Chng 3

o p sut
3.1. p sut v phng php o p sut
Trong cng nghip luyn kim s dng nhiu cc thit b thy lc v kh nn,
h thng lm vic bnh thng phi o v kim tra p sut mt cch lin tc, nu
p sut cht lng, kh hoc hi vt qu mt gii hn nht nh c th nh hng
xu n hot ng ca thit b, thm ch c th lm hng hoc n bnh cha, ng
ng dn gy thit hi nghim trng. Bi vy, vic o p sut cht lu c ngha rt
ln trong vic m bo an ton cho thit b cng nh gip cho vic kim tra v iu
khin hot ng ca my mc thit b c s dng cht lu.
3.1.1. p sut v n v o
a) Khi nim
Khi cha mt cht lng, cht kh hoc hi (gi chung l cht lu) vo trong
mt bnh cha n s gy nn mt p lc tc dng ln thnh bnh. p sut l i
lng c gi tr bng lc tc dng vung gc ln mt n v din tch thnh bnh:
p=

dF
dS

(3.1)

Trong :
dF: lc tc dng [N] .
dS: din tch thnh bnh chu lc tc dng [m2].
Trong trng hp cht lu khng chuyn ng, p sut cht lu l p sut tnh
(pt) do trng lng ca ct cht lu gy nn cng vi tc dng ca p sut kh quyn
tc dng ln mt thong ca cht lu.
p t = p 0 + gh

(3.2)

Trong :
po: p sut kh quyn.
: khi lng ring ca cht lu.
g: gia tc trng trng.
h: khong cch t im kho st n mt thong tip xc vi kh quyn.

- 45 -

Trong trng hp cht lu chuyn ng, p sut cht lu gm hai thnh phn,
gm sut tnh (pt) v p sut ng (p):
p = p t + p

(3.3)

p sut tnh ph thuc vo v tr ca im kho st, tr s xc nh theo cng

thc (3.2). p sut ng (pt) l thnh phn do chuyn ng ca cht lu gy nn, tr
s ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng ca cht lu, c xc nh theo cng thc:
v 2
p =
2

(3.4)

Trong v l tc chuyn ng ca cht lu.

b) n v o p sut
Trong h n v quc t (SI) n v p sut l pascal (Pa): 1 Pa l p sut to
bi mt lc c ln bng 1N phn b ng u trn mt din tch 1m2 theo hng
php tuyn. n v Pa tng i nh nn trong cng nghip ngi ta cn dng n
v p sut l bar (1 bar = 105 Pa) v mt s n v khc.
Bng 3.1 trnh by cc n v o p sut v h s chuyn i gia chng.
Bng 3.1 n v o p sut v h s chuyn i gia cc n v
n v

pascal

bar

p sut

(Pa)

(b)

10-5

1,02.10-5

105

9,8.104

kg/cm2

atmotsphe
mmH2O

mmHg

mbar

0,987.10-5

1,02.10-1

0,75.10-2

10-2

1,02

0,987

1,02.104

750

103

0,980

0,986

104

735

9,80.102

1,013.105

1,013

1,033

1,033.104

760

1,013.103

1mmH2O

9,8

9,8.10-5

10-3

0,968.10-4

0,0735

0,098

1mmHg

133,3

13,33.10-4

1,36.10-3

1,315.10-3

136

1,33

100

10-3

1,02.10-3

0,987.10-3

1,02

0,750

1Pascal
1 bar
1 kg/cm2
1 atm

1mbar

(atm)

3.1.2. Phng php o p sut

Phng php o p sup ph thuc vo dng p sut.
i vi p sut tnh c th tin hnh o bng cc phng php sau:

