2. Higher cost and increased need for higher productivity. 3. Increasing number of formal training programs for management, supervisory personnel, skilled, and technical personnel to improve productivity. 4. Maximum use of automated and vending machines whenever appropriate. 5. Development of specialized and standardized menu. 6. Marketing research approach - business atmosphere, menu, hours of operation, and pricing. 7. Use of disposable wares. 8. Use of new convenience food products. 9. Use of new equipment and methods of cooking. 10. Many employers provide free or below cost meals to their employees. 11. Use of school dining facilities as laboratories for food service management classes.