Am MM Terms & Definitions Collection Unedited

Asset Management / Maintenance Management
Terminology and Definitions
Table of Contents
A............................................................................................................................................. 1
B............................................................................................................................................. 5
C............................................................................................................................................. 8
D........................................................................................................................................... 15
E............................................................................................................................................ 17
F............................................................................................................................................ 20
G........................................................................................................................................... 24
H........................................................................................................................................... 25
I............................................................................................................................................. 25
J............................................................................................................................................. 26
K............................................................................................................................................ 27
L............................................................................................................................................ 27
M........................................................................................................................................... 29
N........................................................................................................................................... 33
O........................................................................................................................................... 34
P............................................................................................................................................ 36
Q........................................................................................................................................... 43
R........................................................................................................................................... 44
S............................................................................................................................................ 48
T............................................................................................................................................ 52
U........................................................................................................................................... 55
V........................................................................................................................................... 56
W........................................................................................................................................... 56
X........................................................................................................................................... 61
Y............................................................................................................................................ 61
Z........................................................................................................................................... 61
Term
Definition
A
ABC Analysis
Statistical tool used to rank inventory from highest annual cost to

the lowest annual cost broken down into three categories.
Typical values are:
Category A - 80% of the costs associated with 20% of items.
Category B - 15% of the costs associated with 30% of items.
Category C - 5% of the costs associated with 50% of items.
ABSA
Alberta Boilers Safety Association is the regulatory organization

delegated by the Province of Alberta to provide pressure
equipment safety services under the Alberta Safety Codes Act and
act as the sole jurisdiction/regulatory authority as defined in CSA
B51 Code and ASME Code.
Accept
to certify that a characteristic, component, material, parts or

process fully meets the Code and Project requirements

Term
Definition
Activity
An activity is a task within a job. This can vary from one to many
tasks depending on the complexity of the job.
Activity
An action or series of tasks (task list) to be performed when

executing work as part of a work package or work procedure.
Typically accompanied by information pertaining to activity
description, the duration and resources required, e.g. directions to
the inspector about what to look for during that inspection. Tasks
that make up the activity could be to clean, inspect, record
information, etc.
Activity Dependencies
linking activities within one logic network or from one logic network
to an activity or series of activities in another logic network. When
linked, one activity is dependent, or, takes precedence over
another.
Activity Planning
The method for ensuring the tasks are logically laid out and all of
the resources required are available to accomplish the tasks when
scheduled.
Actual Hours
The hours earned to complete the work.

(See Estimated Hours)
Actuarial analysis
Statistical analysis of failure data to determine the age - reliability

characteristics of an item.
Added Work
management approved work added to an original work package or

workscope as a new activity or series of activities are identified
from inspection findings.
AFC
Approved for Construction
AFE
Approved for Expenditure (Projects Work Authorization)
Alteration
a change in any item described on the original manufacturers

data report or affidavit of manufacturer which affects the pressure
containing capability of the boiler or pressure vessel. For a
pressure piping system, it will include any change to the original
specification which will affect the pressure piping system.
Analysis
Methodically scrutinizing individual facts to discover the underlying

relationships and root cause of failures, stoppages, or production
losses.
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
APL
See Applications Parts List
Applications Parts List
A list of all parts required to perform a specific maintenance

activity. Typically set up as a standard list attached to a Standard
Job for Routine Tasks. Not to be confused with a Bill of Materials.
Apprentice
a tradesperson (or craftsperson) in training.
Appurtenances
are defined as items which are attached to a pressure vessel or

boilers

Term
Definition
Arc Welding
A group of welding processes wherein coalescence is produced

by heating with an electric arc or arcs, with or without the
application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metals.
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Asset
Unlike in the accounting definition, in maintenance this is

commonly taken to be any item of physical plant or equipment.
Asset
any item of physical plant or equipment. e.g. buildings, structures,

piping, equipment, electrical, instrumentation, workshops, etc.
Asset Integrity
refers to the ability of the asset to perform in a reliable, consistent

manner over the intended operating period and meet the
performance targets for which the Asset was designed. Asset
Integrity is usually defined in terms of Reliability.
Asset Maintenance Strategies
the choice of routine maintenance activities (Preventive,

Predictive or Corrective) and the timing of those activities,
designed to ensure that an item of equipment or component
continues to fulfil its intended functions.
Asset Management
the systematic planning and control of a physical resource

throughout its life. This may include the specification, design, and
construction of the asset, its operation, maintenance and
modification while in use, and its disposal when no longer
required.
Asset Management Philosophy
describes how the organization approaches the management of

the life cycle of the assets. The Vision and Mission defined in the
philosophy describe how the major stakeholder departments will
be measured. The defined philosophy is used to ensure
accountability and proactive interaction between the Operations,
Technical and Maintenance Departments and all other
departments they provide service to or receive service from.
Asset Management Plan
a written plan that describes the maintenance and inspection

activities that are performed on a scheduled basis to ensure the
performance targets (volume, quality, reliability, availability)
established for the assets are consistently achieved. The plan
includes assignment of Process System Critically, a decision on
which Asset Maintenance Strategy is utilized (Failure Acceptance,
Failure Elimination, Failure Detection or Failure Reduction) and
development of the appropriate Planned Maintenance Program
(Preventive / Predictive / Corrective Work Packages and the 52
Week Planned Maintenance Schedule).
Asset Management Process
a business process that consists of a defined set of events and

activities that are practiced consistently to ensure asset availability
and reliability targets are achieved. An Asset Management
Process consists of a Work Management Process Diagram,
Process Guidelines, Work Procedures and Work Instructions.

Term
Definition
Asset Management Program
Defines the specific strategies, programs, administrative issues,

required services and work management processes that are
documented in established practices (policies, standards,
procedures and guidelines). It provides the detailed outline for the
development of the Operations, Technical, Maintenance and
Logistical Support practices required to achieve the Asset
Management Philosophy. The Asset Management Program
defines the methodology that will be employed to maintain the
asset. It defines what will be done but does not define how it will
be done on a specific asset. The Asset Management Plan leads
to the appropriate Planned Maintenance Program for each asset.
Asset Register
a list of all the Assets in a particular workplace, together with

information about those assets, such as manufacturer, vendor,
make, model, specifications etc.
Asset Register
a list of all the Assets associated with a facility, complete with

information about the assets. Listed in the Asset Register, using a
defined hierarchy (parent child relationship), is the Facility Process
Unit, Asset Type, Equipment Tag No., Component No., Part No.,
etc. The register also includes information on the manufacturer,
vendor, make, model, specifications etc.
ATS
Automatic Transfer Switch
Audit
to verify that operations, methods and records are in compliance

with all aspects of the Quality Assurance Manual and to determine
the effectiveness of the Quality System.
Authorized Inspector
person appointed by the Chief Inspector of the Provincial

Department of Labour, Boilers Branch for the regulatory inspection
of boilers, pressure vessels and pressure piping systems as
specified in the Boilers and Pressure Vessels Act and its
associated Regulations.
Automatic Leveling
a function of scheduling software that calculates formulated

equations based on predetermined parameters to establish a
work schedule that maximizes the use of time, equipment and
labour resources while minimizing the production outage duration.
Autonomous Maintenance Program

(Operator Maintenance)
corrective maintenance and PM's performed by operations

personnel. These groups, that may include maintenance workers,
are responsible for solving problems without management
intervention. The maintenance department is only requested
when problems are identified that require additional resources,
technology, or involve process unit downtime.
Availability
An equipment ability to perform its intended function as required

based on its maintainability and reliability.
A measure of the amount of time that a piece of equipment is able
to operate v.s. the total operating time of the facility, unit or site..

Term
Definition
Availability
The proportion of total time that an item of equipment is capable of

performing its specified functions, normally expressed as a
percentage. It can be calculated by dividing the equipment
available hours by the total number of hours in any given period.
One of the major sources of disagreement over the definition of
availability is whether downtime should be divided by total hours,
or by Scheduled Operating Time
For example, if your plant is only scheduled to operate 5 days a
week, should downtime incurred over the weekend be included in
the calculation of availability? The view I take is that one of the
prime goals of any organization should be to maximize its Return
on Assets.
This can only be achieved by reducing the total downtime,
regardless of whether this downtime was scheduled or not. For
this reason, I prefer to use a definition of downtime that considers
all downtime, as a proportion of total time, not scheduled
operating time.
The prime goal of the organisation is to maximize the Return on
Assets, this can only be achieved by reducing the total downtime,
regardless of whether this downtime was scheduled or not. For
this reason, the definition of downtime must include all downtime,
as a proportion of total time, not only scheduled operating time.
Available Hours
The total number of hours that an item of equipment is capable of

performing its specified functions. It is equal to the total hours in
any given period, less the downtime hours.
Average Life
How long, on average, a component will last before it suffers a

failure. Commonly measured by Mean Time Between Failures.
B
Backlog
Backlog is described as the amount of ready to schedule work

divided by the average weekly net capacity of any one craft to give
backlog measured in number of weeks..
See Craft Backlog.
Backlog
Work which has not been completed by the nominated 'required

by date'. The period for which each Work Order is overdue is
defined as the difference between the current date and the
'required by date'. All work for which no 'required by' date has
been specified is generally included on the backlogBacklog is
generally measured in "crew -weeks", that is, the total number of
labour hours represented by the work on the backlog, divided by
the number of labor hours available to be worked in an average
week by the work crew responsible for completing this work.
As such, it is one of the common Key Performance Indicators
used in maintenance.
Backlog
The work that has been planned and is incomplete.

Term
Definition
Backlog by Trade
is the number of man hours contained in the Ready to Schedule

backlog measured in "crew weeks". The total number of Ready to
Schedule hours for each individual trade is divided by the number
of hours worked in an average week per person times the number
of people in the work crew. Trade Backlog is one of the KPIs
used to measure maintenance performance.
Backlog Hours
the total amount of man hours for all the crafts identified on the
Work Orders in the CMMS software that are waiting for work
execution. The Work Order man hours are added to the backlog
when the execution work has been planned and estimated.
Backlog work is sorted and progressed by applying a Work Status
Code. Backlog Reports are used to monitor and manage the
various activities prior to the Work Execution Phase, e.g. Technical
Review, Waiting Materials, etc. The report Ready to Schedule is
used to develop the Weekly Worklist and the Daily Work Schedule
during the Work Scheduling Process.
Bad Actor List
a list of the Top 10 highest cost and or reliability issues in the

business area or plant. Top 10 may be defined by single high
cost, reliability issue, or by many recurrences of a smaller issue
that causes a large nuisance or cost to the business.
Bag and Tag
Pre-selection and staging of the parts and materials that are

required to perform the activities identified on each Work Order
and assembled by tag / work order number
Bag and Tag
Selecting and packing by warehouse staff, of all requested

material or spare parts necessary to complete a planned work
package. All parts are
The process also includes notifying the planner when all the
material is available.
Bagging and tagging
Materials identified by planning are bagged & tagged by work

order numbers at the warehouse when the work orders are
scheduled for work execution.
Bagging and Tagging
Obtaining and packing by warehouse staff, of all requested

material or spare parts necessary to complete a planned work
package. The process also includes notifying the planner when all
the material is available.
Balanced Scorecard
a management system that takes an organizations business

strategy and translates it to an understandable action plan that
allows for measurement and communication of strategic
behaviour, and therefore performance. It includes measures that
are balanced among four perspectives: financial, internal process,
customer, and learning & growth.
Bar Code
Bar coding is a method of charging tools or materials and spare

parts to work orders when issued from the tool crib or warehouse.
A bar code reader scans the bar code printed on the work order
which will update the inventory level in the materials management
module of a CMMS system and accumulate charges to the
equipment cost center via the work order..

Term
Definition
Bar Code
bar coding uses a coded strip of printed lines affixed to items as a

method of charging tools or materials and spare parts to work
orders when issued from the tool crib or warehouse. A bar code
reader scans the bar codes printed on the work order, materials
and tools which will update the inventory level in the
materials/tools module of a CMMS system and accumulate
charges to the equipment cost center via the work order module.
Battery Limit
Comprises one or more geographic boundaries enclosing a plant

or process unit for the purpose of providing a means of identifying
certain portions of the plant, related groups of equipment or
associated facilities.
Benchmarking
A continuous learning process for understanding and measuring

operations internally and then comparing them to other
organizations which are recognized as having superior practices
and implementing plans to adapt and change operations to meet
and surpass those practices..
Benchmarking
the process of comparing performance with other organizations,

identifying comparatively high performance organizations, and
learning what it is they do that allows them to achieve that high
level of performance.
Bill of Materials
a list of all the parts and components that make up a particular

asset. Not to be confused with an Applications Parts List.
Blanket Work Order
A work order that remains open for a maximum period of one

budget year to receive and accumulate small maintenance jobs.
Used also for vacation, meetings, training, etc. for the purpose of
tracking hours and resources charged to specific indirect jobs..
See Standing Work Order
BOM
see Bill of Materials
Break In Work
work that breaks into the set weekly schedulesee Emergency,

Critical and Urgent Maintenance.
Breakdown
a specific type of failure, where an item of plant or equipment is

completely unable to function.
Breakdown Maintenance
see No Scheduled Maintenance
Bucket
(Rapper) Metal framework for mounting electrical gear inside a

MCC.
Business driver
Trends and events that force the business objectives to change.
Business Practice
A set of positive guidelines helpful to the performance of a specific

type of work that may not always be done in a set way.
(Description of what will be done to meet the requirements of
established standards).
Business Process
a series of best practice methods established for consistent and

effective management of an identified business, e.g. asset
management, turnaround management, etc.

