FIRE PREVENTION & CONTROL

IN INDUSTRY
ANIL KUMAR SINGH
JR.WORKS MANAGER
SMALL ARMS FY.
KANPUR

FIRE

It is chemical chain reaction

which takes place with the
evolution of heat and light.

WHAT IS FIRE?
FIRE IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST
AND MOST SIGNIFICANT
DISCOVERIES OF MANKIND
FROM SEEING BUSH FIRES BY
LIGHTNING TO IGNITING FIRE BY
SPARKING STONES,
MAN DEPEND ON FIRE
FOR LIGHT
TO COOK HIS FOOD
TO PROTECT FROM COLD
TO LIGHTING A CIGARETTE
ETC

INDUSTRIES DEPEND ON
FIRE
FOR BOILER OPERATIONS
FOR WELDING
FOR CUTTING
FOR MELTING
FORHEAT TREATMENT
FOR DIGESTING
FOR BURNING

ETC

CHEMISTRY OF FIRE

FUEL
HEAT
OXYGEN
N-79%
O-20.7%
C-0.3%

FOR
SURVIVAL
OXY- 21%
IF LESS
THEN 16%
-PROBLEM

FIRE
OXYGEN
SMOTHERING

TEMP OR HEAT
COOLING
FIRE

FUEL
STARVATION

HOW DOES A FIRE WORK?

THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON

FUEL

OX

YG
E

IN N
A
CH T I O
AC
E
R

TEMPERATURE

BEHAVIOUR OF THE FUELS

WHILE BURNING
SOLIDS BURN IN GASEOUS
FORM
LIQUIDS- BURNS IN VAPOUR
FORM
GASES - ARE ALREADY
VAPOURISED & IGNITE
QUICKLY

SOURCES OF FIRE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

ELECTRICAL-22%
INCENDIARISM-10%
SMOKING-09%
HOT SURFACES-09%
FRICTION-O7%
OVER HEATED MATERIAL-07%
CUTTING & WELDING-07%
BURNER FLAMES-06%
SPONTAEOUS IGNITION-05%

SOURCES OF FIRE
10. EXPOSURE - 04%
11.COMBUSTION SPARKS-03%
12. MECHANICAL SPARKS-02%
13. MOLTEN SUBSTANCES-02%
14. STATIC SPARKS-02%
15. CHEMICAL ACTIONS-01%
16. LIGHTNING-01%
17. MISCELLENEOUS-03%
TOTAL=100%

DEGREE OF
FLAMMABILITY
FLASH POINT
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS
AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE
IGNITION ENERGY
BURNING VELOCITY

FLASH POINT
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT
WHICH LIQUIDS GIVE OFF
SUFFICIENT VAPOURS TO FORM A
MOMENTARILY IGNITABLE
MIXTURE WITH AIR

CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS AS PER PETROLEUM RULES
1976

CLASS A-HIGHLY FLAMMABLE (<23oC)

PETROL,BENZENE,METHANOL,NEPTHA,TOLUENE,
ACETONE,METHYL ETHYL KETONE

CLASS B-MODERATE FLAMMABLE(23oC-65oC)

KEROSINE, HSD,WHITE SPRIT

CLASS C-LEAST FLAMMABLE (65oC-93oC)

FURNACE OIL,LDO(LIGHT DIESEL OIL),FUEL OIL,
RFO (RESIDUAL FUEL OIL)

FLAMMABILITY LIMITS
LOWEST & HIGHEST % BY VOLOUME OF FUEL
GAS TO AIR AT ONE ATMOSPHERE THAT WILL
BURN
H2
4 -75%
NH3 15-28%
CH4 5-15%
ETHYLENE OXIDE- 3.6-100%
C2H2 2.5-95%
CO 12.5-74%
LPG 1.8-8%
GASOLINE
1.4-76%
ACETONE
2.1-13%

AUTO IGNITION
TEMPERATURE
LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT
WHICH BURNING MAY START &
CONTINUE WITH OUT
APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL
SPARK

IGNITION ENERGY
THE MINIMUM ENERGY OF A
SPARK TO IGNITE THE
FLAMMABLE MIXTURE IS
CALLED IGNITION ENERGY

BURNING VELOCITY
THE VELOCITY AT WHICH
COMBUSTION WAVE
PROPOGATES IS CALLED THE
BURNING VELOCITY.

