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  • Political Development - howardJWiarda

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    Ciencia Política

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    Political Development.howardJWiarda

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    16 Ansichten10 Seiten

    Political Development - howardJWiarda

    Hochgeladen von

    joesprigfield
    Ciencia Política

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
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    Fooke: Moved 7 vbeede, Lobndncbne 18 Co Bid mont: wedsverts ere ay pera 3 Political Development ine fais, (he 195 when etc chal eng by younger group of ‘sha wh sgh ope Soe he infor proce of {ed poremental atone ‘Most ofthe sir oles ‘Scented on Earopean Ms and conned odo he oncampe cae ay oj tht Maced and ‘thessha ongly enced (ther scholars tough noeno ‘mere thee he rt (oop, weve ren specie (hose concenasene inde Trewee mew aches Chinn, ‘gis ot te Developments Approach 48 pan, he Soviet Union of Latin Americ. But there wa al thid ad Younger group belaning wo form that war nped bythe paises of he bowl independent and grdally emerging aan in Aa, lic, and he [Nile Bor. Over he course fhe pest decal the 6 ot cn i is (rovp ce te no mmo at they sd apace "po FoSi scene” ed fd om te pi fhe booing maton ‘ame de dominant ce the ei. Origins of the Developmentalist Approach Actes seven major infuences lp eapain the new focus in comparative ls on te plc of the devoping masons "The in aFeadydscased i the prevon ape, ws he new emphasis in pital sdene more eneraly on poli eave andthe more nor ‘al specs of polis pital scan, tert group a, and de ‘Sen aig Th awe ce ee re of toh ‘othe more egal formal spc of goverment. But inde deeoping m- ‘os ftw retened the formal ras snd connor id not work ey ‘rll inyry Moreover, ith the moog infec inthe eon as ‘Teil ucts case snc ad fami clan nl pezonage me “tors, we appropsne wo fost o these informa spec of police la “Ror ple sense wa sendy novingemard fcr on informal cos, Zed inthe developing wes, given he wks ews contains ‘Secfeuesemed pro appre “Avecnad reno for the no inter in the developing nations wat che sndden entrance inthe ate 1950 a eatly 19605 of shot of sew nations lt the wads age Snr ofthe Middle Easter cours hd bce [ependen mich he brea ofthe Onoman Tari) empize a Wold ‘Wark after Word Wael Ind, Pains, snd srl ther became nde ‘eden he People’s Repblc of Chins emerged fom te flow of he ‘Chinese Revlston Infonet became independent rom Dutch colonia Tale inthe cy 1950s and Indochine became independent fom France By thet 1950 and on ft heey 1960s, a ge numberof ney = ‘pendent Aca ad Caribbean, and more Asan and Mile Exter, ‘tlus nd enege onto the sone, The independence ofall these new eins more than doubled the umber of olicalenties avaiable for nperte politics to sady i enermoly expanded ons wavere of ‘untrer ad povided whole new abortores for the toy of pail ‘ange! ‘bw Win Fas Gy alg es Wak Al 1 crepe Pata Dlopment Some tinned oe inradued ahi pin: Most of he Lain Aer counts had tcoe dependent on Span and Pog sexy ‘the 2 sitar aly appropri kp thm gti ah he tensa an once ae canons od iestonaly han mar a fA — ine nerdy or oud eel psn mw far nee eee cer cone event oer wtp es ‘Stoned devhping sso Bees La Amare in very wel iBtkevaew sn chepiy fens erie ot of wested piper in Ito of i books ang wh evens paced daring ts period. The ‘Sines often for ih tons, nad Egype Toe wee ld ‘Sinve ancestors ang nck sod fear, wth pd end ae {et glans hiores. Thy of sented beng ned witht cer “few ton tac thr long stoi and thy were sometines ep ‘iy rent ofthe United Soe and solar or ing te “develop Be tans ciao. Aer al US. hoy panna only er dred (Sec mundi year coed wi ends wo were te Ane” {Shu or US pono rows hem dagen od amp thon wih a ‘om tacked srr chou earls “Rtn sens forthe trom the developing ncons had w do wih he fecal power thames he