Term
Definition
C
Calibration
the process by which working or measuring equipment is checked

against certified measurement standards of known accuracy and
adjusted as necessary to insure compliance of tested equipment
with design and traceable to national standards where such
standards exist.
Call - out
To summon a tradesperson to the workplace during his normal

non - working time so that he can perform a maintenance activity
(normally an emergency maintenance task)
Call Back
After the execution of a Work Order the person is called back

because the work execution was not finished properly the first
time see Rework.
Call In (Out)
to summon a craftsman to the workplace after his normal working

time to perform an activity (normally a critical activity)
Cancelled Work
work that was included in the original scope of work, but was not
required after inspections are completed on an asset.
Capacity Planning
The utilization of specific labor resources based strictly on

availability during a specific period.
Capital Spares
usually large, expensive spare parts that require a long lead time
for .procurement. The parts are usually associated with A or B
Critical System assets that are capitalized (not expensed) on the
books and depreciated. The spare parts provide protection against
excessive process unit downtime
Capital Work
when an expenditure exceeds the relevant minimum

capitalization limit and not only replaces a fixed asset but also
increases the rate of output, lowers operating cost or extends the
useful life (i.e. asset betterment), the expenditure shall be
capitalized.
Cause
Reason for failure.
Cause Code
The cause code reflects what caused the failure and corrective
action is taken against the cause to eliminate future same failures.
Cause codes may be entered when creating a work order if the
cause is apparent, or filled in upon completion of the work order.
Cause codes provide critical data when filtering data for output
reports by equipment tag number for history on failures.
CBM
see Condition Based Maintenance
CEM
Continuous Emissions Monitor
CGSB
Canadian General Standards Board. A Federal Government

Agency engaged in the production of standards for Non
Destructive Examination.

Term
Definition
Chairperson
To be designated by Area Maintenance Coordinator. There will be

opportunity for other staff to participate in meetings at this level.
The chairperson is accountable for ensuring these meetings take
place and they are productive. Chairperson will drive proactive
discussion and facilitate action plans where opportunity is
identified. The chairperson will identify the need for additional
resources where there is opportunity and forward these needs to
the Area maintenance Coordinator. The chairperson is responsible
for delegating their responsibilities when absent.
Change Management
a formal process established to manage change to an original

scope of work.
Charge Back
maintenance work that is charged to the user. All work orders

should be costed and billed back to the user's department. The
maintenance budget is then included with the user budgets. Also
called rebilling.
Charge Rate
this is the rate in dollars that you charge for a mechanic's time. In
addition to the direct wages, you add benefits and overhead (such
as supervision, clerical support, shop tools, truck expenses,
supplies, etc.). You might pay a tradesperson $25/hr and use a
$55/hr (or greater) charge rate.
CIP
Continuous improvement process
CM
see Corrective Maintenance.
CMMS
see Computerized Maintenance Management System.
Coach
One who guides and supports personal development and

learning.
Company Labor
Persons in the employ of the company on a full time basis.
Compliance to Schedule
The amount of scheduled work started as per the weekly schedule

report compared with the scheduled work not started.
Given in percentage, this will indicate the compliance to schedule
Component
A subassembly of an Asset, usually removable in one piece and

interchangeable with other, standard components (eg. mechanical
seal or Truck engine).
Computerized Maintenance
Management System
A computerized system to assist with the effective and efficient

management of maintenance activities through the application of
computer technology. It generally includes elements such as a
computerized Work Order system, as well as facilities for
scheduling Routine Maintenance Tasks, and recording and storing
Standard Jobs, Bills of Materials and Applications Parts Lists, as
well as numerous other features.
The software used to manage the maintenance business. A tool
used to track history against equipment, manage materials and
spare parts, plan, schedule and track manpower resources and
services, craft backlog and budgets. CMMS provides easy access
to historical data for the customized report generator to create
output reports..

Term
Definition
Computerized Maintenance
Management System
a computerized software system to assist with the effective and

efficient management of maintenance activities through the
application of computer technology. It contains an electronic
database that is accessed by all the modules included in the
software. The software is usually Work Order and or Asset driven.
Typical modules contained in the software are Work Order
management, Asset History, Material Management, Asset Spare
Part interchange ability management, Asset History and
Preventive/Predictive Maintenance.
Concurrent Engineering
Operations and Maintenance are included in all phases of

equipment selection, redesign, modification, upgrading and
replacement projects to ensure standardization, reliability,
operability and maintainability.
Condition Based Maintenance
an equipment maintenance strategy based on measuring the

condition of equipment in order to assess whether it will fail during
some future period, and then taking appropriate action to avoid
the consequences of that failure. The condition of equipment
could be monitored using Condition Monitoring, Statistical Process
Control techniques, by monitoring equipment performance, or
through the use of the Human Senses. The terms Condition
Based Maintenance, On-Condition Maintenance and Predictive
Maintenance can be used interchangeably.
Condition Based Maintenance
an asset maintenance strategy that is based on monitoring and

recording the change in the condition of the assets compared with
the original design and operational specifications. The strategy is
used to avoid potential failure by taking appropriate action to avoid
the consequences of that failure. The terms Condition Based
Maintenance, On Condition Maintenance and Predictive
Condition Monitoring
the use of specialist equipment and techniques to measure and

monitor the change in condition of the assets. Vibration Analysis,
Tribology and Thermography are all examples of Condition
Monitoring techniques.
Conditional Probability of Failure
The probability that an item will fail during a particular age

interval, given that it survives to enter that age.
10

Term
Definition
Contingency
Project Estimates - Included in budget to cover indeterminate but

statistically inferred requirements for a Capital Project. As a whole
contingencies are frequently expressed as a percentage of total
amount of the estimate. Contingencies are in addition to specified
allowances.
Turnaround Estimates - Included in control budget to provide a
financial reserve fund for unexpected or uncertain events that may
occur. By adding a reasonable contingency based on history, the
Turnaround Team has the flexibility to deal with a certain amount
of minor added and extra work that may be anticipated but can not
be defined during budget preparation.
Maintenance - Whenever maintenance work is deferred to a later
date, there is a risk associated with not completing that work by
the required finish date. Contingency amounts are assigned to
the risks taken for deferring specific work items. The contingency
amounts are requested for and used only if the identified potential
failure occurs.
Contract Acceptance Sheet
A document that is completed by the appropriate Contract

Supervisor and Contractor to indicate job completion and
acceptance. It also forms part of the appraisal of the contractors
performance.
Control Budget
Definitive Estimate of cost plus allowance for Contingency.
Corrective Action
Corrective action refers to the work performed by the craftsperson

to correct the cause of a failure. Corrective action is entered at the
work order completion level as an action code or in the form of
text in a note field. Corrective action codes and notes are critical
for analyzing failures.
Corrective Maintenance
Scheduled maintenance or repair actions, performed as a result

of failure or deficiencies, to restore items to a specific condition..
Any maintenance activity which is required to correct a failure that

has occurred or is in the process of occurring. This activity may
consist of repair, restoration or replacement of components.
Maintenance activities that are conducted to correct an actual or

predicted asset failure and restore the asset to its design
capability and/or pre failure condition. This activity may consist of
repair, restoration, overhaul or replacement of components.
Cost
Planned / Estimated - the value / expenditure limit assigned to a

Work Order after detailed planning (Labour, Services and
Materials) is complete and the total cost is calculated within the
CMMS
Actual - the final value after all charges associated with executing
the Work Order are collected and complied in the CMMS.
Craft
A classification of a type of work. This is usually thought of in

terms of trades or certifications. An employee may not be
restricted to a single craft..
11

Term
Definition
Craft Backlog
Craft backlog refers to work orders that have been planned and
assigned status ready to schedule. Craft backlog is measured by
dividing the total estimated hours of all ready to schedule work
orders by the crafts net capacity for any given week. A craft
backlog of 4 weeks may indicate a need for increased labor,
(based on the accuracy of the estimated hours.). Increased labor
may be accomplished by increased overtime, additional noncompany labor, transferring employees or hiring additional
employees. A craft backlog of less than 2 weeks indicates a need
for reduced labor. The reduction may come from eliminating
overtime, reduced non-company labor, transferring employees or
laying of employees. It should be noted that in most cases, a
reduction in non-company labor is the result of implementing a
good planning & scheduling program.
Craft lead
The craft lead is responsible for overseeing execution of the work

schedule as agreed to in the daily planning and scheduling
meeting. In meeting that responsibility the craft lead will:
Assign individual craftsperson to task
Assign additional labor requirements to craftsperson
Ensure that those assigned to tasks are qualified for that task
Ensure that appropriated documentation is completed upon

completion of the work order
Review work orders with craftsperson and works to resolve

any unexpected problems with the work plan, resources or
etc.
Monitor the progress of work as per the planned work

package and work to resolve any conflicts which may arise.
Assign emergency work to the appropriate craftsperson and

monitor situation
Attend weekly and daily scheduling meetings and work with

maintenance planner to create daily schedules.
Ensure that all safety precautions are being observed including
pre-job safety meetings and permits
Craftsperson
An employee who is certified in one or more crafts working within

the maintenance organization..
Craftsperson
Alternative to Tradesperson. A skilled maintenance worker who

has typically been formally trained through an apprenticeship
program.
Craftsperson
An individual who has been formally trained to perform the skill

set required for a specific trade discipline. The formal training is
normally conducted as part of a recognized apprenticeship
program.
12

Term
Definition
Craftsperson
The craftsperson is responsible for the successful completion of

the work at hand. As well as applying his/her trade the
craftsperson is responsible to:
Critical Equipment
Review the work order with the craft lead (before and after job
execution)
Ensure that the work is done in a safe manner
Get a safe work permit signed by operations before work is

started
Provide feedback on any problems encountered that may

affect the completion of the job within the planned parameters
(cost, time etc.)
Ensure that new work identified while executing a task is

brought about through the generation of a work request to
identify additional work required.
Ensure that documentation for the job is completed including

the following:
Check off any materials used from the work package
Add any additional materials/parts to the work package
Red lines to drawings
Complete all fields on hard copy work order and turn in to craft
lead
Equipment which has been identified as critical to the process and

has not been spared.
Equipment (equipment) which are critical to the process and have
not been spared. This equipment requires stock of critical spares
(parts), effective routine scheduled maintenance procedures as
well as effective operating practices to ensure optimum
performance, availability and reliability.
Critical equipment
Equipment that would cause a curtailment of operations, or loss of

production in the event of a malfunction or failure.
Critical Equipment
Equipment that has been defined as such by operating unit as

requiring a fixed schedule of preventative maintenance.
Critical equipment
Equipment that would create a safety or environmental hazard or

cause curtailment of operations, or loss of production in the event
of a malfunction or failure to function as designed..
Critical Maintenance
maintenance activities executed to minimize or eliminate an

immediate safety, health or environmental hazard, or to correct a
failure that has a significant economic impact or production loss.
Critical work activities (Priority 1) are executed immediately and
may result in the interruption of scheduled work or require calling
in resources during off shift hours.
Critical Part
A piece of equipment or structure whose failure is most likely to

result in a major loss. (See Critical Spares).
13

Term
Definition
Critical Path
Activity or series of tasks logically connected within a single

network that has no available (incurred) float. A series of
individual networks that logically linked together have the longest
combined duration.
Critical spare
Stocked parts that would delay the start up of critical equipment

should they not be available at the job-site at the time of the
repair.
Critical Spare
see Capital Spare
Critical Spares
High failure parts are considered critical spares. These parts

maybe identified by the manufacturer or through historical data
collected through the CMMS system. All attempts should be made
by maintenance and engineering to modify or redesign equipment
to eliminate high failure parts.
Criticality
The priority rank of a failure mode based on some defined

assessment criteria. The Criticality Ranking (A, B or C) assigned
to Process System Assets is an integral part of the Asset
Management Plan. The Criticality Ranking is assigned based on
the impact that the asset failure will have on Production availability
and Safety / Health / Environment. By ranking all process
systems and their associated assets according to A, B or C
Criticality, all the assets can be rated for their impact or loss
potential.
CRN
Canadian Registration Number Indicates Approval of Design by

the Canadian Jurisdictional Authority as specified in CSA B51, for
the Construction and Inspection of Boilers and Pressure Vessels.
Cross Functional Team
a group of people selected from various groups or departments

within the business unit, e.g. Maintenance, Operations,
Engineering, HSE, Procurement, Security, Finance, etc. to work
together on common issues and make decisions for the business
unit taking into account the overall organizations business
objectives.
CSA
Canadian Standards Association. An Association to provide

Uniform Standards for the design, fabrication, examination,
inspection and repair of Plant Components and Associated
Equipment.
CSEM
Continuous Stack Emissions Monitor
CT
Current transformer used for current measurement
Current Best Practice
the best way known to do something at the present time. The

future might reveal a better way of doing something and thus
change the Current Best Practice.
Custom Report Generator
Computer software which allows creation of a report from any

data selected from a database. The customized report generator
may be a separate module or part of the CMMS package..
14

Term
Definition
Customer
A person, organization or position internal to the company

identified during planning and indicated on the work plan, who is
responsible for the item being worked on, or responsible for the
acceptance of the results of the work being performed
Cycle Time
The duration of time in which a work request remains active in the

system from origination, approval and work order creation to being
placed on the weekly schedule for work execution. Each work
order priority should have a set cycle time..
Cycle Time
the time elapsed between the creation of a Work Request and the
completion of the Work Order. Each Work Order Priority should
have a target Cycle Time.
D
Daily Schedule
The daily schedule is built by the maintenance first line

supervision at the end of each day for the following day. The daily
schedule is built using the work orders identified on the weekly
schedule report. Any urgent work orders received that day should
be placed on the daily schedule for work execution the following
day..
Daily Schedule Review Meeting
Daily scheduling review meetings between operations,

engineering and maintenance are essential to work scheduling
effectiveness and optimum resource utilization. Daily meetings
must be held to ensure that communication and coordination
requirements are established prior to execution of the next days
wok. These meetings further allow operations, engineering and
maintenance the opportunity to:
Assess the status of on-going work.
Identify jobs to be continued and scheduled the next day.
Discuss the need for potential overtime to complete work.
Review obstacles (e.g., break-in work, permit delays, or

equipment unavailability) which have impacted the expected
completion of scheduled work.
Strengthen problem solving capabilities.
Typical Agenda:
Review the prior days work schedule for compliance.
Review the status of the current days work schedule.
Highlight problems encountered (i.e., variances to the
schedule).
Determine if any jobs should be continued past normal
working hours.
Schedule jogs for the next day.
Review new plans for any complex jobs identified.
Review actual vs. planned execution for any jobs that did not
meet established exceptions.
15

Term
Definition
Daily Scheduling Meeting
The daily scheduling meeting is a 10 minute meeting held daily.