- 46 -

+ o trc tip p sut cht lu thng qua mt l c khoan trn thnh bnh.
+ o gin tip thng qua o bin dng ca thnh bnh di tc ng ca p
sut .
Trong cch o th nht, phi s dng mt u o t st thnh bnh. Trong
trng hp ny, p sut cn o c cn bng vi p sut thu tnh do ct cht lng
lm vic to nn hoc tc ng ln mt vt trung gian c phn t nhy cm vi lc
do p sut gy ra. Khi s dng vt trung gian o p sut, thit b o thng trang
b thm b phn chuyn i in. sai s o nh, th tch cht ca knh dn v
u o phi khng ng k so vi th tch tng cng ca cht lu cn o p sut.
Trong cch o th hai, ngi ta gn ln thnh bnh cc cm bin o ng sut
o bin dng ca thnh bnh. Bin dng ny l hm ca p sut.
Phng php o p sut ng da nguyn tc chung l o hiu p sut tng v
p sut tnh. Khi dng chy va p vung gc vi mt mt phng, p sut ng
chuyn thnh p sut tnh, p sut tc dng ln mt phng l p sut tng. Thng
thng vic o hiu (p - pt) thc hin nh hai u o ni vi hai u ra ca mt ng
Pitot, trong u o th nht o p sut tng cn u o th hai o p sut tnh.

P=p-pt

Hnh 3.1 o p sut ng bng ng Pitot

C th o p sut ng bng cch t p sut tng ln mt trc v p sut tnh

ln mt sau ca mt mng o (hnh 3.2), nh vy tn hiu do u o cung cp chnh
l chnh lch gia p sut tng v p sut tnh.
2

1
p

pt

Hnh 3.2 o p sut ng bng mng

1) Mng o 2) Phn t p in

- 47 -

3.2. p k dng dch th

Nguyn l chung ca phng php da trn nguyn tc cn bng p sut cht
lu vi p sut thu tnh ca cht lng lm vic trong p k.
3.2.1. Vi p k kiu phao
Vi p k kiu phao gm hai bnh thng nhau, bnh (1) c tit din ln F v
bnh nh c tit din f (hnh 3.3). Cht lng lm vic l thu ngn hay du bin p.
Khi o, p sut ln (p1) c a vo bnh ln, p sut b (p2) c a vo bnh
nh. trnh cht lng lm vic phun ra ngoi khi cho p sut tc ng v mt
pha, ngi ta m van (4) v khi p sut hai bn cn bng, van (4) c kho li.
p2

p1
5

6
4

h2

h1
1

Hnh 3.3. Vi p k kiu phao

1) Bnh ln 2) Phao 3) Kim ch th 4, 5, 6) Van 7) Bnh nh

Khi t s cn bng p sut, ta c:

p 1 p 2 = g( m )(h1 + h 2 )

Trong :
g - gia tc trng trng.
m - trng lng ring ca cht lng lm vic.
- trng lng ring ca cht lng hoc kh cn o.
Mt khc t cn bng th tch ta c:
F.h1 = f .h 2

Suy ra:
h1 =

1
.(p p )
(1 + F / f )( m )g 1 2

- 48 -

(3.5)

Khi mc cht lng trong bnh ln thay i (h1 thay i), phao ca p k dch
chuyn v qua c cu truyn ng lm quay kim ch th trn ng h o.
Biu thc (3.5) l phng trnh c tnh tnh ca p k vi sai kiu phao.
p k vi sai kiu phao dng o p sut tnh khng ln hn 25MPa. Khi thay
i t s F/f (bng cch thay ng nh) ta c th thay i c phm vi o.
Cp chnh xc ca p sut k loi ny cao (1; 1,5) nhng cha cht lng c
hi m khi p sut thay i t ngt c th trn ra ngoi nh hng n i tng o
v mi trng.
3.2.2. Vi p k kiu chung
Cu to ca vi p k kiu chung (hnh 3.4), gm chung (1) nhng trong cht
lng lm vic cha trong bnh (2).
3

p2

p2

dx

B
dH

dy
p1

p1

b)

Hnh 3.4 Vi p k kiu chung

1) Chung 2) Bnh cha 3) Ch th

Khi p sut trong bung (A) v (B) bng nhau th np chung (1) v tr cn
bng (hnh 3.4a), khi c bin thin chnh p d(p1-p2) >0 th chung c nng
ln (hnh 3.4b). Khi t cn bng ta c:
d (p 1 p 2 ).F = (dH + dy )f .g( m )

