Enzyme

1.

(a)

(b)

Repeat experiment at a range of pH values at closer intervals / at

smaller intervals of pH /eq (on either side of the optimum)

(c)

In very /eq acidic conditions / high concentration of H+;

Reference to changes in R group ionisation /eq
Bonding disrupted /eq;
Enzyme / active site changes shape / tertiary structure changes denaturation ;
Substrate / urea does not bond /eq with active site;

(d)
2. (a) (i)

Shape affected more at pH 9 than 8 / more denaturation at pH9 than 8 H converse ;

Enzyme-substrate complex formed less efficiently / eq

The production of juice is increased / more juice is produced ;

Four times as much / 15 cm3 more juice was produced ;
The rate of production increases / the graph has a steeper line with
pectinase ;
Production lasts longer ;

(ii)

(b)

(i)

(ii)
(c)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Enzyme digests/breaks down/ hydrolyses pectin ;

In cell walls ;
Allowing release of juice / reference to permeability ;

Inhibitor has similar shape to, substrate / pectin ;

Binds to active site ;
Prevents entry of / competition with, substrate ;

More juice released / juice released faster ;

Increased enzyme activity / decreased inhibition ;

Use same type / variety of apples ;

Same / stated mass / volume of pulp ;
Range of temperatures / at least three stated temperatures ;
Same / stated volume / concentration of enzyme / pectinase ;
Same time / stated time period ;
Measure volume of juice extracted ;
Plot graph of volume of apple juice vs. temperature ;

4
[12]

(e)

Use (buffer solution) pH7 throughout / optimum pH ;

Same / stated concentration / volume of urea / substrate
Range of concentrations of urease / enzyme;
Use the same / stated volume of urease / enzyme;
Named variable (e.g. time / temperature / volume of buffer) kept
constant

Max 4
[11]

3. (a) pH ;
enzyme concentration ;
enzyme (solution) volume ;
substrate (solution) volume ;
total volume ;
(b)

(c)

(d)

more collisions / complexes ;

with, enzyme / active site (and substrate) ;
in unit time / eq ;

enzymes are working as fast as they can / reference to Vmax ;

all active sites occupied / eq ;
substrate concentration is no longer a limiting factor ;
enzyme concentration is limiting ;

line on graph begins at zero and is below original line ;

less kinetic energy / molecules moving more slowly ;
fewer collisions (between enzyme and substrate) ;
less energetic collisions ;
in unit time / eq ;

3
[9]

4. Catalysts ;
Activation energy ;
Substrate ;
Active site ;
Temperature / non-active site-directed inhibitors ;
Change / increase or decrease ;
[only accept decrease if referring to inhibitor]
[6]