@) reakdown in gases, please see one Conduction and Breakdown in Gases - Part 1 or additional details on conduction and bi or more of these ces Yr ro 4S Towwslwd DISCHARGE: QUALITATIVE DEscee7my: START CH.2 ~ Conbuc. Awd BREAK Down (A GASES vy R_ cree (PACT omrearions BY(ELEcTRens. THs Ewrne “EvEwT 1g Aa EcEcrhow AvALAW CHEEe (v-R)/d £ Az=MEAY FREE PATH Foe loa 2aruow BY ELEcrnew tan pace: [aT peduck _Towsta0s Elesr OMT SATION COEFfCENT t ot 2 3 « Nee 2,2,2,25 25 0---> Fly, 25H, 8, 16,0. ‘ Me Nace gO) ool] = ok en? =e =e” WHERE ots: Sat o & ts USED Feat 4 AX Ne OO Ne lise) @°" Etgerbett gas Tes) = Ny lxzye™ eter new ig, . : OK : EuEcTROW dy (X) = felxze)e ae neTE! Ale ELETReWs BuT- L THE PRimary HAVE LEFT BEMwDd Ugr gee” PoseTIVE (oars witcH pgs owro" THE CATHODE ow A Time scare THAT 1s VERY AevG COMPARED aaa To ecEcTRew TRAWSIT Time gcross THE ear. de reevece * poww stubs Send lom(2aTew coprriciew7-¥: ) possrwe CoEcompaRy)(ELECTREWS.7 ie =< Towwotwb DiscHAat €E QuAwTiTAT ive DESCRIPTION: Electon Fluy = [72 7 (rel é ier f fwre] ler RE terre ZL moguere Electron Curvent = -/@/Ne Me eclelh Coulomb s dels hGX0 ZOE, avid siqn confusion, work initially with Flax: <\ (assome STEAabr STATS) huluv. Plerows) xed | IZ £ 4 aZ Lemon i 8 6 8 2 fat 3 83 ° ian he (ove 10"¥- crow") = ad ter )+(be"- a] ® Flux OF Pos. ows (wei dewT ON CATHODE Tera Evecrhow Fear AT (ted Wis =pe «d a= Re +he @Sowve (1) FOR leg! 2 ~ — thei) 6) eT ie¥e-] Susser THTE wre (2): b= get w S ee Ti -¥(e"-2] ar (xzd") Mt Curkewr is cCaRRieD BY ELECTRews, go we GET € BY meng £a.%) BY -/e 2 ae i] = “Ee _6) G.? ener” Fa x(e*-0] (Assume Visa Fareww cowering) | i 13 IF we kwow ACE) HEY WE Have THE VoeT- AMPERE CHaRacTéRs7vics FoR THE Towwsewd DISCHARGE Suc We Assume E=V/d NOTE THAT IweImiTE CuRRer7- Feows (SPARK, ARC, BREAKDOWN) dt wien [i- We Jee Bar S% >>) To Ewe ad SPARK, ARC, ve! BRtavoaew Complies THE SERIES RESis7eR Witte ACT TO Lemr THE CakkéwT,on pages 183-185, gaps ai x Y= AcTIOW 15 wow suMttrws ¢ SAS Mawr ElEcrRows 4S Zo (THE UV, SeukCE) Awd Se I, 1S we LowGek weened To Susan THE CiReuir CuRRewT, (THE UV Sounce caw BE Ser ofr ged THE DISCHARGE Wie courinut,) Paschen's Law Paschen's law describes how breakdown voltage varies with gas pressure, p, and gap spacing, d. Paschen's daw applies only form field electrode gaps where the maximum E fie. ts within the gap and is given by v/a and electrode space. Examples of own here: Is ey pe RELATIVE JE) mains { ‘i N ae PReseeT ar x Udees. Uni Form FigCD: Ae RELATE anti nan du and Kama: ate that examples Bruce geometric profile. Starting with ou results, we use experimentally determined values jonization coefficient to derive Paschen's law. Details are shown below ‘and then an example is presentedise ry Ye five Od AT BacAk Dew, Demomuares -e CD el es at ad= bn t!) Bur PRom Ex PERIMENTS WE Caw wRITE ae por (2) wHere # is PREsseRe, ~ AEB ARE Kuouw consmurs AND i STAMDS FoR “GAS sPecies” Alerd=pd 4 er9(—St 5; he) Mca) -A2 For Um Fonm FIECD Gaps Aud FoR LAPLA CE Poreerae AR) we HAVE: Weene V is THE APPLIED NOCTAEE Were, LAPLACE PoTEmriac MEAwS THAT FIECDS DYE TO ElLECrRovs Awd ows dv THE GAP ARE Smace ComPaRed To APPLIED