Vi:
dh = dx + dy

d (p 1 p 2 ) = dh ( m )g

fdy = f .dH + ( F )dx

Trong :
F - tit din ngoi ca chung.
dH - di chuyn ca chung.
- 49 -

(3.6)

dy - dch chuyn ca mc cht lng trong chung.

dx - dch chuyn ca mc cht lng ngoi chung.
f - din tch tit din thnh chung.
- din tch tit din trong ca bnh ln.
dh - chnh lch mc cht lng ngoi v trong chung.
f - din tch tit din trong ca chung.
Gii cc phng trnh trn ta c:
dH =

f
d (p1 p 2 )
f .g( m )

Ly tch phn gii hn t 0 n (p1 - p2) nhn c phng trnh c tnh tnh
ca p k vi sai kiu chung:
H=

f
(p1 p 2 )
f .g( m )

(3.7)

p k vi sai c chnh xc cao c th o c p sut thp v p sut chn

khng.
3.2.3. Vi p k b
Vi p k b (hnh 3.5a) gm hai bnh thng nhau (1) v (2), trong bnh (2) c
kim (3). Bnh (1) c th di ng ln xung nh vt (4).
4

b)
1

c)
d)

a)
Hnh 3.5 Vi p k b
1) Bnh ln 2) Bnh b 3) Kim 4) Vt

Khi p sut p1 trong bnh (1) v p2 trong bnh (2) bng nhau, kim c nh nh
hnh 3.5b. Gi s p1 tng ln, nc trong bnh (1) h xung, nc trong bnh (2)
dng ln, khi nh ca kim c dng hnh (3.5c). iu chnh vt (4) h bnh (1)
xung, khi mc nc trong bnh (1) dng ln, bnh (2) h xung cho n khi nh
ca kim c dng hnh 3.5b th c kt qu o p sut trn bng chia ca vt (4).
- 50 -

Trng hp p1 gim, nc trong bnh (1) dng ln, nc trong bnh (2) h
xung, khi nh ca kim c dng hnh (3.3d), iu chnh vt (4) nng bnh (1)
ln, mc nc trong bnh (1) h xung, nc trong bnh (2) dng ln cho n khi
nh ca kim c nh nh hnh 3.5b v c kt qu.
Gii hn o ca vi p k b t 125 - 150 mmH2O, sai s: 0,05 mmH2O.
3.2.4. p k vnh khuyn
p k vnh khuyn (hnh 3.6a) gm vnh khuyn (1) c tit din hnh ch S,
trong cha cht lng (3), trn vnh khuyn c treo i trng (4). Vnh khuyn c
th quay quanh tm O.
A
2
1

p1

p2
A
O

p1

A-A

p2
gh

b)

a)

c)

Hnh 3.6 p k vnh khuyn

1) Vnh khuyn 2) Vch ngn 2) Dch th 3) i trng

Ban u, p sut p 1 = p 2 , mc dch th bn tri v bn phi bng nhau, i

trng nm chnh gia. Gi s p1 tng ln, p 1 p 2 = p > 0 , mc nc bn tri h
xung, bn phi dng ln. Bn tri mng ngn chu tc dng ca lc do p gy ra,
sinh ra m men quay:

M q = R.S.p
Trong :
R: khong cch t tm vch ngn n tm quay.
S: din tch vch ngn.
M men quay Mq lm quay vnh khuyn theo chiu kim ng h, ng thi i
trng G c nng ln sinh ra m men cn M c = G. sin , khi M q = M c th vnh
khuyn ng yn (hnh 3.6c).
T hnh v ta c:
- 51 -

sin =

RS
. p
G

(3.8)

Vi R, S v G khng i ta c s ph thuc gia hiu p sut v gc quay theo hm

sin, thng qua c cu chuyn i ta c th biu din (3.8) di dng:
= C . p

(3.9)

