SUMMER TRAINING

ON

INDIAN RAILWAYS
PRESENTED BY:PAWAN SAINI
BRANCH: ECE
ROLLNO-..

TRAINING BASED ON:Microwave

Communication
Optical Fiber Communication
PRS and UTS
FOIS
COIS
Railnet
Telephone and Trunk Exchange
Networking

ELABORATION
MICROWAVE

What is Microwave
Communication
Microwaves

areradiowaveswithwavelengthsranging
from as long as one meter to as short as one
millimetre, or equivalently, withfrequenicesbetween
300mhz (0.3ghz) and 300ghz. this broad definition
includes bothuhfandehf.
Various sources use different boundaries. in all cases,
microwave includes the entireshf band (3 to 30ghz,
or 10 to 1cm) at minimum, withRF enginneering
often putting the lower boundary at 1ghz (30cm),
and the upper around 100ghz (3mm).

Microwave propagation
modes
microwaves,

one generated, propagate in a

straight line in all directions
there are mainly 3 modes of propagation
possible, and the mode is decided based on
distance and terrain:
LOS, Skywave Propagation, Ground
Reflection Path

Line of Sight (LOS)

Line-of-sight

propagationrefers
toelectromagnetic radiationor acoustic
wave propagation. Electromagnetic
transmission includes light emissions
traveling in a straight line

LoS

(Line of Sight) is a visible straight line

between the sender and the receiver

LoS

propagation propagation of microwaves

in a straight line free from any obstructions

LOS Occurence

Tower A

Tower
B

LOS Problems

LOS Solution (Fresnel

Zone)
Fresnel

zone eliptical area

around the LoS between a sender
and receiver.

Microwaves

spread into this area

once are generated by an
antenna.

This

area should be free of any

obstacles:

LOS Solution (Fresnel

Zone)

ADVANTAGES:Because

of high frequency, more

data can be sent through
microwaves -> increased
bandwidth, higher speeds

Keep

it as hop to hop
connections.

Can

make MESH connections

with the help of this.

Other Usages

carrier waves in satellite

communications

cellular communication

bluetooth

wimax

wireless local area network

GPS (Global Positioning System)

THANK
YOU

Any

QUERIES????