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Por ejemplo,
f ( 3.5) = 4,
f ( 3.1) = 4
f (2.7) = 3
f (0.5) = 1.
f (0) = 0
f (0.002) = 0,
f (1.999) = 1,
f (2) = 2,
f (2.3) = 2,
f (2.9) = 2
f (3.5) = 3
Para cada nmero real x, con f(x) se denota el mximo entero que es menor o igual que x, para
todo nmero real x en el intervalo
[ n , n+1 )
representa as:
f ( x )= x
x = n; n x < n + 1
Ejemplo:
1) Sea la funcin f definida as:
f(x) = {(x,y)/ y = x}, trazar la grfica de f y establecer dominio y su contradominio .
Solucin:
Ya que f est definida para todos los valores de y, su dominio es ( , + ). De la definicin de
x tenemos:
x = n; n x < n + 1
y = f(x) =
y = f ( x )= x =
n x < n
+1
f(x)
2 x <
1
f(x)
1 x <
0
f(x)
0x<1
f(x)
1x<2
2x<3
2=n
y = f ( x )= x =
1=n
y = f ( x )= x =
2
=
1
=
f(x)
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
f(x)
y
=
y
=
y
n
y
n
y
n
= 2
n
= 1
n
= 0 =
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
1 x <
0
0x<1
= 1 =
1x<2
(1) = 1
= 2 =
2x<3
(2) = 2
( 2) =
2
( 1) =
1
(0) = 0
x =
lim
x a x =lim x = a
x a
xa
lim
Si n = a, un entero, entonces:
x x x =n1
lim
x n+ x =n
lim
Ya que los limites por la izquierda y por la derecha son distintos, entonces el lmite de
existe cuando x tiende a un entero n.
2) f(x) = 2
f ( x )= x
no
Solucin:
y
=
y
=
y
n
y
n
y
n
= 2
n
= 1
n
= 0 =
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
1 x <
0
0x<1
f(x)
2(n)
2( 2)
4
2( 1)
2
2(0) =
= 1 =
1x<2
2(1) = 2
= 2 =
2x<3
2(2) = 4
=
=
=
0
f(x) =
2x
3) f(x) =
x
2
x
2
=nn
x
2
<n+1
2 n x <2 n+2
x
2
<
2 n x <2 n+2
y=
2n
2
n+1
y =
=n
n
2
4 x<2
( 22
2 )
< 1
y =
=n
2 x< 0
n
2
2
y
<0
( 21
2 )
( 02 )
=0
1
y = 0 =
n
n
2
<
n
2
<
0 x <2
y=
1
y = 1 =
n
2 x <4
y =
2
y = 2 =
n
2
3
( 212 )
=1
n
2
<
4 x <6
y =
=2
( 222 )
4) f(x) =
2 x
2 x = n n 2x < n + 1
n
n+1
x<
2
2
n 2x < n
+1
n
n+1
x<
2
2
2 2x <
1
1 x<
1 2x <
0
1
x< 0
2
y = 0 =
n
0 2x < 1
1
0x<
2
y = 1 =
n
1 2x < 2
1
x <1
2
y = 2 =
n
2 2x < 3
3
1 x <
2
y =
=n
y =
=n
1
2
y=2
y = 2
( n2 )
( 22 )
= 2
y = 2
( 12 )
= 1
y = 2(0) = 0
y=2
( 12 )
1
y = 2(1) = 2
5) f(x) =
3 x
3 x = n n 3x < n + 1
n
n+1
x<
3
3
y= 2=n
y= 1=n
n 3x < n
+1
n
n+1
x<
3
3
f(x) =
2 3x <
1
2
1
x<
3
3
f(x) =
1 3x <
0
1
x< 0
3
f(x) =
n
(
3 )
3
( )
( )
3
2
=2
3
1
=1
3
y=0=n
0 3x < 1
y=1=n
1 3x < 2
y=2=n
2 3x < 3
0x<
1
3
f(x) =
1
2
x<
3
3
f(x) =
2
x <1
3
f(x) =
3 (0)=0
( )
( )
3
1
=1
3
2
=2
3
6)
f ( x )= x +2
n x < n+1
n x + 2 < n+1
n2 x <n+12
n2x<n1
y =
=n
y =
=n
y =
n
y =
n
y =
n
0 =
nx+2<n
+1
2x+2<
1
1x+2<
0
0x+2<1
1 =
1x+2<2
1 x< 0
f ( x )= 1+ 2 =3
2 =
2x+2<3
0 x <1
f ( x )= 2+ 2 =4
2
1
n2x<n
1
f ( x )= x +2
4 x<3
f ( x )= 2+2 =0
3 x<2
f ( x )= 1+2 =1
2 x<1
f ( x )= 0+2 =2
7)
f ( x )= x 2
n x < n+1
n x 2 < n+1
n+2x <n+1+2
n+2x<n+3
y =
=n
y =
=n
2
1
n x 2 <
n+1
2 x 2 <
1
1 x 2 <
n + 2 x < n
+3
f ( x )= x 2
0 x <1
f ( x )= 22 =4
1 x <2
f ( x )= 12 =3
y = 0 =
n
y = 1 =
n
y = 2 =
