilities, alcohol
causes the blood vessels of the skin to dilate, so body heat
is lost and blood is diverted from the muscles.
Alcohol is a diuretic, so it causes dehydration.
This is why people often get a headache. The
extra urination also robs the body of essential
minerals like magnesium and potassium.
This can cause the heart to beat irregularly.
Glucose is also excreted, lowering the levels of glycogen in
the muscles. Drinking makes people feel tired and lethargic.
After drinking, some performers may lose their drive to train
and perform.
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Alcohol long-term effects

Drinking a lot of alcohol regularly over a period of time is
likely to cause physical, emotional and social problems:
skin problems
liver and brain damage
damage to reproductive organs
memory loss / confusion
heart and blood disorders
stomach problems
frequent infections
weight gain
depression
relationship problems
problems with money and work.
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The effects of alcohol on performance

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Performance-enhancing drugs
Drugs can be used to improve performance. This could give
some performers an unfair advantage and undermine the
integrity of sport.
Sports governing bodies produce lists of banned substances,
so that it is clear to both performers and coaches which
substances they must avoid while training and competing.
The IOC (International Olympic Committee) has identified five
classes of banned substances:
Stimulants
Diuretics
Anabolic agents
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Peptide hormones,
mimetics and analogues
Opioid (or narcotic) analgesics

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Stimulants
Stimulants excite the nervous system and raise the
heart rate.
They improve the reactions of a performer. Users
usually feel more alert and display increased confidence
in their level of ability.
Performers using stimulants can work for longer
periods without feeling tired. This means that they can
both train harder and perform better on the day.
Here are some common stimulants:
Caffeine (not
prohibited)

Cocaine
Ephedrine
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Mefenorex
Fenetylline
Norfenfluramine
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Stimulants side effects

Stimulants can have some nasty side effects:
Heavy usage can lead to high blood pressure,
liver and brain damage.
They can cause irritability
and aggressive behaviour.
Insomnia
Irregular pulse
A performer may feel low or
depressed after the initial
effects have worn off.
Sensory feelings can be suppressed.
Do you think that the side effects are worth risking to
get the performance benefits of using stimulants?
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Narcotic analgesics
Analgesics are pain killers.
Narcotics cause delirium and drowsiness.
Narcotic analgesics do both. They are sometimes referred to
as opioids because they often contain opium derivatives.
These drugs are used by performers to suppress pain and
enable them to carry on, even with an injury.
The following are types of narcotic analgesics:
Morphine
Heroin
Codeine
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Fentanyl
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Narcotic analgesics side effects

Narcotic analgesics can have the following side effects:
Narcotic analgesics are highly addictive they are
illegal in many countries unless
administered by a doctor.
The withdrawal symptoms
are very unpleasant.
Users may find it more difficult to concentrate.
They lead to reduced coordination and poor balance.
Pain is suppressed, causing performers can make
injuries worse without realizing.
They can cause mental apathy and lack of motivation.
Narcotic analgesics can cause constipation.
They can cause low blood pressure.
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Diuretics
Diuretics increase the amount of water passed out of the
body as urine.
Performers sometimes use them
to reduce their body weight
very quickly before a competition.
Diuretics can also be used as a
masking agent they flush out
traces of banned substances in
the body so that they dont show
up on doping tests.
Examples of diuretics include:
Frusemide
Probenecid
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Some jockeys use

diuretics to keep
their weight down.

Acetazolamide
Indapamide
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Diuretics side effects

Diuretics cause the body to rapidly lose water, so
many of the side effects are the same as the
symptoms of dehydration. They include:
muscle weakness and cramps
heart damage
rashes
loss of sodium and potassium salts
dizziness and nausea
kidney problems.
Can diuretics really be described as
performance-enhancing?
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Beta blockers
Beta blockers block the action of adrenaline. They slow
the heart rate and breathing rate and suppress feelings of
anxiety and nervous tension.
They are used legitimately to treat people with heart
disease and high blood pressure.
They can be illegally used by performers in some sports to
calm their nerves and steady their hands.
Examples include:
Acebutolol
Propranolol
Betaxolol
Sotalol
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Beta blockers side effects

The side effects of beta blockers include:
poor performance in prolonged events
depression
insomnia
drowsiness.

