™ ota 1 mio avviso che in luogo del genitvo si usasse Vaggetivo in| ‘os. I Iatino dice Gnaet fits, mail greco dice Telaménios Alas, ¢ il russo Ler Nikolajevé (Tol). 1 latino ¥ pertino Tupilia wxor (Poubliia Turpilia Cn wxar, CHL, P, 42) *Poublic lia, la moglie di Turpito. P.S. Cosimato 63, 1-00153 Roma G. Bonfante Loss and retention of voiced velar in Lavian: another look 1. Introduction’ Loss of voiced velar stops inthe Luvian branch of Anatolian is well known? Tt is one of the significant innovations distin- ‘uishing the Luvian branch from Hite ef. e.g. CLus. isa, “hand”, HLuv. is id., Lye. im id. © Hit. Kissar "id." (TB. sfhesr); CLav. tyammi- “earth” + Hitt tkan, taknds “id.” (LE. *dheghim, *dhfm-); CLav. parray- “high” + Hit. parkue “id, park(iva-) “rise, grow” (IE. *bhergh-). This sound change, however, is obviously not exceptionless, uncondi- tioned toss, since the Lavian languages offer a few examples in which an inherited voiced velar has been retained, e.g. HiLuy, tak(a)mi “earth” (dat. sg.) CLuv. tivamomi- id. (IE. * Bibiogaphic abbreviations ate tone of HaaerOutbock, hinge ite Diionary, exept: Chet Jy = VY Tvanov, Chet Jy, Moscon, Akademia Nak 1968; Head nd Hora = A Nobo, Head nd Hom in Indo-European. Bein and New Yor, de Gre 1986; Lugs u, Eye. = ME Mayet, M.Peem and O-F Peer ee, [ugeahehie und pmol, Wiesbaden, Recher 1980; Norw-dsn ec Wh = HLS Full and A Trp, Norogicher Diniche eymolgiaces Worterbach Aedes, Water 10; Studien. Cowgil = C. Wakes iy Stace in Memory of Waren Compl (1935-1989). Ben and New You, de Grter 607; SHITE. = HC Melcher Studie in Hate Hiserical Phonology Gitingen, Vandenbaeck and preci 184 Symbols Karovies~ W. Taye et al. de, Sybols Linguini 0 Honor Georgy Kariowien Wrodaw, Pulsia Akademia Nat 1965, (Chuvtes. = H.C. Mele, Cnefrs Lavan Lescon Chapel Hil, 19st; and JAC. = Journal f Aner Cito * Las of velar in wme Lovian cognates of Hitt words wa ist pointed ‘oat Laroche, BiOr 11 (930 p28, RHA.GD (95D) p26, BSL SF (08) p.7-79 That he bs examples ivaled oe of void velar at Trt noted by Cop, Linguistica 2 (956 p-s and Lingiticn 5 (1960) ‘27-4, vanes, Che ae (196, 1.89, Symbolic Keno (969, Dst-¥ and by Selle, 1 9 (158 p39.16 Sor Kita! ‘Aheghim, *dhjhm-); Cav. katmarsy- “defecate” : Hit kammars- “i618. *fhed. )> ‘Loss and retention of voiced velars have been explained in various ways in recent treatments. Oetinger, MSS.34 (1976) 101, posits foss of PLuv. (< TE." *g, *gh and *gh) in Initial and intervcatie postion. Melchert, Studies. Cowell, 1.186, noting thatthe conditioning forthe change is not wel “understood, suggests thatthe retained velar in Chav. katmar- lt might be attributable tothe affective value of the word. ‘ischler, TF.95 (1990) p. 89-91, posts general loss in pre-and itervocalic postion of PLuv. reflexes of *g,*gh and *gh), tnd Starke, KZ.100 (1987) p.249 and StBoT:31 (1990(1), .344 0.1219, 359, 426, 509), posts a general loss with reten- tion of * as *g before consonants* and a change of PLaw. 4g (IE. *6(H), *8(0)) t0 2, ~ 22 before PL. tat 7 Ta fhe ve eee of ied ad vie pine boar fg Ito mse "wes pe wn noes Eos Ca, tia "woes™ "grec Chand sks =a home se ser, Sts”. Cong 1 and Tac 