racing the statehouse:

Advancing Equitable Policies

2010
tammy johnson
Racing the Statehouse: Advancing Equitable Policies 2010 is a project of the Applied
Research Center, a public policy institute advancing racial justice through media,
research and activism. The Applied Research Center publishes the award-winning
ColorLines magazine and has offices in Oakland, Chicago and New York City.
Introduction, Summary
and Key Findings
On the crisp evening of November 4, 2008, many were quick to proclaim the
beginning of a post-racial era as Barack Hussein Obama became the President-elect
of the United States. Simultaneously, fueled by anti-immigrant fears, 52 percent of
Florida voters defeated the repeal of a 1926 constitutional amendment intended to
prohibit property ownership by Asian Americans. The juxtaposition of these events
speaks to a choice to be made for the future of our country. We can legitimate and
legislate a climate of institutionalized racism by adopting policies and practices that
demonize, degrade and polarize people. Or, we can embrace a path of social inclusion
and racial equity by advancing policies based on the principles of dignity, respect,
equal opportunity and fair treatment that can unite us all.

This “Racing the Statehouse” report was created by the
Applied Research Center (ARC), a national think tank on
racial equity. It contains a summary of the findings from
a series of eight state-level reviews by eight statewide
policy organizations. These report cards, budget reviews
and progress reports represent a comprehensive analysis
of the racial impact of hundreds of state-level legislative
and budgetary measures.
Many viable policy solutions to racial inequity are available
when state lawmakers consciously consider the racial im-
pact of their decisions. Among the reports’ key findings are:
2. At the same time, however, most states also proposed
or approved some measures that are likely to have a
negative racial impact by creating or contributing
to further inequality and exclusion for different
racial groups.
3. When elected officials consciously consider racial
impacts during the lawmaking and budget-setting pro-
cesses, they have the opportunity to eliminate existing
racial disparities and prevent unintended consequences.

1. Most states have recently proposed or passed some

measures deemed to have a positive racial impact that
would close or eliminate racial disparities in areas such
as public education or criminal justice.

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Methodology and Racial
Equity Standards
Washington
Washington
Idaho
Idaho
Nevada
Nevada
Colorado
Colorado
California
California
This report highlights the research of a
variety of policy organizations in Califor-
nia, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota,
Nevada, New York and Washington. The
state-level reviews establish racial equity as a standard for
measuring government effectiveness by redirecting the
focus from intent to outcomes. They give state leaders
the opportunity to proactively address racial disparities
and discrimination. State budget reports on racial equity
analyze the impact of fiscal and regulatory decisions on
communities of color and establish criteria for eliminat-
ing racial disparities and discrimination. State legislative
report cards on racial equity apply racial equity criteria
to bills that pass the statehouse during a given cycle. Each
legislator and the governor are graded on their perfor-
mance related to those bills. To meet the racial equity
criteria, a bill must adequately address the following:
• Does the legislation explicitly address racial outcomes
and work to eliminate racial inequities?
• Will the legislation increase access to public benefits and
institutions for communities of color?
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Minnesota
Minnesota
New York
New York
Illinois
Illinois
• Does the legislation advance enfranchisement and full
civic participation?
• Will the legislation protect against racial violence, racial
profiling and discrimination?
• Is the legislation enforceable? Are mechanisms in place
to ensure accountability?
• Will the legislation preserve and strengthen American
Indian tribal sovereignty?
State legislative report cards on racial equity evaluate gov-
ernors and legislators on their responses to these bills. Bills
were also selected with a view toward representing the
breadth of a state’s diverse communities. The reports cover
an array of issues including civil rights, criminal justice,
economic justice, educational equity, health equity, green
equity, American Indian tribal sovereignty and housing and
community development. Some states also grade the col-
lective action of caucuses and comment on the conduct of
key state leaders such as the state attorney general.
Example Policies with
Positive Racial Impacts