The daily scheduling meeting is attended by maintenance first line
supervision, operations first line supervision, and maintenance
scheduling. The purpose of the daily scheduling meeting is to
review the status of the work scheduled for that day as well as a
brief review of the work scheduled for the following day. (see daily
schedule).
Daily Scheduling Sheet
Each craft lead will fill out a daily scheduling sheet for the
following day. The daily scheduling sheet must be completed by
the daily scheduling meeting at 3:00pm. The craft lead will fill in
the daily scheduling sheet using the in-progress work from the
weekly scheduling report. The craft lead will also use hours
indicated on the net capacity sheet and a percentage of time for
emergency work orders. Any urgent work orders will be applied to
the next days schedule.
Daily Work Schedule
a tabular report identifying scheduled activities and activity details

for a specific period of time or specific shift.
Data Entry
As information (data) is gathered either during the CMMS

implementation or through the work order system its entry into the
system is called data entry..
Data Record
A single group of field data in a database (e.g., a single work

order within the work order database).
DCS
Distributive Control System
Defect
A term typically used in the maintenance of mobile equipment. A

defect is typically a potential failure or other condition that will
require maintenance attention at some time in the future, but
which is not currently preventing the equipment from fulfilling its
functions.
Defect
typically a component or asset failure or off specification condition

that requires attention at some time in the future that is not
currently preventing the equipment from fulfilling its functions.
Deferred Maintenance
this is all of the work you know needs to be done that you choose
not to do. You put it off, usually in hope of retiring the asset or
getting authorization to do a major job that will include the
deferred items.
Designated maintenance technicians
Maintenance technicians with delegated accountability for

equipment maintenance in specific operating unit.
Detailed site-specific procedures
Procedures generally developed by or with substantial input from

the operation staff of the operation unit. These procedures are to
be adopted and supported by the Area Maintenance Coordinator.
Direct Cost
associated with the installed cost of man hours, materials and

services to physically install, repair or maintain permanent
equipment.
16

Term
Definition
Discard Activity
an activity to replace a component with a new component at a

specified, pre determined frequency, regardless of the condition of
the component at the time of its replacement. An example would
be the routine replacement of the oil filter on a motor vehicle every
6,000 miles. The frequency with which a Discard Activity should be
performed is determined by the Useful Life of the component.
Discard task
The removal and disposal of items or parts.
Downtime
The period of time in which an equipment is not available,

downtime may be scheduled or unscheduled. i.e., scheduled
maintenance or breakdown.
Downtime
the time that an item of equipment is out of service, as a result of

equipment failure. The time that an item of equipment is available,
but not utilized is generally not included in the calculation of
downtime.
Downtime
the time that an asset is out of service, as a result of failure. The

time that an asset is available, but not utilized is generally not
included in the calculation of downtime.
Duration
the length of time associated with the execution of an activity or

series of activities measured in hours or days.
E
Economic Life
the total length of time that an asset is expected to remain

actively in service before it is expected that it would be cheaper to
replace the equipment rather than continuing to maintain it. In
practice, equipment is more often replaced for other reasons,
including: because it no longer meets operational requirements for
efficiency, product quality, comfort etc., or because newer
equipment can provide the same quality and quantity of output
more efficiently.
Economic Life
the total length of time that an asset is expected to remain in

service before it is expected that it would be cheaper to replace
the asset rather than continue to maintain it. In practice, properly
maintained assets are often replaced for other reasons, including
because it no longer meets operational requirements for efficiency,
product quality, comfort etc., or because new assets can provide
the same quality and quantity of output more efficiently.
EDC
see Equivalent Distillation Capacity
Effective
appropriate, adding value
Efficient
minimal waste of resources.
EHT
Electric Heat Tracing.
Emergency Maintenance
A maintenance activity carried out in order to avert an immediate

safety or environmental hazard, or to correct a failure with
significant economic impact. Also called Critical Maintenance.
17

Term
Definition
Emergency Maintenance Task
a maintenance task carried out in order to avert an immediate

safety or environmental hazard, or to correct a failure with
significant economic impact.
Emergency Maintenance
Maintenance work done" on demand" or reactive basis with no or

very little advance notice or planning.
Emergency Work
An emergency is defined as any condition that threatens worker

safety, will put the operation outside of the environmental
parameters, threatens or disables control of the process or results
in immediate substantial loss of production or damage to
equipment. A work request is not submitted for emergency work. A
work order is developed after the situation in under control or after
completion of the work. It is critical to record all emergency work
via the work order for entry into the CMMS system in order to
analyze the failure, determine the cause and take corrective action
to prevent future same failures.
Engineering Work Order
The prime document used to initiate an engineering investigation,

engineering design activity or engineering modifications to an item
of equipment.
Environmental Consequences
a failure has environmental consequences if it could cause a

breach of any known environmental standard or regulation.
Equipment
See Equipment.
Equipment Category
differentiates individual pieces of equipment according to usage,

e.g. furnaces, pumps, vessels, etc.
Equipment Codes
Standard means of identifying assets uniquely, while indicating

different characteristics and properties of equipment.
Equipment History
documentation of all events such as repairs, modifications
Equipment Life
This term often isn't very useful, in a practical sense. For

example, if I was to tell you that my Aunt has an axe that she uses
for chopping firewood, and in the last 40 years it has had 2 new
axeheads and 5 new handles, how would you define the life of the
axe? Perhaps it makes more sense to talk about Component Life.
Also see Economic Life, Useful Life and Average Life for some
more practical definitions.
Equipment Maintenance Strategies
Preventive Time based rebuild or replacement

Predictive Condition based
Corrective Run to Failure
Equipment Maintenance Strategy
The choice of routine maintenance activities (preventive,

predictive, corrective) and the timing of those activities, designed
to ensure that an item of equipment continues to fulfill its intended
functions.
Equipment Network Logic
Work flow diagram consisting of execution activities logically

linked and connected by precedence for a specific asset.
18

Term
Definition
Equipment Number
The number affixed to an equipment item. Any equipment

requiring cost, maintenance and repair history. The equipment
number should reflect constant information such as equipment
type, location or service i.e., P2510 (P&ID tag number)
Equipment Shutdown
Shutdown of equipment by operations for the maintenance

organization to perform scheduled maintenance or repair.
Equipment Type
The category to which an equipment item is classified. For

reasons of grouping equipment. i.e., pumps, vessels, packers,
etc..
Equipment Type - a sub
Division of equipment category which gives more detail. An

example of types of pumps is centrifugal and reciprocating.
Equivalent Distillation Capacity
a dimensionless correlating factor developed by the company

Solomon Associates Inc. that is useful for comparing the
performance between plants with dissimilar processing
configurations and sizes. EDC factors are then correlated against
actual refinery data for energy utilization, organizational and
maintenance practices and overall cash operating expenses to
identify best and worst performers and the work practices that
explain the differences in performance.
Estimate
Order of Magnitude - estimate based on preliminary feed and

recovery throughput rates, plant type and when available,
geographic location and rough block type flowsheets. The degree
of accuracy for an Order of Magnitude estimate is + / 20 to 40%
Factored - estimate based on the historical ratio of bulk materials,
labour and indirect costs to the value of major equipment. Major
equipment prices on preliminary sizes and capacity are estimated
or solicited from vendors. The degree of accuracy for a Factored
estimate is + / 10 to 30%.
Definitive - estimate based on flowsheets, detailed drawings, bill of
materials, final equipment list, vendor quotes, accurate plot plans
and complete specifications. The degree of accuracy for a
Definitive estimate is + / 3 to 6%.
Estimate vs. Actual

Est. Vs Act.
The estimated resources as per work order package compared to

the actual resources used. This information is critical for adjusting
plans for future same work and to give the maintenance planning
and indication of how well they are estimating each work order.
Used to modify work packages for more accurate work packages
and cost tracking. Also used to indicate the maintenance planners
ability to estimate resources for work packages
Estimated Cost
An estimate of the cost of a work order or project. This cost

should include all services and resources such as materials, parts,
labor, tool rentals, loss of production etc..
Estimated Downtime
Estimated downtime is usually based on MTTR (mean time to

repair). Estimated equipment downtime is essential to
production/operations and to the scheduling of work to reduce any
losses in production and to allow the maintenance organization
time to maintain or repair equipment .
19

Term
Definition
Estimated Hours
The hours included in the work package set out by the

maintenance planner as an indication of the required hours to
complete the work.
Estimated Plant Replacement Value
The estimated cost of capital works required to replace all the

existing assets with new assets capable of producing the same
quantity and quality of output. This is a key value often used in
benchmarking activities.
Estimating Index
The ratio of Estimated Labor Hours required to complete the work

specified on Work Orders to the Actual Labor Hours required to
complete the work specified on those Work Orders, commonly
expressed as a percentage. This is a commonly used measure of
Labor productivity, particularly when there are well - defined
Estimating standards. A figure of greater than 100% for the
Estimating Index indicates a higher than standard level of
productivity, while a figure of less than 100% indicates a lower
than standard level of productivity.
EWO
See Engineering Work Order
Expense Work
Expenditures that do not create improvements from which future

operations may benefit shall be expensed.
Expert System
A software based system which makes or evaluates decisions

based on rules established within the software. Typically used for
fault diagnosis.
Extra Work
asset items that must be executed during the Turnaround but were
not included on the original Asset Worklist, typically identified after
Day 1 of the turnaround work execution period.
F
Fabrication
the joining of components into integral parts ready for assembly.

This includes bending, forming, threading, welding or other such
operation required on these components. Fabrication may be
done in the shop or field.
Facility
an operating business unit or plant
Facility Engineer
The individual designated to provide engineering services to the

facilities included in this meeting. They are expected to provide
any information that may be beneficial to operations and
maintenance work scheduling 30days in advance.
Fail - safe
An item is fail - safe if, when the item itself incurs a failure, that
failure becomes apparent to the operating workforce in the normal
course of events.
Failure
The end of the ability of equipment item to meet the minimum

performance requirements. Failures should be recorded on the
work order as fault codes for ease of tracking and output report
retrieval. see root cause failure analysis.
20

Term
Definition
Failure
an item of equipment has suffered a failure when it is no longer

capable of fulfilling one or more of its intended functions. Note that
an item does not need to be completely unable to function to have
suffered a failure. For example, a pump that is still operating, but
is not capable of pumping the required flow rate, has failed. In
Reliability Centered Maintenance terminology, a failure is often
called a Functional Failure. Would you classify a planned
equipment shutdown as a failure? Would you classify a routine
equipment shutdown at shift change as a failure? Under this
definition, the answer in the first case would be yes, but in the
second case would be no. The justification for the inclusion of
planned shutdowns as failures is that a failure, as defined, causes
a disruption to the desired steady - state nature of the production
process, and therefore should, ideally, be avoided
Failure
an asset that is not fulfilling one or more of its intended functions.

An asset does not need to be completely unable to function to
have suffered a failure. For example, a pump that is still operating,
that is not capable of pumping the required flow rate.
Failure Cause
see Failure Mode
Failure Code
a code typically entered against a Work Order in a CMMS which

indicates the cause of failure (eg. lack of lubrication, metal fatigue
etc.)
Failure Code
a code assigned to a Work Order in the CMMS that records the

Failure Mode, e.g. lack of lubrication, metal fatigue, etc.)
Failure Consequences
a term used in Reliability Centered Maintenance. The

consequences of all failures can be classified or assigned under
one of the following classifications: Hidden, Safety, Environmental,
Operational or Non Operational.
Failure Effect
a description of the events that occur after a failure has occurred

as a result of a specific Failure Mode. Used in Reliability Centered
Maintenance, FMEA and FMECA analyses.
Failure Finding Activity
a term used in Reliability Centered Maintenance for identifying the

routine maintenance activities, normally an inspection or testing
activity, designed to determine for hidden failures, whether an item
or component has failed. A failure finding activity should not be
confused with an On Condition Activity, which is intended to
determine whether an item is about to fail. Failure Finding
Activities are sometimes referred to as Functional Tests.
Failure Finding Interval
The frequency with which a Failure Finding Task for protective

equipment is performed. It is determined by the frequency of
failure of the Protective Device, and the desired availability
required of that Protective Device.
21

Term
Definition
Failure Finding Task
Used in Reliability Centered Maintenance terminology. A routine

maintenance task, normally an inspection or a testing task,
designed to determine, for Hidden Failures, whether an item or
component has failed. A failure finding task should not be
confused with an On- Condition Task, which is intended to
determine whether an item is about to fail. Failure Finding tasks
are sometimes referred to as Functional Tests.
Failure Mode
Any event which causes a failure.
Failure Mode
any occurrence that causes an asset to fail. The Failure Mode

describes the reason for the condition occurring, e.g. exchanger
tubes fouled. The determination of the failure mode may require
the application of a formal Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA).
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
A structured method of determining and cataloguing equipment or

system functions, functional failures, assessing the causes of
failures and their effect on production, safety, cost, quality etc..
The first part of a Reliability Centered Maintenance analysis is a
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis.
Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality

Analysis (FMECA)
Identification and evaluation of what items are (or could be)

expected to fail and the resulting consequences of failure. Used
to determine how critical a piece of equipment or component is to
the process or facility.
Failure Pattern
The relationship between the Conditional Probability of Failure of

an item, and its age. Failure patterns are generally applied to
Failure Modes. Research in the airline industry established that
there are six distinct failure patterns. The type of failure pattern
that applies to any given failure mode is of vital importance in
determining the most appropriate equipment maintenance
strategy. This fact is one of the key principles underlying Reliability
Centered Maintenance.
Fault
Condition that prevented a piece of equipment from being able to

perform its designed function.
See Failure.
Fault Code
The fault code should reflect the failure that occurred prompting
the work order.
FCAW
Flux Cored Arc Welding. A gas metal arc welding process that
uses an arc between a continuous filler metal electrode and the
weld pool. The process is used with shielding gas from a flux
contained within the tubular electrode, with or without additional
shielding from an externally supplied gas, and without the
application of pressure.
FFI
Pronounced "Fifi", but has nothing to do with a French maid. See

Failure Finding Interval
22

Term
Definition
Field Planning Procedure
a method of planning corrective maintenance work using a Field

Planning Sheet that itemizes all the information required to
execute the work activities. The planner, supervisor or foreman
identify and record the resources required to execute the activities
associated with the asset maintenance plan using the Field
Planning Sheet. The procedure is also used by the planner to
compile and record information on existing site conditions during
the preparation of SJPs and PJPs.
Fifty Two (52) Week Planned