T biu thc (3.9) ta nhn thy nhy ca p k khng ph thuc t trng ca dch
th, mun tng nhy tng R, gim G.
Gii hn o ca p k khi dch th l nc t 25 - 160 mmH2O, thy ngn l
400 - 2500mmH2O, cp chnh xc 1; 1,5.
3.3. p k n hi
Nguyn l chung ca p k loi ny da trn c s o s bin dng n hi
ca mt phn t bin dng nhy cm vi tc dng ca p sut. Cc phn t bin
dng thng dng l l xo, mng mng, ng tr v kiu n xp.
3.3.1. p k l xo
Phn t bin dng ca p k c cu to dng l xo (hnh 3.7), l mt ng kim
loi un cong, mt u gi c nh cn mt u t do. Khi a cht lu vo trong
ng, p sut tc dng ln thnh ng lm cho ng b bin dng v u t do dch
chuyn.
N1

N
A

2b

Nr
2a

p
p

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 3.7 L xo ng
a) L xo mt vng b) L xo nhiu vng c) L xo xon

Trn hnh (3.7a) l s l xo ng mt vng, tit din ngang ca ng hnh tri

xoan. Khi p sut trong ng v ngoi ng c chnh lch l xo s bin dng, nu p
sut trong ng ln hn l xo s gin ra, ngc li n s co li.
i vi cc l xo ng thnh mng bin thin gc tm () di tc dng ca
p sut (p) xc nh bi cng thc:
- 52 -

 = p

1 2 R2
.
Y
bh

1 b

a2

+ x2

(3.10)

Trong :
- h s poisson.
Y - m un Young.
R - bn knh cong.
h - b dy thnh ng.
a, b - cc bn trc ca tit din van.
, - cc h s ph thuc vo hnh dng, tit din ngang ca ng.
x = Rh/a2 - tham s chnh ca ng.
Lc thnh phn theo hng tip tuyn vi trc ng (ng thnh mng h/b = 0,6 - 0,7)
u t do xc nh theo theo biu thc:

b 2 48s
sin
N t = pab1 2
.
= k1p
2
a + x 3 4 sin + sin . cos

(3.11)

Lc hng knh:

b 2 48s
cos
N r = pab1 2
.
= k2p
2
a + x sin . cos

(3.10)

Trong s v cc h s ph thuc vo t s b/a.

Gi tr ca k1, k2 l hng s i vi mi l xo ng nn ta c th vit c biu thc
xc nh lc tng hp:
N = k 12 + k 22 .p = kp

Vi

(3.12)

k = k 12 + k 22 = f(a, b, h, R, ) .

Bng cch thay i t s a/b v gi tr ca R, h, ta c th thay i c gi tr ca

, N v nhy ca php o.
L xo ng mt vng c gc quay nh, tng gc quay ngi ta dng l xo
ng nhiu vng c cu to nh hnh (3.7b). i vi l xo ng dng vng thng
phi s dng thm cc c cu truyn ng tng gc quay.
to ra gc quay ln ngi ta dng l xo xon c tit din van hoc hnh
rng kha nh hnh 3.7c, gc quay thng t 40 - 60o, do kim ch th c th gn
trc tip trn u t do ca l xo.
- 53 -

L xo ng ch to bng ng thau c th o p sut di 5 MPa, hp kim nh

hoc thp di 1.000 MPa, cn trn 1.000 MPa phi dng thp gi.
3.3.2. p k mng

Phn t bin dng c cu to dng mng mng, c chia ra hai loi: mng
n hi v mng do.
Mng n hi c dng trn phng hoc c un np c ch to bng thp.
Khi p sut tc dng ln hai mt ca mng khc nhau gy ra lc tc ng ln
mng lm cho n bin dng. Bin dng ca mng l hm phi tuyn ca p sut v
khc nhau tu thuc im kho st. Vi mng phng, phi tuyn kh ln khi
vng ln, do thng ch s dng trong mt phm vi hp ca dch chuyn ca
mng.
D

a)

b)
Hnh 3.8 S mng o p sut
a) Mng phng b) Mng un np

vng ca tm mng phng di tc dng ca p sut tc dng ln mng

xc nh theo cng thc sau:
=

3
pR 4
1 2
16
Yh 3

(3.13)

Mng un np c c tnh phi tuyn nh hn mng phng nn c th s dng

vi vng ln hn mng phng.
vng ca tm mng un np xc nh theo cng thc:
a=

b 3 pR 4
+
=
h h3
Yh 4

(3.14)

Vi a, b l cc h s ph thuc hnh dng v b dy ca mng.