is a significant burden for low-income Idaho families. In

2007, nearly 16 percent of Idaho’s children were living be-
low the federal poverty level. 3 People of color are much
more likely to live in poverty: while 10 percent of white
Idahoans live in poverty, more than 24 percent of Black,
Latino and American Indian Idahoans live in poverty. The
federally funded Low-Income Home Energy Assistance
Program (LIHEAP) provides assistance to Idaho families
at or below 150 percent of the federal poverty level, and
it served almost 33,000 families during the 2007-08 home
Nevada heating season.4 However, it would have cost an estimated
AB 149 — Revising Provisions $19.5 million to serve all eligible families, funding that the
Governing Foreclosures on Property state and federal governments did not budget. 5 This bill,
which received support from the Idaho Public Utilities
A significant underlying factor in Nevada’s foreclosure
Commission (IPUC) and the utility provider Vista,6 would
crisis was high-cost lending (above the national average
have allowed utilities to request permission from the
rates) in the state during recent years, with more than
IPUC to create voluntary customer assistance programs
29.2 percent of all Nevada borrowers in high-interest
and raise rates to fund these programs.
loans.1 High-interest loans were also concentrated
in Nevada’s communities of color, with more than Failed in Senate Floor vote
50 percent of all American Indian, Black and Latino
borrowers in high-interest loans, compared to only
slightly more than 30 percent of white borrowers.2
This pattern is especially disturbing because even when
borrowers of color qualified for traditional loans, lenders
still sold them higher-interest products. AB 149 allows
property owners who have defaulted on loans or who are
in danger of defaulting on their loans to request mediation
on the terms of the loan. In addition, the law stipulates
that if mediation is requested, the loan owner cannot sell
the foreclosed property and evict the occupants until the
completion of the mediation.
4 Signed into law
Illinois
HB 202 — Increasing Youth Education
IDAHO and Employment
S1119 — Allowing Public Utilities to Create Youth of color have disproportionately high unemploy-
Low-Income Bill Assistance Programs ment rates. In 2002, 38 percent of Black youth and
Idaho’s winters are long and cold, and keeping the heat on 25 percent of Latino youth were unemployed, compared