Maintenance Program
the list of all the planned Preventive and Predictive activities that
will be executed during the current years budget cycle. The
resources required to execute the activities are levelled and
scheduled for the 52 week budget cycle. The schedule is
developed in a manner that levels and optimizes the use of
available resources while respecting the frequency of each PM or
PdM activity
Filler Metal
the material to be added in making metallic joints.
Float
Represents the time available for activity slippage in CPM or

Precedence network logic without extending the defined total
duration of the Network.
FMEA
See Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
FMECA
See Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis
Forecast
An estimate of resources that will be required from each service

organization and the approximate dates for which these resources
will be required.
Forward Workload
All known backlog work and work which is due or predicted to

become backlog work within a pre- specified future time period.
Frequency of Inspection
How often asset inspections are conducted.
FSC
Fail Safe Controller
FTA
Fault Tree Analysis
Function
The definition of what we want an item of equipment to do, and

the level of performance which the users of the equipment require
when it does it. Note that an item of equipment can have many
functions, commonly split into Primary and Secondary Functions.
Note also that the level of performance specified is that required
by the users of the equipment, which may be quite different to the
original design, or maximum, performance capability for the
equipment.
Function Code
a user assigned or system default code applied to specific data

records to enable the generation of filtered datasee Query or Sort
Code.
Functional Department Strategy
all departments that are responsible for performing established

functions within the facility must establish a strategy that defines
how they will manage the assigned functions
23

Term
Definition
Functional Failure
The inability of an item of equipment to fulfill one or more of its

functions. Interchangeably used with Failure.
Used in Reliability Centered Maintenance terminology.
Functional Failure
a term used in Reliability Centered Maintenance to identify an

asset or component that does not fulfil its designed function.
Functional Locations
A physical location where equipment is installed. They can also be

thought of as individual elements in the plan or facility design.
Functional Test
See Failure Finding Task
G
Gantt Chart
A bar chart format of scheduled activities showing the duration

and sequencing of activities.
Generated
Preventive maintenance work orders are triggered or generated

on a weekly basis. The CMMS system searches the PM database
for any routine work orders that have a scheduled due date for
that week and makes them into a work order to be printed and
placed on the weekly schedule.
GMAW
Gas Metal Arc Welding. An arc welding process that uses an arc
between a continuous filler metal electrode and the weld pool.
The process is used with shielding from an externally supplied gas
and without the application of pressure.
Go line
Used in relation to mobile equipment.

Equipment which is available, but not being utilized is typically
parked on the Go line. This term is used interchangeably with
Ready Line.
GTAW
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. An arc welding process which

produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc
between a tungsten (non consumable) electrode and the work.
Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or
may not be used and filler metal may or may not be used.
GTG
Gas Turbine Generator.
Guideline
provides a consistent and uniform approach to understanding all

aspects of the process, ensures that the business process is
applied on a consistent basis and helps employees understand
and accomplish the activities defined in the process.
24

Term
Definition
H
HAZOP
Hazard and Operability Study
A structured process originally developed following the

Flixborough disaster, intended to proactively identify equipment
modifications and/or safety devices required in order to avoid any
significant safety or environmental incident as a result of
equipment failure.
Similar, in some respects to Reliability Centered Maintenance, but
not as rigorous as Reliability Centered Maintenance in identifying
underlying causes of failure, and does not consider, in any depth,
the possibility of avoiding such incidents through applying
appropriate Proactive Maintenance tasks.
HAZOP
Hazardous Operational Review
Heaters
a fuel fired asset designed to provide convection or radiation heat

transfer
Hidden Failure
A failure which, on its own, does not become evident to the

operating crew under normal circumstances. Typically, protective
devices which are not fail-safe (examples could include standby
plant and equipment, emergency systems etc.)
Hidden Failure
a failure which on its own does not become evident to the

operating personnel under normal operating conditions.
History
The information gathered and input into the CMMS system for
each equipment i.e., date of purchase, frequency of failures,
unscheduled downtime, last PM done, problems found, corrective
action taken, cost of maintaining, service records etc..
Horsecock
Electrical term for a wire pulling basket.
Hot Tapping
piping connections made to operating pressure piping systems

while they are in operation.
Hot Tapping Procedure
a formal approved procedure developed prior to the actual hot tap

and implemented to ensure proper precautions and safety before,
during and after any hot tap
HRSG
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
I
I, J Nodes
used in CPM and precedence scheduling logic to define the

starting and ending points of an activity, typically numerically
labeled
Ignored Work
(potential work) is work that cannot be identified while the asset is

in service but may have to be conducted when the asset is
removed from service. The potential work is planned, estimated
and included in the scheduling logic and flagged as ignored. If it is
later determined the work must be conducted the ignored flag is
changed to the added work flag. This allows management to
measure the impact on cost, manpower and schedule duration.
25

Term
Definition
Indirect Cost
associated with the cost of man hours, consumables, tools and

services that does not relate to final physical installation, repair or
maintenance of permanent equipment but is required for the
orderly completion of the work.
Indirect Hours
Vacation, sick time, non technical training, etc
Infant Mortality
The relatively high conditional probability of failure during the

period immediately after an item returns to service.
Inherent Reliability
A measure of the reliability of an item, in its present operating

context, assuming adherence to ideal equipment maintenance
strategies.
Inspection
Any task undertaken to determine the condition of equipment,

and/or to determine the tools, labour, materials, and equipment
required to repair the item.
Inspection
the process of measuring, examining, testing, gauging, or

otherwise comparing the characteristics of a product, equipment,
construction process or testing operation with applicable design or
item specification requirements.
Interval
The increment between routine scheduled (PM) work orders

measured by count, meter or time.
Inventory
See Spare Parts.
Inventory Investment Value
Generally includes inventory used in maintenance such as

Equipment spares
Standard items such as grease, oil, filters
Insurance/critical spare parts
Inventory ValueO
The value of all spare parts, stock items and consumables

required to maintain the facility assets at design condition. Used
to calculate the KPIInventory Valve as a % of Replacement Asset
Value (RAV). The value of items held as Capital Spares is
normally excluded from the calculation.
ISO 55000
J
Job Library
a library of Standard Job Plans or Planned Job Packages.
Job Planning Template
a structured format for developing a job plan.
Job Plans
Detailed work plans provided by Area Maintenance Coordinator
26

Term
Definition
K
Key Performance Indicator
a measurement of performance trended against pre defined

targets. Key Performance Indicators are broken into two sub
groups: Leading and Lagging.
Leadingindicators that are proactive, i.e. they measure process
effectiveness and are used to trend and influence outcomes.
Examples would be: Planned verses Actual Hours; Schedule
Compliance; PM Effectiveness.
Laggingindicators that are resultant, i.e. they measure the
process or business outcomes and indicate progress towards
objectives but cannot influence them. Examples would be:
Availability; Maintenance Cost per Unit Produced; Maintenance
Cost per RAV.
Key Performance Indicators
A select number of key measures that enable performance

against targets to be monitored.
Key Performance Targets
established performance expectations.
Kitting
The process of maintaining standard packages of required parts,

components and materials identified as necessary for major
equipment overhauls or refurbishment.
The kits are maintained in a ready to use condition at all times.
They are issued as required and items used are replaced at the
completion of the activity.
KPI
see Key Performance Indicator
KW
(Kilowatt) Measurement of electric power
L
Late Work
workscope growth and or items added to the Turnaround Worklist

after the established cut off date but before the assets are taken
out of service (Feed Out).
LCC
see Life Cycle Costing
Lead Time
The number of days after ordering before a given vendor can

deliver a given part
Leadership
Influencing the opinions and actions of individuals through

inspiring personal actions, visionary thinking and personal
qualities of integrity and courage.
Level Codes
alphabetic priority code assigned to each activity used to

automatically group and balance activities by work type. Level
codes will not over ride CPM scheduling logic.
Life
that strange experience you have all day, every day. In a

maintenance context, you may want to look at Equipment Life.
27

Term
Definition
Life cycle
Refers to the chain of events that occur from the time there is a
decision that a physical asset is needed to do some productive
task, to the time it is eventually disposed of. That cycle includes:
Decision that a physical asset is needed (e.g.: we need

trucks to haul ore out of a mine that we are about to
develop for use over the economic life of the mine),
Conceptual design (e.g.: we need the trucks to haul 300
tonnes per load at 30 km/hr to meet our desired
production rate, deciding to do maintenance at the mine
and defining what shops will be needed),
Detailed design (e.g.: either carrying out detailed design
or specification of the design details that will achieve 300
tonnes per load at 30 km/hr, designing the facilities at the
mine),
Acquisition (e.g.: buying the specified trucks, spare parts,
shop equipment and materials through some sort of
procurement process),
Construction (e.g.: building the mine maintenance
facilities)
Commissioning (e.g.: putting the mine into production and
ensuring that all equipment, trucks, etc do what they are
intended to do)
Operation and Maintenance (e.g.: operating the assets
used for drilling, blasting, loading, hauling, crushing, etc
and maintaining these assets throughout the useful life
of the mine)
Disposal (e.g.: scheduled replacement of trucks at the end
of their useful life, closing and reclaiming the mine site at
the end of its useful life).
Life Cycle Costing
a process of estimating and assessing the total costs of

ownership, operation and maintenance of an item of equipment
during its projected equipment life. Typically used in comparing
alternative equipment design or purchase options in order to
select the most appropriate option.
Life Cycle Costing
the method used to determine or project the total costs of

ownership, operation and maintenance for an asset for its
designed life. Used to select the most cost efficient asset
management strategy.
Life cycle costing
A method of determining the real cost of equipment scrutinizing

cost, reliability, risk, operability, maintenance and inventory
requirements over the expected life.
Location
Indicates the physical location of the equipment in the facility.
Logbook Maintenance
maintenance activities (typically less than 2 hours in duration) that

do not require historical information are charged to a Standing
Work Order and written in the Process Unit Logbook
28

Term
Definition
Logistic support analysis (LSA)
A methodology for determining the type and quantity of logistic

support required for a system over its entire lifecycle. Used to
determine the cost effectiveness of asset based solutions.
LOPA
Level OF Protection Analysis
LSA
see Logistic Support Analysis
M
Maintainability
This addresses the ease/difficulty in returning equipment

(equipment) to its original state. One measure is Mean Time To
Repair (MTTR) because the longer it takes to repair, the longer it
in unavailable to the operation. Turnaround duration is the MTTR
measurement for a process units maintainability. A second
consideration is the softer element (e.g., a difficult repair may not
be done completely or correctly resulting in premature re
occurrence)
Maintainability
The ease and speed with which any maintenance activity can be
carried out on an item of equipment. Typically measured by Mean
Time to Repair. Is a function of equipment design, and
maintenance task design (including use of appropriate tools, jigs,
work platforms etc.).
Maintainability Engineering
The set of technical processes that apply maintainability theory to

establish system maintainability requirements, allocate these
requirements down to system elements and predict and verify
system maintainability performance.
Maintenance
Maintaining equipment by the maintenance, operations and

engineering organizations as per manufacturers
recommendations to keep the equipment operating at peak. To
maintain the equipment through routine scheduled (PM & PdM)
and scheduled maintenance work orders (Repair/Replace) to
eliminate unscheduled downtime and repairs..
Maintenance
Any activity carried out on an asset in order to ensure that the

asset continues to perform its intended functions, or to repair the
equipment. Note that modifications are not maintenance, even
though they may be carried out by maintenance personnel.
Maintenance
The function of keeping items or equipment in or restoring them to

serviceable condition. Maintenance includes both corrective and
preventive activities. It includes servicing, test inspection,
adjustment/alignment, removal, replacement, reinstallation,
troubleshooting, calibration, condition determination, repair,
modification, overhaul, rebuilding and reclamation.
Activities are planned and scheduled ahead of time, expense and
other capital small projects etc. that have all work specs and
resources arranged in advance and are then put on a schedule for
execution
29

Term
Definition
Maintenance
Refers to the actions taken (including all tactics/repair strategies,

management processes and practices being employed) to ensure
that the physical assets CONTINUE doing what their
users/operators want them to do.
The level of performance that users/operators expect, or want,
from an asset is not always consistent with the design capability of
a given physical asset. Design capability must exceed what we
want the assets to do or they will fail very frequently.
Under-designed assets fail to do what their users want them to do.
Although maintenance cannot make an asset do what it was not
intended to do, appropriate design changes may.
Maintenance Engineer
Engineer and engineering technicians that support the

maintenance function including facilities and equipment
maintenance, support of small capital projects that are
maintenance oriented. This number may have to be factored as
"equivalent" persons if one person performs a variety of functions
including major capital projects or manufacturing and process
development.
Maintenance Engineering
a staff function whose prime responsibility is to ensure that

maintenance techniques are effective, that equipment is designed
and modified to improve maintainability, that ongoing maintenance
technical problems are investigated, and appropriate corrective
and improvement actions are taken. Used interchangeably with
Plant Engineering and Reliability Engineering.
Maintenance Overheads
Includes maintenance hourly benefit packages, all salaried direct

and benefit costs associated with maintenance, including
management, supervision, maintenance engineering, planner,
clerical and storeroom personnel, plus any other costs such as
computers or other departmental expenses.
30

Term
Definition
Maintenance Planner
The term maintenance planner has been used in a variety of

industries over the past 20 years. Each facility has a different idea
of what a maintenance planner is.
In a large facility, a maintenance planning department may consist
of 1 maintenance clerk, 2 maintenance planners, a maintenance
scheduler and 1 maintenance engineer. The maintenance
planning department is supported by the maintenance
organization.
In small and medium size facilities, a maintenance planner may
take on the role of maintenance clerk, maintenance planner and
maintenance scheduler. It will be the responsibility of the
maintenance planner at this facility to build work packages for
planned and shutdown work orders, assist operations,
maintenance and engineering in building the weekly schedule,
conduct weekly and daily scheduling meetings, run reports and
track work orders from creation to completion.
A maintenance planner will have a craft background, good
computer skills, good communication skills, some supervisory
skills and good organizational skills. A good maintenance planner
should be able to plan work orders for 10-15 craftspersons. The
best suited company craftsperson should be put in the position of
maintenance planner. It will not be necessary to replace this
persons present position if he/she fulfills the requirements of a
good maintenance planner. The maintenance planner should have
some formal training after being assigned the position.
Maintenance Policy
A statement of principle used to guide Maintenance Management

decision making
Maintenance representative
An individual from mechanical and or instrumentation team. The

maintenance team will ensure that any changes in scheduling are
communicated through facility lead operators on a daily basis.
Maintenance Schedule
A list of planned maintenance tasks to be performed during a

given time period, together with the expected start times and
durations of each of these tasks. Schedules can apply to different
time periods (eg. Daily Schedule, Weekly Schedule etc.)
Maintenance Strategy
A long term plan, covering all aspects of maintenance

management which sets the direction for maintenance
management, and contains firm action plans for achieving a
desired future state for the maintenance function.
Maintenance Strategy
see Asset Management Plan.
Major equipment failure
Repair cost greater than $20,000.00 or cumulative sales

production losses of greater than 10mmcf. Failures that pose a
risk to personal safety reside in this category.
Man
hoursthe duration expressed in hours required to execute the

activity multiplied by the crew size, i.e. 2 men working 4 hours = 8
man hours
31

Term
Definition
Management of Change
Process which manages risks associated with any modification,

deletion or rearrangement of people, processes, technology,
organization, environment, equipment, procedure or facility that is
not replaced in kind.
Mandatory Finish
a scheduling parameter assigned to ensure a must finish time or

date to an activity.
Mandatory Start
a scheduling parameter assigned to ensure a must start time or

date to an activity.
Manpower Planning
The utilization of an individual with a specific skill set within a trade

during a defined period.
Manpower Resources
Refers to the labor required to execute the work. The labor being
craftspersons, operations, engineering, contractors, etc..
Material
Refers to equipment parts, grease, gaskets, etc. may be stock

items or non stock items. Materials should be issued through the
warehouse and charged to a work order number.
Material Reservation
Once a work order has been planned by a maintenance planner

and is placed in the work order status of ready to schedule, the
materials required to perform the work is reserved through the
CMMS system. These materials are not yet issued or removed
from the shelf but are held until the work order is scheduled and
placed in the work order status of in progress. Reserving materials
helps to ensure that they will be available when the work is
scheduled.
Materials Management
Managing spare parts and materials within the CMMS system.