Khi o p sut nh ngi ta dng mng do hnh trn phng hoc un np, ch
to t vi tm cao su. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng mng do tm cng,
khi tm mng c kp cng gia hai tm kim loi.

- 54 -

a)

b)

Hnh 3.9 S cu to mng do c tm cng

a) Mng phng b) Mng un np

i vi mng do thng, lc di chuyn to nn tm mng xc nh bi biu

thc:
D 2
N=
.p
12

(3.14)

Vi D l ng knh mng.
i vi mng do tm cng, lc di chuyn to nn tm mng xc nh bi
biu thc:

D 2 + Dd + d 2
N=
.p
12

(3.15)

Trong D, d - ng knh mng v ng knh a cng.

3.3.3. p k ng tr

Phn t bin dng ca p k c cu to dng ng hnh tr, thnh mng, mt

u bt kn, mt u h, c ch to bng kim loi (hnh 3.10).
L

1
2

J2
J1

J4

J3

a)
b)
Hnh 3.10 Phn t bin dng kiu ng hnh tr
a) S cu to b) V tr gn cm bin o bin dng

i vi ng di (L>>r), khi p sut cht lu tc ng ln thnh ng lm cho

ng bin dng, bin dng ngang (1) v bin dng dc (2) ca ng xc nh bi biu
thc:
- 55 -

 p r
1 = 1 . = k 1 p
2Y e

(3.16)

1
p r
2 = . = k 2 p
2
Y e

(3.17)

Trong :
p - p sut.
Y - m un Young.
- h s poisson.
r, e - bn knh trong v chiu dy thnh ng.
chuyn tn hiu c (bin dng) thnh tn hiu in ngi ta dng cc cm
bin o bin dng.
3.3.4. p k kiu n xp

Phn t bin dng c cu to kiu n xp (hnh 3.11), l mt ng hnh tr xp

np c kh nng bin dng ng k di tc dng ca p sut.

p
r

2Rb
2Rng

Hnh 3.11 S cu to ng kiu n xp

Trong gii hn tuyn tnh, t s gia lc tc dng v bin dng ca ng l
khng i v c gi l cng ca ng. tng cng thng ngi ta t
thm vo trong ng mt l xo. Vt liu ch to l ng, thp cacbon hoc thp hp
kim ... ng c ch to vi ng knh t 8 - 100mm, chiu dy thnh 0,1 - 0,3
mm.
dch chuyn () ca y di tc dng ca lc chiu trc (N) xc nh theo
cng thc:
= N.

1 2
n

2
Yh 0
A 0 A1 + A 2 + B 0 h / R 2b

- 56 -

(3.18)

Trong :
h0 - chiu dy thnh ng xiphng.
n - s np lm vic.
- gc bt kn.
- h s poisson.
A0, A1, B0 - cc h s ph thuc Rng/Rtr, r/(R+r).
Rng, Rtr - bn knh ngoi v bn knh trong ca xi phng.
r - bn knh cong ca np un.
Lc chiu trc tc dng ln y xc nh theo cng thc:
N=

(R ng + R tr )2 p
5

(3.19)

3.4. p k in
p k in lm vic theo nguyn tc bin i tc ng ca p sut (thng l

tn hiu c) thnh tn hiu in da trn hin tng cm ng in t hoc bin thin

in tr, in cm, in dung ca mt phn t chuyn i.
3.4.1. p k p tr
p k p tr s dng b chuyn i in kiu p tr, phn t nhy cm c

ch to t vt liu c in tr nhy cm vi tc dng ca lc do p sut gy nn.