FIRE
FIRE PREVENTIONPREVENT THE STARTING OF FIRE
BY INSPECTION,MOCK
DRILLS,TRAINING &
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

FIRE PROTECTION (CONTROL)DETECTION,EXTINGUISHMENT

AND CONTROL OF FIRE SPREAD
AFTER THE FIRE

FOUR STAGES OF FIRE

INCIPIENT STAGE:NO VISIBLE

SMOKE,FLAME OR SIGNIFICANT
HEAT(IONISATION DETECTORS)
SMOULDERING STAGE:SMOKE
STAGE,STILL NO FLAME OR SIGNIFICANT
HEAT(PHOTO ELECTRIC DETECTORS)
FLAME STAGE: FLAMES
STARTS,SMOKE DECREASES,HEAT
INCREASES(IR OR UV DETECTORS TO
SENSE FLAMES)
HEAT STAGE:LARGE AMOUNT OF
HEAT,FLAMES,SMOKE & TOXIC
GASES(THERMAL DETECTORS)

ELEMENTS OF FIRE PREVENTION

CONTROL ON FUEL

CONTROL ON HEAT

CONTROL ON OXIDISING AGENT

CONTROL ON FUEL
CHOSE LEAST FLAMMABLE MATERIAL
LIMITING INVENTORY
STORING WITH DUE REGARDS TO
COMPATIBILITY

PREVENT LOSS OF CONTAINMENT

ENSURING INTEGRITY/STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
DEVELOP SOPS/ WORK PERMIT SYSTEM
UNFAILINGLY APPLY SOPS
ENSURE PROPER VENTING
PREVENTING SPREADING OF VAPOURS
PROPER LABELING

CONTROL ON FUEL
PLANNING FOR EMERGENCIES
SAFE DISPOSAL OF SPILLS
COLLECTION PITS/ EMPTY TANKS
IDENTIFICATION OF EMERGENCY TEAMS
EMERGENCY DRILLS

CONTROL ON HEAT SOURCES

ISOLATE
INSULATE
WORK PRACTICES (PERMIT SYSTEMS)
MAINTENANCE OF MACHINES
SMOKING
OVERLOADED ELECTRICAL CABLES
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
ZONE CLASSIFICATION
USE OF NON SPARKING TOOLS
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION

CONTROL ON HEAT SOURCES

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
WORK PERMIT SYSTEMS
USE OF SPARK ARRESTERS (With caution)
CONTROL ON STATIC CHARGE
Proper earthing
Bonding
Humidification
Radioactive
dissipaters

CONTROL OF FIRE
FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS
WATER
FOAM
CO2
DCP
HALONS
SPECIAL DRY POWDERS

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
WHY ???
CLASS A--------- SOLID COMBUSTIBLES
CLASS B ---------- LIQUIDS
CLASS C ----------- GASES
CLASS D ----------- METALS
CLASS E ----------- ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS

USE OF VARIOUS FIRE

EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS ON
DIFFERENT CLASSES OF FIRES
WATER

FOAMS
CO2

B
B C E

DCP
HALONS

B C
B

E
E

SPECIAL DRY POWDERS

FIRE LOAD

WT. OF COMBUSTIBLES (KG)

X CALORIFIC VALUE (K CAL/KG)
-----------------------------------------------------FLOOR AREA UNDER CONSIDERATION
(M2)
EXPRESSED IN K CAL/M2
AS PER BIS 1641-1960
1. NOT EXCEEDING 2.5X10 5 K CAL/M 2 (LOW HAZARD)
2. 2.5X105- 5.5X10 5 K CAL /M 2 (MODERATE HAZARD)
3. EXCEEDING 5.5X10 5 K CAL/M 2 (HIGH HAZARD)
AS PER IS 1641-1989
LH-LOW HAZARD, OH- ORDINARY HAZARD
HH- HIGH HAZARD, SH- SPECIAL HAZARD

Fire Extinguisher Training

FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS

WATER (GAS CARTRIDGE)

EXTINGUISHER

WATER
COOLING:HEAT IS ABSORBED BY

WATER & FORM VAPOUR

DILUTION:WATER VAPOURS MIXES
WITH FLAMMABLE GASES & WEAKEN
FLAME
SMOTHERING:WATER WHEN
VAPOURISED EXPENDS 1700 TIMES,IF
SUFFICIENT STEAM IS GENERATED
OXYGEN IS DISPLACED
EMULSIFICATION: WATER MIX
WITH OILS MAKES EMULSION

WATER
ADVANTAGE

CHEAP
READILY AVAILABLE
NON TOXIC
HIGH HEAT ABSORPTION CAPACITY

DISADVANTAGES
CAN NOT USED AT COLD REGIONS
WEIGHTY
CAN NOT USED WITH WATER SENSTIVE
MATERIAL, FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS,
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS.