E -FIECDS,,18 SubsriTurE FoR E: «Iola nC) Sotve FoR V Awe we = Ak Dats Ler VE Vey eee Ye Yee Towwseaps GECowD ') lowreaned COE FKIEWT for merAL"}” Veo (6 @ Eumcriew OF THE PRESSURE Distawce PRopacT. ih THIS Is PAScHEns Law HERE 1S Aw Example: ye 0,095 A> 13.6 [atom] Bs a3e Leen] i Using mar eaB, WE GET TE Foe poor: ‘A plot will be shown followed by Matlab computer code that created the plot. @(6 Matlab file "pasch.m": spaschen's curve for Argon and Tung) gamna=0.095; pa_start 190.01; pa_stop_1 pd_inc_1=0.001; d_start_2=2; pd_Stop_2=1000; pd_ine 2-1; Br13.6; B=235; l=pd_start_1:pd_ine_1:pd_stop_l; 2ipd_stop_2; 215 term2=1og(pd*Al : term3=1og(1og(1+gamma’(-1)}17 erm). /(term2-term3 for count=1:1: Length ( if vb(count} <0; vb (count) =nan; end; endsGY 3Plot pd as Torr*mm rather than Torr*cm ‘Loglog (pd*10, vb, "*4")z title('Paschens Spark Curve for Argon and Tungsten’); Jel 1651); axis([1e0 le: xlabel ("pd (Torr*mm)'); ylabel ("V_b, Breakdown Voltage (volts) "): text (10,10e3, ["A=' mum2str(A) * (Torr*om)*(-1)")); B) ' V/(Torrtem)")); text (10, 5e3, ["B=" num2st: num2ste (gamma) ]) 7 text (10, 2e3, [‘gamma= Note: In this section on Paschen's curve, Townsend's first n coefficient was approximated by the functions given in Chapter 14 rinciples of Plasma Discharges and Materials processing, by M. Lieberman and A. Lichtenberg, NY: Wiley, 1994 End of Part 1 on Conduction and Breakdown in Gases. wy see aifral roles > Conduction and Breakdown in Gases - Part 2 Peek's Law Peek's law, which was formulated by Peek from empirical observations, predicts the corona onset electric field for coaxial cylinders. In an earlier lecture you saw a qualitative definition of corona. Below you will find more quantitative information about corona. The following paragraphs were written by P, Pedrow and R. Olsen (equation numbers and reference numbers | while correct, will not be consecutive since these paragraphs were abstracted from a larger document.) The scanned pages that follow this paragraph are also contained in the MSWord file "peek.doc"The Se or “kanal” mechanion of Spek 5.5 z= te C5 = + veld due to fre in The ° ed ~ on & churge xP rngpliebl comepard Be - of boy me behween 108 mr (07, when concen fartirr fre pouty of i avalanche 42 weakened ae lo" terr.cm dhe enpeunaat/ u Ame time lp i Shorter thoy The tranet fre - concli Rina, & os fre pee aime aevelepeA_jh on qatante 6 tapeble of Prans for ming the avatanche (nfo Chanvels af fontptter bnew a7 Streams ta Gal 0 rape clevelpment af Lreattowy Where %, 49 He byte When jf aches NX, 2 1G -20 th fre Biechor PAO Dit wtior of Streames Xe No @ oC ogetnee of The evalayche patn fre Chal fe if Xrk Es externally applied ful ee ean choge field steht XX. = 17 tlake + be Be67h qwalante fo Shree —s ve XX. = 19 tla Xe Yo tm tesa ca ghevter Than Xe, ah = 19.4 tha must be Satisfrece C Prevented x1) by the equation Now Nex sexpl fo mde} (8) where a: and 1) are functions of electric field and gas density, ‘Since N(x) (the number of initial electrons in an avalanche) is unknown, the ratio NGxQ)/N(X1) will be used, ‘This quantity will be written as No = Nixa NG 1 explft@ made abFor this work. it will be assumed that there is some critical value of N° that transforms the avalanche into a self propagating streamer [18] ‘Asan illustrative example, consider a coaxial geometry where a wire with radius rwiro=Imm is located on the axis of a grounded cylindrical sheath with radius rsheath= Im. The wice is held ata voltage of (+) or -) 40kV with respect to the grounded sheath, The radius at which c=n is defined a8 fay. In this example itis equal to 2.4mm. Figures 2 (a) and (b) show plots of N* for the (+) and (-) cases, respectively. In (a) which is the (-) case, x1 is al position retwice and x2 extends about 0.25mm beyond the position F= Fay In (by whieh is the (+) ease. x1 is at position F= fay and x2 extends to the position wire ‘As mentioned above, in both plots the local coordinate system is aligned anti- parallel to the Laplacian electric field. In both cases N* reaches the same peak value (=490.5) but in terms of space charge distribution, (wo entirely different situations cxist. In (a) free electrons have moved away from the conductor and in (b) they have moved toward (and impinged on) the conductor “Appendix A (shown below) shows that this simple model leads to 4 close ‘representation of Peek's law when negative voltage is assumed and (N*orit- 500, uN )(ey W ae hrm 122 Ponte Votan [Figure 2. N* as a function of x2 for negative and positive polarity Voltage=40kV. rwire=Imam, rsheath=1m, (Fan - fwire)=!4mm, N*)mnax=490.5. (a) Negative polarity, x1 is at r twine, X2=0 is at r= rwire. (b) Positive polarity, x1 is at r= tu) = 2.4mm, X2=0 is al T= Fay SS Appendix 4 The Streamer Onset Condition and Peck’s Law In this Appendix, three different criteria are used to calculate corona onset for coaxial cylinders. The first criterion comes from preliminary work done at Washington State University and is given by max(N*) @ (N*),,., = 3.500 (AL) ‘This eriterion gives the stars that are plotted in Figure AL. The dashed line in Figure Al comes from Peek’s original equation which is given by Eq. (1). 1213 Y'he solid line in Figure Al comes from a more recent equation given by Zaengl and Nyffenegger [AV] Po kIES 2B EME, 1B) BT (a2 where r is wire radius in em, Ec is onset field in kV/cm, ky is 42.0, and Eq tras the value 24.36. vo} tea Zong senna nection of wire radius for coaxial Figure Al. Onset field as a jgeometry (Peck’s Law) References 16.5, Kuffet and W.S. Zaengl, High Volta; York, 1984, Engineering, Pergamon. New 18. M. Goldman and R. S. Sigmond, “Corona and Insulation,” JEEE Trans. on Electrical Insulation, Vol. El-17, No. 2, April 1982, pp. 90-105. [Al] W. S. Zaengl and H. U. Nyffenegger. “Critical Field Strength for Cylindrical Conductors in Air: An Extension of Peek’s Formula,” 3rd International Conference on Gas Discharges, 9-12 Sept. 1974, pp. 30: 4 Since the long coaxial cable will be used several times in this course, please review the following slide which reminds you of the solution for the D and E fields in a long coaxial cable.Freed SOLUTION (Low EO 4 KLAL c ABLE 7d = Ree” amrvdl Di = fs dd Va2 VarVer Vat - JEMMr s~ ~ Ve ATE » Wha (bla a End of Part 2 on Conduction and Breakdown in Gases. GBs = Qreee s EMccesed ral