1.

The diagram below shows the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).

(a) Explain what is meant by the term latency with reference to HIV infection.
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.(2)
(b) Name the enzyme found in this virus
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(c) Describe the role of this enzyme in latency
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. (2)
(d) Complete the table by giving two structural differences between HIV and tobacco mosaic virus
(TMV).

2. (a) Explain the meaning of the term latency, as illustrated by the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).
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(b) Distinguish between endotoxins and exotoxins.
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(a) Explain what is meant by the term infection.
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(b) Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease is caught
when secretions from the lungs and airways of an infected person are inhaled and the bacteria pass down
to the lungs. Tuberculosis is characterised by persistent coughing with blood-stained mucus.
Tuberculosis can be treated with antibiotics. Patients need to be given three or four different antibiotics
(combination therapy) for several months. It is important that the drugs are taken every single day and
that the medication continues to be taken even after the patient feels better, to prevent the development of
antibiotic resistance.
(i) With reference to the effect of M. tuberculosis on lung tissue, suggest how the bacteria cause the
coughing of blood-stained mucus.
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(ii) Explain how antibiotic resistance develops.
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3.