n
0
0x2<1
2 x <3
f ( x )= 02 =2
1x2<2
3 x <4
f ( x )= 12 =1
2x2<3
4 x <5
f ( x )= 22 =0
8)
f ( x )= x 4
nx<n+1
nx4<n+1
n+4x <n+1+4
n+4x<n+5
y =
=n
y =
=n
y =
n
y =
n
y =
n
0 =
n x 4 <
n+1
2 x 4 <
1
1 x 4 <
0
0x4<1
1 =
1x4<2
5 x <6
f ( x )= 14 =3
2 =
2x4<3
6 x <7
f ( x )= 24 =2
2
1
n + 4 x < n
+5
f ( x )= x 4
2 x <3
f ( x )= 24 =6
3 x <4
f ( x )= 14 =5
4 x <5
f ( x )= 04 =4
9)
f ( x )= x
nx<n+1
n x<n+1
n x > n 1
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
= 1 =
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
1 x < 0
= 0 =
0x<1
f ( x )=0
= 1 =
1x<2
( 1) x > ( 1) 1 = 1 x > 2
f ( x )=1
= 2 =
2x<3
( 2) x > ( 2) 1 = 2 x > 3
f ( x )=2
= 2 =
n x > n 1
f ( x )= x
( 2) x > ( 2) 1 = 2 x > 1
f ( x )=(2 )=2
( 1) x > ( 1) 1 = 1 x > 0
f ( x )=(1 )=1
10)
f ( x )= x
nx<n+1
y = 2 =
n
y = 1 =
n
y = 0 =
n
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
1 x < 0
0x<1
(n)
(2) =
2
(1) =
1
(0) = 0
y = 1 =
n
y = 2 =
n
1x<2
(1) = 1
2x<3
(2) = 2
11)
f ( x )=x x
x = n, de
n x > n 1
1 x <
0
( 1) x > ( 1) 1 = 1 x
>0
f ( x )= x = 0
0 x <
1 x <
( 1) x > ( 1) 1 = 1 x
> 2
2 x <
( 2) x > ( 2) 1 = 2 x
> 3
y = f ( x )= x =
2=n
y = f ( x )= x =
1=n
y =
=n
y =
f ( x )= x = 1
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
1
2
3
( 2) x > ( 2) 1 = 2
x> 1
f ( x )=x x
f ( x )=
2 (
2) = 0
f ( x )=
1 (
1) = 0
f ( x )= 0 (0)
=0
f ( x )= 1(1) =
0
f ( x )= 2(2) =
0
Solucin:
Ya que f est definida para todos los valores de y, su dominio es ( , + ). De la definicin de
x tenemos:
y = f(x) =
x = n; n x < n + 1
y = f ( x )= x =
2=n
y = f ( x )= x =
1=n
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
1 x <
0
f(x) =
f(x)
x x
=
2x
2(2 )=0
f(x)
1x
2(1 )=0
y = f ( x )= x =
0x<1
=n
f(x)
0x
1x
2x
2( 0 )=0
y = f ( x )= x =
1x<2
=n
f(x)
2( 1 )=0
y = f ( x )= x =
2x<3
=n
f(x)
2( 2 )=0
13) f(x) =
x+ x
(1, 0 ] .
y = f ( x )= x =
2=n
y = f ( x )= x =
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
n x < n +1
1 x < 0
( 1) x < ( 1) +1 = 1 x
<0
1=n
y =
f ( x )= x = 0
0x<1
( 2) x < ( 2) +1 = 2 x
<1
2 + (
2) = 4
f ( x )=
1+ (
1) = 2
f ( x )= 0 +(0)
=0
f ( x )= x = 1
1x<2
( 1) x < ( 1) +1 = 1 x < 2
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
f ( x )=
=n
y =
f ( x )=x + x
f ( x )= 1+(1) =
2
2x<3
( 2) x <( 2) +1 = 2 x < 3
f ( x )=
4
2+(2) =
14) f(x) =
1
x + x
2
y = f ( x )= x =
n
y = f ( x )= x =
n x < n
f(x) =
+1
2 = 2 x < f(x) =
1
1
x + x
2
1 = 1x<0
n
y = f ( x )= x = 0 = n
0x<1
y = f ( x )= x = 1 = n
1x<2
y = f ( x )= x = 2 = n
2x<3
1
2 + (2 )=3
2
3
f(x) = 2 1 + (1 )= 2
1
f(x) = 2 0 + 0=0
f(x) =
1
3
1 +1=
2
2
1
f(x) = 2 2 +2=3
15) f(x) =
x x
1
2
y = f ( x )= x =
n x < n
+1
f(x) =
2 x <
1
f(x) =
1 x <
0
f(x) =
0x<1
1x<2
2x<3
2=n
y = f ( x )= x =
1=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
1 1
2(2 ) =
2 2
1 1
1(1 ) =
2 2
1 1
0( 0 ) =
2 2
f(x) =
1 1
1( 1 ) =
2 2
f(x) =
1 1
2( 2 ) =
2 2
