Cold Water Plumbing Systems1.0 Cold Water Plumbing Design Rules and Regulations Governing Cold Water Plumbing Systems ‘+ Water supply rules (Section 16 Cawangan Bekalan Air, JKR) + Local Authority Requirements ‘+ British Standards 6700:1987 + Guide to the Water Supply Rules & Panduan Kaedah-kaedah Bekalan Air + Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide (U.K.) ‘+ ASPE ( American Society of Plumbina Enaineers) + CP310: 1965 - Water SupplyJabatan Bekalan Air Petaiing Jalan Templer 46050 Petaling Jaya Selangor Ruj. Kami: Bil.(2) dim. B.A:PIg.116/4/218 Tarikh —: 2thb, Nov, 1995 Tuan, Per : Cadangan 1 Blok Bangunan Pejabat 19 Tingkat Dengan 1 Tingkat Besmen Di Atas Sebahagian Lot 23785, (No. PT. 12186) Di Tropicana Golf & Country Resort, Mukim Sg Buloh Daerah Petaling, Selangor O.& Untuk Tropicana Golf & Country Resort Bhd. Merujuk kepada surat tuan ; nvof/94/507/PCWI8476 bertarikh 18/10/95 mengenai perkara tersebut di atas, sila kemukakan butir-butir dan buatkan pindaan kepada lukisan-lukisan dengan berdasarkan ulasan-ulasan berikut — 1, Sila kemukakan salinan surat Kelulusan Retikulasi dari Ibu Pejabat JBA 2. Sila kemukan salinan surat kelulusan Bangunan 3. Sila kemukan salinan surat kelulusan Bomba 4, Sila kemukakan kiran hidrolik untuk paip-paip dalaman dan hendaklah disahkan oleh Jurutera Bertauliah. 5. Sila adakan stopcock pada paip Riser/Dropper pada paras 6-6" dari aras lantal. 6. Kapasiti tangki hendaklah minima .. 7. Palp-paip untuk Riser/Direct hendakiah dari: denis .. Saiz Ke1S oessessenetee 8. Paip-paip Dropper hendakiah dari : VeMIS ceseseeseeeeses Saiz Kelas 9. Nyatakan arah keluar untuk paip overflow dan scour 10. Kedudukan miter hendaklah di luar pagar berhampiran pintu masuk dan selari dengan longkang dan tidak dibenarkan miter di dalam kekotak konkrit atau logam. 10. Tuan dikehendaki menggunakan sistem dua meter, satu untuk Pili Bomba dan satu untuk kegunaan Biasa dan sila kemukakan detail-detalinya.12. Lain-iain hal Sila nyatakan jenis tangki sedutan yang digunakan 13, Sila adakan consta flow valve dengan igpm yang sesuai (berdasarkan keupayaan pam selama 20 jam) dan hendakiah dipasang selepas miter dan sebelum tangki sedutan, Bersama-sama ini dikemballkan pelan-pelan untuk pindaan, Sekian, terima kasi * BERKHIDMAT UNTUK NEGARA * Saya yang menurut perintah, (ARBAINAH BT. ABU ) bp Jurutera Daerah Air Petaling SK. UDA iP AA/LbaJabatan Bekalan Alr Petaling Jalan Templer ‘48050 Petaling Jaya Ruj.Kami = BiL(4)dim.B.A.Pig.116/4/218 Tarikh =: 26hb. April, 1996 Tuan, Per : Cadangan 1 Blok Bangunan Pejabat 19 Tingkat Dengan 1 Tingkat Besmen Di Atas Sebahagian Lot 23785, (No. PT. 12186) Di Tropicana Golf & Country Resort, Mukim Sg. Buloh Daerah Petaling Jaya, Selangor 0.£ Untuk Tropicana Golf & Country Resort Bhd. ‘Merujuk kepada surat tuan Bil: nvof/94/507/CW/2227 bertarikh 10/4/96 mengenai perkara tersebut di atas, dimaklumkan bahawa pelan susunan paip adalah diluluskan. 2, Bersama-sama_ini_dikembalikan dua salinan pelan susunan palp yang dicapkan *KELULUSAN PELAN SUSUNAN PAIP OLEH JURUTERA DAERAH AIR" Lukisan No. NVOFIS4/SO7/PCW-4, 11 & 12 Semua kerja-kerja memasang sesalur (mains laying) dan pemasangan susunan paip hendaklah dijalankan oleh seorang tukang paip/kontraktor yang berdaftar dengan JKRiJBAS. 3. __ Sila majukan nama pemborong kerja-kerja memasang paip luar dan dalamrsekiranya telah dilantik kepada pejabat dengan salinan lesen pendaftaran Pusat Khidmat Kontraktor dan lesen plumbing yang sah. 4, Sila beritahu pejabat sekurang-kurangnya seminggu sebelum apa-apa pekerjaan dimulakan di tapak. (Sebelum paip-paip yang dipasang di dim. lantai/ditutup/plasten). 5. Semua barang-barang hendaklah dari jenis yang diluluskan dan hendaklah diperiksa dan diluluskan ofeh pejabat ini. 6, Kedudukan posisi miter air mestilah mengikut Kehendak-kehendak Jabaten Bekelan Air Selangor. (Di luer pagar, berdekatan dengan pintu masuk utama dan selari cengan longkang dan miter tidak dibenarkan di dalam kekotak konkrit atau logam). 7. _ Kelulusan sambungan tee off hanya boleh diberikan selepas semua paip-paip retikulasi telah mendapat kelulusan dan diambil alih oleh Jabatan ini. 8. Tuan dikehendaki mempastikan Kerja-kerja “tapping” ke paip retikulasi hanya boleh dibuat sotelah mendapat kelulusan/arahan dari pejabat ini sahaja. 