3.

NORMAL AND INVERTED POLES AND ZEROS

How to choose the gain at any frequency as the Reference Gain

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Thisformatiscommonlyconsideredtobe theanswer.
However,itismuchbettertoextracttheconstanttermfrom
boththenumeratoranddenominatorpolynomialsins:
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Thisnormalizes thepolynomials,andexposesa
zerofrequencygainandacornerfrequency.
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Thisisaspecialcaseofthegeneralresultasaratioof
polynomialsincomplexfrequencys:
A=

b0 + b1s + b2s2 + b3s3 + ...

a 0 + a1s + a 2 s2 + a 3s3 + ...

Extractionoftheconstanttermfromnumeratorand
denominatordefinesthezerofrequencyreference
gainA ref andnormalizesthepolynomials :
b1
b2 2 b3 3
1 + b s + b s + b s + ...
0
0
0
A = A ref
a
a
a
1 + a1 s + a 2 s2 + a 3 s3 + ...
0
0
0
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Factorizationofthepolynomialsdefines thepolesand
zeros,andhencethefinal(preferred)factored
polezeroform:
A = A ref

1 + s

z1

)(

1 + s

z2

)(

1 + s

z3

) ...

1 + s 1 + s 1 + s ...

p1
p2
p3

Thereferencegainandthepolesandzerosshould,
ofcourse,belowentropyexpressionsin termsofthe
circuitelements.
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Returntotheexample:

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Exercise3.1
Writefactoredpolezeroformsfromasymptotes

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Exercise3.1Solution

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Exercise3.1Solution

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Exercise3.1Solution

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Exercise3.1Solution

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Exercise3.2
WritefactoredpolezeroformsfordifferentReferenceGains,
andwriteA2 andA3 intermsofA1.

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Exercise3.2Solution

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Exercise3.2Solution

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Exercise3.2Solution

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Exercise3.2Solution

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Ifyoudontuseinvertedpolesandzeros,youarestuck
withthezerofrequencygainasthereferencegain.

Theprincipalbenefitofusinginvertedpolesandzeros
isthatyoucanchoosethegainatany frequencyasthe
referencegain.

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Exercise3.3

WriteinputandoutputimpedancesZi andZo infactoredpolezeroforms.

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Exercise3.3Solution

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Exercise3.3Solution

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Exercise3.3Solution

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Exercise3.3Solution

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Exercise3.3Solution

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