Birth Of Civilization Jericho

This town is the oldest town in the world and it emerged during Neolithic age around 8000 B,C. Until 7000 B.C. it was
occupied by unknown people(may be Arabs) and then it was abandoned until 6800 B.C. During this time it was
inhabited by a folk called " An-Natifiyyun ", who depended for their food on collecting wild seeds. It is probable that
they did not plant seeds in reality, but owned scythes with flint edges, straight bone handles to harvest wild seeds,
and stone mortars with handles for grinding them. Some of these groups lived in caves, while other groups occupied
primitive villages excelling in the art of architecture. So they started to build round huts from sun-dried bricks flat at
the bottom curving at the higher edge. They used to bury their dead with their personal jewellery in graves hewn out
of rock. They constructed huge walls two metres wide round their villages. They erected in them a circular huge
tower, nine metres ( thirty feet ) in diametre, and ten metres high. In its midst there are stairs leading from the
bottom of the town to its top. They were exposed to the attacks of groups from outside. These folks practised
agriculture, the domestication of animals, and weaving the making chains and mats, as well as animal hunting. They
used spears and flint-capped arrows. They also used hatchets to cut tree branches. These groups had started to
expand from their settlements in search of new homes outside their boundaries. The building of houses in this
interval showed a great progress. Their rooms were about 6.5 metres by 5 metres or 3 by 7 metres. They were
usually of a rectangular shape built in an open yard, seven metres long and seven metres wide and used for cooking.
The thickness of their wall was half a metre. They used stones to build the foundation, and the rest of the building was
built of sun-dried bricks. Its shape was similar to the iron used for cauterising animals. So the brick was rectangular
in shape with sharpened edges. The floor formed was of a mud layer topped by a layer of lime, followed by soft lime
dyed red or light blue. Then it was polished to acquire a new lustre.
Birth Of Civilization Jericho

The remains of the Jericho City

 Birth Of Civilization Catalhoyuk
Catalhoyuk is one of the largest and most evolved Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites ever unearthed dating back to
7500 B.C. As well as wall paintings and wall reliefs, many objects of daily life were uncovered. Some were
decorative such as exceptional flint 'daggers' with decorative bone handles (right) and clay or stone figurines
(left), depicting human figures and animals. Other utilitarian objects include obsidian, flint, pottery, worked bone
and clay balls. Another distinguishing feature of Çatalhöyük was the nature of the houses: they had no doors to the
outside and were clearly entered through ladders from the roof, and the inhabitants buried their dead under the
floors of their platforms. The houses of Çatalhöyük, which are clustered in a honeycomb-like maze, were so tightly
packed together that there were few or no streets. Access to interior spaces was across roofs—which were made
of wood and reeds plastered with mud. Most were accessed by holes in the ceiling, which were reached by interior
and exterior ladders. Thus, their rooftops were their streets. The ceiling openings also served as the only source
of ventilation, letting in fresh air and allowing smoke from open hearths and ovens to escape. Houses had plaster
interiors characterized by squared off timber ladders or steep stairs, usually placed on the south wall of the room,
as were cooking hearths and ovens. Each main room served as an area for cooking and daily activities. Raised
platforms built along the walls of main rooms were used for sitting, working, and sleeping. These platforms, and all
interior walls, were carefully plastered to a smooth finish. Additional rooms were used as storage. All rooms were
kept scrupulously clean. Archaeologists identified very little trash or rubbish within the buildings, but found that
trash heaps outside the ruins contain sewage and food waste as well as significant amounts of wood ash. In good
weather, many daily activities may also have taken place on the rooftops, which conceivably formed an open air
plaza. In later periods, large communal ovens appear to have been built on these rooftops.
 Birth Of Civilization Catalhoyuk
The plant remains found in and around the houses suggest that the people ate both wild and cultivated plants and
seeds, including tubers, wild grasses, lentils, hackberries, acorns, and pistachios. Even the cereals likely to have been
under cultivation, such as wheat and barley, may not have required irrigation in these wet conditions, and there is no
evidence that grain was ground for bread. They herded sheep and goats and evidence suggests the beginning of cattle
domestication as well. However, hunting continued to be a major source of meat for the community. The making of
pottery and the construction of obsidian tools were major industries. Obsidian tools were probably both used and
traded for items such as Mediterranean sea shells and flint from Syria. A striking feature of Çatalhöyük" is its female
figurines. Mellaart argued that these well-formed, carefully made figurines, carved and molded from marble, blue and
brown limestone, schist, calcite, basalt, alabaster, and clay, represented a female deity.