9. Bahan-bahan yang hendak digunakan/pasang hendaklah disahkan oleh Jurutera Perunding yang berdaftar dan diperiksa oleh Pegawai Jabatan ini terlebih dahulu. 10. _Ujian tekanan di tapak hendaklah disaksikan oleh Pegawai dari Jabatan ini (S.!).41. Lockable valve hendaklah dengan ukuran rninima 3/4" hendaklah dibekat & dipasang oleh pihak pemaju. 12, Tuan dikehendaki mendapatkan kelulusan dari pihak berkuasa tempatan sekiranya berlaku pemotongan jalan, Sekian, dimaklumkan, ‘Saya yang menurut perintah, (ARBAINAH BT, ABU) b/p Jurutera Daerah Air Petaling sik. 1) JOA dup fil) Pengguna () _Sekarang tuan bolehiah mengemukakan kad permohonan untuk memohon bekalan air tetap. i) Miter hanya akan dipasang seteleh Sil Layak Mendudiuki diperolehi ANLba20 24 22 23 24 25 Functions of Various Finns and Organisations in Cold Water Design and Instailations Owner = Decide on the type of buildings etc., Residential Apartments, Office Building, Shopping Complex to be built at selected location. = Allocate budget for cold water plumbing installations and appoint various consultants for the proposed development. + Has their own project management team to jiaise with all the relevant consultants. + Award the contract of Suppiy, Install, Testing and Commissioning of Cold Water plumbing system to the successful Tenderer upon recommendations from M & E Consultant. Architect Leads a team of consulting engineers in completing the particular project. + Prepares the complete sot of preliminary architectural drawings that includes proposed locations and sizes of M & E rooms for Cold Water plumbing services, + Arrange Technical Meetings with M & € Consultant to finalise the proposed locations and sizes of M & E rooms, etc. Water Tanks, Pump Rooms and Plumbing Shafts. + Prepares final architectural drawings that includes al the relevant cold water plumbing services requirements. Consultants 2.3.1 Civil & Structural Consultant (C/S) ‘+ Responsible for the design of extemal cold water reticulation system. ‘+ Submits external water reticulation plans to the local authority and obtain approval. 232 Mechanical and Electrical Consultant (M/E) ‘+ Responsible for the design of internal cold water reticulation system. ‘+ Submits internal water reticulation plans to the local authority and obtain approval. + Prepares Tender drawings, Tender document, Tender report, Construction” drawings and certificate of payment for the supply, install, testing and ‘commissioning of cold water plumbing system. Contractor + The nominated contractor will undertake the responsibility of supply, install, testing and ‘commissioning of cold water plumbing system. ‘+ Prepares shop drawings, as built drawings and operation and maintenance manual (O/M). + Arrange authority inspection upon completion of the installation. Authority Inspect and approves the internal cold water reticulation drawings. ‘Conduct inspection of the completed installation. Issue the certificate of fitness for the approved installation, Issue of water meters,3.0 34 Cold Water System Design for Buildings Plumbing Cold Water Terminology Absolute Pressure Air Test Ambient temperature Anchor Backflow Black Pipes Burst pressure Bushing Butt weld joint Cavitation ‘Companion flange ‘Compression fitting Compression joint Coupling Elbow Erosion Expansion joint Fitting Fitting, compression It equals the sum of the gauge pressure and the almosph pressure corresponding to the barometer. A test thatis applied to the plumbing system upen its completion, but before the building is plastered. The prevailing temperature in the immediate vicinity or the temperature of the medium surrounding an object. ‘A device used fasten or secure pipes to the building or stricture. ‘The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply from any sources or the sources other than its intanded use. ‘Steel pipe that has not been galvanised. That pressure which can be slowly applied to a valve at the room temperature for 30sec without causing rupture. A pipe filting for connecting a pipe with a female fing of larger size. It is hotlow plug with intemal and external threads. ‘Awelded pipe joint made with the ends of the two pipes butting each other, the weld being around the periphery. A localised gaseous condition that is found within a liquid stream. A pipe flange to connect with another flange or with a flanged valve or the fiting. It is attached to the pipes by threads weldingsor other method and differs from a flange which is an integral part of a pipe or fitting. A fitting designed to a pipe or tube by means of pressure or friction. ‘A multi piece joint with cup shaped threads nuts which, when tightened, compress tapered sleeves so that they form a tight joint ‘on the periphery of the tubing they connect. A pipe fitting with female threads only which is used to connect two pipes in straight line. A fitting that makes an angle between the adjacent pipes. The angle is 90. ‘The gradual destruction of metal or other materials by the abrasion action of liquids, gasessolids or mixtures of these materials. A joint whose primary purpose is to absorb longitudinal thermal expansion inthe pipe line due to heat ‘The connector or closure for the fluid lines and passages. A fitting which seals and grips by manual adjustable deformation.32 33 Fitting, flared A filting which seals and grips by 2 performed flared at the end of the tube. Fixture unit 2 Ameasure of the probable hydraulic demand on the water supply (Loading Unit) by various types of plumbing fixtures. The supply ficture unit value for particular fixture depends on its volume rate of supply, on the time duration a single supply operation and on the average time between successive operation. Flow pressure + The pressure in the water supply pipe near the water outlet while the faucet or water outlet is fully open and flowing. Potable water 1_ Water which is satisfactory for drinking, culinary and domestic mee, uppeses and meets the requirements"of the-health authority having jurisdiction. Waterhammer : The forces, pounding noises and vibration which develop in a piping system when a column of non-compressibie liquid flowing in the pipe line at a given pressure and velocity is stopped abruptly. Standards applicable for Cold Water Plumbing System Design + British standards 6700:1987 British Standard Specification for Design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages. Computation of water demand for various types of building ‘Three methods of consumption estimate normally practised are: (@) Based on local water work authority requirements that are-normally applied to housing estates, flats, hotel (a copy enciosed for your reference). (@) Based on rule 224 (Uniform water supply rules). (©) Based on actual recording of daily water consumption. This method is applied to hospitals expressed in terms of gallons per bed. Rule 224 of the Unifom water supply rules requires the minimum capacities of the storage cisterns to be as shown in Table 1 below. ‘Types of building Minimum nominal capacity Dwelling houses (rural) 450 itres (100 gals) Dwelling houses and flats (urban) _ | 680 litres (7150 gals) Low cost housing 450 litres (100 gals) Others: One day Table 4 It the capacity of a storage required cannot be obtained from Table 1 above, it should be calculated based on the figures given in Table 2 and the number of persons Uusing/working/residing in the building: the minimum storage capacity being equal to the Quantity required for one day's use.‘Types of building Storage requirement Hotel 270 litres (60 galy/residentiday Hostels 180 litres (40 galresidentiday Day schools 230 fitres (6.5 galj/head/session Boarding schools 180 Iitres (40 galjresidentiday Offices without canteens 70 ftres (15 gaiheadiday Offices with canteens 90 litres (20 galy/headiday Restaurant 14 litres (8 galfhead/meal Mosque [24 itres (¢ galyhead/day Barracks (Army/Police) 270 litres (60 galyheadiday Fittings Storage requirementiittingiday ‘Shower ‘450 — 900 litres (100-200 gais) Slipper bath {900 litres (200 gals) Water closet 180 litres (40 gals) Lavatory basin 90 litres (20 gals) Sink 90 litres (20 gals) Urinal 760 litres (40 gals) Bed pan washer 180 litres (40 gals) [Wash up sink 225 Iitres (50 gals) JBA Water Storage Requirements Water Demand for Various Usage 1, Low cost house = 250GPO 2. Single storey low cost - 250GPD 3. Single storey house - 300GPD 4, Double storey house = 300GPO 5. Semi-detached house = 400GPO 6 Bungalow 500 GPD 1. Shophouse - 1 storey + 300GPD = 2storey > 500GPD - 3storey + _750GPD = 4storey - 1000 GPD 4. Low cost flat = 250.G/UnivDay 2. Apartment = 300.G/UnivDay 3. Condominium - 1 room = 300.G/Unit/Day - 2 rooms = 300 G/UnivDay = 3 rooms: = 300G/UnivDay = 4 rooms & above & penthouse = $00 G/UnivDay Table 2 ‘When the number of persons usingfworking/residing in the building is not known, the capacity fof the storage cistern can be estimated from the number of fitings installed in the b The storage requirement for each fiting should be as given in Table 3 below. Table 334 Water Demand for Various Usage 4. Hotel Kelas mewah = 350 G/Room/Day 2. Hotel kelas pelancungan = 200 G/Room/Day 4. Schaols/primary/secondary = 10 GiHead/Session 2. Balairaya = 300GPO 3. Tadika = _500GPD 4, Surau - 1000 GPD 5. Masjid ~ $000 SPD 6. Dowan serbaguna - 1000 PD - 7. Hindu temple = 2000 GPD 4. Chinese temple + 2000 GPO 2. Petrol station = 10000 GED 3. Wet market - 300GPD 4, Hawker centre - 300 GPD Per Lot 5. Club house = 10000 GED 6. Bomba 7 = 3000 GRD 7. Balai Polis - 5000 GPD 8. TNB substation = 800GPD 1, Terraced factory - 1 storey = _800GPD = 2storey + 1000 GPD 2. Industrial ~ 5000 GPD PiAcre 4. Office space = 20.GPD/100 sq.ft. 1. Hostel - 40.6 Person/Day 1. Hospital - 606 Bed/Day ‘An allowance of 10% of the overall demand shall be allowed for water loss. Table 4 ‘Tank sizing method and types of tank available in the market The total storage capacity of the suction and the storage cisterns (elevated tank) should not be less than that required for one day's use. Further the suction cistern should not hold more than 1/3 the quantity of water for one day's use nor should the cistems contain less than quantity required for one hour pumping without inflow into the cisterns, Generally the suction tanks contain 1/3 of the total water demand and the elevated tanks contain 2/3 of the total water demand. Capacity in relating to a cistern means the capacity measured up to the water level unless otherwise stated and is not a nominal capacity which is the volume calculated from the overall internal dimension of the cistern. It is to be noted that the effective tank capacity can be estimated by estimating the effective height as follows, 10Effective tank height = Nominal tank height - Free board - minimum height above bottom of tank. *Free board = clearance above top water level inside the cistems. ‘The free board level depends on the balicock valve size: Ballcock valve (inch) Free board (inch) 75 and less 6 2 10 25 10 Pee eee 4 . 4 2 Table § There are several types of tanks available in the market and these are listed below for reference: ‘Types of tank Remarks Pressed steel 1, The most commonly used tanks provided the required galvanised tank space to install the tanks is available, 2. The tank need to be maintained in terms of frequent checking and tightening of bolts to ensure free of leak. 3. The life span is estimated at 10 years. 4, The cheapest tank to instal, R.C. (Peinforced 1. These tanks are constructed mostly in basements and concrete tank) recommended when space is the constrain and odd space available for the water tanks. The life span is estimated to be very long and no maintenance required. 3. The cost is higher than pressed stee! galvanised tanks. p FRP (fibre reinforced | 1. These tanks are popular now and vastly being used plastic) tanks: due to longer life span estimated at 20 years and minimal corrosion at bolted joints. 2. The cost is higher compared to the tanks mentioned above. Poly tanks 1, These are the moulded tanks and available in standard sizes. 2, The cost is the highest compared to the types of tank mentioned above. Table 6 3.5 Introduction of various cold water system for building 3.5.1. Upfeed System ‘Where the pressure in the water main is sufficient to distribute water throughout the entire building, an upfeed system such as shown in Figure 1 is used. The height of building that may be served without pumps to boost the water pressure depends on the available pressure in the water main, the requirement of the fixtures, and local authority Fequirement. The pressure available under non-flow conditions is called the static pressure, With water flow, there is a pressure loss due to friction as water flows through the pipes. Therefore, the residual pressure at the point of use under flow conditions is the static pressure minus the pressure loss due to friction, 13.5.2 Bulk meter Pigure 1 