Dlg France, Gest Bain, he Nehslndr and ccnanly hemi 1970) Pero ithe fom it ‘Cina pmcn hy oe sought ee np at pale en nds amcor ge Bot tod poe eng erm ine: De- ‘Slopmenalim secede seve hat pups desk prove cooper Clow wih ther ten fated wad the omer clon masters and ine ie Serpe asleep wey noe Seribalgectatcs opel pe nec ry ae stow reason for coiprsore pai fea onthe “new” “dee coping” noon ya the roving sfoence ofr scene hd in the ‘eal sctnce thc seen partly appropri for saying the deve- ie aco Hee webring scl ta ‘Kropology, politcal anthropology, pla sociolog, and poi ‘an det sone os mtd pa, Speci es placa and dentate han tesa of he {Cet mont ingot seperate oil poco belo aly cn ot fputongebedip fom poll power, rw sparse economic weath om psa incase: Hence, the of pla nthropaogy, pl ‘utinlog, and plea economy, then coms tenting Se nigh of shops pels ofert faa ane cates ess the ay of the veloping nas. thn of he Devlopmentst Apprech 45 Ain imporean reson wa US. gover pic: With the Chinese (Communi) Reveuion inthe i940 North Kore imation of Sct Kes in 1950, and he craton of sai son clog and Marto Lenin a orm for sng boding power nay delaying tons, he United States beeie worvied feared tha tle the Wart ‘fered an strstve sherman, mach of he developing word ald ‘enped soci satan and woul roe te Sve Union ah it or ales end acoso mers al are ine cold Hens, Sealy 2s 1952, he US goverment bean meeting wih econ tad Raden of compas oles toy odes frig poly sey for ‘alng wth he now o evelpng suns at ote oe ogy of evelopment hat woul serves alee te Marca, Fi ef {Bee receted added impos afer the Handang Undone) conference of 10956, which pares to the sonaligned movement (ran we woul tay cal the Sout of por, developing aon) and whch ws saoogy spe ‘eset socalam snd srongy anal of te United Sonex Hence US. erent on wig CIA tone begin ding a eet nd aio eters forthe stay oferta thet oe othe ‘ats sed shou to provid ah skeratve, nomchnmnit model of Eten nd th Ch eins i, ed ogre of smdenst ies pk pours yong pane: oy ‘Ome tals are expen snd dco ae nce. Nothing wrong with the US. goernens eng aie nthe tates ofthe roti doping tas Isto rw ich 1 we cam aboot these anon andthe development roseneriavaved However, twas probably noe ppropeiat to every we CLA money for ‘hese purpose and swe ce ter om the U.S. Goreme arene [robably skewed kc esearch rss in aout wap: Meine tus be tnplased dat the wbolars of eclopaent whe worked on se mes Sree no of oe mind the hse Some were Seely cham to “he developing ations and wanted ony ep dem one wb hers wee oie eat om wing the fcr on velop xs ay ofp he cmeping nations fo purely ea wae sn elope parpres But the ‘asc mjony of ocala mh gt inolved athe prasad sere ot prpse at once and a0 contro or icompey betwee hem Tat they waned bth st the developing ston i ang Rea retreat enee, ‘tae Baoan, €3 Wess ee me or pupore, "Note tht his poston anim mark contrast anise simi than, the nacre charger of ome ia esc, who segue hat the ‘United Sites and be scolas of Jerelpment wanted to kep the ew ‘ations por and “i chains Taft oting cold be Fare frm the truth Rot the US. goverment ad the scolar soporte wanted the {Sveloping stone to sdance and develop, apd they sw ch dovlopment ‘She bt way wo ged agai Maran aances Thay hey pt orward + fosave made of eeoptes an atematve to Mars bem bo one [ised on te notion tat he developing naons and US. policy meres sto fr be best seve by ssatoy that avanoeddeeopment rer ‘Boe olin back “Ass som the new inte in the leroping rea was the see er ‘umento Here weve iy tyne non ht fo neha ve al ied tear There wore neler doris nor models work wth or mich ‘Scaltewllge son the: Hee war chance 3 ly lnerng work ‘rumpled cach rans clay, rr bendy cng eal Tas ‘Tilt dance to vance sds cw conepe to aoqu new Ende of ‘Shui ew poe sted or writen shout bore ane toe snort Few sla could es ose stan. "The fal factor malting research onthe deroping mons, was modern jc tne in the te 1950 to catty 19405, when