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to 15 percent of white youth.7 HB 202 amends the
Youthbuild Act by requiring the Secretary of Human
Services to make grants to educational and employment
programs for Illinois youth. The bill also adds youth in
foster care, juvenile offenders, children with disabilities,
children of incarcerated parents and migrant youth as
target groups for those programs. Among youth aging
out of foster care, 60 percent are Black or Latino, and
30 percent are unemployed.8
4 Signed by the Governor
Washington
SB 5360 — Establishing a Community Health
Care Collaborative Grant Program
In 2006, the state legislature recognized that many
residents—especially people of color, working families
and young adults—lacked access to quality healthcare.
The legislature gave the Health Care Authority (HCA)
funds to administer a competitive grant program for
community-based organizations that showed success in
providing access to, and improvements in, healthcare at
a local level. Since the program’s inception, it has seen a
return on state investment of almost 5:1.9 Moreover, grant
recipients have made significant gains in providing access
to care for Washingtonians of color, who are about
61 percent of their program’s base.10 In 2008, nearly
one-quarter of the state’s American Indians and about
21 percent of Latinos were uninsured, both increases
from 1998 figures.11 Washingtonians between the ages
of 19 and 30 are also more likely to be uninsured:
29 percent, versus the 17.3 percent in 1998, which is a
significant figure given that Washingtonians of color are
younger on average than whites.12 The program expired
on June 30, 2009. SB 5360 would have reinstated the
program on a permanent basis.
Partially vetoed by the Governor13
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Minnesota
HF 1043/ SF 538 — Banning the Box on
Public Employment
Each year, 10,000 Minnesotans are released from prison
with the hope of finding gainful employment. One-third of
those released are people of color and American Indians.
But the criminal records of the formerly incarcerated
have been a major barrier to employment. While there
has been movement at the local levels of Minneapolis and
St. Paul,14 HF 1301 “bans the box” by removing questions
about criminal records from all public employment appli-
cations until the person has received an interview. Public
employment includes jobs with State of Minnesota’s agen-
cies, counties and cities. Now, individuals with criminal
records have the opportunity to be evaluated based upon
their skills and qualifications, beyond the mark of their
criminal record. However, jobs that absolutely require a
background check and positions with Minnesota’s depart-
ment of corrections are exempted from this requirement.
Minnesota became the first state in the country to adopt
such legislation.
4 Signed by the Governor
California
AB 1405 — California Global Warming Solutions
Act of 2006: Community Benefits Funds
ARC’s analysis of funds from the Federal Recovery Act
that were allocated to Los Angeles County reveals a racial
wealth divide that cleaves the county into poor and rich.
Poor cities are receiving one-quarter of the recovery
dollars per poor person, as compared to rich cities.15 For
example, half of the residents of the city of Los Angeles
are people of color, and one in five lives in poverty. In
contrast, cities such as Santa Monica and Beverly Hills,
where more than 70 percent of the population is white,
also have poverty rates well below the national average.
This bill creates a Community Benefits Fund to direct a
portion of the revenues generated through the implemen-
tation of the Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32) to
help Californians who are least able to confront the ex-
pected impacts of the climate crisis. The funds would be
used to provide energy-efficiency upgrades for schools,
senior centers and low-income housing; improvements
to mass transit; clean distributed electricity generation
systems; and programs that will minimize health impacts
caused by global warming.
Inactive, Senate Floor
Colorado
HB 1243 — Student Re-Engagement and
Dropout Prevention Office
Dropout rates for Blacks and Latinos triple that of whites
statewide.16 In Denver, the graduation rates for Black and
Latino males are 47.6 and 38.2 percent, respectively.17
SB 123 creates an Office of Dropout Prevention and
Student Re-Engagement and mandates the Department
of Education to study effective policies to increase the
graduation rate. This office will identify school districts
with high dropout rates and provide technical assistance.
Participating districts are obligated to increase graduation
rates and provide access to their educational practices
and development plans. SB 123 also repeals suspension
and expulsion policies shown to disproportionably impact
young males of color.
4 Signed by the Governor
SB 123 also repeals suspension
and expulsion policies shown
to disproportionably impact
young males of color.
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Illinois
SB 1746 — Latino Family Commission
Linguistic and cultural challenges in Illinois limit its abil-
ity to address the needs of Latinos, who comprise 14.5
percent of the state’s population—the fifth largest Latino
population in the country. Because this community
disproportionately faces adversity by many social and
economic measures—including educational attainment,
employment and health access—SB 1746 creates the
Illinois Latino Family Commission to examine and report
on solutions to the problems.
4 Signed by the Governor
Minnesota
HF 680/SF 657 — Promoting Hiring
Equity in Green Jobs
SF 657 is a significant piece of legislation that can increase
hiring equity and build wealth in Minnesota’s communities
of color. This bill commits $2.5 million of public invest-
ment to strengthen opportunity and equity by preparing
low-income Minnesotans for weatherization jobs and
renewable-energy and energy-efficiency trades; support-
ing outreach by community-based organizations about
renewable-energy opportunities; ensuring equitable
access for disadvantaged women-owned businesses and
businesses owned by people of color; and reporting prog-
ress on how weatherization programs have explicitly ben-
efited people of color and low-income people. This bill
could potentially provide more than 7,000 Minnesotans—
including a large number of Minnesotans of color—jobs
that fuel an equitable economic recovery.
4 Signed by the Governor
Policies with Negative
Racial Impacts
Too often, the process and the implemen-
tation of laws continue the criminaliz-
ing, marginalization and dehumanizing
of whole communities. Public policies reinforce
institutional racial inequities when they result in negative
outcomes for communities of color, regardless of intent.
Even when the intent of a lawmaker is to improve the
plight of their constituents, without an explicit assess-
ment of how the policy will affect them, racial inequities
can exist. As demographics change, legislative leadership
is needed to ensure equity and fair treatment for every-
one—regardless of race or citizenship. The following
bills would likely have perpetuated or aggravated existing
racial inequities.
Nevada
SB 52 — REAL ID Act
SB 52 would have enrolled Nevadans’ names, Social
Security numbers and photos into a national identification
database. A de facto national card, REAL ID was opposed
by a diverse coalition of civil libertarians, civil rights
activists and gun owners. It would negatively and dispro-
portionately affect communities of color, American-Indian
communities, immigrants, refugees, the elderly and the
homeless—these communities are most likely to have
problems securing access to the required documentation
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needed to obtain REAL ID identification.18 Therefore,
the bill would have restricted these communities’ abil-
ity to carry out their day-to-day lives. Immediate effects
would include, among other things, their ability to travel
by commercial plane, to drive, and to open or access
any accounts or use services that require identification.19
The bill was sponsored by the Energy, Infrastructure and
Transportation Committee, and is an excellent example
of an apparently race- and income-neutral proposal.
Passed in Senate; no vote in Assembly
California
SB 696 — South Coast Air Quality
Management District Permit Process
This bill would allow the South Coast Air Quality Man-
agement District (AQMD) to allocate permits overruling
a Superior Court decree (Natural Resources Defense
Council v. South Coast Air Quality Management District)
that found that the District allocated unquantifiable emis-
sion reduction permits to polluting private industry.20 The
Court enacted a moratorium on new permits, which this
bill seeks to overrule. These safeguards are critical for
communities of color in California, where one-third of
the nation’s air-polluting facilities are located. In Califor-
nia, stationary toxic and polluting sites are concentrated
in areas where large swaths of poor and communities of