Controlling inventory levels, costs, purchasing, and issuing to a
work order number.
MCC
Motor Control Centre
MCU
Mist Control Unit.
MDR
Manufacturers Data Report
Mean Time Between Failures
A measure of equipment reliability. Equal to the total equipment

uptime in a given time period, divided by the number of failures in
that period.
Mean Time To Repair
A measure of maintainability used to determine the average

duration (because of repairs) that an asset is not available to
perform its intended function. The total asset downtime in a given
time period, divided by the number of failures in that period. It can
also be used to measure the effectiveness of maintenance
improvements.
Methodology
a term used to describe an orderly system of principles, or

guidelines, by which a body of information or knowledge is
organized, managed and practiced
MIL - HDBK
United States Military Handbook
MIL - STD
United States Military Standard
32

Term
Definition
Milestone Schedule
graphic chart displaying the start, finish and duration of

established activities or events represented by a bar or milestone
symbol. Used as a Project Management tool to control and
measuring progress status.
Minor equipment/parts failure
Repair cost greater than $500.00 or cumulative sales production

losses of greater than 1mmcf. These failures pose a very low risk
of further damage to equipment or personnel.
Minor Maintenance
Minor Maintenance could be defined as any work activity that is

less than 2 hours in duration, requires no record in the equipment
history file and only requires consumable materials available in
stock. Any maintenance activity that do not fit this criteria must be
formally identified in the CMMS work management process
(CMMS generated Work Request / Work Order).
MLI
Magnetic Level Indicator.
MOC
see Management of Change
Model Work Order
A Work Order stored in the CMMS which contains all the

necessary information required to perform a maintenance task.
(see also Standard Job)
Modification
Any activity carried out on an asset which increases the capability

of that asset to perform its required functions.
Module
Discrete segments of software performing one or more specific

functions. may be added or removed at user discretion with most
CMMSs
MOE
Maintenance, Operations & Engineering
Monte Carlo Method
a simulation technique by which approximate evaluations are

obtained in the solution of mathematical expressions so as to
determine the range or optimal value. Generally used in risk
analysis for major project estimates.
MPU
Magnetic Pick Up
MRO
Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul
MRO
Maintenance, Repair and Operation.
MTBF
see Mean Time Between Failures.
MTTR
see Mean Time To Repair
N
NDE
Non Destructive Examination
NDT
see Non-Destructive Testing
Net Capacity
Net capacity refers to the gross hours per week per craft minus
the indirect hours i.e., vacation, sick time, meetings, training,
administration, etc. and routine scheduled maintenance work
orders (PMs). Net capacity is the hours available to schedule
hands on work (tool time).
33

Term
Definition
Net Capacity
is the hours available to schedule new corrective maintenance

work orders. Net capacity refers to the gross hours per week per
craft minus the indirect hours i.e., vacation, sick time, meetings,
training, administration, etc., preventive / predictive scheduled
work orders and ongoing corrective work orders.
Net Capacity
Net Capacity is the hours available to schedule hands on work.

(tool time) Net capacity refers to the gross hours per week per
craft minus the indirect hours i.e., vacation, sick time, meetings,
training, administration, etc.
No Scheduled Maintenance
An Equipment Maintenance Strategy, where no routine

maintenance tasks are performed on the equipment. The only
maintenance performed on the equipment is Corrective
Maintenance, and then only after the equipment has suffered a
failure. Also described as a Run-to-Failure strategy.
Non - Destructive Testing
testing of equipment, which does not destroy the equipment, to

detect abnormalities in physical, chemical or electrical
characteristics. For some reason which escapes me, vibration
analysis and tribology are not generally considered to be NDT
techniques, even though they meet the above criteria. Techniques
which are considered to be NDT techniques are ultrasonic
thickness testing, dye penetrant testing, x-raying, and electrical
resistance testing
Non - Operational Consequences
A failure has non -operational consequences if the only impact of

the failure is the direct cost of the repair (plus any secondary
damage caused to other equipment as a result of the failure
Non - routine Maintenance
Any maintenance task which is not performed at a regular, predetermined frequency
Non Conformance
a condition of any material, product or process in which one or

more characteristics or documentation do not conform to
established requirements.
Non-Company Labor
Refers to contract employees employed on short term

assignments to reduce work load to a manageable level.
O
OEM
Original Equipment Manufacturer.
Oil Analysis
see Tribology
On - Condition Maintenance
see Condition Based Maintenance
On-Condition Maintenance
Inspection of characteristics which will warn of pending failure,

and performance of preventative maintenance or corrective
maintenance after the warning threshold, but before total failure.
34

Term
Definition
Operating Context
The operational situation within which an asset operates. For

example, is it a stand- alone piece of plant, or is it one of a dutystandby pair? Is it part of a batch manufacturing process or a
continuous production process? What is the impact of failure of
this item of equipment on the remainder of the production
process? The operating context has enormous influence over the
choice of appropriate equipment maintenance strategies for any
asset.
Operating Hours
The length of time that an item of equipment is actually operating.
Operational Consequences
A failure has operational consequences if it has a direct adverse

impact on operational capability (lost production, increased
production costs, loss of product quality, or reduced customer
service)
Operational Efficiency
Used in the calculation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness. The

actual output produced from an asset in a given time period
divided by the output that would have been produced from that
asset in that period, had it produced at its rated capacity. Normally
expressed as a percentage.
Operations
Any member of the production/operating group in charge of

operating equipment or overseeing the operation of a specific unit,
plant, line or site etc..
Operations representative
A lead operator from each facility. It is this individuals

responsibility to ensure copies of the schedule for the upcoming
weeks work are posted at the effected facility. It is encouraged
that the operations team edits this posting as plans change.
Operator Based Maintenance
Machine operators perform minor maintenance tasks such as

lubrication, cleaning, tightening, filter changing, etc., which keeps
the equipment in good health.
Organization Breakdown Structure
the organizational hierarchy established to provide specific

deliverables and services.
Outage
A term used in some industries (notably power generation) which

is equivalent to a shutdown.
A term used by industry to indicate that a process operating unit is
not producing product. (Interchangeable with Shutdown or
Turnaround)
Out-of-plan
Tasks performed during the course of planned work to satisfy

previously unidentified work, problems or opportunities.
Output Reports
Reports generated from a customized report generator or the

CMMS system for the purpose of analyzing, reviewing or creating
hard paper copies.
Overall Equipment Effectiveness
A term initially coined in connection with Total Productive

Maintenance. It provides a measure of overall asset productivity.
Is generally expressed as a percentage, and can be calculated by
multiplying Availability by Utilization by Operational Efficiency by
Quality Rate.
35

Term
Definition
Overall Equipment Effectiveness
a term used in Total Productive Maintenance to quantify the

productivity of an asset. Expressed as a percentage, it is
calculated by multiplying the asset Availability by Operational
Efficiency by Quality Rate.
Overhaul
Planned and scheduled maintenance activities carried out on

specific equipment to restore it to design standards.
Overhaul
The comprehensive examination and restoration of an asset to an

acceptable (generally original or better) condition.
Overtime
Hours worked in excess of an individuals normally scheduled

shift. The amount of overtime hours worked is a key indicator
(KPI) used to evaluate the effectiveness of the Asset Management
maintenance program. The KPI is calculated by dividing the
overtime hours worked by the total hours worked for a specific
period. Generally expressed as a percentage.
P
PAS 55
Paradigm
A set of guidelines and standards that establish a state of

boundaries and tell us what to do to be successful within those
boundaries.
Parts
A spare or orderable part that is used during the work execution

of a work order or assigned to a specific item or equipment.
Parts
The supplies, components and materials that are used to repair

or replace individual pieces of an asset.
PdM
See Predictive Maintenance
Peckerhead
Electrical connection box on side of motor.
PED
Personal Electronic Device.
Percent Planned Work
The percentage of total work (expressed in craft or labour hours)

performed in a specific time period that was planned prior to
execution.
Performance gaps
Differences between existing performance and established targets

(gap analysis).
Performance Index
the ratio of the Estimated Craft Hours required to complete the

work specified on a Work Order compared to the Actual Craft
Hours required to complete this work, expressed as a percentage.
The Performance Factor is used as an indicator of Craft
Performance. A figure of greater than 100% for the Performance
Index indicates a higher than standard level of performance, while
a figure of less than 100% indicates a lower than standard level of
performance
PERT Chart
See Project Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT) Chart
36

Term
Definition
P-F Interval
A term used in Reliability Centered Maintenance. The time from

when a Potential Failure can first be detected on an asset or
component using a selected Predictive Maintenance task, until the
asset or component has failed. Reliability Centered Maintenance
principles state that the frequency with which a Predictive
Maintenance task should be performed is determined solely by the
P-F Interval.
PF or PF Index
see Performance Index
PHA
See Process Hazard Assessment
Phase
refers to a specific period of time that activities are scheduled

within the total Turnaround schedule, i.e.; Pre Turnaround Phase,
Process Shutdown Phase, Scheduled Phase, Process Start up
Phase and Post Turnaround Phase
Physical asset
parts, equipment, materials.
Physical Assets
Physical Assets are the items of plant, mobile equipment, fleet

and facilities used by a company to produce some sellable output.
In open pit mining, for example, the primary production physical
assets include the haultrucks, drills, loaders, shovels, draglines,
crushers, conveyors, etc. and the support physical assets would
include graders, dozers, water trucks, fuel/lube trucks, etc.
Items used to maintain those assets are also physical assets, and
include shop equipment, hoists, overhead cranes, light vehicles,
tools, etc.
Physical Asset Management
The term Physical Asset Management refers to the management

of all decisions and actions taken throughout the entire life cycle
of a physical asset. This involves input from representatives of the
entire management team at each stage of an assets life cycle,
including:
Owners (operators, maintainers, procurers, designers):

defining what they want the physical assets to do,
Designers: ensuring the physical assets can perform the
task required,
Operators: developing and enforcing sound operating
practices to minimize failures and maximize asset
utilization
Maintainers: determining appropriate maintenance tactics
and spare parts requirements to minimize unscheduled
failures and achieve the desired reliability
Procurers: ensuring an efficient supply of spare parts to
maximize asset uptime while minimizing capital tied up in
parts stored on site
Owners (operators, maintainers, procurers, designers):
disposing of the physical assets at the end of their useful
life.
When we talk about improving Physical Asset Management we
are referring to all of these management decisions and the actions
or practices being followed to execute the decisions.
37

Term
Definition
PJP
see Planned Job Package.
Plan
Plan refers to the work order package, the estimating of resources

to perform the work as indicated on the work order. See also
planning.
Planned "Other" Maintenance
Other than preventive and predictive tasks which are generally

planned and scheduled ahead of time, expense and other capital
small projects etc. that have all work specs and resources
arranged in advance and are then put on a schedule for
execution.
Planned Job Packages
the Planned Job Package provides the detailed work scope,

execution strategy, planning logic network, all resources required
and all reference documents, procedures and work instructions
required to perform a defined scope of work.
Planned Maintenance
Any maintenance activity for which a predetermined job

procedure has been documented, for which all labour, materials,
tools, and equipment required to carry out the task have been
estimated, and their availability assured before commencement of
the task.
Planned Maintenance
Any maintenance activity whereby the job steps necessary to

completely execute the workscope have been analyzed and
identified in their proper sequence and the resources
(maintenance crew labour, materials, tools, rental equipment, non
non maintenance outside support services and information) have
been estimated, costed and documented prior to the execution of
the activity. Normally all planning required to carry out the activity
have been completed/approved and all resource availability is
assured before the work is scheduled for execution.
Planned Maintenance Program
the approved maintenance activities (combination of Preventive,

Predictive and Corrective Maintenance) and scheduled frequency
(52 Week Planned Maintenance Schedule) designed to achieve
optimum asset life and reliability based on the recommended
maintenance strategy resulting from FMEA analysis,
manufacturers recommendations and regulatory requirements.
Planned Maintenance Program

Activities (52 weeks or longer plan)
A predetermined plan of maintenance activities for a facility.