ll hese new ‘rv vere emering, commercial vel as bing widespead or ‘he fie ne A ew year exer cramp wold have tke hee oF fr day ome! by propler ple from she Unie Seas Jabs, donc. Now lhe eer tes in Ain, Lain Aerie, he Mile Enc and Aan wer ony ce dy sy ote la thre wa ew esearch ‘andy fr acl anderate th wee Wheres bee col of com- [ure plc ad been abe pends ero ven ew onlin ew ‘hey maybe voce otic inseam; wie oe and degen ‘each fds bo she ld go boat for enue pesos every Jaron sever sins pry Thom pot only cou de roach ep ‘rear ons frei ecrc county bit lo bese poe oy ‘Src couns snare at the cane, Te ron a mse are ‘Stemouty acid these to do compere pols. {Rca Chm al Ee ean, fe tn Poeddi Gemnsme fad ly ne Sah rs The ary Development este 47 ‘The Early Development Literature The Economist “The elo rstare on deelopment war wien by ecooms‘The maa Ceotrbuors were Karl Poy, who wre 1 dase took tou he Sane of ‘World War Ion Earopesn indore Eve son gen and Brose Mors, wo wrote i he 1950s on ecnamiederelopmen and Reber alroes and WW, Resto, wh lary roe on bal conic Je eaten Alo thse boks wed Earope or the United Sasa tee models of tow economic deelomen occurs. Th as gute ata pen tht hee ‘rere abundan dats abot Europe and te United See, srs Kew sd nies triton pts of derlopmest, ad hee wee cosa {Sel he most erelopedrepon at a ine few ply sumed and ‘erm ed enced the sumptions tn the as devaped comnee™ (they were mo longer elled “backward o prinine”) weld follow te ‘sme general ath asthe sendy developed ses, Earope tad he Uae ‘Ste would provide the empl andthe emering naan eee, ‘onl follow he same joy anf es be abe eee op The del Simloyed. of cours won fiber epta o pesap mined form ‘fespali combibed with some tlement ofocaem sed cota la Sing, Bat the question of whether the new emerging tations wool i= ‘ily llow the Europea or US. model or whether tht model wa ‘Sen appropriate iva thse come? rar oar od other irene ‘onto the We sold re remand an ope ne, ‘note prblen, commen emis, we nto fo pol facors and samp alae ona tue tthe aed pe eal developmen wuld at lo em conan growth The ee ‘iss who formated he rs plas fo evap sh emerging ans, ‘Soap, gun ning be Baron and US mote darth motor ees of ‘conomic grow and indian wou ineably gre te {oa entrepreneurial cates modest nde day and spanner thd ame group hat would nara prac les response, plane Saiki Te Rid ong fo Tne ee og Berean nem "ear eee hag Sl en pe tee i hoe a gO ‘Ea to, Gt a So YH oe 68 Br Sipe Rx Car Me oni Cong 48 hapter3 ola Development knoe gonerment In mach of he Third Weld, Rowers this “a- ‘Stable! prope twat plain, moderton, and democcy di ot ‘er Rater cco tod cl chung gave is ordain on the one ‘and ostream on oth teas demo. More (res pod cn canbe nade the cation hold be eal fered ‘om charrette ety develops rota th ms det pid ‘pum ne ob pn place, one hat ws real seed ined eon ‘Giro economic Sevelopmene sd plata Gaeta af spl ing gover ‘Seat power to stain psoal west ashe shorn tay re war ry Ite duce inevatle nthe developing nano fo economic row tomuealypeotacing pace sda dooney hosed eos” “The Sodologies “The nex roup to weigh in on development themes was the sco “ere one thinks pinay of Ineo Parsons’ Dai Leet? Seon M. Lie and (altough he wa pole cents) Kal Detach Pass ‘etva pd thers at Harvard wh never pent yen he develop IRs orld bu who never advanced s set of eepor or comparing “Snder' and rion cee that he presented ar avng wae “ality: He old shes categorie “pacer triable” Parsons sapped ‘Batentoal sce are bed on rion at, ay ame cl ot selene aon mt tr ess ler (Gec i 0 Pr ete) ome Thy oe Cong MA Hard re Sohn 5h "Dele Th ig of rain See No FP 180. ‘Sopa Lip cl egy Desay Eom Dont ‘SPs uaa Amour eo 9 Otc 39 HS "cr ey Sn Maton sd Pll Dep Aran Pn ‘Sear Ree eenae oh 5 ‘he Ey Development trate 49 “Tle 21ers Ves ‘Teal Salyer Soca ep ———> Mei Pacem > Untrrin Fansite —> Fanny pee pecan about made ache devlping conte cn oc pony leu. Nora withthe economists, re ny mension