color live.21 A UCLA study in 2001 found that although
Latinos represent 40 percent of the total population of
Los Angeles County, more than 60 percent of residents
who live adjacent to the county’s highest polluting facilities
are Latino.
Withdrawn from Senate Appropriations Committee
Levels of Racism
Racial Justice is the proactive reinforcement of policies, practices,
attitudes and actions that produce equitable access, opportunities,
treatment, impacts, and outcomes for all. Equitable impacts and
outcomes across race are the indicators of racial justice.
Levels of Racism

LEVEL DESCRIPTION

Individual/  acial bias within individuals—one’s

R
Internalized Racism beliefs, attitudes and prejudices
about race.

Interpersonal Racial bias between individuals—

Racism public expression of bigotry and hate.

Institutional  acial bias within institutions such

R
Racism as schools and hospitals. Disparate
outcomes reveal institutional racism,
whether or not there is racist intent
on the part of individuals within
that institution.
Colorado
HB 1075 — Expansion of Criminal
Background Checks Structural Racial bias among institutions and
Reentry into society for ex-offenders after incarceration Racism across society. Structural racism is the
cumulative effects of history, ideology,
is essential to rehabilitation. White men with criminal and culture and the result of institu-
records are more likely to obtain employment than many tions and policies that favor whites and
people of color without a criminal record.22 HB 1075 disadvantage people of color.
would increase background checks for employment in the
Department of Human Services to include jobs beyond
those working with vulnerable persons and disqualify peo-
ple who have certain convictions despite the completion
of a deferred judgment. This bill would have undoubtedly
provided even more obstacles for people of color looking
to gain employment after completing their sentences.
Held by House Appropriations Committee

In California, stationary toxic and

polluting sites are concentrated in areas
where large swaths of poor people and
communities of color live.