Includes preventive maintenance inspections, predictive
maintenance and equipment condition monitoring activities, major
equipment overhauls, equipment upgrades, facility turnaround or
shutdown maintenance activities.
Planners
Personnel engaged in planning, scheduling and coordinating the

workload for the maintenance forces.
Planning
the process of determining the resources, methods and processes

needed to perform maintenance work efficiently and effectively.
Planning
The function of determining the proper methods, manpower, tools,

supervision, documentation and material resources required for
efficient and effective job execution within operational windows of
opportunity where possible.
38

Term
Definition
Planning (n)
Manages the detailed planning of the labor, materials and all

other resources needed to complete a work order. Describes the
specific job steps (tasks), required crafts and estimated times as
well as all other resources, such as tools and equipment, for
performing corrective and improvement work orders.
Planning (vb)
The formal identification of the work required and the

determination of the skills, materials, tools and time needed to
accomplish the maintenance job.
Plant Asset Value
Not the original book value, but the calculated value of how much
it would cost to directly replace the facility and equipment at
today's cost on a like-for-like basis.
Plant Change
assigning expenditure (capital or expense) to the modification or

de bottlenecking, of existing assets, process systems or Plant
Areas within a Facility.
Plant Engineering
a staff function whose prime responsibility is to ensure that

Maintenance Engineering and Reliability Engineering.
Plant Engineering
a staff function whose prime responsibility is to ensure Asset

Integrity (stationary equipment) and Asset Reliability (dynamic
equipment). This function ensures that maintenance techniques
are effective, that assets are designed and modified to improve
maintainability, which maintenance technical problems are
investigated and appropriate corrective actions are implemented.
Used interchangeably with Maintenance Engineering and
Reliability Engineering.
Plant Shutdown
A facility is shut down for the purpose of performing maintenance,

repairs, overhauls or improvements that cannot be done during
normal operations. The shutdown may be scheduled or
unscheduled.
Plant Turnaround
Some facilities required scheduled shutdowns on a routine basis

for inspection of the process either by government regulations or
company policy. These plant shutdowns are referred to as plant
turnaround. The plant turnaround is typically planned well in
advance to the scheduled date.
PLC
Programmable Logic Controller.
PM
See Preventive Maintenance.
PM Clock
the internal CMMS date and time (parameters) that initiate PM

activities for scheduling. Asset PMs are assigned pre determined
frequencies based on cycle time or a given date/time.
PM or PdM Frequency
how often the PM or PdM activity is performed. The PM Clock,

run hours or cycle time drives the frequency.
39

Term
Definition
PM Spreadsheet
Workbook provided to operations by the Area Maintenance

Coordinator to trigger PM tasks on critical equipment.
Policy
a rule, instruction or regulation that has been established as the

only acceptable method to use or apply something, e.g. No
smoking within 100 feet of the fueling depot is a policy.
Potential Failure
A term used in Reliability Centered Maintenance. An identifiable

condition which indicates that a functional failure is either about to
occur, or in the process of occurring.
PQR
Procedure Qualification Record. A record of the welding data

used to weld a test coupon. The PQR is a record of variables
recorded during the welding of the test coupon. It also contains
the test results of the tested specimens. Recorded variables
normally fall within a small range of the actual variables that will
be used in production welding.
PRA
See Probabilistic Risk Assessment
Practice
see Guideline
Precedence
a sequence of logical events (CPM network) where one activity or

series of activities must be completed and therefore take
precedence over another activity or series of activities.
Predictive Maintenance
An equipment maintenance strategy based on measuring the

condition of equipment in order to assess whether it will fail during
some future period, and then taking appropriate action to avoid
the consequences of that failure. The condition of equipment
could be monitored using Condition Monitoring, Statistical Process
Control techniques, by monitoring equipment performance, or
through the use of the Human Senses. The terms Condition
Based Maintenance, On-Condition Maintenance and Predictive
Maintenance work that is performed to measure equipment
performance, monitor equipment condition and predict failure or
performance deterioration (i.e. oil analysis).
A method of monitoring equipment performance during on stream
time. i.e., vibration monitoring, stroboscope, oil sample analysis
etc. Problems found at this point can be identified by a work
request or work order. It can then be planned and scheduled for
equipment, unit shutdown or plant shutdowns.
40

Term
Definition
Predictive Maintenance
Asset maintenance techniques based on measuring asset

performance and monitoring the asset condition (Onstream
Monitoring) to predict if the asset will fail or deteriorate during
some future period. The condition of the asset could be monitored
using Condition Monitoring, Statistical Process Control
techniques, by monitoring asset performance, or through the use
of the Human Senses. The terms Condition Based Maintenance,
On Condition Maintenance and Predictive Maintenance can be
used interchangeably. Adverse conditions noted during Predictive
Maintenance will normally result in Preventive or Corrective
Maintenance activities. Examples of Predictive Maintenance are
NDE (Non Destructive Examination), historical trending, vibration
analysis, oil analysis, thermography, ultrasonic testing, glycol
analysis, etc. For example, an infrared survey might be performed
on an electrical distribution system to identify hot spots (which can
be a symptom for future failure).
Preventive Maintenance
An equipment maintenance strategy based on replacing,

overhauling or remanufacturing an item at a fixed interval,
regardless of its condition at the time. Scheduled Restoration
tasks and Scheduled Discard tasks are both examples of
Preventive Maintenance tasks.
Maintenance work that is performed to extend the usual
life/function of equipment before failure occurs. Generally based
on calendar, equipment cycles, equipment runs hours or other
experience factor.
Routine scheduled maintenance work orders. Pre - planned with
set intervals. For the purpose of inspecting equipment and
making minor repairs or adjustments. Maintenance work that is
performed to extend the usual life/function of equipment before
failure occurs. Generally based on calendar, equipment cycles,
equipment runs hours or other experience factor.
asset maintenance techniques based on preventing premature

asset failure. Examples of Preventive Maintenance activities are
lubrication, inspections, adjustments, calibration, cleaning,
corrosion protection, trip testing, etc.
Pre-planned routine tasks and inspections performed on

equipment or facilities to prevent failure, breakdown or
deterioration beyond acceptable limits. It is maintenance which is
carried out at predetermined intervals, or at other determining
criteria, to reduce or eliminate the possibility of a functional failure
of a machine or an operating system, which may be part of the
machine.
Preventive maintenance activities may include all scheduled
maintenance actions which are performed to retain a system or a
product in its intended operational condition.
41

Term
Definition
Primary Function
A term used in Reliability Centered Maintenance. The primary

functionality required of an asset - the reason the asset was
acquired. For example it is likely that the primary function of a
pump is to pump a specified liquid at a specified rate against a
specified head of pressure.
Priority
The relative importance of a task in relation to other tasks. Used

in scheduling work orders.
Priority
the relative importance of a task or activity in relation to other

tasks or activities. Used by the CMMS to prioritize Work Orders
for scheduling or by critical path based planning software to
prioritize complete equipment logic networks for precedence.
Priority Code
numeric code assigned to a Work Order or Asset Logic Network,

to prioritize activities. (Used for schedule development)
Proactive Maintenance
These are tasks undertaken before a failure occurs, in order to

prevent the item from getting into a failed state. They embrace
what is traditionally known as 'predictive' and 'preventive'
maintenance(1).
(1)..John Moubray, Reliability Centered Maintenance
Proactive Maintenance
Any tasks used to predict or prevent equipment failures or prolong

interval between failures
Probabilistic Risk Assessment
A "top-down" approach used to apportion risk to individual areas

of plant and equipment, and possibly to individual assets so as to
achieve an overall target level of risk for a plant, site or
organisation. These levels of risk are then used in risk- based
techniques, such as Reliability Centered Maintenance and Hazop,
to assist in the development of appropriate equipment
maintenance strategies, and to identify required equipment
modifications
Probabilistic Safety Assessment
Similar to Probabalistic Risk Assessment, except focused solely

on Safety related risks.
Procedure
a defined sequence of steps to follow when developing the work

plan for a generic repetitive work activity, i.e. safe work procedure
for vessel entry. Depending on the nature of the work, there may
be a requirement to develop a specific work instruction to
supplement the procedure, i.e. vessel entry work instruction for
C101see Work Instruction.
Procedure or Process
A step by step description of "how to proceed" from start to finish,

in performing a task properly. A description or diagram detailing
"how" the items of a business practice will be carried out.
Process Availability
Date and time parameters assigned to a calendar for a facility

outage (turnaround project). Parameters are assigned for each
process unit / asset type to facilitate schedule development.
42

Term
Definition
Process Hazard Assessment
A structured process intended to proactively identify equipment

modifications and/or safety devices required in order to avoid any
significant safety or environmental incident as a result of
equipment failure.
Also see HAZOP
Process Integrity
is usually defined in terms of Quality and Capacityoperating the

process unit to ensure reliable, consistent product that meets the
performance and quality targets for which the Process Unit was
designed.
Process Unit
a section of a production facility that contains assets designed to

manufacture a specific product.
Productivity Factors
labour man hour factors applied to the baseline estimate (man

hour estimating units multiplied by take off quantities) to produce
an estimate that is realistic for the expected field conditions.
Productivity Factors must consider such issues as: height;
complexity; environment; weather; overtime; shift; congestion and
local skill/capability.
Project
A project is work that is not part of maintenance of equipment or

assets. Project work is work performed to enhance performance of
the facility, equipment or the process. All project work should be
planned and scheduled and must be justified having a return on
investment..
Project Evaluation & Review Technique

(PERT) Chart
Scheduling tool which shows in flow chart format the

interdependencies between project activities.
Protective Device
Devices and assets intended to eliminate or reduce the

consequences of equipment failure. Some examples include
standby plant and equipment, emergency systems, safety valves,
alarms, trip devices, and guards.
Provincial Codes
Safety Codes Act and other regulations as adopted by the

respective Provincial Governments.
PSA
see Probabilistic Safety Assessment
PSSR
Pre Start up Safety Review.
PT
Potential transformer used for voltage measurement.
Purchase Order
Creation and processing of purchase orders. A module that

manages the purchasing function beginning with the automatic
creation of a purchase order when the re order point of a stock
item is reached. Data usually recorded includes a list of vendors
and prior purchase information. Output reports available would
include current items on order and vendor status and history.
Purchase Order
The prime document raised by an organisation, and issued to an

external supplier, ordering specific materials, parts, supplies,
equipment or services.
43

Term
Definition
Purchase Requisition
The prime document raised by user departments authorising the

purchase of specific materials, parts, supplies, equipment or
services from external suppliers.
Q
Quality
the degree of conformance of an item, procedure of material to the

specified requirements.
Quality
Consistently meeting planned objectives within acceptable limits

of variation.
Quality Assurance
a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of various

aspects of Quality Control for a project or service to ensure that
standards of quality are being met.
Quality Control
comprises of all those planned and systematic actions necessary

to provide adequate confidence that all components, parts or
appurtenances are manufactured and/or installed (as applicable)
in accordance with the rules of the Regulatory Government Codes
and Provincial Regulations. The Quality Control Program
comprises examinations of the physical characteristics of a
material, component, part of appurtenance and acceptance
standards associated with those examinations.
Quality Rate
Used in the calculation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness. The

proportion of the output from a machine or process which meets
required product quality standards. Normally specified as a
percentage.
Query
A query is a method of asking the system to search for specific

data based on the parameters you set. It is a question about the
data in data tables.
Query
defined parameters input to a software program in order to filter

records in a database typically for report generation
R
RACI
a formalized model for accountability. Under this model,

accountability rests with a single person and can not be
transferred or delegated. RACI stands for Responsible.
Accountable, Consulted, Informed.
Rapper
(Bucket) Metal framework for mounting electrical gear inside a

MCC
RAV
see Replacement Asset Value
RCFA
see Root Cause Failure Analysis
RCM
See Reliability Centered Maintenance
RCM
see Reliability Centered Maintenance
Ready Line
Used in relation to mobile equipment. Equipment which is

available, but not being utilized is typically parked on the Ready
Line. This term is used interchageably with Go-Line.
44

Term
Definition
Ready to Schedule
A work order status that indicates a work order has been planned
and all resources are available to perform the work. Ready to
schedule work orders with a craft status code of AWS is what
makes up the craft backlog.
Reason Code
Situation that caused the condition that prevented a piece of

equipment from performing its designed function.
Reasoned basis
Understanding all the elements and implications of the various

options and making a decision based on a sound understanding of
all the facts available under the circumstances.
Redesign
A term which, in Reliability Centered Maintenance, means any

one- off intervention to enhance the capability of a piece of
equipment, a job procedure, a management system or people's
skills
Redlining
marking up of drawings in red to reflect field changes or

modifications. This enables applicable personnel to make the
changes necessary to produce accurate drawings of equipment
assets.
Reject
a non conforming material and/or installation disposition that

provides that the item is unsuitable for its intended purpose.
Reliability
The capability of an asset to continue to perform its intended

functions. Normally measured by Mean Time Between Failures
Reliability
the capability of an asset to continue performing its intended

functions. Normally measured by Mean Time Between Failures.
Reliability Centered Maintenance
A structured process, originally developed in the airline industry,

but now commonly used in all industries to determine the
equipment maintenance strategies required for any physical asset
to ensure that it continues to fulfill its intended functions in its
present operating context or specified operating parameters. A
number of books have been written on the subject, but none better
than Moubray's book, RCM II.
Reliability Centered Maintenance
A methodology that combines the best elements of preventive,

predictive maintenance methodologies to give reasonable
assurance that the maintenance being performed on a plant or
piece of equipment is the best you can get. RCM methodology
concentrates analysis effort on selecting applicable and effective
maintenance tasks that enhance that probability that the
machinery will perform it's defined function satisfactory for a
specified period of time under specified operating conditions.
The most desirable output of a RCM analysis, is a set of tasks that
are to be done "on condition". Action is triggered by degradation
of a performance parameter of reliability indicator that is
continuously monitored. Condition monitoring uses various
techniques and technologies such as vibration analysis and
infrared thermography, lubricant and wear particle analysis or
motor circuit electrical testing.
45

Term
Definition
Reliability Engineering
A staff function whose prime responsibility is to ensure that

