EC&M’s Electrical Calculations HandbookLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Paschal, John, PE. EC&M’s electrical calculations handbook / John M, Paschal, Jr. Poem. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-136095-6 1. Electric engineering—Mathematics—Handbooks, manuals, ete. 2. Engineering mathematics—Formulae—Handbooks, manuals, ete. I, Title, TKI51.P355 2000 621.30151—de21 00-051115 McGraw-Hill 2 A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 234567890 DOCDOC 065432 ISBN 0-07-136095-6 The sponsoring editor for this book was Zoe G. Foundotos, the editing supervisor was Stephen M. Smith, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance, It was set in New Century Schoolbook per the MHT 5 x 8 design by Joanne Morbit of McGraw-Hill’s Hightstown, N.J., Professional Book Group composition unit. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premi- ums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, Professional Publishing, McGraw-Hill, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. ‘This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50% recycled de-inked fiber. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither MeGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this infor- mation, This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.Contents Preface xi List of Problems xiii Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Working Definitions and Concepts 1 Voltage as Potential Difference 1 Current 3 Resistance 4 Direct-Current (dc) Voltage Sources 4 Direct and Alternating Current 5 de Voltage 6 Current Flow in a Resistive Circuit 15 Current Flow in a Series Resistive Circuit 16 Voltage Division in a Series Circuit 18 Power Rating of a Resistor 18 ac Voltage 23 ac Circuits with Resistance 23 ac Phase Angle and Power 26 Current and Power in a Single-Phase ac Circuit 33 Current and Power in a Three-Phase ac Circuit 33 Inductive Reactance 42 Capacitive Reactance 46 Impedance 52 Chapter 2. Three-Phase Systems 55 Wye-Connected Systems 58 Delta-Connected Systems 60aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page 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that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Take the “perplexing” out of electrical design and construction prob- lems instantly with this easy-to-use, example-filled guide. From basic principles explained in plain English, to formulas, equipment kVA capabilities and temperature ratings, and even electrical estimating, EC&M's Electrical Calculations Handbook makes your job easier and helps you get more accurate results with the right calculation method. Refer to this detailed, thorough book for: _ Worked out and “ready-to-run” problem-solving strategies in engineering, design, installation, cost estimating, lighting design, and maintenance _ Plug-and-play example templates _ Money-saving electrical estimation tools, including field- verified labor man-hours - Valuable reference data that permits the use of just one book for both reference and calculations ~ Assured NEC® compliance through detailed explanations and real-world examples _ Simplified, step-by-step math help, including simplified vector algebra and trig _ Time-saving definitions, standards, test procedures, and much more If you want speedy solutions to the challenges you meet daily in electri- cal work, put this book in your pocket. It's the most useful tool ever created for those who work with real-world electrical calculations. www.books.megraw-hill.com Cover: Pehrsson Design McGraw-Hill 2 4 Division of The McGrane Hill Compans