1639 {Cp Si so) an be nindepniet ching: Westen ve sfe'ndon 40) ce, BUI ph) My doin ce oeenith GS cpt, ne, wee HL. a) deed om he ‘Site on Pa apm opin Tk wm ai) whe Chan Sp Gres tom mop anni PL a ama = I tit om. Shot oar hag at PL. p> Lv. des, 93 22'S.penn tn amps be ces bores, bn te oe Fiano. te Cl chen st sary We cg mura" {warts wc re es tom's a3 sito" tan aoe sat ie ge stowage we Ti tpn Goan) nso eed om i: 2B oan ache, des Com pies ane R212 (90) pS) The neha Sn tpt i sree Ka fins Rom Wve, DLLTIS, ohh Ske ores fom ep r orate fm ston /otv fam ea snd emit tc ovat ee hoped "no Kes Ve Ro nd UB TS ese motsee 9 (0 pes. Can sae wih Maho, Sout Col, pi fees ten" Reds nated flo corset pyre by Man Zoe Sect Cnt ss and ste eee Te at See ete Be et tte owe and tenon of voiced eat Lavin: ancterlook 77 ‘A reexamination of the most certain examples of Luvian words with reflexes of TE. voiced and voiced aspirate plain and palatalized velars, however, suggests that loss occurred only before front vowels and inherited */y/ and involved palatal zation of the velars (or their voiced reflex) to a palatal glide '*/y/ that was later lost except after stops. By contrast, reflexes of voiced velars were retained as a sound represented by velar stops before non-front vowels and consonants, 2 Los 24. CLav. isari- “hand”, HLuv, lr, Lye, fer a8 well as Hist kissar, Gk. yoig and ‘Arm. jein continue TE. * herr ‘ghesr. The Luvian and Hitite forms should reflect a PA. generalized stem Agersr-* 22. Cluv. im(ma)ra- “open filed, steppe” (gen. adj. im (ma)-ra-as-sa- DLL.51), Lye. PN. Ipre-it! (= Chav. Jmmra- iti with igre < Simpre- < *immra-)! and Hitt gim(ma)ra- “id.” are from *ghemro, perhaps originally adjectival, “belonging tothe earth" These words are ultimately derivable from *dighm. (*dhghoy-) “earth” with simplification of the initial cluster already in TE. (€f. e.g. Lat. humus "soil", Gk yauai “on the ground”, Lith. Zmud “man”, and Go. guma “id") and analogical reintroduction ofthe full-grade vowel *e (cf. Lith, Z8mé “earth”, Lat némd “no one” (#ne hema)? The ‘wil not work Stake ko (p. 4623.16) dvs the CL. and HL Mem. pony af abd and Pa, fo LE ho (in Lat for arament fr dering mn IE fay fein Arm.“ 1th Hirt, Later) soe Melee, Studies Compl, 11-5. «For the original infection, se Seine, 1-72 (56) p.20.8, endfor A. pe ih gman (on Hit Aso Heer ~ pa lust See Melcher, SHH. 50224 sn p.I0H and Sark, RZ 105 (0967) 9264 wn 76 » Melcher, KZ 102 (198) 9.26 2.4 usm psa0 Sera © Kimball sgeibis “feeble, clumsy” (IE, *get- “bend” with various exten Sons, IEW, p.354-5) by Starke, StBoT.31 (1990[1D, p.504-9, ‘A connection with Cav. ipala/i- “left”, which Starke (i. 196) disavows, is possible in view of Dan. Keite, dial hei “left hand”, Norw. dil. Ajowe "id." beside Dan. keikr “bent back” and NNorw. keika “bend, also from < ‘ger, get 2.6, HLuy, hart “harvest” and Hit. halk “barley, grain” are derived by Melchert (KZ. 101 (1988) p.220-4) from an i= stem, result noun */hyo-lf- with the prefix seen in Gl. Sxého run around”, Cog “branch” and Hitt. hasdwer “branches, brush” (which Melchert (ib. 9.17) derives from *hyo-) and the root lef. “collet”, If this etymology is correc, it would pro- vide one more case of palatalzation of the voiced velar before a front vowel (“hol > thalyi- > har- with chotaeism) or before *y (in obl. stem *hyolfy- > *haryan; ef. Hitt, gen. hatkiyas. 