Plant Engineering and Maintenance Engineering.
Repair
Repair refers to the work that needs to be done as a result of a

breakdown or worn out parts on a particular piece of equipment.
Repair work may be scheduled or unscheduled.
Any activity which returns the capability of an asset that has failed
to a level of performance equal to, or greater than, that specified
by its required function, but not greater than its original maximum
capability.
An activity that increases the maximum capability of an asset is a
modification.
Repair Activity
any activity which returns the capability of an asset that has failed
to a level of performance equal to, or greater than, that specified
by its Functions, but not greater than its original maximum
capability. An activity which increases the maximum capability of
an asset is a modification.
Replacement Asset Value
the amount of capital required to replace an existing asset with a

new asset capable of producing the same quantity and quality of
output. This is a key value often used in benchmarking activities.
Resource
Refers to labor, materials, parts, services, etc., required to

execute a scope of work.
Identified for the purpose of creating a work order package and
requirements for scheduling
Resources
For the purposes of maintenance, resources refer to materials,

parts, labor, equipment (own or rental) tools, safety equipment and
permits that could be used in the maintenance of equipment.
Work packages are made up of resources
Responsibility
The obligation to fulfill a specific task in a competent manner.
Restoration
Any activity which returns the capability of an asset that has not
failed to a level of performance equal to, or greater than, that
specified by its Functions, but not greater than its original
maximum capability. Not to be confused with a modification or a
repair.
Restoration Activity
any activity which returns the capability of an asset to a level of

performance equal to, or greater than, that specified by its
Functions, but not greater than its original maximum capability.
Not to be confused with a modification or a repair.
46

Term
Definition
Return on Assets
An accounting term. Let's not get into a lengthy discussion of the

relative merits of various accounting standards, how assets should
be valued (book value, replacement value, depreciation rates and
methods etc.), and differences between tangible and intangible
assets. This is the stuff that accountants have wet dreams over,
but not maintenance engineers. In practical terms, as it impacts on
maintenance, Return on Assets is the profit attributable to a
particular plant or factory, divided by the amount of money
invested in plant and equipment at that plant or factory. It is
normally expressed as a percentage. As such, it is roughly
equivalent (in principle- please excuse the pun!) to the interest
rate that you get on money invested in the bank, except that in this
case the money is invested in plant and equipment.
Rework
work activities that have to be repeated. Rework is uneconomical

and indicates there may have been a problem with the materials
that were specified, skills, or scope of the original job see Call
Back.
RIK
Replace In Kind
Risk
The potential for the realisation of the unwanted, negative

consequences of an event. The product of conditional probability
of an event, and the event outcomes.
Risk
the potential impact of an event. Risk is quantified by evaluating

the probability of an event occurring and the consequences of the
occurrence. The risk is usually quantified in terms of production
loss, financial loss, safety loss and environmental impact.
Risk Matrix
a risk decision tool using Probability and Consequences.
Role
The function performed in the organization.
Root cause analysis
A specialized type of analysis that seeks to trace through the

symptoms and causes of a problem to establish the factors that
started the chain of events which resulted in the problem.
Root Cause Failure Analysis
structured method used to determine the actual reasons for failure

of an asset. It determines the cause of a failure by deductive
reasoning down to the physical and human root(s) and then using
inductive reasoning to uncover the much broader latent or
organizational root(s).
Rotable Spare
A term often used in the maintenance of heavy mobile equipment.

A rotable component is one which, when it has failed, or is about
to fail, is removed from the asset and a replacement component is
installed in its place. The component that has been removed is
then repaired or restored, and placed back in the maintenance
store or warehouse, ready for re- issue.
Rounds
Rounds are activities that are performed more than once a week
by either Tradesmen or Operators. The activities usually include
tasks such as inspections, measurements, minor adjustments, etc.
over a set route.
47

Term
Definition
Routine Maintenance
any maintenance activity that does not require a Process Unit

outage (Turnaround) to complete and is not a modification to an
asset or Process Unit (Plant Change). Routine Maintenance is
classified as On Stream maintenance activities and includes
Preventive activities, Predictive activities and Corrective
maintenance activities performed without the need to stop
production, e.g. changing the seal on a spared pump or replacing
the oil in a spared gear box would be classified as routine
maintenance activities.
Routine Maintenance Task
Any maintenance task that is performed at a regular, predefined

interval.
RTD
Resistance Temperature Device uses resistance to measure

temperature.
Run Time Database
All equipment run hours are tracked by run time database in

Bonnyville office.
Run to Failure
a maintenance strategy that permits a specific failure mode to

occur without any attempt to prevent it. The only maintenance
activities performed on an asset are Corrective Maintenance that
is performed after the asset has failed.
Run to Failure - No Scheduled

Maintenance
an Equipment Maintenance Strategy, where no routine

maintenance tasks are performed on the equipment. The only
maintenance performed on the equipment is Corrective
Maintenance, and then only after the equipment has suffered a
failure. Also described as a No Scheduled Maintenance strategy.
S
Safety Consequences
A failure has safety consequences if it causes a loss of function or

other damage that could hurt or kill someone.
SAW
Submerged Arc Welding. An arc welding process that uses an arc

between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the weld pool.
The arc and molten metal are chilled by a blanket of granular flux
on the workpiece. The process is used without pressure and with
filler metal from the electrode and sometimes from a supplemental
source.
SCA
Safety Codes Act. Province of Alberta Safety Codes Act as it

applies for pressure equipment and the following related
regulations under the Safety Codes Act.
Boilers & Pressure Vessels Regulations and Exemption Order
Design Construction and Installation of Boilers & Pressure Vessels
Regulations and Amendments
Pressure Welders Regulations and Amendments.
Schedulable task
Any planned maintenance activity that occurs on a longer than

weekly interval and is included on a weekly schedule. Activities
that occur more frequently would generally be considered as
rounds, and would use a checklist or similar tool instead of a work
order to define the tasks.
48

Term
Definition
Schedule
To set a date and time for maintenance work orders to be

executed.
Schedule Compliance
One of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) often used to

monitor and control maintenance.
It is defined as the number of Scheduled Work Orders completed
in a given time period (normally one week), divided by the total
number of Scheduled Work Orders that should have been
completed during that period, according to the approved
Maintenance Schedule for that period. The Scheduled Work
Orders are defined as those Work Orders listed on the weekly
Maintenance Schedule that was approved prior to the beginning of
the work period. It is normally expressed as a percentage, and
will always be less than or equal to 100%. The closer to 100%, the
better the performance for that time period.
Schedule Compliance
One of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) often used to

monitor work performance.
It is defined as the number of Scheduled Work Orders started in a
given time period (normally one week) divided by the total number
of Scheduled Work Orders that should have been started during
that period. The Scheduled Work Orders are defined as those
Work Orders listed on the weekly Maintenance Schedule that was
approved prior to the beginning of the work period. It is normally
expressed as a percentage, and will always be less than or equal
to 100%. The closer to 100%, the better the performance for that
time period.
Scheduled Discard Task
A maintenance task to replace a component with a new

component at a specified, predetermined frequency, regardless
of the condition of the component at the time of its replacement.
An example would be the routine replacement of the oil filter on a
motor vehicle every 6,000 miles. The frequency with which a
Scheduled Discard task should be performed is determined by the
Useful Life of the component.
Scheduled Maintenance
Planned work orders for maintenance or repair of equipment.

Preplanned actions performed to keep an item in specified
operating condition by means of systematic inspection, detection,
and prevention of incipient failure. (Often called Preventive
Maintenance (PM) but actually a subset of Preventive
Maintenance)
Preplanned actions performed to keep an item in specified

operating condition by means of systematic inspection, detection,
and prevention of incipient failure. (Often called Preventive
Maintenance (PM) but actually a subset of Preventive
Maintenance).
Any maintenance activity that has been planned and included on

an approved Weekly Maintenance Schedule.
Scheduled Operating Time
The time during which an asset is scheduled to be operating,

according to a long- term production schedule.
49

Term
Definition
Scheduled Restoration Task
A maintenance task to restore a component at a specified, predetermined frequency, regardless of the condition of the
component at the time of its replacement. An example would be
the routine overhaul of a slurry pump every 1,000 operating hours.
The frequency with which a Scheduled Restoration task should be
performed is determined by the Useful Life of the component.
Scheduled Work Order
A Work Order that has been planned and included on an

approved Maintenance Schedule.
Scheduling
Process of placing a job on a formal work list some fixed time prior
to the day that work on the job begins.
A backlog of work is required to accomplish this systematic
sequencing of jobs.
The criteria utilized to determine what jobs will be pulled from the
backlog and scheduled is the net capacity, work order priority and
cycle time of the work order as well as opportunities of an
equipment shutdown.
Scheduling
The process of determining when approved jobs get worked on

based on the priority, resource availability and opportunity for
equipment shutdown. Scheduled work must be placed on a
formal work list (Weekly Maintenance Schedule) some fixed time
prior to the day the job is scheduled to begin.
Scheduling
Scheduling is the process by which jobs are laid out in a specific

sequence to utilize resources most productively.
Scheduling
The allocation of available resources (including labor and

materials) to the planned work in conjunction with operational,
production and maintenance requirements and availability.
Scope Creep
Additional work identified and approved after the job has been
started.
Secondary Damage
Any additional damage to equipment, above and beyond the

initial failure mode, that occurs as a direct consequence of the
initial failure mode.
Secondary Function
a term used in Reliability Centered Maintenance. The secondary

functionality required of an asset - generally not associated with
the reason for acquiring the asset, but now that the asset has
been acquired, the asset is now required to provide this
functionality. For example a secondary function of a pump may be
to ensure that all of the liquid that is pumped is contained within
the pump (ie. the pump doesn't leak). An asset may have tens or
hundreds of secondary functions associated with it.
Service
An external contract resource such as chemical cleaning, cranes,

pumper trucks, scaffolding services, etc..
Shifting
refers to the number of days, hours and shifts that crafts,

procedures and activities are scheduled to work. Typically
assigned in the calendar field of the scheduling software.
Shutdown
See Plant Shutdown and Plant Turnaround.
50

Term
Definition
Shutdown
That period of time when equipment is out of service.
Shutdown
unscheduled production outage
Shutdown Maintenance
Maintenance that can only be performed while equipment is

shutdown
Site
The location of a facility containing defined areas.
SJP
see Standard Job Plan
Skills
Skills refer to, but are not limited to, technical skills, management
skills and leadership skills.
SMART
a guiding principle to develop effective performance measures

(Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time Framed).
SMAW
Shielded Metal Arc Welding. An arc welding process with an arc

between a covered electrode and the weld pool. The process is
used with shielding from the decomposition of the electrode
covering without the application of pressure, and with filler metal
from the electrode.
Solomon
a company that specializes in Industry Comparative Analysis.
Sort Code
a code created by the user and assigned to a procedure and / or

an activity to allow the scheduling software to filter and generate
reports for the specific sort codesee Query
Spare Parts
Parts kept in inventory at the plant warehouse location for

emergency or urgent work. See also Parts .
Specification
a design document that defines the technical requirements for

materials, components or parts.
Standard
Established criteria by which methods and results will be

evaluated. Defines the expectations.
Standard Criticality Chart
Generally site specific and Provided by Area Maintenance

Coordinator.
Standard Job
A Work Order stored in the CMMS which contains all the

necessary information required to perform a maintenance task.
(see also Model Work Order)
Standard Job Plan
a type of work package based on a generic electronic template

available in the CMMS. The template is used to develop a
repetitive Standard Job Plan that details the activities to be
performed on a specific asset. The Standard Job Plan records the
work instruction, labour, materials, tools, permits, special
procedures, etc. required to perform the maintenance activities.
Standard Job Plan
A job plan for repetitive maintenance tasks that provides the

"steps" required to do the job. The plan will include: references to
practices and procedures that are required to be followed, details
on labour (by trade), materials and equipment required and
specifications for the job.
51

Term
Definition
Standing Work Order
a work order that is left open either indefinitely or for a pre

determined period of time (one budget cycle) for the purpose of
collecting labour hours, costs and/or history for tasks not
associated with an individual asset or for which it has been
decided that individual work orders should not be raised.
Examples are Standing Work Orders created to collect the labour
hours and costs associated with safety meetings, seasonal
maintenance, e.g. grass cutting, performing general housekeeping
activities, etc.
Status
See Work Order Status.
Status Code
the codes used in the CMMS application to determine the position

of a Work Order within the Work Management Process
Stores Issue
the issue and / or delivery of parts and materials from the store or
warehouse.
Stores Requisition
The prime document raised by user departments authorising the

issue of specific materials, parts, supplies or equipment from the
store or warehouse.
Stores Requisition
the prime document used to authorize and record the withdrawal

of specific materials, parts, supplies or equipment from the store
or warehouse.
Strategic focus
A broad view that recognizes all appropriate factors to attaining

objectives in the most effective way. A typical strategic plan could
address objectives, customer needs, work force plans, operational
plans, budget, etc.
Stress Relieving (Heat Treatment)
a uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient

temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses,
followed by uniform cooling.
Sub or Substation
Electrical power distribution centre
Supervising
the process of providing overall instruction to qualified foremen

and craftsmen. Supervision must ensure that the workforce have
the necessary tools, equipment, rigging, instructions, skills,
qualifications and materials to carry out assigned work activities.
Supervision must ensure work is executed to acceptable
standards of workmanship in a safe, effective manner within
budget and the time restraints defined in the schedule.
Supervision must frequently inspect work in progress for quality
and quantity while verifying that the crew understands their
assigned jobs and are following established procedures at all
times.
Support Service
an external contract resource such as chemical cleaning, cranes,

vacuum truck, scaffolding, NDE, etc.
SWO
see Standing Work Order
System
See CMMS.
52

Term
Definition
System
a grouping of equipment based on a common process and/or

function.
T
T&M
Time and Material
Tactical focus
A view concentrating on the short term application of resources to

attain a specific objective. A typical tactical plan would cover the
details of organizing Team A to complete task B.
Task
separate action e.g. position wrench A, remove bolts B,

remove gasket C and manually lower flange and 10 of pipe D
are all individual tasks, when they are grouped together e.g.
remove pipe spool, they are then classed as an activity.
Task list
chronologically sequenced directions to the mechanic that must

be completed for a particular job. Tasks could be to inspect,
clean, loosen, lubricate, adjust, calibrate, tighten, etc.
Tasks
The detailed guidelines, instructions, or job description entered on

a work order during the planning stage.
TCLR
Tank Car Loading Rack
Team concept
people working together as a co-ordinated unit to achieve

common goal.
Technical Library (Maintenance

Technical Library)
a repository of maintenance technical information. Typical

information includes maintenance manuals, drawings, asset repair
history, vendor catalogues, MSDS, PM / PdM information,
engineering books, shop manuals, etc.
Terotechnology
the application of managerial, financial, engineering and other

skills to extend the operational life of, and increase the efficiency
of, equipment and machinery.
Thermography
The process of determining the condition of an asset through the

measurement and analysis of heat. Typically conducted through
the use of infra red cameras and associated software. Commonly
used for monitoring the condition of high voltage insulators and
electrical connections, as well as for monitoring the condition of
refractory in furnaces and boilers, amongst other applications.
TI
Device used for temperature measurement
Time Tickets
Used to track actual labor hours against work orders.
Tool registry
A listing of specialized tools which includes their storage locations,

owner and availability.
Tools
Tool resource required to perform work order tasks.
ToSS
see Total System Support
53