yd oa. |B of pola fc the process invlred ae tare wb ine Pasons\ goa wast rent hese “pte” el pe bt he ‘srt map pint ty fhe cag si itso ceed neat of cents on cd crn sd Sng le Ea He ee tel oy Se ers nd ey mormon hae ‘is invlved But Lerner sy reed on many of the wae spins 3 “id he ook sacologies wing daring ts pro. ema ht ory foment ken Sony ht he meron rough on by ew cemuniatonr mate rode inetate pcr (elaine, donor sd on), and ha hx proces wee ene Butte 179 lami evluon of he Ayah Khon sd oe aps Cinders canara data cage ‘Som al beset gv pte a uw ney nea, ‘elmira hee canes rode ymin Cations ee "ew wcmin aces snows 9th 0) peda a herein ‘elit between econo snd sot change and democrat Pepe ‘ented the eoloialoandaon ofthe US. reign ai progrs ree 50° Chapter Pol Development ‘he dereoping counties, Tat program had largely bees designed inthe ‘ely 1960s by he economist W. W Rostow, 50 we sald na be entirely ‘Retest empions rove Rows bd praca ‘ila of the sever “pe” of comuna rowth The simian peo ‘eding from oe of Rat's “seronrea” Hage Sr reconions fr ‘odernsaton sod dfereaon tha wold lad so democracy. Al the United Ser aeded od, the argument ran, ws provide enoom 3, Sido eduction, new communications meld new ol groped ‘2 on; demoercy would presuty ineiably follow: And ines of US. {oreign policy and cold wa considerations, sch developnent woul cy ‘he cea pt the tage whare woud be ep fo Mare Lent ‘Skcovers (Room's boat bad called commniam "nue of Che anal ‘one! sages one the country got beyond that nage, commana war Tonge ied a dex) So, not al would U.S. price development (Gacy aed moray gs) bat woul a eve or frig poly por poses At we wills, hr ae sme eaormots hols in thi agumene “Te Foal Slt “The igh int of hg ey prod ofthe sy of developmen ae the pub lesion in 1960 of Te Plc of te Devlin Arcee by Gabriel [Alond snd James 5. Coleman! In i iproacon to the ame, hich theo inchdedconesbutns by oer experts mith canny or reponalexpe™ ‘Sie, Almond st forth» feamewort for sying development hat wef fv enormous infense on the Bi The mat ingredients were the ow. {ng Fst Almond cepted the emphasis on procs, normal sors and {eine comparisn st orth by Maer and oe younger nthe 195 Second, Almond adapted for compre polite stems ae woe Gnpor =? government deco mating 9 one ar Dvd Eaton ad uggs few yas arr Tht And wok Pans perm va ‘ier Gsipdon = er pacar waver, anol iie fencenal spec) and apple he he poli erences beeen evelping and developed aon. And four, becaase, Almond reso, (Sr sane Recon hed abe period i al plc speme epee of ‘he inston in pce, bese forts fetal made of pale sty ‘hat presomaiy wool! be universally valid~cven hough Almond later af ‘nnad dacs hat ome head never ea Soong cme. ‘Wh Adan eer Clean Te fe Ding de ‘Groen Pn Sc rn 0 Seca was oc only” alo 0 many cought the Sine) istaio moral good, Tha, ot oly could tbe wd say develop- sent sytem, but I oo suggested what might be mising in 8 ‘oaneyt develope, which compere olor US. frig il oad 52 Guaptar? Poca Development presumably correct (Almond Iter admied tha i rings inthe John FE Keuedy crt th eat 19405 were infeed withthe do ood, Peace Cone mwa” ofthe ime). Ta ws he fourth reso fr ‘Srp: Noc ony was seta sand und moral eight, bate SE ET pic rman pre Vea Wor pv raat > ‘rr US foreign Wh coal etn apreach ht had sch an ening ovo? ", "So, armed mth the Almond categories, a whole generation of young schol went to Aa Abe, La Americ, nd he Mie Ease dy : Whitey fond, however, fen bore ie reseblance tint Almond framework hd sapped: We pick wp the read of hy ‘essen isan enh per when wesw i ‘Sms ft desopmentaloe aprons ut ie we ar dara the rel aton of devon weg ‘The Proliferation of Development Studies During he 1960 i of deelpment prolifer, nd the deelopmes- bt specs became he domino he Sel femperve pai ‘The Comminze on Comparative Poli ofthe Social Science Research Gowvel(CCPSSRC) le the wy under Alaa’ leadership, prodecing Seven nsw oes ine 196 sd ety 1970s a pbb by he [roi Piccton University rem Thee ncned vomes on pice {are sod pial Jerlopment,commanicoons and poll dereop ‘Ben borecracy nd polsealdevclopment, ple etre and poled ‘Enclopnny edt and piss vont, plea] moderisaion SSJepaneod'Trkey eves and sequences in pl devopeny snd ie ‘Earp hatred cpeince with development (Ff wd a rai cM cen ery rh ‘Cer Some Clon mg aden Ln W Re Say Yb, ‘pein ee ra Receigeae geese eel rn cost rca et atti Se Sota ororetscres ata ieee rosea ate eee eee et oe Se reteamrarieeteriee ae tinge approach anderying US tase progr or os Se ee Ron nde ey pono ati rs he fein aid program nh aly 190 head of poly planing ender Kenney athe Depart Sete, and ter rasa cur aise © Preset Lyndon Johan. Once pin he iar delopnentas/pbcy sssumptions were apled: If only we cn provide eno economic i ‘ancy, the argument ran, then we cm rents mea, emocr soe ‘ies that wll be Socly jx and sha ca ale rest the speal of mmunisn. Ts that en,» host of deveopmentrlsted progr the ‘Peace Corp, he Aliance for Progress, CTA id sans td ae rion, ‘ido fined pola ares oedueason, sadn devlment of ‘mus communications, agrarian reform, community deelopmentmilary "sistnce (he list goes on ad on)were prin place o help developing ‘otis make he ton bear ecrphastg tat uc op ne degaed vc oth he pono eg dering et ply gis, which were sent complement, no pose conrdicon beret thet wa sen ata ne Tie tok 7 Pam of Mean fe Aenea Bap, fo Sa tei cae erie ice ment Bes ne = mune abi 54 Chapter Peal Development Fw dg wid polygons int dering mon of pp ing pean tnd woke oraz, cncurging coy ‘lldngroulsan igh bling wt opan relreThequoion tar whe the modelo forth in Rows ond ers tings, asd 2 [inlyonthe Eropen nd Spencers waren ne pe ‘Sr creamtene fly deeoping mone Fo ep he el [fine upon svacad sve xe et akg tes New Ea fd owt meen, he pratan reir odd bore +n eels {Soeur in rut Winn. Thr we nthng inherent wrong wih ‘hw pga pra Dt tyson hve ber en ro scot ee ‘Siecle Handed co US ni poy smo porn of (al deropnent of es pret ele dee Pn adlion to proniingfeege sos pemtumbe of Thid Word counties be US. goeranen cabled s Saber of propane a Ane ‘Series abene the ely of Svan Fic, he CIA and then ‘Save oer sources provided he fnding fora numer af eters the uly ofdoclopnces TU, pnt sho prove spend sme {Eno fommdadon and sah Ute rhe rove andi ot ‘ther devdepnen profs: Vecous acly member so recedes ffom the goremmen fo ly the diferent pecs of erlopment For fraduns Sten ere war she National Decae Forcigy Language {RDI program co hep chant young pope props tat com. ited langage ning Wh Third Word ces specatsa Sach and. ‘ment protiedcootnoucacungement fore sof elope Signe, with al cis cnoetogemen oft money race oe she thy of drops some vate were compe ied For ‘Sipe coe ily sel snesr reopened er ‘Spc peiy herein thn dye ssanpoom ew hts cay ‘Toned of prog nin” econcy ost bat ey eer ersop- Tien and sade hough scoala he eon of ba testo declopment Another grag omision wer te ack of ees ‘atgchis or ling csc nd delopment agi, sumably be ‘Sus ds cnen wat een nevialy fading sway 8 Srlopment 3 STS jee were svcd sd bree theSemacataly nt pe {Sn whe sled decopment wee sncomderable wih ligrchis tnd ‘Rg ces: Btn the tore ron eae thre ros dex apes, tnd tae ws often prosous Une democatic anc: song co a be made ta ifwe ae ging wo say development, we tad beer te well 'Strmed abou hae lie groupe ith the cepcy to comol, coop, Sr Emenee fe Athed omtoon wo the Ick of fy of ty ee ‘Share to democracy and Mars Leins out evelopent “doubly aren of he ca ar preocupaons of he ine. Tee wis no atenienfovoch rd wap™ or halfny bows conporainn, be ‘acre aurea, or combine e-layer The etertion of Covlpment Star 55 of developmental themes that came othe fore Inter and ha ae de ‘ed i the flowing duper, "Another ominon ste sence of lear definition of what preciely pola development mean Inthe es dive mare coneeneel son Shr ofthe ery oma, pope spl ase hey Knew what

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