MECHANICAL FOAM
EXTINGUISHER

CARBON DI-OXIDE
EXTINGUISHER

DRY CHEMICAL POWDER

EXTINGUISHER

DRY CHEMICAL POWDERS

ALKALI METAL SALTS
Sodium bicarbonate (Regular DCP)
Potassium Carbamate (Monax)
Potassium Chloride (Super K)
Potassium bicarbonate (Purple K)

Twice as effective as regular

DCP and compatible with foam

AMMONIUM SALTS
Mono Ammonium Phosphate

Leaves a fire retardant layer of

Metaphosphoric acid

HALONS (Halogenated Hydrocarbons)

CHEMICAL
NAME

FORM HALON
ULA
No.

Methyl Bromide

CH3Br

1001

Methyl Iodide

CH3I

10001

Bromochlorometha CH2BrCl
ne

1011

Dibromodifluromet CF2Br2
hane

1202

Bromochorodiflur
CF2BrCl
1211 Iodine------5
Carbon---1,
Fluorine-----2, Chlorine-----3,
bromine---4,
omethane

Influence of Halogen in Hydrocarbon

Halog Toxic Boili Ther Fire

en
ity
ng
mal Extingui
Point Stabil shing
ity
Effective
ness
Fluori Redu Redu Incre Increases
ne
ces
ces
ases
Chlor Incre Incre Redu Increases

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Its easy to remember how to use a fire
extinguisher if you remember the acronym
PASS:

Pull
Aim
Squeeze
Sweep

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Pull the pin
This will allow
you to
discharge the
extinguisher

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Aim at the base of the fire
Hit the fuel.
If you aim at
the flames...
the extinguishing agent will fly right
through and do no good.

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Squeeze the top handle
This depresses a
button that
releases the
pressurized
extinguishing
agent.

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Sweep from side to side
.. until the fire is
completely out.
Start using the extinguisher
from a safe distance away,
then slowly move forward.
Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case
it re-ignites.

SELECTION OF LOCATIONS
NATURE OF RISK TO BE COVERED
PLACED IN CONSPICUOUS POSITIONS
READILY ACCESSIBLE FOR
IMMIDIATE USE(15 MTRS)
NEAR TO EXITS & STAIR LANDS
WITHOUT HINDERING ESCAPE
ROUTES
PROTECTION FROM HEAT COLD &
CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT
LOCATION SHOULD BE DISPLAYED AT
SUITABLE PLACES

ROLE OF INDIVIDUALS
DONT PANIC,REMAIN CALM
NOTIFY THE IMMIDIATE AREA & FIRE BRIGADE
RAISE FIRE ALARM
TURN OFF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS IF
POSSIBLE
STAY AT THE PLACE FROM WHERE SAFE
RETREAT IS POSSIBLE
SEE WIND DIRECTION
ATTEMPT TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE ONLY IF IT
IS SAFE TO DO SO

ROLE OF INDIVIDUALS
ENSURE COMPLETE
EXTINGUISHMENT OF FIRE
NEVER THROW EXTINGUISHERS
INTO A FIRE
TAKE AFFECTED PERSONS TO A
SAFER PLACE& GET MEDICAL
HELP PROMPTLY
GATHER AT DESIGNATED
ASSEMBLY POINTS AND BE
ACCOUNTED FOR
DONT GO BACK FOR YOUR
VALUABLES IF YOU ARE ASKED TO

SECTION 38 OF

FACTORIES ACT 1948

1. IN EVERY FACTORY ,ALL
PRACTICABLE MEASURES SHALL BE
TAKEN TO PREVENT OUT BREAK OF
FIRE & ITS SPREAD BOTH INTERNALLY
& EXTERNALLY.
SAFE MEANS OF ESCAPE FOR ALL
PERSONS
NECESSARY EQUIPMENTS &
FACILITIES FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRE
2. TO ENSURE ALL WORKERS ARE
FAMILIAR WITH ESCAPE ROUTES &
TRAINED IN THE ROUTINE MANNER IN
THE CASE OF FIRE

ANY QUESTIONS
PLEASE ?????

THANK
YOU