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
1
2
f(x) =
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
x x
16) f(x) =
x + 4x
17) f(x) =
1x 2
18) f(x) =
( x1 ) x
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
n x < n +1
( 2) x < ( 2) +1 = 2
x<1
f ( x )=(21 ) 2 =6
1 x <
0
( 1) x < ( 1) +1 = 1
x<0
f ( x )=(11 ) 1 =2
f ( x )= x = 0
0 x <
1 x <
( 1) x < ( 1) +1 = 1 x <
2
f ( x )=( 11 ) 1 =0
2 x <
( 2) x <( 2) +1 = 2 x <
3
f ( x )=( 21 ) 2 =2
y = f ( x )= x =
2=n
y = f ( x )= x =
1=n
y =
=n
y =
f ( x )= x = 1
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
1
2
3
f ( x )=( x1 ) x
f ( x )=( 01 ) 0 =0
x
19) f(x) = |x|
y = f ( x )= x =
n x < n
+1
f(x) =
x
|x|
2 x <
1
f(x) =
2
=1
2
1 x <
0
f(x) =
1
=1
1
0x<1
f(x) =
0
=
0
1x<2
f(x) =
1
=1
1
2x<3
f(x) =
2
=1
2
2=n
y = f ( x )= x =
1=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
y = f ( x )= x =
=n
20) f(x) =
(1 ) x
nx<n+1
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
= 1 =
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
1 x < 0
= 0 =
0x<1
y=(1 ) =1
= 1 =
1x<2
y=(1 )1 =1
= 2 =
2x<3
y=(1 )2 =1
= 2 =
y=(1 )
y=(1 )2 =1
y=(1 )
=1
21) f(x) = 1 +
x x
nx<n+1
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
= 1 =
n x < n
+1
2 x <
1
1 x < 0
= 0 =
0x<1
y=1+ 0 0=1
= 1 =
1x<2
y=1+ 1 1=1
= 2 =
2x<3
y=1+ 2 2=1
= 2 =
y=1+ x x
y=1+ 2 (2 )=1
y=1+ 1 (1 )=1
Como
f ( x )=
3x
|x| x
x =n Z n x < n + 1
f ={ x R/|x| x }
Dominio
|x|= x
|x|= x
x 0 { x= x x= x }
x> 0 { Z x=0 }
x 0 Z |x|= x x N { 0 }
Def =
R
x
|x|
{ x R / x N {0 }}
x0
0 x x 0 x
x= x
x Z conjunto solucion=Z
x= x
x= x x Z
x x < x + 1
x x <x+ 1 0 x x <1
Ejercicios:
1) Sea
3 no se puede obtener al
f ( x )=
2) Sea
1
x
1
, muestre que f(x) o cuando x o pero que f(x) no tiende a cero
x
rpidamente cuando x 0.
Funcin signo:
1 si x <0
sig ( x )= 0 si x=0
1 si x >0
.
-1
1) sig(4x 2)
4 x 2> 0 x >
1
2
4 x 2=0 x=
4 x 2< 0 x <
1
2
1
2
1
2
sign ( 4 x2 )= 0 si x= 1
2
1
1 si x >
2
1 si x<
1
2
-1
1
0
Sign(1 x )
1
2
1x =0 x=1
1x 2 >0
x <1
1x 2 <0
x >1
x< 1
x> 1
1+1+
1 x <1
0 x=1
sign ( 1x 2 )= 11< x <1
0 x=1
1 x> 1
-1
-1
f ( x )=|x 21|
Grafica de la funcin
f ( x )=|x 21|1
1 si x< 0
sign ( x )= 0 si x=0
+1 si x >0
La grafica es la funcin de dos escalones con salto en x = 0, as:
Ejemplos:
1) sing(4x 2)
4 x 2> 0 x >
1
2
4 x 2=0 x=
4 x 2< 0 x <
1
2
1
2
1
2
sign ( 4 x2 )= 0 si x= 1
2
1
1 si x >
2
1 si x<
Solucin:
1
0
Sign(1 x )
1
2
1x 2 >0 , con lo cual se tienen los siguientes intervalos con sus respectivos signos:
1 x <1
0 x=1
sign ( 1x 2 )= 11< x <1
0 x=1
1 x> 1
3) Graficar y = Sign
(|x 21|1 ) =
1
0
+1
(|x 21|1 ) =
1
0
+1
tenemos:
f ( x )=(|x 21|1)
2) El valor absoluto de x:
y= x , para x 0
+ x , para x 0
La designacin es:
y=|x|
1, para x< 0
y= 0, para x=0
+1, para x> 0
La designacin es:
y=sgnx
4)
lim
1
1+ x 2 n
1, para|x|<1
y= 1 , para|x|=1
2
0, para|x|>1
Graficas combinadas: