° RESEARCH METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGY x= Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches H. Russell BernardParticipant Observation nse ee wok gat em, epee tse, ‘ait dwn ess gus bt be Sr 2 bere mich He es ‘lnc ere hereto seven even wah be DSS ono dur gun (Gs, 813). ‘What Is Participant Observation? Petipa’ sbrrston, ot ethnographic flor, is he foundation of Calf aropelog Icaveves geting lose peopl and mating {et comfort enough wit your pesene Sot yoo can obser sd fecol informaton about the Hes hs sounds acon, ess 2 ‘hme ou th way Only 5p cofrontng the rth tout paripan ob ‘erie ir vlver a catain mount of devepion and inpresion a ™ _gusagement—can We Hope Lo conductores ethic in flo work “the alot sre to sy aout thi in Chae 1 Ss pliant observe advocate "ging nave” and “bevoeig the | enomonon” (Jorgensen 989), bat mont anthoplopes dace ain | nsscme distance and objectivity Later nhc, Pl ices {pitemologia persuasions do pantera bern flor to cal {Er'itehsery docomens, snd sae! fentvly and tal to people {Setscstvetopies Others arettode ine illosion sues o toma erated counts of eaerie budgets Waethr your ata consist names te word, paicpat observation lt you inthe door x0 ou ca atcpant observation siping to nct so ols exatshing appr in new corm ‘Sencillo ve apt nt pee ad ‘eve abou it convincing) "Hyoureasucenf! partsipat obs vet you will know when augh ra you frst hin i foney bd wen oman ngh wht ors, Iwill be because you mean itt bea fe Participant Observation and Fieldwork Alpuipat tsvaon i elt i a ld was per pat ebevaion I you aa p quinn a your find (nd wat for ea gy dy has ot elder yore sand apo commit g fora cod doa feof cette erie th el ssc bt Ws ot a ‘Epa ebseroon you gatos nae mtn commas ha Jnevosever ited ie ad monroe: opatons aden toy go tough he eatin to elds, ato Fecpen onvaton Ir jst pn oieraon Partisan war conolvesn ara fda clleton ethos Tesoincloe varies indo new ase, St anata chs een dune es a Wellotsallofee ad snne near shpas isos the book. msPett sin se to i US Nye a a kr Sonica aattiraay ere ot tet oe ea Seat na anh 24 cack cece ima | ate rie 2 eee rc nel oa a Sta caer ant dwt can avolve wo gute diet eat of pai court to en ip Bo os a ‘Cech bse on oer ta parting eer "S'S nemo sea il» pop of Cronk pegs Shere ig eltcoean Ivedn owe goes nice ete sane eal MENS Tita gesealy patel nt es owe SER nut tf my alg ‘chat ansteconrnatnot enn di Thesis we ar ha wo mig ia my stein, bt ey Wet Sot SETCINM jt me ete stn i dies nd how {Gerona 96) wars ppg cere "Sve Sly 192) Hd Yop wo wl om ed tg 0s Shun te of osm ta leroy ig atl eign a fa Palen Si ddmoeiad te eva Neds ge Siu er hoy vom tle acpi sincaner tn sonetinar oer he ff mee Pup eset an Kvbten doi elon ithe poop {Grr inbrne One gy hecamp ns ached bys pep {PSone onthe in The woman of ewe Hig had op vt dinner uta sce Se reef skin my ae sored meta iva (she (9) ck beseon oe tt observing aici seat eet nthe US buen of ison shed Pete sSmpapc tb ese ong ccm eo SUE Tspinammmccy cl eet Fe ie isttoethc enc andutes wen Neco "wala Mtae i he pert ascmpany te on ek ae ton tems tiated gen fe SEE Ma Dome wos cme ie oe tt nevered Threw ted ee ee he second tony snows cress cal val scaly, ad scone! nan ia eng on whe ok cere ee Oy eam camp (6 mek and hrm tems a cert das nitont ondeg eeete anea na ae oe ee se hi peng sy fe nt esas a eee aT fe eon a cen ve cucring pice cee aha gs kets ht thet be stdpng ete, Gough, ser en 990) rca elspa tape sae ees No ate feiadenajom abs py mapa chen Peay renga {elobpelopn day say fen ie Ss nosey placer on eas Belts ert orton at carina peace pa are Spa peered deat Banca eine Pee eae eee ow Much Time Does It Take? | ot esc antropotogiealesesech is done ovr prod of abou yes bus lot of parizat oberon sadies we dove ate ot ‘eis Applied anopoiogis may aot have te any of dig Tons [paint chsrvation faldwork and may ue rap asessme ees insted Rapid asessset of agricul or eel paces hy ace prt obsrratonmn RESEARCH MBIHODS IN ANTHKOFOLGg crn ut Inpatiipsory anes, teri tom wie logy andy sual wha ough nen; wthy foomansobsering and. {areal of evergting bess slang the anes ee ‘osc pop snasios thy can ins ges sry, ete to tent) css haste acerg fo weal inet; ned ason le snopatogs. Chabert on capdaesinat a lage non de ale eo ly tne mrcape Grandson pd ene aie anepogy tr Seah & Har 187 fr oa Flows napa ache Shee 1982) Tete exes ow edt pose tJ we para ober infutafew dns Aasening ot you've swede Me that fae Tn stn ru cn conte scp aberration vy fone nck pce Toa nek Yow be Legipin snd of wah ong ctl steaton © WAS og Sando Arvo thee ih of oberon, you'd Be aly w pens hu you wee cndtcig leach at you'd ap eciate Etaoin hem on cn db ‘cay aa inte language and ave ead hed phe fchevete om pores experince Papo nao Would Ss inlecua wat ou shely bow Thc annette that ou ped nthe eld Sig ptr vats earch does make ifercac, Bove nha You aE {Eau Rou Neo C106) compared etinogapies that were bh (eaten eld i be es than ea He inkenpotgie ho aye me efor tent ayer we Iki et om ave ome ie witha xh, rol TAS cc assandpologie woh done vets ‘Sitio teasers un over ve Sede, ed a ‘ral edt abut sail change ars inp nt pose Sy ihe ey owes eal 1979. jewed violent mes in marimamstouity pions, stood in Fld ng the behave f fats, ebked with busters thagh the Amz seach of game, and poe ove scot of age, itt iin village chutes ardond the wold Ht isimossitle to imagine compiee anger walking into a biking sod sing welcomed to wach endreoré the eve beingallowed F eneine «community's vial rcordeat whi ts possible in fac, “fimaie ata angering any of the tings fst mentioned ote funandt of other inaive at of dau soli hat amthrpelona in What makes i hs posses parspan obsevaon rs og Metin St Sat mg eee ne eee ceet pic iricge lene etait Do etreeepeneet eerste era Seren en ane on Bers creas cotrae hat Sirs cors ot Se eects 2. putin observton eps you formate seas gestions, [ine tive guage Have you eve! goten a qoercnnae i the ma ful vo yomsef "Whats damb set of questo”? sec sew. “dois a monte of your ova calle can ae op whit you conse to edo questons, imagine ters ou tke making Wp & ueston tte ina cle very dieret rom yout ows. Remember ota ‘oto impestant to ask seoibequeows ina asf neview “Hea sve stunt _ fou prtpa oberon ins yuan inte ented “vias gng on ms care and alons p00 speak wi cofaenel _Benbneanng ota ets you mile tng ements abo cael Fes tha Jove colestedInetens th he era ade ered _pBivetvaleetamtomintsenng snd wang ost ipa abetton hip you ended the ment of Jou Ss Mes Here als ele eee | RIS57.N Svar anf © 1 Tamia pblied «say, based os ome daa be! economic sf al sine nS Validity—Asain ‘Thee teat ss ive seasons ov siting om stant obser ato she canduct of sensi esearch about cla ros 1 Fis tv sesed pstpat observation makes ic poss collet dfcen Kinde of ite Artbepologiss ave winend Biva ESEARCH METHODS IN ANTHRO omnsion ws ‘Laan village Tey conetoed that abou oie of he ge Tandon The British anizpoloit, Pam Lesh, did ot sag Fling (Leah 1967) He had dove partion bsevation ela the aren and brew ta tbe wiles rato patos ree Imsnge By loa costo, a young mtn might ecelv ws of tone tiers land sve hough eglowertip aught 9a att th og thefts dean a ssnigg lend ownership, Sarkar and Tambish asked wh tose bd ay land nd 0, how much They dnd ea pendent hovshol ara gnlthatcooked cin its ow ot Unfong ['maried women th ilge had their own ce pts 0, S Tanah wound op estimating be munber of independent house if al th so fesson wo sl sit hate fl oe {ry high andthe munbs of those heuehods that ovoed led ay sully go ses a svalbl th ee esy to ene es Chapt Ion’ Baar om these dt, they coche that bce was grat neu pany cats, you wil have a choke—among equally pod vilace Intandowscshipand that th chracterize "sign ig ae tan cane anon etedy rod vies Hie ofthe book) hou the ld te hat promises to prvi cist aces ot "You shuld ao conclade rom Leah's gue tat quesonis tnd" wale patcipnt bsevation is “good” Putian ot ‘make posible acl! hots quanta survey dat nd qe {Roview Gta rr sepesetauve ample ofa population Qu i gontative dia inform each tet and podece Insight ad eos thot ean nt be Gupte by ite apron |Whever dua collection mthods you chose, parca Irnimiars you chance or mating ald tenets. sf the sme inaction. The point i, geting x seerl under ig of bow any sci ntton ov ergaation works th oe i tm, Msp, a ip, ov an ene villages bos eked aint obsevaton Entering the Field ne mt dificult par of acl ding prtpant servation Isiaking an enty There me ie tle follow 4. ito the il wit play of writes docutestition ou youself Eh yut roject. You need on tae ltr ofan fem rant, yout feuing agency, ot you clit if you ate lag contact, Lets fom unvestes shoul spel ou your fiona ing you, ad ho lng you willbe hei site Rese thea Tees ae inte language spoken where yo wil be workings an hey me ined by the bgt seademie aires pose “Leas of intovetionshald acto nto dtl shou your proposed hf yu ae going todo eset on eden itis pepe acaect, i he ative lsgange othe est dsr bing egoed wok bd psn it aeteepet slong with ous ete 5 rit many tveuch probs singly cat ot be aes ty by enytg cusp pra obeaton I You wt Sand ow sl coor wok, yu ca" very well ge youn ‘i he cou room sented The ee wold Seo Se ou Stanger snd sso ay os mold hve explain Youn est captain youre tthe egg and pt permission ta putcips absentia, your pnipton cms of cg ote cl son who might tn ooh ou pecel "Mer fw ar yes yw woul ve ety eo naw cout wah: wat inde me adja Kn of ‘Scttd nt sd wolath Youmigtdeeopsone echt Shor alae mcrypt euingcovruines betwen ‘use and epi wae ern every oF a= Soci he hypaeses on sano courte you tink tei eli ging dn yor oa all nec whca enn es mato speech pit | Dovey coming itunes you absottty have to Toes nothing | ial or “peing i on your own "Us peste Santas tobe you youre into field se When I went tthe island of Klpmer, in 1964, [cared wit) me aso peopl Togk opt slestd | ti tom peopein the Grek Ameren cnn of Tarpon Sings Phil, wh had elatves on Kasenoe f Hyo0.ewadying moten institution (hop, police depatmens, | Sen cte Fay eto ath pind wet ove Pd te sames of he people who sete gaskeeers ad ee then fst | nr than cat you wil mani strict cafe a tat noone My wil be pisonallyWembe In seme ces, sing thea RBSEAKEH METHODS IN ANTHHOFOL ogy pee hate ug en acai ct scm dase mateo 9 ayy og sinaunee a a ee cane ce ot i pe eee bh cosa mi high your om eee Looica cient nacre ern teaming the Language ‘les you ar fl psig in the sult you's sing. haga = prt observer makes you ek Here's how athopolgiss aud fie Delta (1963), «Soon wrt: 4. Sink hong in abc wat ou il ty wok a= sv Se hr! Who sey? Wh oning You? Wha gg Wetec ni tect Why do you wet x ang 2 et ng ml yore br? How do ine Yous Tee thee hk women eee a {6 acral forest ee snp: Be nest, De ome Eiitgan bss, yey 0 be wea jou ewan ou Toe, 97) | Aopoogs cn realy be Semi nth mera Go int ay lord at pre Pit ol get wie a nang Ber sor ‘West War Army Als ore yng jet a Aastin bss yn shes and pig sgn ncreny open Hew ina se 2 hin ey we wt sng hae 1a, ‘eatin Wich even he repoion fave steele The ‘Sores angst 3) ay ete amopoogits rbd who bas he fy tat bt he iat oman: Fa st inporan ig Yo cada | wep ting tear rt speak te langage of te pepe youre Syne spesk wel! Over 30 yes go Rana Natal 196280 | veyed tines nd ond at enbopaogss tho speak he a imgnege me ntl note iy teapots cathe ‘ei nee a he gage ace mes | ou ports hs rien te sabi ht pape wi ‘yu shout nichoat pene eer esther of ou dat depend on contol the el neue? 10199 Pat Rae, one of Far ows nt, Sopa aa cad’ work ou Suoa wan peril ects ws’ lca Simou 966 cig 188819) Bly etl Dok Fermen 1983) hind tat Med ad ben doped By her not oe ste i Thon ngage ‘coring to isn ee (91370, Samo is oe of hos ates sitet onsheed sxeube to enve ned to pute es Tuevevrs ate tel 1 er clos saware st piven sap ol ety cathe fot“ Brisinae acero w oes to wa out for Pessoa knowing at ngage Shey iscne ayo bu ne and ld pee 5. Spend tne sting fo abv he physic ad Ssl aa of sue yraevoigna ey mtn Fea st gene waking larger Yournay a ses teu yo eld walt mic ofits pose, seu aoe ce canedwertyountiying soup ats 207 Teton ach ea eis more pes Soe Soham & Sao 197) This eas Ete Re toy rand hig eros sreneh icc gucci ie shtepcat ol ilge ote saan svoucan Bue ugh Takings cess aaa aes donmanty (wing sound nd isngevey bm sere itctgng oo cetiniybthcn sete SEUSS ou pot ey, ga 96 was nde 5 iether sin sh age cess msl 4 “The Skil of « Partejpant Observer oa cersnctet,paspast observation ust beled a ele hese ptilpant breton sa yoHow to Learn a New Language co ceeaemye tet nenerneeet cageytmrteeutareattegrae oo ets eo ee Sian mania eae Beceem "Sher oo sy ote" equal ie Rosa Yaa aes atataecataaerenern mbes guns Sr aieeginersgctaatcrned eee mentee re ae a ert owt ate You djs td he ped of pour rr ad aa a wines etch ey yout ang te vo “yond anne net cous nth cosy wh You wean arian Soe anise icking roancation changes wh youste studying ci occupational sbculire n out Ova seit td the people nsec speak a difesnt dlc of your ative language i ot msking the loc posunciaton wl jst make ewok sl er wos. peple may think You're iialng tem "Pc key 10 understanding the cle of logget, lawyers, btcauras, sinless oF cic group, however. ito become intial fat ith tet Yoabulry Wars ae wher the culiwal netoe (Fol od nt abet ensing ail language sce sling, 1984 tng Expliclt Awareness | fener ngetnt sil in peticipntobssiton is what Spay “(t) callad “expt anreness” ot he tle dtl in ife Try ths pti: The next ime you se someone ook tet wat go ight [pi tam and sk she the tne Chance a thy'lYook opal Secasas [tent od test time they were ot exp eare of what tay ie Tellhem that you sea scent conducting sty at em ith you for afew maser aout how thy tl ine = Many ole who wea arog ates ok athe lave positons ofthe and ot athe amber on thd Thy abt he arent ime ie io ofthe hrs now) rar he ine tae Have he smote be ‘wht the posto ofthe hand wl ook ikea some tie ne te) and actin with hefernce ayia to ey aout Tey {pe hve te teooee expt hare fhe fact ar 3.10 pm Pah ‘oven iin! waches maybe banding Be presen some fee) Tenenfld et al (1972) tepat ax experinent in which informants fgg sevcal utfxent resauens were asked what the wate sd sass wete wearing snd wht tnd fas wa plying Enferm red mosh ror aboot wha the wars wee wetng thn abet What FArssueses wre wearing Thebes Non ofthe etaitatshad water “Al only watreses bcm ls provided move dtl shout the kind of musi a es td noc have masta ty provided for extant th id fe mui Kionstldspecuted tha inthe abvence of test omovies thing they'd seen ther, nfrmats treo sul! wen fot austhave been he, What goes wth wha" (O° Ana, 1979) plot test tis yoursett Pick ots Lge lett hall whee male [ ie Aska gro of sedent om that way out oftery al what clo itr profesor as we AGS date a sr and coun the umber of sls she ings op. ser sti cnimat the somber of esse andl ang ht Bo ‘yea Shas jour sills at Becoming expiily aie of oa inet Gh Tou ot coeagues operand weit ep, de (esa oie ont mune, eedioty INNES YO £88 ik aig ted, doing Tou, uieg x sandwich, shaving (ee ‘Teetas) picking out produce tthe sapecmatct, and 5908 ‘Tite ore moter deseiptons and we hom sary deta oes di Catan vice versa Uyou work eetlly ats ae Teilep lator ropes for ow comes and how importante ‘teva ae ee inset at gtr, yodo' sand ich ofachace ald cncoes TDA te oe mac gain th se cra oon yo oan er Sn sh essence none igen wt wi ce? Scent yorosyon toni ose aking ee seen oslo ctr cent ig Anon wn wy occ gy nen Ati exued oar Sy Aayor weap om es =i inntay oman vane rae tapran a a at “nay or a gene nt apes it dove o scope (utah tavay integrin fon or este kon wc 20h apa | vtec of he oy in tl oi ta pa te [pen tne ering Ayr nove neuen ap Ju wl el Sis of ea ind contrat In ete your a You expres Yu cin yt sl there meer ng one pepsing fron ident Building Memory [ven hes we at explicitly anae of things we se, thre ino et avi tonebet tes fg eg 0 write thm down Dull SETS to romans things you See an hes cial © Baricipantobuervation reach etree: Walk pasta tre window ata nots pose. When et beyond rand cat ace it any Longer, ate dows al th gs Stree the window Goback and check Dot "POU notice an even in your ability 1 remember ile Te Rtoinly Youll become actly amare of ow’ much ou BERLE Sow consents, an you rt immediately to ce eRe fr remcobeing move of what you do 86 Kecp ap aan tl ou arated hal Jou ca" get ay Deer ait fhegs anthrone Gato a church servi ote ha on 08 sol take sony two ctleagees Whoa you Tee, il oP What 98 ‘Goa toe saw, in ss much dls you can sos, ond compet sr Tan Co back othe church and Keep ding this xt aoe eee sted ti (@) ou ae ll seeing and wring dom a eter un Q)you have fetched te Lito ot bit 8 ‘Somes tains scenes "eer issume accu by ging 10 achurch service with WH tulad eng evel cenit wha 0% A arch hts ad tee ging bck and taking noes nl Be ee icine and noting the same things, You cn doo wi (Her eee a's aaa 10 you: a bowing alley, s- MBNeRerenibe,aning your sili tos shins eat Sa ‘ae ce tha yo seething accrzly But less you bene daining Naiveré ‘ty aot declp you lat being a novice—at being somsooe who ew wont ern ne eae Tht mayen nh hed ating juice how wnt thngs David enecnan made ip the Sina sen with & group of Badoens One of he Beas tran (1989), reid gue and swan oli Basak ‘eco te eo yah ey den Nat gh ie Ile kt Th led th kt ol ne ‘hentetenprmae clinton 50 dope Powe By Nowa Soe IRecngonten asthe ice hep neta Wa (9330) ing you sive wl come eatin a atresia 9 gre b hn wh ce Mn i = Tesoautomati tht yoe do’ know ow wo etlectalze ese dye. yu te ie many mile-lass Americans, you eatingsen of 00 any ep tii ning th coe of tuber then sting Sown for meat fnce met Wo you fey tha in! ef wor tn dxcbe our on ei bent” ier of yur own suns ats beri tan you tesa attra if yu ely et poop ech you ey Ege lonk cil. hoop yo be opie at ho Erg orca ead many parts fy ely now Yt EeVesample Paratan? ante sal pets Wien CB a ‘sotleming a Bebams they make files Te) Sipe ih CB ins wil ‘stp ac how i thay tow seta eget fr over ge inetaton that ham opts ue fr gated The Ces el award at est There iin te snare on of hbase {on your wht aes ea 0 prope ‘ome ther par fou own clos a 05 oncom say se"Thats wou youd a tcl comes Oxly etn ey inelesunveh exgtene Take neon wht ys at shou ep {coro that she Sing nov and Sow ou tik oe a ‘sk'nvenge a tear le Your ingouson wl pene Steer nooks an canis of our ele hat you con erp ‘hooupiy acer’ noice Thera save oc nt luo he et nso play Hy ‘napot een our desing wits cultures ment {ate ln by gouritvoopstene Nichol Agu (973 1980) 2 ferech onthe eof en sien New Yo City Hi in ‘Paella Aga signee of te ves was as orien then Eten win ebsites, Ag ould have gens fom vay tthe pice by ot ng red Unce sok cums ‘Soc expt yout fora oak yous ths wing Sd a you how to apt tsr ests Agar had to lea sn nde pickle mest mt hints 7 Tet leas bee our expert ot whasegeed bal tagpn wih people Artopolgist lave ped doses fr penplein the eid anda deer hile Grom cscing bike Soest aut) to he people and Yo pu thew conde tes yu esting bgp tested people you may ave that youknow sar amount abot eearh mets fre they lea sn you Aga (8038) enc states a aerntve Hee cont sar seed by bach who was ng te! “Wh you 38 E axe conto up” Te my study of tan elem (197) sever seed se what competr pogroms Iwas pong fet 40. cet bot conn, tke at es 3 months wo acleve eatoe ileiwseconlized competence inate coloe aed be aceped 83 iat bret, ta a someone wh ha leaned enh Io earn "pe sbily owt comforaby and cles ion of he mostimportat hil you can devlog urs paicipunt observe Bihnogaphets whe ae etomtorabie a wits pode fw Held notes ant Tle pubis ‘fos you haveany does abou you ability ost down ata typewster vd proceso and pound ou thowsands of word, day is and day ou ery bold that il now, before you go ilo teil for an ented #6 ny to Bld tha sil it tem op with one ot mot colngues sonore so tsing ball te expoitony wig ability Set concee ‘eputaswotig ts ox yousites, ond tte one aot s ws Senate fly and se Tete hing "Mickey Mouse” shot Gating of exec iyo tink yon seed end wtng sls wl cay you Dough papa observation “pdr, mitee dseraton, ad, inal, wring er pubicatce Beet beavaid wwe senly and compliogy The worst tht ca Pipe somone wile you fo “populaiing” yout mati. Titctrorapers sould ridley tte heen ae vol pooped tein Seay el veting Horsing Out may sound ly, bt ast hanging ote» lad vt you lean it os can do year bxt work a» patipnt obsever Remeber what ‘Gusts begcning ot his bape Parent obervaion a sualepe Prt tat fee yo lear what you want teas std apply all he data ston etods that yea may man ary ‘When yo enter ae fle stuatos th empation sw ask a ot of sections inode learnt mocha ponnble a6 aucly ab possible ‘re are man things that people cane or Wont el You Ih ase 10 {otion Ifyou ak pple too ikl about he sources of ht weal, ou ae katy to get incomplete data I you ask abou eral lions eet, you amy ge toroughlyumeiale responsesey IESUAREN METHODS IY ANTHROPOL Gg Hanglog ou bls, and west seas in erdinary comet cwdiaryhebavio in yout peseece Osce you 100M, om nging ‘ety what you vaso know mae abo aod one people tat yo to boty the condense, youl be mpd tthe dec quetons cana Tshissay of Comrie, Willan FoteWhyt(988) wonder wht “utbangng on streets ws an acvecnogh Proce tbe ey bythe tam fever erape should ant seen questous het eso reid th ee ha 1 learn when 0 quesion afd wes ‘esto wel as wha gusts oss (P 78) 3 ilp Ride ded hl oben Kenya He survey an fou topic ieries, uy fare os lgnlcan event me Sapreed ts 2 typed of partpany "hanging et! Being mye ‘Sach ae mater "While isting afarants oe ny, Kile ier sco ging a cl second scbool Te od ct ha {oane nether had owe het Baby it a pit tine athe seo, ede fered ania ssiance he yng mi dey ‘ichagetornvlvng craven misuse” The even hth elke ad witnessed Hoc efor foro to the seach ti inthe naccefing months tie, 1982190) Objectivity ‘pion and memories Using th rtrion, no tas beng ca FB pletely objecive We cat id culsles of our experiences, 2 “fr know ayo who thiks woul bea goodies even oy "We ca, however, Boome avate of or expres, cu pin salts Wen bof oid observation pia co ight ond sk wed We've sen atwe waned sc, whatis eal outhete The pele) Fortune oboe bse machines i for ws 10 a ‘bpcive—tat b acuate—snowledge by sansceading cubes Teale Rieger an Aimereas woman doing fieldwork in Cao, sta piel puishient gtnst women She ered hat wie beings We [Ee volent than she had imagined aa ht he at sl sickened er feection bough ats ft norton om women who wee eel | tecipent of thls husbands’ wrath found ot” she ses, "ii BE sd ootook of ws Ameriean woman anda tsiod athioplogt + psa advangcos ogo as aa fad eto conc “Gleenion of my bes ig 198612, fetus abjeve kaos ss somahing to pall on "pease ol bj exptence Feldvet sid Toba invlven a those review ofone sown et and ver —one' el for wat {fin ove Src orang elder You wesc ase he Stet and ge op te“ sarom ised sl, Siscoveng the we JS ieiene and pops nthe ow comer” We re ed exper [tebe ns" ao uence Sey by consent P Siinway. be concede sime gant Secivay ech maw [fac sates nde andontndiag of treats that mach fre rotoed Tumut 18627) Sin tetonctcor se objetv kale ste gal of pc [ges chan’ DantySorgaen, fr stale, abvoes comple _ Meio ad chemin he possmenon you sy “Decoing the | Grnoncnon® inpemen tyes pupa obsereona soy fo | frctcing to and gaining experience of form of haan ite Tes ab | Spjrive sprout aor oe resulta the accurate, etal descrip = sltesaside experience oie” Jorgensen, 19893) PT ityon se hs seatey of full race, ogenon sys, you mus be tse oswich buck and forth btwn he inside view od hat of a8 Savi Todo that—eo mina yor objective spay ties Tor | Gee sugges ining 4 cllegae wit whom ou em a things oe | fui Tao i ive yoosl am cle! for dsussing the theoretical. | fpoologia, snd emoroaal sare that ineviaby some op in fal peripaton field esearch I's god advice ‘Objectivity and Neutrality bjsivity doe at mea (end Bae never meant) value neuality No [ope sts Cola Survival nc tobe seul to documenting the voles ‘bien gals indigenous peoples of the weld No onc asks Aranesy Inertial tobe real nolo to document sttesantoned to te Werecogniz that he power of he docuneaon sais objets, Sischiling Imei. not its eat Chit Sirk av etnogape: rom he Netelands a tied pst ‘eerandntvenne og ae non Alten Ametican coments |New York Cy und Newat, New lescy Stk wae 3 ane ind ed | Sri to man of the momen wih whom she worked Tn one 2-mca [Fed inthe Ine 198D, she stendd the fusca of Seven women shese IESCARCN METHODS IN ANTHROFOLD tan us ew wh a dof AIDS She fl hat very scarcer is ae the week io ke does One cannot enaieweual and uiaoleg ‘tan ute, the emucher sp of he commonly” (Ste, 9 eee en Le neta eee cette vn ne orien mae a cael talesnaas i ne a ae ee ns Se a eee nachos boss Reece en tsa ea een Sen con md Oe pee res pete mma cis ines tm tte et ‘hotels ever erlved whether twas ath opo}gy cr petonn ‘Many oe peopl she sod wererrvvers of the Holacs, ‘neo, cold anyone look a them dspasionatly? How eau fee ‘hing bot awe and appreciation or er mete presence? Since ity was impose nd iealiation andere | Secded on stv Satence" Meyer 198990) wasn wadet enacts Iwssec pelea oat msl ‘vulpine pepe sey ansomaedag Pave Tare et fina newer on whet is god cba 1 stay your ‘ste ecoc fune el woke couldexcage hm unread tte Plenyof people ave doze ad plety af ope have wits {au aan fllenge tna sly en ar ey cope met tha is ke tox a Oath i, youl ow te anus nd Enh witetaneofexperenertey wilencntr ie (198816) bes gence. we have lees that bi | peveshoutcevain ates fifa etme ‘eeopiz call ptr youve very dy and yu Toto ngs for gasted that as outsier wold pk up igh aay yeu ste got stay your own cule sary tealig tee acer ofothers who bite done 0 Jou'Ilknow what ou ing S SES cecrchonds Tobe Staphenson Cree, 108, Fins ja ‘Wotanteeof good ntetions” (987.260) and wheever we went the baby feels BS 988) | ghthconestton opener Bate warned: Iaieg len the ld | Sn plce them at ink Moe ox thi Iter, | aking sivred has is cons Nate Gonrder found Bat being a theces moter of vo youn sons in he Dominican Republic way os [se msch Had It do again she sys, “Tvoul invent widowhood | ssppropvin ngs andphotagtops” (198692) Even eight may aks “Hitec: Alan Tacbs one ld me he thought he id bet ero ‘elke Mana esaee he's 65" hae he would have i he'd Bea, 3. ORengesea 910" "Teron chris do make a diferenceinelawork Belag olor “yom let you int certain hinge and bu You out ef others. Being Byte 1990, Mtge Mend had beady made clear thes ends: ne'n vrai in dat coletion (ee Mend 1986) Genet Tent ewe consequences I mite your access to can infos Intueaces now you pereive best.wealthy les you to ceva pepe aboot cea jects and mag ‘ets avoid You Being stegaius makes sme people ops up tay Fakes tent shy say ‘There smo way to sliminate the pron ing. The maxim tat “amopsogss ae oterwse sensible = asi heat of sae” appeenty Migs appar 1950) resented pace of aninpoloits who do ildwor i South Asi work fin ay cer seen datanhring excise fort me Or tony exposed ola, an 4% rept contig the disease. iho sending soot ot odo the wok OF couse the oe OT Sow pect of atropoloits wo work in Aiea oot ex- vet owe problems (Rorney, 1989), Ba cpr heving dria Seventy percent of shop. ee Work tSouh Asa ep having ad some ler diese Mtcon al ntvoplons 3 reperchving epttn Tne os itn 8 week fo hp 1968 and spent moet of nah or tring. lyn smc of eps Ba age 47 i 1985 afc ome Fee ectestogial ort natien Typhoid fever ses common ntropslop sae anodie Open ghd sei bole emit iafecous eases, iets av feted ot Hed many atvoplogss Fei Xisong. | pice st atnewes wat engin ages bapa Chinn 1985 Toe Sct him an avd for month te wt ed ibe atmpt 0 69 | ebttp ict zinnie Romo was Kedah Pil | (Sal Thomas Zileri stadzn athe Univesity of Pee | Fitna ware by absoh aera youdntninin 1985 Hews ing [Pye when te was sec. Kin i was sccidntl by a row | we oc with am Acte hating pay lo Paraguay i 1982 (Howe, | Doon) rtcon you do aout thes? Get ever ncn yo ee efte yor teaver a fs the one hats egued by te aunty You ae _Tcg. Cech yon ceunty heath ofc fo te atest infomation em Feats er Deas Cntiol bounces prevalent nth sea youte ino an ea thts Koos to Be mi take fll ia ge with you 30 yu nt an out while ete Sex and Fieldwork 1s umeasonable to assume that singly ad ld workers ae ‘Aa nesked ister profes fr ave Selman td mo TOarans of guiniac every gt ad Kep off women (1979.1) Ana {haow tate nt we heard Com Bran chro th ee ol Tota (1986s at bb aia Wh ons Mt 19 Dou Dais (1980) ces he los wi mei Vie te Newiendnd ilge wre sh ws dg ramon nag led hat she was ot bond by the expectation In fc. Di ae “Sein pad off” mode wonea mvc coaxial with ie causa ‘Simply baking aru everyone ee broke™ (19865) {he posible fallow, or you nd fr you pate, tun you woulda you. ‘own commnity Eventually. you wilbegeing home, Wil a effec oer pins nopatively?Prosiens aginst sx in fldwerk sly, be hse ey dont wrk But understand that tis sop aea that eo ‘rerybetemny ake very seiosly a "Whee ppl pat aoands gourd al of hicks pale & pa wine en poitely and explain yourseltyou