Data Link Layers functions

Medium Access Techniques

Frame formation
Error control
Flow control

To access shared media

Multiplexing Techniques
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Combination of TDM & FDM

TDM

TDM at Transmitter

De-multiplexing at Receiver
Reverse operation of TDM

FDM

FDM at Transmitter

FDM at Receiver

Combination of TDM and FDM

Carrier systems for multiplexed digital voice

transmission
T-1 carrier system (USA)
E-1 carrier system (Europe)
SONET/SDH (for optical fiber)

T1 carrier system

T1 carrier system

Audio signal up to 4KHz sampled at 8Khz sampling rate

A frame of 125 s is divided into 24 time slots (channels)
Each channel caries 8 bits
Total No. of bits in one frame 193
1.544 Mbps data rate
In sixth frame each channel comprises of 7 bit information and 1 bit for
signaling (dialing, telephone ON or OFF)
1 extra bit in each frame (framing bit in sequence of 100011011100 in a
super frame)
One super frame = 12 T-1 frames
One extended frame = 24 T-1frames

T1 frame

Frame and Superframe

To achieve higher data rate T-1 frames are

multiplexed

E1 carrier system

E-carrier

To achieve higher bit rate E-1 channels are

multiplexed

Digital carrier comparison

Frames

Ethernet Frame
WLAN Frame
Wimax/LTE frame
GSM framing

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Eathernet frame format

Preamble field consists of 64 bits alternating 0 and 1 to help receiving

interface to synchronize.
48 bits MAC/Hardware/Physical/Eathernet address unique throughout the world
for a devise.
MAC address 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF is used to broadcast a packet in the network.
Some software can generate duplicate MAC address also (generally used by hackers)

16 bits Frame Type Field is used to identify the type of data being carried in a
frame. It determine which protocol software module should process the frame.
Packet size is variable (payload varies from 46 to 1500 octet/byte)
32 bits CRC field helps to detect error in the frame.
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