Public main Typical low-rise building Downfeed System (Gravity Feed System, Elevated Water Tank System) {In an elevated water tank system, such as the simplified system shown in Figure 2, ‘water is pumped from the water main to an elevated water storage tank located above the highest and most hydraulically remote point in the water supply system of the building. The height of the water tank provides additional static head, resulting in higher pressure in the water distribution system. For each 2.31f (0.7m) elevation of the tank, there is an increase in the pressure of 1psi (6.9 kpa). ‘An elevated tank system is made up of the following components: ‘+A suction tank that act as @ buffer tank or break tank between the elevated tank and public water main pipe. It is a requirement of the Water Works Authority to prevent pressure fluctuations in water main. + Aaravity tank that stores water at atmospheris pressure. + Pumps that fil the tank by pumping water from its source. «Controls that turn pumps on and off when the water inside the tank reaches the preset value. ‘+ Alarms that alert operating personnel that a malfunction exists. 12Fy ponestic Elevated Tank na | Figure 2 : +4] Riser | | | ©® +e Bulk meter * i oe 8 bow Public main tation “DO ten, pranster typical high-rise building usp 3.5.3 Pneumatic Direct Water System Pneumatic Direct Water System are basically designed for provision of drinking water for high rise buildings. Under the gravity feed system, all the water supplied to the various appliances including drinking taps comes from the roof tank and there is a risk of the water in the roof tank becoming contaminated. Hence, it would be preferred to have drinking water supplied direct from the water main. However, for high rise building the pressure in the main may not be sufficient to supply all the drinking water appliances ard a pneumatic water system is used to overcome this problem. Besides the provision of drinking water, the pneumatic water system is also used when the pressure required at the appliances cannot be by gravity feed system. For example, certain appliances such as flush valves, bed pan washer or even an instantaneous water heater requires high pressure to operate satisfactorily and if these are located at the highest level of a building, the gravity feed system would not be able to provide the required pressure. The basic components of a pneumatic water system are: © Suction tank + Booster pump ‘+ Pneumatic tank with or without air compressor 13Loa Figure 8 Lore To drinking water appliances Pneumatic Pe a | se [one Suction tank = Ze deen ject © Wains 66 Pusp 3.6 Sizing of Cold Water Supply Pipe In designing cold water supply installations, an assessment must be made of the probable maximum water flow. In most buildings it seldom happens that the total number of appliances alled are ever in use at the same time and therefore, for economic reasons, it is usual for @ system to be designed for a peak usage which is less than the possible maximum usage. The probable demand will depend upon the type of sanitary appliances, the type of building in which thay are installed, and the frequency of usage. ‘The Plumbing Institute has devised a method of assessing the probable maximum demand based upon the theory of probability. With this method, loading unit (fixture unit) rating has been devised for each type of sanitary appliance based on its rate of water delivery, the time the taps are open during usage and simultaneous demand for particular type of appliance. Table 1.1 gives the rates of flow, pipe size, loading units, minimum pressure Appliances | RMPOMfOw | Pipesize | asain units | prctunce (nek (LPMVGPM) (inch) Pressure (psig) W.C flushing eas 05 2 5 ‘Wash basin tap 9.0/2.0 os 15-30 8 Basin spray tap 2.3/0.5, 05 15 8 Bath tap (20mm) | 18.1/4.0 0.75 10 3 Bath tap (25mm) | 36.4/8.0 4 10 12 ‘Shower (nozzle) 9.0 (2.0) 2 3 12 Sink tap (0.5) 114125 05 3-5 10 Sink tap (0.75) 18.1/4.0 0.75 3-5 10 Sink tap (1.0) 36.418.0 4 3-5 40 Flush valve 123/27.0 4 10 14.5sinus Jed su9}i66 — ates moy ubyssq By multiplying the number of each type of appliance by its appropriate loading unit and adding the results together, a figure for the total loading unis is obtained which is applied to Figure 4 enables the recommended design flow rate to be read off. 150 100 30 2 7 6: 50-4 a e100d 15 20 30 40 S060 80 100 150 200 300 400 600° 1000 2000 7 Loading units * Figure 4 — Loading units and design flow rates ‘ Its best to determine the pipe size after the schematic drawings havé been completed as the whole system could be clearly seen. Two fundamental factors governing pipe sizing are velocity and tictonal ass, Normal, veloc ised fo a maximum of 6 FPS and minimum of 2.5 FPS. Friction rate is usually kept below 10FT/10OFT. ‘The design approach also varies between a down feed system and a pressurised system, For the downfeed system, frictional oss is always the controlling factor whereas velocity is always the factorto be considered in a pressurised system. ‘The diameter of the pipe necessary to give a required flowrate will depend upon the head of the water available, the smoothness of the intemal bore of the pipe and the effective length of the pipe. An allowance for the frictional resistance set up by fittings such as elbows, tees, taps and valves must be added to the actual length of the pipe. Table 8 and Table 9 gives allowance for fitings and draw off taps expressed in the equivalent pipe lengths. To determine the diameter of a pipe length must be calculated. A calculation sheet and a pipe sizing graph for cold water system are attached herewith for reference. However, in certain situations like for the range of showers in a sports pavilion or the range of wash basins in a hostel, the pipework has to be designed for full flow as itis highly likely that all the appliances may be in use at the same time, 15 $961 ‘o1e 4d‘Table 8 - Equivalent Pipe Lengths Nominal Copper Galvanised mild stee! balan Elbow Tee Elbow Bend Tee in ft ft ft ft ft % 18 20 15 1.25 3.75 % 25 35 1.75 15 45 1 35 5.0 2.25 1.75 5.15 1% 45 6s | 30 Debt e ere 1% 55 8.0 35 2.75 8.75 2 78 15 45 35 11.28 2% 2s 15.0 85 4.25 13.75 3. 11.0 19.0 70 5.25 175 ; 4. 15.0 27.0 9.0 6.75 22.5 Table 9 ~ Loss of Head Through Draw-Off Taps and Equivalent Pipe Lengths Fiting Flow rate tap Loss of Equivalent pipe lenath @S. 1010") fully open head Copper Galvanised .| f mild steel gal/min ft 8 ft inch pillar tap 2 17 9 13° Yeinch bib tap 2% 28 9 3 ‘inch bib or pillar tap 4 25 28 18 1 inch bib or pitartap 8 5.0 n 43 *B.S. 1010, Drawoff taps and stop valves for water services (screwdown pattern). 16H SECTION A ot and Cold Water Supplies Graph'42 Pipe sling oraph, heavy galvanised see tubes to 8S 1287 Figure 5 N. 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Sizing of booster pumps and hydro-pneumatic pumps 3.7.1 Booster pumps (transfer pump) Pumps should be sized to deliver the quantity of water required for one day's ase in: Office building 6~8 hours Residential building 8 ~ 12 hours 3.7.2 Hydro-pneumatic pumps ‘The pump flowrate shall be equal to or greater than the estimated maximum demand of the system, The discharae head of the pump is equal to the maximum pressure of ie tank (2). P2 = KP1 where K is the pressure ratio and P1 is the maximum pressure of the tank, and Pt = static head of hydraulically furthest appliance + pressure drop in piping + pressure required at appliance. K = 1.5 (optimum value) 3.8. Pumps and accessories Pumps are primarily of three types: centrifugal, reciprocating and rotary. The most commonly used pumps in residential and commercial buildings is centrifugal pumps. Centrifugat pumps used in the’ plumbing systems are classified on the basis of internal casing design as volute or regenerative (turbine). On the basis of the main direction of discharge of liquid, impellers are classified as radial axial or mixed flow. The most commonly used centrifugal pumps are as follows: End suction centrifugal pump Vertical multi stage pump Horizontal split casing pump i Vertical split casing pump ‘The performance curve is the easiest and most satisfactory way to show graphically the relationship between head, capacity, horse power etc., of any pump. Pump head Head va flow curve 9 Se Power vs flow curve Pump flowrate Figure 6 193.9 40 4a 42 43 -Every service pipe, distribution pipe or pump delivery of The line sloping from left to right represent the varying quantities of liquid delivered by the pump with variations in head, The intersection of this line with the zero delivery line shows the ‘shut off head’ or pressure developed by the pump when the discharge valve is shut. The curve showing the horsepower to drive the pump slopes upward in the opposite direction, with the lowest point at the shut-off pump. These two lines show the complete performance of the pump, for the one speed for which the curve is plotted. Another curve showing the efficiency of the pump is usually plotted on the same sheet. This efficiency curve shows the amount of usable work done by the pump in percentage of power delivered to the pump shaft Water hammer Water hammer is a pulsating type of noise which may, on occasion, be heard emanating from a pipework.ins‘allatinn..The noise..is caused mainly by shock waves which ace. set. water, which is flowing at high velocity, is suddenly arrested. The practical conditions whi create this adverse effect are the too rapid closure of manual valves, or the virtual instantaneous closure of automatic control valves. Pumped piped water supplies are also liable to water hammer if provision is not made at the design stage. Plumber type pumps for example give a pulsating type of discharge which may require damping out.’ Cases have occurred of ‘water hammer damage although title audible sound was present. Premature failure of valves, joints and the loosening of supports and clips are common examples of such damage. Gravity ‘water installations do not as a rule give rise to the problem but when water velocities exceed 3mvs, water hammer conditions may exist. The increasing use of pressurized domestic water system in the UK could well lead to an increase in the incidence of water hammer if proper precautions are not taken at the design stage. Plumbing Cold-Water Materials Galvanised steel pipes Galvanised steel pipe is made from mild carbon steel as either a welded pipe or seamless pipe steel tube shall be galvanised to the satisfaction of the state director and shall be hoavy grade provided that the tube of medium can be used where the tube is not in contact witht ground, The galvanised mild steet tubes (G.I pipes) shall conform to B.S 1387. The tubes are marked with coloured band as follows: Medium gauge ( Class 8’) - blue band Heavy gauge (Class 'C’) —red band Galvanised mild stee! tubes are pipes most commonly used for water supply plumbing system, Copper tubing Copper tubing which is manufactured from 99.9% pure copper. Plumbing copper tube is manufactured in four different wail thickness or types K, L, M and DWV (drainage, waste and vent). Type K copper tubing has the heaviest wall thickness. Copper tube should comply with B.S, 2871 Part 1 (Table X) or ASTM 888 (American Standard), Plastic pipe Plastic pipes shall not be installed close to sources of heat so that their performance is impaired. The use_and installation of unplasticized polyvinyichloride (uPVC) should be in accordance with CP312, The uPVC pipes are available in sizes from 15 mm to 300 mm. All classes of pressure pipe Le. Class 8, C, D, E and 7 are manufactured to the requirement of B.S 3506 and M.S 628. The most commonly used pipe classes are class E and 7. High density polythylene pipes to B.S 3796 have recently been approved for use in the JKR controlled water supplies. 2044 5.0 84 Plumbing valves 44.1 Gate valve The gate valve provides a straight through passage for the flow of fuid, The valve is used extensively where uninterrupted flow is required with minimum pressure drop. It is not recommended for regulation and should only be used fully opened or fully closed positions. 44.2 Globe vaive The valve designed to stop or regulate the fluid flow. Ideal for regulating because wear..by.eresionwarcund the seating is evenlyadistributed--Rositve..closure.High Pressure drop due to tortuous flow path. 443 Check vaive Frequently called a non-retum valve or relux valve, this vaive is’ self-acting and prevents reversal of flow. The swing type and the lift type check valves are most commonly used 44.4 Ballvaive ‘There are two basic forms of ball valve, the floating ball and trunnion mounted ball. it has 80dg turned operation and is relatively compact 44.5 Butterfly valve Quick operation. Good regulating characteristics. Temperature limited by seating material on resilient seated types. Metalto-metal seated type does not cive tight shut- off. Disc mectanism always in Nui flow. Water meters 2 The water meter is installed at the end of the water service pipe either directly inside or outside of the building walls in accordance with local plumbing code restrictions. Three types are installed by plumber as fottows: a) Disk meters 1A disk meter is used for measuring the flow of water through small water services and are available in sizes from 5/8 inch to 2 inch. b) Turbine meters: A turbine meter is used in buildings in which water is used in large and constant volume and are available in 2, 3, 4 and 6 inch sizes, ©) Compound meters: A compound meter is a water meter that unites a disk and a turbine meter in one body. Compound meters are made in 2 to 10 inch sizes for use in buildings in which there is large fluctuation in water flows. Joining, installing and Supporting Pipes Galvanised steel threaded joints ‘Screwed joints in steel piping shall be made with screwed socket joints using wrought-iron, steel or malleable cast-iron fittings. A thread filer shall be used (PTFE tape or proprietary sealants), Exposed threads left after jointing shall be painted or, where installed underground, thickly coated with bituminous or other suitable corrosion preventative in accordance with BS 5493. Since all the pipe fitings are tapped with the internal (female) pipe thread at the factory when they are manufactured, the plumber need only make the external (male) pipe thread, The vertical piping must be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in alignment. 2a52 53 6.0 Therefore it is recommended to support the pipe at each storey in neight. The horizontal pipe shall be supported at 12 foot intervals. It is a common practice in plumbing installation that for pipe sizes 3 inches and below, screw and socketed joints are used and for pipe sizes above 3 inches, flange joints are used. Copper tubing joints The three most common methods of joining copper tubing that a plumber will use are the solder joint with capillary fittings; the flared joint; and the compression joint, Solder joints are used on water lines and drainage lings. The flared joints are commonly used on underground water supply tubing. The compression is most commonly used on the exposed water supply tubing to plumbing futures. Solder joints depends on capillary drawing free-flowing molten solder into the gap between the fitting and the tube, ‘The vertica! piping. must be secured ct sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in alignment. Therefore it is recommended to support the pipe at each storey in height. The horizontal pipe shall be supported at 10 foot intervals. Plastic pipe joints The various types of plastic pipes and fittings are joined together with one of three methods, depending on the physical uses to which the particular plastic piping will be put. The three methods used by plumbers to join plastic pipes and fittings are: 4) The solvent weld 2) The insert fitting 3). The flare fiting joint t ‘Testing and inspecting the plumbing system The air'test of water supply piping is made by attaching an air compressor to any suitable ‘opening and closing ali other inlets and outiets to the system with the appropriate pipe cap or plug, or with testing plugs. Water supply and distribution piping is normally tested at % times the working pressure or 150:psig, whichever is greater. The test period usually 12 to 24 hours. A hydrostatic test is a test in which the pipe being tested is filed with water and submitted to additional water pressure, A hydrostatic test is the common test for water main and water service piping. The procedure for applying a hydrostatic test is to fill the pipes being tested completely with potable water (after sealing all openings) and then to force additional water into the pipes with a hydrostatic test pump. ‘Since the testing of plumbing systems is a very important pert of the plumber’s work, the apprentice should become acquainted with the procedure that is followed for all plumbing tests. ‘The procedure for all plumbing test follows the eight points listed below: (1) Assemble the testing apparatus. (2) Seal all openings. @) Apply the test. (4) Check for leaks. (6) Fix defects. (®) Call for an inspection and test, (7) Assist the inspector at time of test. (8) Remove testing apparatus on completion of test and inspection. 22