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Assessing the Racial Impacts
of State Budget Proposals
State Budgets
Former President George W. Bush once said of a document: “It must be a budget.
It has numbers in it.” Advocates of racial equity say: “It must be a budget. It has
people affected by it.” Below is an example of a racial equity budget analysis produced
by Citizen Action of New York.
Race Matters: Impact of the 2009-10 Executive Budget
Proposal covers the New York State Fiscal year 2009-10
budget. Racial inequities in healthcare, human services,
criminal and juvenile justice, higher education and K-12
education will continue if the Executive Budget is passed
in its current form. “Fair Share Tax Reform” is urgently
needed in order to make spending more equitable for
communities of color in New York State.
“The Executive Budget gets mixed scores in our
report: we found some proposals that reduce racial and
ethnic disparities and others that increase disparities,”
said Karen Scharff, executive director of Citizen Action
of New York. “But on balance, the proposed cuts would
have a disproportionately negative impact on communi-
ties of color. The proposed budget would increase the
racial and ethnic disparities in our state by key economic
and social measures.”
Race Matters looks at key policy, spending and revenue
proposals in the Executive Budget to determine their
impact on communities of color. It finds that in several
critical areas, the cuts and deferred spending in the bud-
get would exacerbate racial inequities as follows:
• Education: The $2.5 billion cut in school aid falls dis-
proportionately on students of color and undermines
the goals of the landmark 2007 school aid reform law.
9 | the applied research center • racing the statehouse: advancing equitable policies 2010
The analysis in the report shows that school districts
with greater numbers of students of color and students
with limited English proficiency will receive larger per-
pupil cuts than other districts.
• Higher education: Cuts to The City University of
New York (CUNY) and The State University of New
York (SUNY), combined with tuition increases, are
threatening to restrict access to the public higher
education institutions that have traditionally served as
a means for low- and moderate-income students of
color to enter the middle class.
• Child Health Plus: Increased premiums for Child
Health Plus, a highly successful program aimed at pro-
viding comprehensive low-cost health coverage for chil-
dren, will increase racial disparities in health coverage.
• Criminal defense: The lack of funding for crimi-
nal defense will have a serious impact on low-income
people of color, given the already large racial inequities
in the criminal justice system.
• Human services: The cuts to civil legal services to
the poor and to nutrition advocacy programs will vastly
undermine the ability of low-income people of color to
 obtain public benefits and potentially exacerbate exist- The report makes three major
ing racial inequities. Small, effective programs that assist
recommendations:
immigrants, three-fourths of whom are people of color,
have also been cut.
• The State Legislature should make changes to the bud-
get to prevent adverse racial impacts and create more
The report also finds that the Executive Budget would
opportunities to advance racial equity and improve the
have a positive impact on racial equity in the following
quality of life for all New Yorkers.
areas, demonstrating that positive efforts are viable,
even in the face of tight budgetary constraints:
• The Legislature should pass the Fair Share Tax Reform
income tax increase on the wealthy to help fund resto-
• Health coverage: The proposed expansion of Family
rations. An increase in income taxes on New Yorkers
Health Plus and the removal of unnecessary barriers to
earning over $250,000 a year would lead to a more
enrollment in public health insurance programs decrease
equitable tax system and generate about $6 billion,
existing racial and ethnic inequities in healthcare coverage.
allowing significant restorations in spending for health-
care, education and the social safety net.
• Criminal and juvenile justice: The budget begins
addressing the disproportionate impact of the state’s
• The impact on racial equity should be considered in
sentencing policies on people of color by slightly
state budget making and fiscal policy in order to
decreasing the prison population and reforming juvenile
prevent the creation and perpetuation of racial
justice. As sentencing reform moves forward, much
inequality. A conscious and careful analysis of the
more can be done to increase equity and decrease costs
effects of policy decisions on different racial and
at the same time.
ethnic groups would be a useful tool for assessing
budget options and other public policies to identify
ways to maximize equity and inclusion.

A conscious and careful analysis of the effects

of policy decisions on different racial and ethnic
groups would be a useful tool for assessing
budget options and other public policies to
identify ways to maximize equity and inclusion.

10 | the applied research center • racing the statehouse: advancing equitable policies 2010
Conclusion & Recommendations
Lawmaking is at its core about advancing shared principles and values in order to create
a civil society. Laws are often race-silent but can nevertheless have significant positive or
negative racial impacts on everyday lives. The persistence of deep racial disparities and
divisions in our society is evidence of institutional racism, which is the routine, often
invisible and unintentional, production of inequitable social opportunities and outcomes.
The aim of racial equity reports is to reduce, eliminate and prevent racial inequities and
access barriers. These reports are springboards to racial impact assessments, which help
maximize the potential for a policy to increase equity, while minimizing unanticipated
and unintended consequences that would perpetuate inequities.