havo. You'l probably insu ‘ew poole snd your protests won't lays ge you off the Hook, bat | ceamering he sumer of times yousreexporediodisease oes jeu Fao comtacing sense | ater ein very ik nthe eld 'veleamed carta soppy of bot | ter iene wen 1 go vt use where I'm te toe piven spond © Sot lca ew Toe git of bold beer generally preci nd Deu of th embsransment of having (otra down acne athe oo ‘Sve nano males plas that Pm potatoe OF eure you are eat, you've got a eady-ade get-out Surviving Fieldwork : he tieof this sections hee ofanimpentant book by Nan Howl (4980) Al amvepologiste shold reas Howell's ook, especialy hx Wh expect oo fldwork in developing satons Howell surveyed 204 snopotoies about ileses and acne nthe Gl and hee8 psn Cron ives hospi Tor inforiation on te fay I you sre nay sctsdent fn rome ‘thee you seo scion traaton can sor abot B60 ‘raconttperon yj tom conta) Aino Fas ocak ene ten le fr nsranc hat wil eave ‘The Stages of Participant Observation In what follows 1a on tee svc te Metaue that day with td sesench (0) 9 years of wor, wih the late Michel Ree recting Nason Scene Foundation eld chon cull sep ‘ogy and linguists ad) conversations wit claps during he ag 30 years speiially abou ther exeiences in he il a ‘Dring ut west wie he eld achool (1967-1971), Resny and t | developed an cline of veearcher response in pscpan bec: Tieldwork Here ste what we tought wee the sages of putin bee ‘atin lB work Inia Comat) Shock () Discoveing te Oe ‘as (3) The Break (c) Focusing) Exhastio, the Second Beh ta Frame Actin (@) Leaving Thee sno gubtane, ofcourse, bt fiom Keany’s and my dats. chances ate good hat you wl exprence may of there well fie Sages at some pointe your ek sore beter abe to cape witht sing the inl cont psig, many athopsogis report exper cag wknd of eapora ab exec they bogie sve shut 2 ew cate. People whe become eau! antuopolgiss Ia te fst Pisce ae acted tothe sen a ving inne cle They ae fe ‘lighted wea tcy bein odo 50 ‘But not always. Here is Napoleon Chagnowstecoleton a hs Ht encounter withthe Yanomsmi "looked pand gasped whee saw ues iy naked, soa. ieous men staring at x own te half ht ad there ben a diplomatic may out I would have stay ildwork hen an here” (Chagson 198510.) “feds tbat and vn ene common thn we esi athe P chutes Wogley, who woud Become one of our diplite's most olbed efnapaphoy ade is fst fled tp In 1937 Toad “yeti chieinTotoieapdn Casta avited Wapey oes inaparoe rife and wo daughters jon’ AS nhs mdf tee, to of be ches ade came nd Bose ‘RSjone ff to another room The cet expla the uid move avs sows! | pase bat ng mucin ang howe pur Hehe mol nerd he ge of ate a [otic eblemotayig tote amang a sel esos an tsp weet sep T weal ie Me a ‘nd fess New Yor (Wage, 19858) Fly listen to Rosie Wo desoib her encounter with he Aizona apne latrament cag hat she sued ding Wold War (1971) Me ae ave n Phoent was 110" Later a ay afte: «bus ie {ils 20-nile ein a Gluck, seroee a duty landicape bat Tooked The eskimo sme connie epi” with apanese American wo woul Ut hey, Wax sed at he Gla camp. By thn was 120 She was incest quarter, which was an army batacks divided in in Sl, vabandoed find her cll bya poses of mination Thcosinel ur ig ad el als oft: an on ole Seber iy moh a eh, ta oe {woyca-lé facta wants Afters fund too, ‘dcende barack tatconsnedtwotaee spd scopic! sh sis Teed aceasta ea Coa 088 on 2 Shock ven among thou antopolghst who have = plese expetiene ing te incon pero (and masy do) aos al epetexpet- ‘Sein some form of depression ad shack soon thea: (whim reek brows) One kin of shack comes athe novelty of eld se Wears ofad th is his uty feting thi mop has 1 8 done. og ‘eseatshre expec hose 9 he ft el ip) iy shops etn of aay abot ity tcl god da ‘Agtd pas do ly kod ets ela ac ay cnc, dy hush ven aecing poop ff a ‘Anolis rpms toa cs, method soe > ekg an espone Sig partie sb ewe “Aner in of sot I tote elie tel ae hei scutes poe ad ot eae yee ea caer of core sos auhng sna igh Loc eno han ‘hldseuing pace y opel gou atoll al a iit yon ay The pet of aig prop when {ovasearor moray bone gsing You Sind youe tong Hemmant soning a simples ac ght swe ‘desi te tan op and down emo This ast eample ot an byte way Tapped a acta cf in, an nce bea nial ih ea ee tind he way “hoy se ppd fo You my ad yoo a ‘Neen cl or acca se ob ft apr ‘nid Lee spointmets tre ‘Cal hock Common vat fling ot pope ely dant want you tod sya rca) You ney ae ou cul fn someone with wim ope yor ete npuge Bet ‘ih spooe in the the ng ee ngage dye yd ence hd oh orca cet aah inate iat enotonaly weng Indy angi ily, be pepe ame seius tet ee soi tenn «dpnsonts ose Bowser (1909 tae ontoned wih he Pole a nowy hat synch ac nas Fea toot apariein bck nan She wa poweise stop eos and set foaflfor be ow ty Tove nvr gown cntomed to sig peopl ese he tnd catpe oop aceite tne min Mero nd Gece alee ‘twit he death fs