27. At fist glance, CLuv. dutarr, (*\duwatiri- “daughter”, Hilov. twwatla)ris id, Lye. kbatea id. < TE. *dhughy-tér, *dhugh-t- (6h. Skt. duhitar, Gk. Guy&rmg ete) seem to show loss of g before @ non-front vowel; but the vowel is the reflex of hs. Apparently the laryngeal voealized in PA. or Luv. to 9 sound, perhaps *2 or a schwalike vowel with front for central articulation, that could cause palaalization. The kO fof Lye. Kbatra points to earlier *dw (ef. Kb “other, anther” % tb vs. du in tuprime “two-fold")” and suggests the following series of developments: IE. *ldhughotér, *Ldhughetr’| > PA. ot PLuy, *dugatér, *dugorr', > PLuv. sdwyatarr, *duyate- > *duaiarr, *duatre > *(duoatar-), “duwair-] with glide insertion. The spflex of *h;, although ‘written with a in the attested languages, did not merge with TE. *a until after palatalization, if kallar “something un- 3 Facto, Nonw-i,o Wh p06 514, S17 1 See Siar, KZ 100 (987) p.28-€ onthe Taian word for “ugh” Soest dowortx ateted ndet inth sping name "Dawe (Bark, op ct p20, Sake op 28 Low and tenon of voiced wea in Lavin: actierlook 81 pleasant, unhealthy, oF baneful” ig truly Luvian and comes From *fhal(H)-ro- (gelow 3.4). 3. Retention 3.1 katmarsy- “defecate” @ sp. pres. katmarsiiedi DLL, .55) and Hitt kammars- “id” clearly belong with Skt, hadati “defecates” and Gk. yéfe id. and Toch. B kenmer “dung” (IE, ‘ ghed- IEW., p.423). Although the origin of the Anatolian *-s is obscure, Luv. katmar. and Hitt. kammar- ean continue a rnom.-acc. sg. *héd-mp, while Tock. B kenmer “dung” is per- hhaps from a collective *hod-mér with analogical o-grade root from the singular.” Neither Tocharian nor Antolian preserves the original inflection, but the very isolation of the word in both branches guarantees that the o-trade root i ol. 3.2 In HLuv. dat. :ak(a)mu (hap. leg) “earth” the preserva: tion ofthe velar suggests that ‘ak(a)mt continues the inherited oblique stem *dh,Vghm- > PA. *dagm. Since the word is found only in the dative singular, the fll details ofits inflee: tion remain unknown, but the Luvian languages generally leveled out stem alternations in nominal paradigms, and it is likely that Hieroglyphic Luvian generalized the oblique-stem while Cuneiform Luvian generalized the locative sem. 33. kallar (neut,) “something evil or unpleasant” and Hitt, kaliar id, adj. kallara- “evil, unpleasant, unfavorable, un- healthy” are problematical. There is some uncertainty as to whether the word is genuine Luvian or Luvicized Hittite (DI p42, CLuvlex. .98; seo Starke, StBoT. p.31 (1990[1], .355-9 for a full discussion). Two seemingly plausible ety” rmologies have been offered. Pedersen (Hitt, p.46) compared © For he eumetoy, se Schmid, Lange, yt, AOR A dose o ase, dno onever, unity. Se Tact, MEG. pS for ‘ots sgaetons abot tho eign the Antlaa "= ‘Oetinge, MSS 34 (O70) p10, Meher, Stasis Cowl p186 and Ste, KZ100 (987 p29 and SUBST ST USBOLID, p99 ao derive talons Grom te ig se 1 Thier, HEG.2, pace