An editorial from the Minneapolis - St. Paul Star Tribune
said it well: “Perhaps more important than the report’s
call for action on specific legislation is its plea for greater
attention to the racial impact of everything state govern-
ment does. That’s a message those who care about the
state Minnesota is becoming should heed.” 23 It’s a mes-
sage for a great nation as well.
The findings from this series of state reports point to
the following recommendations:
1. S tate lawmakers should consider adapting and adopt-
ing model equitable policies from other states. Racial
equity legislative and budgetary reports from several
states provide useful examples and analyses that can be
accessed by policymakers and their research staff when
drafting new legislative proposals.
2. State governors and policymakers should consciously
consider the racial impacts of both revenue generation
and budgetary expenditures to ensure that all re-
sources are equitably generated and distributed across
racial groups. The Organizing Apprenticeship Project’s
“Pocket Guide to Budget Proposals” is an excellent
example of a resource that provides assistance to both
lawmakers and their constituents in these endeavors.24
3. State policymakers should adopt new procedures to
consciously and systematically address racial impacts
during the lawmaking and budget-setting process.
A good example of such a procedure in the area of
criminal justice is the Minority Impact Statement Bill
passed in Iowa, the first of its kind in the nation, which
requires examination of the racial and ethnic impacts of
all new sentencing laws prior to passage. This enables
legislators to anticipate disparities and consider alterna-
tives to accomplish goals without compromising public
safety. Upon signing the bill, which garnered broad
bipartisan support, Iowa Governor Chet Culver said:
“Minority Impact Statements will serve as an essential
tool for those in government—and the public—as we
propose, develop, and debate policies for the future.” 25
Connecticut has since enacted a similar law, and a
similar policy is now under consideration in the Oregon
legislature. In Minnesota, the state’s Sentencing Guide-
lines Commission has begun to produce assessments
of the potential racial impact of proposed legislative
changes. The Commission has recommended adapta-
tions to improve proposed policies based on the racial
impact assessments.

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Resources
Facing Race: California 2004-2009 Facing Race: 2009 Legislative Report Card
Legislative Report Cards on Racial Equity on Racial Equity
Goro Mitchell, Community Development Institute Executive Director Colorado Progressive Coalition
(2009 report) Art Way, Civil Rights Organizer
Tammy Johnson, Applied Research Center Director of Strategic art@progressivecoalition.org | 303-867-0312
Partnerships (2004–2009 reports) progressivecoalition.org
tjohnson@arc.org | 510-653-3415
arc.org Facing Race: 2007-2008 Legislative Report Card
on Racial Equity
2009 Minnesota Legislative Report Card on Racial United Congress of Community and Religious Organizations
Equity Pocket Guide to Budget Equity and the Applied Research Center
Organizing Apprenticeship Project Josina Morita, Executive Coordinator, United Congress of
Jermaine Toney, Lead Researcher Community and Religious Organizations
toney@oaproject.org | 612-746-4224 jmorita@unitedcongress.org | 773-844-7296
oaproject.org unitedcongress.org
Terry Keleher, Director, Racial Justice Leadership Action Network,
Facing Race: 2009 Legislative Report Card on Racial Applied Research Center
Equity Progressive Leadership Alliance of Nevada tkeleher@arc.org | 312-376-8234
Kalpana Krishnamurthy, Western States Center, arc.org
Principle Researcher
Bob Fulkerson, PLAN State Director Race Matters: Impact of the 2009-10 Executive
bfulkerson@planevada.org | 775-348-7557 Budget Proposal
Cinthia Zermeno, Organizer Citizen Action of New York
czermeno@planevada.org | 702-791-1965 Bob Cohen, Policy Director
planevada.org bcohen@citizenactionny.org | 518-465-4600 x104
citizenactionny.org
Facing Race: 2009 Legislative Report Card
on Racial Equity
A joint project of the Northwest Federation of Community
Organizations, ACLU of Idaho, Idaho Community Action
Network, Idaho Human Rights Education Center, Idaho
Women’s Network, and the Interfaith Alliance of Idaho
Rowena Pineda, Idaho Community Action Network Executive Director
rowena@idahocan.org | 208-457-2225
idahocan.org

Facing Race: 2009 Legislative Report Card

on Racial Equity
A joint project of the Northwest Federation of Community
Organizations and the Washington Community Action Network
Maur Mora Villapando, Lead Community Organizer,
Washington Community Action Network
maru@washingtoncan.org | 206-805-6669
washingtoncan.org