otng man on ono or pgs dig bon flew In Giese Tincw te ls sale dag col te [evened hat den wos he des nd he eps te vse ‘hy inte hove ese tbl cu T sed sper oe seehing, bl he was nang eld oct wot od icv tring “The mos common petson pole fox arpa in te ld sot ig set ge any pvcy May Poste tid te Anglo en © putea me My acess dias i | eis bor ms woth tt me Becase Ie tT woe a _Gonthe wbaletip it of tvacy pts Wie eis went tei ofKalymmss eno ek my wean ied goes sham The en ee ate eto ea abo amily dynamics Women of Ge Tourn aoyed ond thee ny sls tie inet “Bie When same ome ath en of each ays woo oul neers my tayo th do, nal oye abt 0k ces new y's Idi sare evrything ding woking hous with isp elves whey fe eed Spout roo i we Sally taco move cat ad tng 2 Sec Pay nami wat adsocontoc ing nbs my wie an he tine, Ae i tne. er 80 Word fr the Sree cas boo | Resto ivcy in Grech The closet los tastes as "being alone | Shines octness. "Sno avanti cm Ind sl 0 ned or My uc wht baw sth wnt ev ig | Eenapra cou Mysore (1979) soe a a ato rw SiTeupette boy tkns a Ramage esta ot ‘aye They woe uted oy ng ally mals Why sad ‘Uitenhage a ends fa {pans plage bom ip gp ey my Ow my een Somerset med indecee en Tey ide patton sean jel me (Tey mes) tre ‘ilcitapben gue ige oto ins Cate sock subsides a eeachers see aw te business of gt lg datson adil bai, bot doesn't go aay becase te Sous of ‘yance dont gay “ "eles yeu aie one ofthe very te people who ely “go native in nhs eltace in which ese il be ver fit for yout nee tine you experince. you wl cope with ealate shock, not eliminate Sou will cin conus of ings annoying You bt you on fel Saetheyaecipling yoorsbityto work Like Snes when tings ‘inns, you have te god seesetoleave the iets for abla:1 [SEARCH METHODS IN ANTHROFOLog 2 Discovering the Obvious In the next phase of paicpantobsrvton, reaches sete ‘collecting data‘on a mote o les systematic tats Gee Kk & Nu 1986) This is sumtimes accompanied by ah inteestng pason sponse, aeae of diacovery hte ou felt infants ae gh Teng you in on the "good wut sbeat the cltore Mach o i a Stu wl later frm otto be commosplace You may "Wlcorese fe rane that women have mor pove: othe emu thn en | je. ta thee ae ew system fr cope selenite —one ea informal aw abd oe that wks ough informal mechani, ‘A conconiant otis fei of Siacovery someting el being i contol of dangerous ination and se fuer Yong informants esr You may fin ous going be Your field aoe, Loking fr places tet 300 igh ave apn. end an inoemant, and making sptoptne hangs You may way tout those copies af ed nates you hve atedy set Rome ane teeome Tide conraed stout bow wal ou canst 3our maj ‘loro to maitnin the pia of senate : This the sage olan when shopoogs a taling ao “thei vilag, how poole tat at "ekg he tee ofthe clare This eting often spa tsechee to lst mote nd snore dato accept every lviaton, by etry nferan to ver een {fle ays wth ebieration sade nghs wh itn op fino Days off esomeunhintal, sd the see of icovery Becomes es snd more iene This the tine fake serous ek ‘The mitiedwork nea, which usually comes eer ae c four most ‘ss cuca pat ofthe veal partsnantabecraton experince ran ‘opportunity fo get some tance, bth physic! and emesonal, om he etd tf gves you chance wo put ings ite perpen ink abot ‘what you've gto a, and what you ned fo gt the tine tema, Use this tie to ole data fom regional oe natn! aii servo ent with clean tthe al univers and cae you fing te Vis ther commanitin inter ptf te county And te su ole ‘Same ie to jst ake a vaeton, witout inking sot tech al "Yost iferans also need beak from you "Antopologi st uscomfortble madera mates hw clon het apport ed hale ‘Wigley "A shot lespte i utalybeelicial One returns ith oe J iy | So toas Thoreaton ha ee size cam hn nt pert ca, you wilhave abet ie of exaly wha ki of a tr lahing, td yo! sts of problem wil ao come mae sharply orally repre despa ststement gore tothe fl of cure sf el you what ou stole ooking 2 Revels, cen the mont oases Sexign wl have tobe feted nth i tse cases yoo ay ind yous making ad [ingen you design, toed on wht you find when You get the Fed ped several one asalycallesg Me is maieg woeg outa soe hs, et sew esac emt’ expan ant over mang sa mo hanes The ‘eran thing as soge sto fonts he fserch and we yout ne Irecvcly ates than agsising ont How (ave compouents of Your teil eesien auton, the Second Beak, ad rate Activity [Ae 7 or 8 mea, some paticpat overran that ey tare ened thet informe, Bos telly aed figure That i thy ay become embarassed about conn oask te iaforans fo Iottnfomadion Oe the ny mae te spree mista of living heifers ave no more to ell hem Te teason ts s sacha istek, of cout, ith ke store of uluslkrowledge in an culturally {lmptent pevsor fv entmave far moe than miyone could ope "Atti poet anther break ir sally good idea. 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