Beta blockers are

prohibited in snooker.
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Anabolic steroids
Anabolic agents (steroids) are the most commonly used
performance-enhancing drugs. They are hormones which
help build and repair muscle and bone.
Anabolic agents occur naturally in the body.
However, they are also made
artificially and can be used
by performers to illegally
improve their performance.
Examples include:
Nandrolone
Clenbuterol
Stanozol
Testosterone.
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Anabolic steroids side effects

The side effects of anabolic
steroids are serious:
heart disease,
which can be fatal
high blood pressure
bone, tendon and
ligament weakness
severe liver disorders
aggressive behaviour
facial hair growth
and deepening of
the voice in women.
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Why do you think that performers

still take anabolic steroids
despite the side effects?

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Performance-enhancing drugs

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Performance-enhancing drugs

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Performance-enhancing drugs
For further information on all types of performance
enhancing drugs visit:
WORLD
ANTI-DOPING
AGENCY

uk sport

The 100% ME programme encourages athletes to believe

that they don't need to use prohibited substances or
methods to succeed in sport. For further information visit:

100% ME
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Exam-style questions
1. Richard plays doubles at his tennis club. He has noticed
that his partner is often short of breath during long rallies
despite being fit.
a) Richard thinks this is to do with his partners regular
smoking. Why might smoking affect performance in
this way.
b) Richard sometimes drinks alcohol before playing if
the game is not important. Describe how the alcohol
may affect his performance.

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Exam-style questions
2. Elite performers in a variety of sports are tempted into
taking performance enhancing drugs.
Anabolic steroids are a type of banned performance
enhancing drug.
a) What physical advantages would a performer
gain from taking anabolic steroids?
b) What types of sport would this kind of drug give
the greatest advantage in?
Narcotic analgesics are also banned.
c) Why might an athlete take this type of drug?
d) Why are narcotic analgesics thought to be
potentially harmful to athletes?
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Hygiene

Hygiene

KS4 Physical
Education
Hygiene

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Cleanliness and hygiene

Maintaining personal hygiene and the cleanliness of sports
clothing is really important.
It prevents:
discomfort
embarrassment
infections
Showering and wearing clean clothes after exercising will
prevent embarrassing body odour and itchy skin rashes.
Changing into fresh socks is especially important because
feet are susceptible to nasty infections including athletes
foot and verrucae. These are uncomfortable and can
impair your sporting performance.
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Athletes foot and verrucae

Athletes foot (tinea pedis) is a
common skin condition which causes
the skin of the feet to become itchy,
dry and cracked, especially between
the toes.
It is caused by a fungus which feeds
upon dead skin and thrives in warm,
dark, moist places, like sweaty trainers.
Verrucae (or verruca singular) are
warts on the soles of the feet.
They are caused by the human
papilloma virus which forms
painful, cauliflower-shaped lumps.
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Athletes foot and verrucae

Athletes foot and verrucae are both highly contagious.
They are caught through:
skin-to-skin contact
walking barefoot in damp areas
sharing shoes, towels or socks.
Treatment
Athletes foot can be treated with medicated powders,
creams and sprays.
Verrucae can be treated by applying a wart gel or they
can be frozen off by a doctor using liquid nitrogen.

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Athletes foot and verrucae

Both conditions can easily be prevented by taking
simple precautions:
Wash feet daily with soap and water.
Dry between your toes with a clean towel.
Avoid non-breathable footwear.
Wear clean cotton socks.
Alternate your shoes to let them air.
Wear flip-flops in changing rooms.
Do not share towels, socks or shoes.
Avoid cutting or scratching your feet.
People with verrucae should wear rubber
verrucae socks when swimming.
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Activity

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