LOPA Part 1 - Introduction (LOPA SIL Safety Integrity Level

Background Overview Hazard & Risk IEC 61508 & 61511 Risk Analyisis
Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)

in determining
Safety Integrity Level (SIL)
Part 1 - Introduction
Heru Wandira
PT. AT Solusi
7 Oktober 2014
HW
LOPA
Daftar Isi
1
Background
Overview
Hazard & Risk
IEC 61508 & 61511

IEC 61508
IEC 61511
IEC 61508 & 61511 Relationship
Relationship of SIF & other
Risk Analyisis
RA in SIS
LOPA
The Concept of LOPA
Evaluation of LOPA
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LOPA
Background
Figure: Safety life Cycle [1]

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LOPA
Overview
Safety Integrity Level (SIL) determined by target Probability of

Failure on Demand (PFD) set on demand mode or dangerous
failure rate (continuous mode) set by :
Process Risk
Tolerable Risk
other mean of protection
One of the popular risk analysis in determining SILs level is
using Layer Of Protection Analysis (LOPA). LOPA is
quantitative method for determining risk hazard in industrial
level published in 1993 by CCPS
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LOPA
Hazard & Risk in Industry
Figure: Protection Layers for Hazard & Risk in Industry [2]

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LOPA
Background Overview Hazard & Risk IEC 61508 & 61511 Risk
IEC Analyisis
61508 IEC 61511 IEC 61508 & 61511 Relationship Rel
IEC 61508 Functional Safety of E/E/PE safety-related

systems
Functional Safety Of Electrical/Electronic/ Programmable

Electronic Safety-Related
Systems
Figure: Functionality of IEC 61508[2]

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LOPA
IEC Analyisis
IEC 61511 - Functional Safety - SIS for Process

Industry
Functional Safety - Safety Instrumented Systems For The Process Industry Sector
Part 1 : Framework,
definitions, system,
hardware and software
requirements
Part 2 : Guidelines For The
Application Of IEC 61511-1
Part 3 : Guidance For The
Determination Of The
Required Safety Integrity
Levels
Figure: Functionality of IEC 61511 [2]

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LOPA
IEC Analyisis
Relationship between IEC 61511 & 61508
Figure: Relationship between IEC 61511 & 61508

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LOPA
IEC Analyisis
Relationship between SIFs and other Functions
Figure: Relationship between SIFs and other Functions

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LOPA
RA in
Analyisis
SIS LOPA The Concept of LOPA Evaluation of LOPA
Risk Analysys in determining SIL
Suggested methods in IEC 61508 & 61511 for calculate target

SIL value of SIF :
Qualitative : Risk matriks, and Risk Graph
Quantitative : LOPA, Failure Mode, and Effect Analysis
(FMEA) or MARKOV modelling
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LOPA
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Layer Of Protection Analysis (LOPA) - Overview
LOPA is a quantitative tool which is readily applied after the Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) on determinig SILs level. The concept of LOPA published by CCPS, and proposed in IEC 61511
standard
Guidelines for Safe Automation of Chemical Process
(CCPS, 1993)
IEC 61511-3 Annex F : Provides An Overview Of A Method
Using A Layer Of Protection Analysis (LOPA) Approach To
Select The Required SIL
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LOPA
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Layers of Protections
Figure: Layers of protection to lower the frequency of a specific

accident scenario [5]
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The Concept of LOPA

LOPA is used to identify multiple Independent Protection Layers
(IPLs) that mitigate a potential hazard [3].
Figure: The concept of LOPA [2]
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LOPA
RA in
Analyisis
The Concept of LOPA
Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) are devices, systems, or

actions that are capable of preventing a scenario from developing into an undesired consequence. All these layers are independent from one another so that any failure of the layer will not
affect the functioning of the other layers [3].
Each company that chooses to use LOPA needs its own specific procedure. The Procedure must include tables for initiating
cause likelihoods and PFDs for various types of IPLs [3]. The
LOPA procedure must have clear rules with which to evaluate
safeguards to determine if they qualify as IPLs.
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Team composition and training of LOPA facilitators
LOPA team composition and training that company should also establish had the minimum requirements. The team should
consist of the [3]:
Operator with experience operating the process under
consideration
Engineer with experience in the process
Manufacturing management
Process control engineer
Instrument / Electrical maintenance person with
experience in the process under consideration
Risk analysis (LOPA) specialist
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LOPA process
The LOPA process consist 6 steps :
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Identify the consequence to screen

the scenarios
Select an accident scenario
Identify the initiating cause of the

scenario and determine the initiating
cause frequency (event per year)
Identify the IPL and estimate the

