3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

ISSUE 1-3

Code
CDMA (Code) ( FDMA
TDMA ) Spread
Scrambling

Scrambling Code
Scrambling Code
Channelization Code

Voice
Data

DeSpreading

Spreading
Scrambling

Voice
Data

De-Scrambling

1 code spreading scrambling

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

Scrambling Spread ( spreading )

Modulate Bit Rate
Bit Rate Spread
Spreading & Modulation

2 Spreading Despreading

2 (Data) (Spreading) ( )
Spreading Code ( Channelization code

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

channel ) Spreading Signal Spreading Signal Despread
Spreading Code
Spreading (Data) Exclusive OR Spreading
Code Output Spreading Code Chip Rate
Spreading Code
Code WCDMA Code
(Channel) OVSF code (Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor) Code
Spreading Factor (SF) )

3 Code tree

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

3 OVSF Code Code

Spread Factor (SF) SF= 1 SF=256 (UL)/512 (DL)
Code CSF, No. 0 C1,1 (SF=1, No.=1) 00 C2,1 (SF=2, No.=1)

Code generation

(RNC)
WCDMA
A,A

A,-A

4 code

Code Code A Code

Code A A, A Code A Code A, -A
Code (A) Code Invert A Code A 1010 (SF=4) code
SF SF=8 = A,A = 10101010 A,-A = 10100101
WCDMA Code Spread Chip Rate 3.84 Mega chip per
second (Mcps) Code SF Mod Spread
3.84 Mcps
Radio Access BKK
February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

SF SF SF= 8 User Throughput
SF SF=128 User Throughput
SF SF SF = 4
chip Radio
SF SF
SF
Radio

Spreading Factor
User throughput

User

Spreading Factor
User throughput

User

Correlation

Despreading
Correlation
(Code) CDMA
0 -1 () 1 +1 () 1
Exclusive OR ( 1 1)
[-1 +1] =0, [+1+1]=2, [-11]=-2 Code ()
Radio Access BKK
February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

+1

-1 1

-1 1

-1
+1

-1 1

-1 1

0
-1

-1 1 -1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1 1 1

+1
0

-1

11 1 111
= +1+1+1+1+1+1= 6/6=1

5 Correlation

Exclusive OR ( = 0 -1
= 1) (1+1+1+1+1+1)/ = 6/6 = 1 Correlation

+1

-1 1

-1 1

0
-1

+1

1 1

-1 1

-1 1

0
-1

-1 1 -1 1 1 1
1 1 -1 1 -1 1

+1

0
-1

-1 1 1 1 -1 1
=-1+1+1+1-1+1= 2/6 = 0.33

6 2 ()

5 6 Function exclusive OR
Correlation = 0.33 2 6 Correlation 1

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

+1

-1 1

-1 1

0
-1

+1

1 1

-1 1

-1 1

0
-1

-1 1 -1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1 1

+1

0
-1

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1
=-1+1-1+1-1+1= 0/6 = 0

7 Correlation 0 (zero) correlation

7 Zero Correlation
( ) Orthogonal
Orthogonal

Spread
Code
1 Correlation Auto Correlation Zero Correlation
Cross Correlation

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

Despreading
Input

Code SF4,4
(0110)

output

8 Spreading Spreading code SF4,4

(Input) 2 1 0 Spreading Code Spreading Factor = 4

Code 4 ( Code tree code 0110 0 1
) -111-1 ( ) Output
-111-11-1-11 ( 01101001) ( )

Received

-1 1 1-1 1-1-1 1

Code SF4,4
(0110)

-1 1 1-1 -1 1 1-1

output

-1

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

() = [Received SF code]/Code length = [-1 1 1-1 -1 1 1-1]/4 =
[1+1+1+1]/4 = 4/4 = 1
= [1-1-1 1 -1 1 1-1]/4 = [-1-1-1-1]/4 = -4/4 = -1
Exclusive OR 0 () -1

1
Received

-1 1-1-1 1-1 1 1

Code SF4,4
(0110)

-1 1 1-1 -1 1 1-1

output

0.5

-0.5

10 despreading

1
= [-1 1-1-1 -1 1 1-1]/4 = [1+1-1+1]/4 = 2/4 =0.5
= [1-1 1 1 -1 1 1-1]/4 = [-1-1+1-1]/4 = -2/4 = -0.5
Correlation 1 1 (0)

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

Code Despread
Received

-1 1 1-1 1-1-1 1

Code SF4,3
(0101)

-1 1-1 1 -1 1-1 1

output

11 SF code despread

Despread code (
) SF4,3 (0101)
= [-1 1 1-1 -1 1-1 1]/4 = [1+1-1-1]/4 = 0/4 = 0
= [1-1-1 1 -1 1-1 1]/4 = [-1-1+1+1]/4 = 0/4 =0
1 0 Idle
Orthogonal SF4,4 SF,4,3 orthogonal

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

Channelization code
Code
Code Spread Channelization Code Code

SF2

SF4

SF8

SF16

01010101
0101
01011010
01
01100110

0110

0110100101101001

01101001
0110100110010110

12 code

Code Code Code

Code
Code Code 00110011 (SF=8) Code
0011001100110011 0011001111001100 (SF=16) Code (SF=32,
64,..) Code 0011 Code Code 00111100

Resource planning
Radio Access BKK
February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

code Uplink SF 4 256 Downlink (DL)
SF 4 512 R99 EUL (Enhance UL) SF 2
Scrambling Code

Scrambling Code Channelization Code

Scrambling Code Downlink Channelization
Channel Scrambling Scrambling Code

Data in

Channelization code (SFn,m)

Scrambling code

Data in

Channelization code (SFn,m)

13 Channelization code scrambling code

Scrambling Code BSIC Code

512 Code Uplink (UE) Scrambling Code RNC
Code UE Code Code 1 RNC
UE RNC ( RNC) Code

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

Scrambling Code Scrambling
Scrambling Spreading
Code Scrambling Code
(SC) Channelization Code
HSPA Carrier

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

Code UMTS
Synchronization
Codes
Gold Codes

Type

Primary Synchronization
Codes (PSC) and
Secondary
Synchronization Codes
(SSC)

Channelization
Codes
Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor
(OVSF) codes
sometimes called
Walsh Codes

Scrambling
Codes, UL

Scrambling
Codes, DL

Complex-Valued
Gold Code Segments Complex-Valued
(long) or ComplexGold Code
Valued S(2) Codes
Segments
(short)
Pseudo Noise
Pseudo Noise (PN)
(PN) codes
codes

Length

256 chips

4-512 chips

38400 chips /
256 chips

38400 chips

Duration

66.67 s

1.04 s 133.34 s

10 ms / 66.67 s

10 ms

Number of
codes

1 primary code / 16
secondary codes

spreading factor
4 ... 256 UL,
4 ... 512 DL

16,777,216

512 primary / 15
secondary for
each primary
code

Spreading

No, does not change

bandwidth

Yes, increases
bandwidth

No, does not change

bandwidth

No, does not

change
bandwidth

Usage

UL: to separate
physical data and
To enable terminals to control data from same
locate and synchronize to
terminal
Separation of terminal
the cells' main control
DL: to separate
channels
connection to different
terminals in a same
cell

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

Separation of

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3rd Generation of Mobile Communications

Advanced Info Service PLC.

WCDMA for UMTS

Wiley

http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/codes.htm
3GPP TS 25.201, 25.213, 25.223

Radio Access BKK

February 2010

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Composed by: Wutthilert Rungchai
Edit by: Bunjong Yosapa