12 | the applied research center • racing the statehouse: advancing equitable policies 2010
Resources
1. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data, 2005
2. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data, 2005
3. U
 .S. Census Bureau, 2007 American Community Survey. 10.2
percent of white Idahoans, 24.4 percent of Black Idahoans, 26.8
percent of American Indian and Alaska Native Idahoans and
24.6 percent of Latino Idahoans live at less than 100 percent of
the federal poverty level.
4. Idaho Public Utilities Commission. Case No. GNR-U- 08-01 “In
the Matter of the Commission’s Inquiry about Energy Affordabil-
ity Issues and Workshops.” January 16, 2009.
5. R
 ussell, Betsy Z. “Avista asks Idaho to let it help low-income cus-
tomers.” The Spokesman-Review. February 18, 2009.
6. Ibid.
7. B
 ureau of Labor Statistics. “Table 12. States: Employment status
of the civilian non-institutional population by sex, age, race, and
Hispanic origin, 2002 annual averages.”
8. P
 eske, Heather G. and Haycock, Kati. “Teaching Inequality: How
Poor and Minority Students are Shortchanged on Teacher Qual-
ity: A Report and Recommendation by the Education Trust.”
Education Trust. 2006.
9. Washington Health Care Authority, “Report to the
Legislature: Evaluation of Community Health Care
Collaborative Grant Program,” p.1, September 1, 2008.
10. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of
Refugee Resettlement, “Annual Report to Congress 2005.”
Arrivals by County of Origin and State of Resettlement, FY
1983-2005; Office of Refugee Resettlement, Fiscal Year 2007
Refugee Arrivals by Country of Origin and State of Initial
Resettlement for FY 2007.
11. Washington State Office of Financial Management. “Health
Insurance by Race/Ethnicity: 2008,” p. 3,
December 2008; and “Health Insurance Coverage of Washing-
ton’s Non-Elderly Population,” September 1999.
12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of
Refugee Resettlement “Annual Report to Congress 2005.”
Arrivals by County of Origin and State of Resettlement, FY
1983-2005; Office of Refugee Resettlement, Fiscal Year 2007
Refugee Arrivals by Country of Origin and State of Initial
Resettlement for FY 2007.
13. Gov. Gregoire vetoed only the biannual reporting require-
ment, citing the cost-savings to be gained during the economic
downturn.
14. City of Minnesota City Council, “Elizabeth Glidden Letter of
Support for S.F. 538,” March 16, 2009. In this letter, the City
of Minneapolis reveals the impact of unanimously banning the
13 | the applied research center • racing the statehouse: advancing equitable policies 2010
box in December 2006. Their assessment has confirmed that
fewer applications are being rejected due to a criminal record
and that the new hiring practice has not slowed down hiring
or increased costs to the City of Minneapolis.
15. “A Tale of Two Cities.” Presentation by Yvonne Liu for Working
for an Equitable Economic Recovery” , a telebrifing sponsored
by The Opportunity Agenda. September 30, 2009.
16. C
 olorado Department of Public Health and Environment.
“Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Colorado.” 2005. www.cdphe.
state.co.us/ohd/glossary.html
17. Ibid.
18. B
 eyerstein, Lindsay. “Photo ID laws hurt voters.”
Majikthise. April 30, 2008.
19. F riedland, Joan. “The Real ID Act Is an Unfixable
Disaster... Why Tinkering with it Won’t Help.”
Immigration Impact. June 24, 2009.
20. Natural Resources Defense Council v. South Coast Air Quality
Management District, Super. Ct. Los Angeles County, 2007, No.
BS 110792.
21. State of California, Department of Finance. “Current Popu-
lation Survey: California Two-Year Average Series: March
2000–2008 Data”: 7. November 2009.
22. U
 .S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. “SAFE
Mortgage Licensing Act.” July 30, 2008.
www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/ramh/safe/smlicact.cfm
23. “Editorial: Pay attention to state’s racial equity: Report gives
Pawlenty, Legislature a D for 2007.” Minnesota – St. Paul Star
Tribune. January 2008.
24. Organizing Apprenticeship Project of Minnesota. “Pocket
Guide to Budget Proposals: Racial and
Economic Equity Assessment Questions.” 2009.
25. House File 2393, bill signature statement, April 2008.
www.governor.iowa.gov/index.php/accomplishments/
2009_legislation_signed_by_governor_culver_/
2008_legislation/
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