R4
60o

R1
R3
R2

JT

a)

b)

Hnh 3.12 S nguyn l cm bin p tr

a) S cu to b) V tr t trn mng
1) silic - N 2) Bn dn P 3) Dy dn

Trn hnh 3.12 trnh by cu to ca phn t p tr silic (hnh 3.12a) v v tr

gn chng trn b chuyn i (hnh 3.12b). Phn t p tr gm silic (1) loi N
trn c khuch tn tp cht to thnh lp bn dn loi P (2), mt trn c bc
cch in v c hai tip xc kim loi ni dy dn (3).
- 57 -

Trn hnh 3.12b l trng hp mng nh hng (100) c gn 4 cm bin p

tr, trong c hai cm bin t tm theo hng (110) v hai cm bin t bin
to thnh vi hng (100) mt gc 60o. Vi cch t nh vy, bin thin in tr
ca hai cp cm bin khi c ng sut ni s bng nhau nhng tri du:
R 1 = R 3 = R 2 = R 4 = R

o bin thin in tr ngi ta dng mch cu, khi hai u ng cho cu

c nui bng dng mt chiu s l:
Vm =

I
(R1 R 2 + R 3 R 4 ) = IR
4

S thay i tng i ca tr khng theo ng lc tnh xc nh theo biu thc:

R
=
R0

Trong l h s p tr ca tinh th (~ 4.10-10 m2/N), khi biu thc in p c

dng:
Vm = IR 0

(3.20)

B chuyn i kiu p tr lm vic trong di nhit t - 40oC n 125oC ph

thuc vo pha tp. Ngi ta cng c th b tr nh hng ca nhit bng cch
a thm vo b chuyn i mt b phn hiu chnh c iu khin qua u o
nhit JT.
3.4.2. p k p in
p k p in s dng b chuyn i kiu p in lm vic theo nguyn tc

hiu ng p in.
D
d

F
Trc in
-Q
+Q

a)

Trc quang

p
b)

c)

Hnh 3.13 p k p in
a) Phn t p in b) B chuyn i dng tm b) B chuyn i dng ng

- 58 -

Khi tc dng lc c hc ln mt tm vt liu p in (thch anh, gm PTZ, )

th trn hai mt ca tm xut hin cc in tch tri du, hiu in th xut hin gia
hai mt (bn cc) t l vi lc tc dng (hnh 3.13a).
p sut (p) gy nn lc F tc ng ln cc bn p in, lm xut hin trn hai

mt ca bn p in mt in tch Q t l vi lc tc dng:
Q = kF

Vi F = p.S, do :
Q = kpS

Trong :
k - hng s p in, trong trng hp thch anh k = 2,22.10-12 C/N.
S - din tch hu ch ca mng.
i vi b chuyn i s dng phn t p in dng ng (hnh 3.13c), in
tch trn cc bn cc xc nh theo cng thc:

Q = kF

4dh

(3.21)

D d2
2

Trong :
D, d - ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca phn t p in.
h - chiu cao phn ph kim loi.
Trn hnh 3.13b trnh by p k dng b chuyn i p in dng tm mc
song song.
Gii hn trn ca cm bin p sut dng b bin i p in t 2,5 - 100 MPa,
cp chnh xc 1,5; 2. B bin i p in c hi p tn s rt tt nn thng dng
o p sut thay i nhanh, tuy nhin chng c nhc im l nhy cm vi s
thay i nhit .
3.4.3. p k in dung
p k in dung s dng b chuyn i kiu in dung (hnh 3.14).

Hnh 3.14a trnh by cu to mt p k in dung, b chuyn i gm bn cc

ng l mng kim loi (1), v bn cc tnh (2) gn vi bng cch in thch anh
(4). Di tc ng ca p sut cn o, bn cc ng bin dng lm cho khong cch
gia hai bn cc thay i v in dung ca t in thay i theo.

- 59 -

p1

p2

3
1

b)

a)

Hnh 3.14 B chuyn i kiu in dung

1) Bn cc ng 2&3) Bn cc tnh 4) Cch in 5) Du silicon

S ph thuc ca in dung C vo dch chuyn ca mng c dng:

C=

s
+ 0

(3.22)

Trong :
- hng s in mi ca cch in gia hai bn cc.
0 - khong cch gia cc in cc khi p sut bng 0.
- dch chuyn ca mng.
Hnh 3.14b trnh by cu to mt p k in dung kiu vi sai gm hai bn cc
tnh (2) v (3) gn vi cht in mi cng (4), kt hp vi mng (1) nm gia hai
bn cc to thnh hai t in C12 v C13. Khong trng gia cc bn cc v mng
in y bi du silicon (5).
Cc p sut p1 v p2 ca hai mi trng o tc ng ln mng, lm mng dch
chuyn gia hai bn cc tnh v to ra bin thin ca dng tn hiu im (cung cp bi
ngun nui) t l vi p sut gia hai mi trng:
i m = K1