PFD of each IPL
Estimate the risk of the scenario by

mathematically combining the
consequence, initiating event and
IPL data
Evaluate the risk and give

recommendations
LOPA
RA in
Analyisis
Benefits of LOPA
LOPA advantages[3] :
Simple risk assessment tools with less time and resources
than for a QRA but more rigorous than HAZOP
It facilitate the determination for more precise
cause-consequence pairs
It identifies operations, practices, system and processes
that do not have adequate safeguards and help in deciding
the PLs required on the most critical safety systems
It avoids the generalities of the safety layer matrix method
by including its own calibration
Even though more time-consuming than Risk graph, it
allow a better understanding of the safety system in the
functional safety of the overall design
It requires much less work than FTA
Provide due credit to all PLs and helps in estimating the
specific risk level of the unit or equipment
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LOPA
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Benefits of LOPA
It removes subjectivity while providing clarity and

consistency to risk assessment and helps to compare risk
based on a common ground if it is used throughout a plant
It is useful for making risk-based decision during stages
like design, management of change, etc
Provide due credit to all PLs and helps in estimating the
specific risk level of the unit or equipment
It removes subjectivity while providing clarity and
consistency to risk assessment and helps to compare risk
based on a common ground if it is used throughout a plant
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LOPA
RA in
Analyisis
Benefits of LOPA
Limitation of using LOPA[3] :
It is not intended to be a hazard identification tool
Criteria for risk tolerance must be established for LOPA
exercise before process starts
LOPA offers flexibility to the user in the areas of selecting
IPLs and PFDs, this brings in subjectivity in the
assessment process and depends on the expertise of the
user
LOPA is a simplified approach and should not be applied to
all scenarios.
LOPA analysis tends to drive initiating cause likelihoods to
higher levels than actual field experience
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LOPA
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Daftar Pustaka
IEC 61508 - 1998 Functional Safety Of Electrical/Electronic
/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems
IEC 61511 - 2003 Functional safety Safety instrumented
systems for the process industry sector
B. R. Hanniken, Applicability of Layer of Protection Analysis
to determine Safety Integrity Levels in the Process
Industry, NTNU, Norwegia : 2007
ANSI ISA S84.01 - 1996 Application of Safety Instrumented
Systems for the Process Industries
D. A. Crowl, Chemical Process Safety : Fundamental with
Applications 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey : 2001
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LOPA

LOPA Part 1 - Introduction (LOPA SIL Safety Integrity Level

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Background Overview Hazard & Risk IEC 61508 & 61511 Risk Analyisis

Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)

Hazard & Risk

IEC 61508 & 61511

Figure: Safety life Cycle [1]

Safety Integrity Level (SIL) determined by target Probability of

Hazard & Risk in Industry

Figure: Protection Layers for Hazard & Risk in Industry [2]

IEC 61508 Functional Safety of E/E/PE safety-related

Functional Safety Of Electrical/Electronic/ Programmable

Figure: Functionality of IEC 61508[2]

IEC 61511 - Functional Safety - SIS for Process

Figure: Functionality of IEC 61511 [2]

Relationship between IEC 61511 & 61508

Figure: Relationship between IEC 61511 & 61508

Relationship between SIFs and other Functions

Figure: Relationship between SIFs and other Functions

Risk Analysys in determining SIL

Suggested methods in IEC 61508 & 61511 for calculate target

Layer Of Protection Analysis (LOPA) - Overview

Figure: Layers of protection to lower the frequency of a specific

The Concept of LOPA

Figure: The concept of LOPA [2]

The Concept of LOPA

Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) are devices, systems, or

Team composition and training of LOPA facilitators

Identify the consequence to screen

Select an accident scenario

Identify the initiating cause of the

Identify the IPL and estimate the

Estimate the risk of the scenario by

Evaluate the risk and give

It removes subjectivity while providing clarity and

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