Running Header: DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

Jodie E. Annis
Wayne State University

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

2
Sample

The information gathered for this research was collected from participants in a residential
treatment center. Participants upon arrival at this center filled out an intake form reporting
general demographic information, such as age and gender. In addition to this information the
participants were given the Trauma Symptoms Scale as a pre and post-test. This tests for
frequency of behaviors such as nightmares, flash backs, and outbursts. Following the completion
of the intake process participants were randomly placed into routine treatment and new treatment
groups, as well as into one of three cabins. During treatment, information was gathered to assess
the impact previous trauma experiences had on present serious behavioral incidences, how the
assigned treatment group impacted earning off campus visits, as well as if gender impacted the
number of serious behavioral incidents displayed.
Descriptive statistics were collected to aid in identifying the demographics of the sample.
The total number of participants was 50, with 25 being female and 25 being male. Table 1
below states the number of males and females participating in the study.
Table One:

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

Table Two below displays the age of the participants to range from 7 to 15. This is a
wide range, yet when looked at statistically the mean, median and mode all remain very similar.
Table three displays this data.
Table Two:
Age
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Percent

7.00

4.0

4.0

4.0

8.00

6.0

6.0

10.0

9.00

16.0

16.0

26.0

10.00

11

22.0

22.0

48.0

11.00

18.0

18.0

66.0

12.00

10.0

10.0

76.0

13.00

14.0

14.0

90.0

14.00

6.0

6.0

96.0

15.00

4.0

4.0

100.0

Total

50

100.0

100.0

Table Three:
Statistics
Age
N

Valid
Missing

50
0

Mean

10.8400

Median

11.0000

Mode

10.00

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

The ethnicity of the participants is displayed in the pie chart in Table 4. This group was
diversified with the largest percentage of the members being Caucasian, followed by African
American and then Hispanic.
Table Four:

Bivariate Analysis
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a new treatment to aid
traumatized youth. During the treatment, information was gathered on how traumatic life events
impact behavioral outbursts. Three research questions were asked in this study. The research
question as well as the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis are listed below. In all
reporting, a .05 alpha or rejection level is used.
Research Question/Statistical Test

Example of

Dependent

Independent

Variable (level

Variable (level of

of

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

5
measurement)

measurement)

Number of trauma

Number of

(ratio level)

serious

Pearson r (correlation)
Question One: Did the number of trauma
experiences had by the children have an effect on the
number of serious behavioral incidents the children
exhibited?
Null Hypothesis: The number of trauma

behavioral

experiences had by the children had no effect on the

incidents (ratio

number of serious behavioral incidents the children

level)

exhibited.
Alternative Hypothesis: The number of trauma
experiences had by the children had an effect on the
number of serious behavioral incidents the children
exhibited.
Chi-Square
Question Two: Did the assigned treatment group
have an effect on the earned off campus privileges?
Null Hypothesis: The assigned treatment group had

Assignment of

Earned off

no effect on the earned off campus privileges.

treatment group

campus

(nominal level)

privileges

Alternative Hypothesis: The assigned treatment

group had an effect on the earned off campus
privileges.

(nominal)

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

T-Test
Question Three: Did gender have an effect on the
number of serious behavioral incidents exhibited by
the children?
Null Hypothesis: Gender had no effect on the

Gender (nominal

The number of

level)

serious

number of serious behavioral incidents exhibited by

behavioral

the children.

incidents (ratio
level)

Alternative Hypothesis: Gender had an effect on

the number of serious behavioral incidents exhibited
by the children.

Defining Results:
To analyze question one, determining whether previous traumatic events impacted
behavioral incidences within clients, the Pearson correlation statistic was calculated r(.975,
r2=.95, p<.05) According to Cohens guidelines there is a strong correlation between these two
groups. This presents a strong suggestion that the Alternative hypothesis is correct. The number
of traumas experienced within the previous life of a participant impacts the behaviors displayed.
Table five displays this data.
Table Five:

Correlations
Serious

Number of Traumas

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)

Number of

Behavioral

Traumas

Incidents
1

.975**
.000

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

N
Serious Behavioral Incidents Pearson Correlation

50

50

**

.975

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

50

50

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Analyzing question two, whether group assignment impacted earning privileges, required
using Chi-Square because the expected frequency count in the chart is greater than 10 and both
fields needed can only be answered with yes or no. The results indicate that there is a low
chance of sampling error having significant impact on the results. It also reports that there is a
significant relationship between group assignment and privileges earned. (x2=3.920, df=1,
p<.05)
Table Six:
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Continuity Correction
Likelihood Ratio

df

(2-sided)

3.920a

.048

2.880

.090

3.973

.046

Fisher's Exact Test

Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases

Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1sided)

sided)

.089
3.842

.044

.050

50

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 12.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

The final question relates to whether gender impacted the number of serious behavioral incidents
a participant experienced. For this the T-Test was used. Because of the small sampling group the
standard deviation is elevated. To gain a more accurate picture a larger sampling group is
needed. Table eight shows that the mean difference is -.12000. This difference is not large
enough to reject the null hypothesis that gender had an effect on the number of serious

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

behavioral incidents exhibited by the children. Therefore a hypothesis can be made that gender
impacts behaviors. (p=.939)

Table Seven:

Group Statistics
Gender

Serious Behavioral Incidents Male

Female

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

25

5.4400

3.96947

.79389

25

5.5600

6.75204

1.35041

Table 8:
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Mean
Sig. (2- Differen
F
Serious

Equal variances

Behavioral

assumed

Incidents

Equal variances
not assumed

3.559

Sig.

.065

-.077

df

tailed)

ce

Std.

95% Confidence

Error

Interval of the

Differen

Difference

ce

Lower

Upper

48

.939

-.12000 1.56648

-3.26962 3.02962

-.077 38.819

.939

-.12000 1.56648

-3.28898 3.04898

DATA PRESENTATION PART 3

9
Implications

The results of this study show that the experiences that a client has in their lives impacts
the choices they will make in the future. It also reveals that the group assignment, determining
what type of treatment is received, impacted how many privileges a client earned. In addition to
this it was also found that different genders behave in different ways. All of these findings are
important to researchers, program developers and other professionals.
With the knowledge that traumatic events impact future decisions, early intervention is
important to help lessen the impact on clients and prevent further trauma. Another important
result is that new treatment options had a positive impact on clients ability to earn privileges.
This finding should encourage program developers to continue working to find new ways to
reach out to traumatized individuals. It is also important for professionals to take note of the
difference in genders. This knowledge allows workers to consider developing unique
programing for male and female clients.
In order to develop the most effective interventions and gain the most understanding on
this people group there is a plethora of research that could be conducted. One additional area to
look at would be determining the age of a client at the time of the first trauma and seeing the
relationship of this to the number of serious behavioral incidences, as well as to their ability to
earn privileges. This could show if there is a difference in outcomes for different ages when they
experience trauma.