A Catalhoyuk
House
 Birth Of Civilization Hattasus
The landscape surrounding the city included rich agricultural fields, hill lands for pasture, as well as woods. Smaller
woods are still found outside the city but in ancient times they were far more widespread. This meant the
inhabitants had an excellent supply for timber when building their houses and other structures. The fields provided
the people with a subsistence crop of wheat, barley and lentils. Linen was also harvested, but their primary source
for clothing was wool from sheep. They also hunted deer in the forest, but this was probably only a luxury reserved
for the nobility. The source for meat was domesticated animals. At its peak, the city covered 1.8 km² and comprised
an inner and outer portion, both surrounded by a massive and still visible course of walls erected during the reign
of Suppiluliuma I (circa 1344–1322 BC (short chronology)). The inner city covered an area of some 0.8 km² and was
occupied by a citadel with large administrative buildings and temples. To the south lay an outer city of about 1 km²,
with elaborate gateways decorated with reliefs showing warriors, lions, and sphinxes. Four temples were located
here, each set around a porticoed courtyard, together with secular buildings and residential structures. Outside
the walls are cemeteries, most of which contain cremation burials. The dwelling houses which were built with
timber and mud bricks have vanished from the site, leaving only the stone-built walls of temples and palaces.The
part of Hattusas known as the Upper City is a sloped land of more than 1 kilometer square. This area has witnessed
the development of the city during the late Empire Period in 13 th century B.C. A major part of the Upper City solely
consisted of temples and sacred places. One of the most important architectural sites at Boðazköy is the Great
Temple,
 Birth Of Civilization Hattasus
The Great Temple which formed the center of the northern city in Hattusas was built as the home of Storm God of
Hatti and the Sun Goddess of the Arinna City. The temple has two additions and there are stone paved roads and
squares around it and storage rooms behind in all four directions open up to them are located behind. The Great
Temple is seperated from the districts of the Lower City with a wall. The Great Temple which is built on a stone
terrace obviously served as an economic center as well as a religious center as the large jugs which are revealed in
situ at the shops indicate.
The city was destroyed, together with the Hittite state itself, around 1200 BC, as part of the Bronze Age collapse. The
site was subsequently abandoned until 800 BC, when a modest Phrygian settlement appeared in the area.

The Lion Gateway

The Sloped Wall Of

The Upper City
 Birth Of Civilization Bronze Age
The Bronze Age primarily took place between 3500 BC and 1200 BC, and is traditionally divided into the Early Bronze Age
(c.3500-2000 BC), Middle Bronze Age (c.2000-1600 BC), and Late Bronze Age (c.1600-1200 BC), with progressively more
sophisticated metallurgy which culminates in the discovery of ironworking.
The Bronze Age began 5,500 years ago in the present-day areas of Turkey, Iran, and Iraq, which was also the cradle of
human civilization. By this time permanent settlements were already a few thousands years old, but it took time for
these early people to discover the potential of metallic ores. The birthplace of metallurgy is usually taken to be Anatolia,
Turkey. The Indian Bronze Age began in 3300 BC with the Indus Valley civilization. In China and southeast Asia, the Bronze
Age began around 2100 BC. Throughout Europe the Bronze Age began between 2100 BC and 2000 BC or so, with
sophisticated Bronze Age civilizations rising throughout the 2nd millennium BC.
The Bronze Age was important to mankind because it allowed us to create more durable tools and artifacts for
productive use. Bronze is preferable to stone for a wide variety of applications - whether you're making a knife, an axe,
armor, pottery, or artwork, Bronze is harder and longer-lived. A more durable capital base enhances the potential for
sustained economic activity, but also warfare.
During the Bronze Age, much of humanity was segmented into thousands of warring tribes. Small nations did exist, but it
would be many centuries before countries resembling any of those today - such as the Roman Empire - came into
existence.
Birth Of Civilization Bronze Age

Hieroglyphs

Bronze Age
House

Pottery
Making

Bronze Age
Tools