C1 C 2
= K( p1 p 2 )
C1 + C 2

(3.23)

bin i bin thin in dung C thnh tn hiu o lng, thng dng mch
cu xoay chiu hoc mch vng cng hng LC.
B cm bin kiu in dung o c p sut n 120 MPa, sai s (0,2 - 5)%.
3.4.4. p k in cm
p k in cm s dng b chuyn i in cm lm vic theo nguyn tc

hin tng cm ng in t kiu khe t bin thin hoc kiu bin p vi sai.
- 60 -

a) p k in cm kiu khe t bin thin

p k in cm kiu khe t bin thin s dng b chuyn i in cm kiu

khe t bin thin (hnh 3.15), gm tm st t ng gn trn mng (1) v nam chm
in c li st (2) v cun dy (3).
Di tc dng ca p sut o, mng (1) dch chuyn lm thay i khe h t ()
gia tm st t v li t ca nam chm in, do thay i t cm ca cun dy.
p
1

2
3

Hnh 3.15 p k in cm kiu khe t bin thin

1) Tm st t 2) Li st t 3) Cun dy

Nu b qua in tr cun dy, t thng tn v tn hao trong li t th t

cm ca b bin i xc nh bi cng thc sau:
L=

W2
l tb / (S tb ) + / ( 0 S 0 )

(3.24)

Trong :
W - s vng dy ca cun dy.
ltb, Stb: chiu di v din tch trung bnh ca li t.
, S0 - chiu di v tit din khe h khng kh.
, 0 - t thm ca li t v khng kh.
Thng thng ltb/(Stb) << /(0S0), do c th tnh L theo cng thc gn ng:
L = W 2 . 0

S0

Vi = kp, ta c phng trnh c tnh tnh ca cm bin p sut dng b bin i

cm ng:
L = W 2 . 0

S0
kp

(3.25)

- 61 -

 o t cm L ngi ta dng cu o xoay chiu hoc mch cng hng

LC.
b) p k in cm kiu bin p vi sai
p k in cm loi ny s dng b chuyn i kiu bin p vi sai (hnh 3.16).
1
2

R1

I1

R2

Ur

Hnh 3.16 S cu to nguyn l ca b bin i kiu bin p vi sai

1) L xo vng 2) B bin i 3) Li thp
4) Cun s cp 5&6) Cun th cp

B bin i gm mt khung cch in trn qun cun s cp (4). Cun th

cp gm hai cun dy (5) v (6) qun ngc chiu nhau. Li thp di ng (3) ni vi
l xo (1). u ra ca cun th cp ni vi in tr R1, cho php iu chnh gii hn
o trong phm vi 25%.
Nguyn l lm vic: dng in I1 chy trong cun s cp sinh ra t thng bin
thin trong hai na cun th cp, lm xut hin trong hai na cun dy ny cc sut
in ng cm ng e1 v e2:
e1 = 2 f .I1M 1

e 2 = 2 f .I1M 2

Trong M1 v M2 l h s h cm gia cun s cp v cc na cun th cp.

Hai na cun dy u ngc chiu nhau, do sut in ng trong cun th cp:

E = e1 e 2 = 2fI1 (M1 M 2 ) = 2fI1M

i vi phn t bin i chun c in tr ca ra R1 v R2 th in p ra ca b bin
i xc nh bi cng thc:
Vra = 2 fI1M ra

(3.26)

Gi tr h cm Mra ph thuc dch chuyn ca li thp:

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M ra = M max

(3.27)

max

Trong Mmax l h cm ln nht ca cun s cp v cun th cp ng vi dch

chuyn ln nht ca li thp.
T phng trnh (3.26) v (3.27), tm c in p ra ca b bin i:
Vra =

2 fI1M max

max

- 63 -

(3.28)