Term
Definition
Total Asset Management
an integrated approach (yet to be developed!) to Asset

Management which incorporates elements such as Reliability
Centered Maintenance, Total Productive Maintenance, Design for
Maintainability, Design for Reliability, Value Engineering, Life
Cycle Costing, Probabalistic Risk Assessment and others, to
arrive at the optimum Cost- Benefit-Risk asset solution to meet
any given production requirements
Total Productive Maintenance
a company-wide equipment management program, with its

origins in Japan, emphasising production operator involvement in
equipment maintenance, and continuous improvement
approaches. Numerous books have been written on the subject,
including Nakajima's authoritative introduction, and a more recent
Western hemisphere update by Willmott
an asset management strategy, emphasising production operator

involvement in asset maintenance and continuous improvement
initiatives. Established to eliminate the barriers associated with
achieving maximum production. Autonomous maintenance teams
perform the majority of the maintenance activitiessee Autonomous
Maintenance Program
Productive maintenance carried out by all employees through

small group activities made up of maintenance prevention,
preventive maintenance and maintainability improvement.
TPM includes the following five goals:
1. Maximize equipment effectiveness (zero breakdowns).
2. Develop a system of productive maintenance for the life of
the equipment
3. Involve all the departments that plan, design, use or
maintain equipment.
4. Actively involve all of the employees from top
management to all team members.
5. Promote TPM through motivation management (reward
and recognition) and autonomous small group activities.
Total Quality Management
A customer focused, strategic and systematic approach to

continuous performance improvement.
Total: Make everyone in the organization responsible for quality
and every thing in the organization fair game for improvement.
Quality: provide products and/or services that consistently meet
or exceed customer expectations, reduce the cost of poor quality.
Management: Make it happen, via mission, vision, values, goals,
policies, process improvement, financial support, measurements,
communication, participative supervision, training and education,
rewards and recognition, and above all management involvement.
Total System Support (ToSS)
The composite of all considerations needed to assure the

effective and economical support of a system throughout its
programmed lifecycle.
TPM
see Total Productive Maintenance
54

Term
Definition
Tradesperson
Alternative to Craftsperson. A skilled maintenance worker who

has typically been formally trained through an apprenticeship
program.
Tradesperson
alternative to Craftsperson. A trained individual who has acquired

defined skills through an apprenticeship program.
Tribology
the process of monitoring the condition of equipment through the

analysis of properties of its lubricating and other oils. Typically
conducted through the measurement of particulates in the oil, or
the measurement of the chemical composition of the oil
(Spectographic Oil Analysis). Commonly used for monitoring the
condition of large gearboxes, engines and transformers, amongst
other applications.
TTLR
Tank Truck Loading Rack.
Turnaround
See Plant Turnaround.
Turnaround
the period of time that a Process Unit or several Process Units

are Out of Service. A Turnaround is a scheduled production
outage to inspect, clean, calibrate and repair assets as per
regulatory and / or the facility asset management program.
Turnaround Maintenance
Maintenance that is performed on individual assets when the

Process Unit is out of service (Turnaround) to facilitate asset
maintenance. Typically the asset is included on the Turnaround
Worklist
Type
classification of a similar set of parameters, i.e.; asset type,

material type, work type, etc.
U
Underpaid
A feeling of anyone attempting to implement a CMMS system

without the assistance of an outside Consultant.
Unplanned Maintenance
any maintenance activity for which a pre determined job

procedure has not been documented, or for which all labour,
materials, tools, and equipment required to carry out the activity
have been not been estimated, and their availability assured
before commencement of the activity.
Unscheduled
Refers to work orders that have not yet been scheduled
Unscheduled
Refers to work that was performed as a result of equipment

breakdown.
Unscheduled Maintenance
any maintenance work that has not been included on an

approved Maintenance Schedule prior to its commencement.
Unscheduled Maintenance
Emergency maintenance (EM) or Corrective Maintenance (CM) to

restore a failed item to usable condition.
Update
record the actual data or status on the execution progress for a

scheduled or unscheduled event, activity or expenditure by
physical verification.
UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supply
55

Term
Definition
Uptime
strangely enough, the opposite of downtime It is defined as being

the time that an asset or piece of equipment is in service and
operating
Urgent Maintenance
Maintenance carried out in order to minimize or eliminate a

potential safety, health or environmental hazard, or to correct a
failure with the potential for an economic impact to production.
Urgent work activities will normally be scheduled prior to normal
work activities on the following days Daily Work Schedule if
available resources are limited.
Urgent Work
A work order priority Urgent work is a high priority work order with
a cycle time of less than 24 hours
Useful life
That is a period, usually many years, throughout which the

users/operators expect the physical assets to do what they want.
The useful life will vary from asset to asset depending upon the
operating context. For example, a lightly loaded electric motor in
a clean environment can last for many years but a heavily loaded
motor of the same design in a dirty environment will not. At the
end of the useful life an asset must be disposed. Sometimes
useful life is determined by the economics of replacement vs.
restoration decisions. Some captive equipment is often
uneconomic to restore and sell off at the end of its life, so it is
scrapped. Other equipment may have a resale or salvage value
at the end of its useful life.
Useful Life
The maximum length of time that a component can be left in

service, before it will start to experience a rapidly increasing
probability of failure. The Useful Life determines the frequency
with which a Scheduled Restoration or a Scheduled Discard task
should be performed. Note that for the concept of the Useful Life
of a component to hold true, components must, at some
consistent point in time, experience a rapidly increasing probability
of failure. Research in the airline industry showed that, in this
industry at least, this was only true for 11% of the components in
modern aircraft.
Utilization
The proportion of available time that an item of equipment is

operating. Calculated by dividing equipment operating hours by
equipment available hours. Generally expressed as a percentage
V
Value Engineering
a systematic approach to assessing and analyzing the user's

requirements of a new asset, and ensuring that those
requirements are met, but not exceeded. Consists primarily of
eliminating perceived "non- value- adding" features of new
equipment.
VFD
Variable Frequency Drive. (Speed Controller for electric motors)
56

Term
Definition
Vibration Analysis
the process of monitoring the condition of equipment, and the

diagnosis of faults in equipment through the measurement and
analysis of vibration within that equipment under normal operating
conditions.
Typically conducted through hand- held or permanently
positioned accelerometers placed on key measurement points on
the equipment. Commonly used on most large items of rotating
equipment, such as turbines, centrifugal pumps, motors,
gearboxes etc.
W
Warehouse Service Level
a KPI that measures the ability of the inventory management

system to meet the ongoing maintenance requirements. It is
equal to the number of inventory stock items available when
requested divided by the number of stock items requested for a
given period. Generally expressed as a percentage.
WBS
see Work Breakdown Structure
Weekly Net Capacity Sheet
Net capacity refers to the amount of hours available per craft to

perform planned & scheduled work orders. The net capacity is
calculated on a weekly net capacity sheet. Each craft along with
the craft lead for each craft will fill out a weekly net capacity sheet.
They will indicate the hours required for next weeks routine work
orders, ,these hours will be supplied by the maintenance planner,
the maintenance planner triggers the routine work orders for next
week by craft and generates a report to show what routine work is
to be done and the associated hours, they will also total all indirect
hours, standing work orders and minor work that will subtract from
the total gross hours. The hours that remain are the net capacity
hours used for scheduling planned work orders.
Weekly Schedule
The weekly schedule is developed at the weekly scheduling

meeting held typically at 10:00am each Thursday. The weekly
schedule will be developed with input from maintenance first line
supervision, scheduling, planning, maintenance manager and the
OEM group. The purpose of the weekly schedule is to provide
maintenance first line supervision with hours of ready to schedule
work orders that equal a weeks work of work per craft based on
their net capacity hours. Work orders are placed on the weekly
schedule based on the cycle time and priority as well as
preferences by the OEM group. Once work orders have been
placed on the weekly schedule the work order status will change
to DO.
Weekly Scheduling Meeting
A weekly meeting for developing the weekly schedule for the

following week and to review the status of the present weekly
schedule. (See Weekly Schedule)..
Weekly Scheduling Meeting
see weekly scheduling process
57

Term
Definition
Weekly Scheduling Meeting process
A meeting will be held each week on Thursday at 10:00am. This

meeting is the weekly scheduling meeting and is chaired by the
maintenance planner. This meeting will be attended by the
maintenance supervisor (XXX), production supervisor
field/production engineering (XXX), facility engineering
representative (XXX), craft leads (XXX, XXX, XXX and XXX) and
maintenance planner (XXX). The maintenance planner will bring a
copy of the weekly schedule report to the meeting. The craft leads
will bring their copy of the weekly schedule report with the status
of the scheduled work indicated. The maintenance planner will
require the status of all the work orders that appear on the weekly
schedule report. Compliance to schedule will then be discussed.
Any work that did not get completed will be re-scheduled, placed
on a hold condition or canceled. Each crafts net capacity sheet will
be reviewed. Each member will review the craft backlog report for
work orders that they would like placed on next weeks schedule. If
they have no preference as to the work orders to be scheduled the
maintenance planner will schedule the work orders based on craft
net capacity and date required by.(furthest date). There will be
time during the first few weekly scheduling meetings for
information, discussion and problem solving surrounding the
implementation of the planning & scheduling process. As time
progresses, this meeting will be kept as short and effective as
possible.
NOTE: Attendance is essential, anyone who cannot make the
weekly scheduling meeting must have someone fill in for them.
Weekly Scheduling Report
Following the weekly scheduling meeting, the maintenance

planner will change the status on all the work orders that have
been scheduled for next week. The status will be changed from
ready to schedule to in progress. After the status change, the
weekly scheduling report will be run. This report will query on
status in progress work for the following week. In addition to the
work scheduled, routine pm work orders scheduled for this period
will also be added to the schedule. From this report the craft lead
will build a daily schedule. The craft lead will build the daily
schedule prior to the daily scheduling meeting the day before.
Weekly Worklist
a list of Work Orders that has no scheduling constraints, i.e. they

are ready to schedule. Operations, Maintenance and Support
Groups prioritize the work that can be accomplished based on
available resources using the weekly Worklist to create the
Weekly Maintenance Schedule.
Work Breakdown Structure
a representation that displays the work to be accomplished broken

down by the hierarchical asset (parent child) relationship with the
breakdown in work by level of detail, e.g. scope of work discipline activity - task. The WBS is used to break down work
so it is easier to understand, assign responsibility and report the
status.
58

Term
Definition
Work Instruction
Detailed task by task instructions for work activities of a complex,

critical or safety / environmental / health nature that requires the
user to follow a precise sequence of tasks. The work instruction
details the approved method of performing the activities and
assigns the responsibility for completing them correctly. The Work
Instruction may include diagrams, forms, examples and any other
aids that explain the actions to be performed. Work Instructions, if
required due to the nature of the work, complement Work
Procedures.
Work Management Process
a systematic method for managing maintenance activities from the

time the need for a maintenance activity is identified through until
the work is completed and documented.
Work or Task Procedure
Detailed step by step description of how to proceed in performing

a specific task properly.
Work Order
A record used for identifying, planning and tracking equipment

history on specific jobs. Typically developed from an approved
work request. The work order contains the information as to the
equipment, equipment description, location, priority, problem
description, status, fault, cause and action codes, notes, and
requester.
Work Order
The prime document used by the maintenance function to

manage maintenance tasks. It may include such information as a
description of the work required, the task priority, the job
procedure to be followed, the parts, materials, tools and
equipment required to complete the job, the labor hours, costs and
materials consumed in completing the task, as well as key
information on failure causes, what work was performed etc.
Work Order
The prime document designated by a unique identification

number used by the Facility to manage maintenance activities. It
provides written authorization to proceed with a repair or other
activity to preserve an asset. It may include such information as:
a description of the work required; the work priority; the job
procedure to be followed; the parts, materials, tools and
equipment required to complete the job; the labour hours; labour
and material cost consumed in completing the activity; key
information on failure modes; failure cause; repair made; etc.
Work Order
A work request that has been authorized. All unauthorized work

requests must be returned to the originator with an explanation.
Work Order Priority
A field on the work order record that indicates the importance of

the work order and indicates the cycle time preferred for work
execution to begin.
Work Order Priority Code
Each work order must be assigned a priority code. The

maintenance supervisor with input from operations will assign
each work order with a priority code as follows.
59

Term
Definition
Work Order Status
A field on the work order record to indicate the status of the work
order e.g., on hold for parts, in progress, ready to schedule etc.
The work order status assists with the management of the work
order process flow by tracking the work order from work order
origination to completion.
Work Order Status Code
The status code is used to track the flow of the work order. A
status code is assigned as status waiting for approval by the
requester. The maintenance supervisor will change the status
code at the same time that the work order is assigned a priority
code if the work order is approved. The maintenance planner
changes status codes as the flow of the work order moves from
creation to completion. Status codes are used to filter and query
reports generated by the report writer in the computerized
maintenance management system.
Work Package
Planning develops work packages when planning the work

orders. The work order package consists of materials, parts,
drawings, permits, photos, tools as well as any other resources
required to execute a work order. Part of the work order package
may be assembled at the warehouse.
Work Package
the identification and assembly of information required to perform

an identified Work Order or group of Work Orders on the same
asset.
Work Package
The maintenance planner will create a work package for each

planned work order as well as shutdown work orders. The work
package will consist of all a list of estimated recourses,
recommended procedures and could contain photographs, maps
or drawings. Work packages should be reviewed and modified
after the work is completed to reflect actuals vs. estimates and to
assist the maintenance planning in developing valuable work
packages. All valuable work packages should be kept in a library
file (data-base) for future use
Work Plan
Lists of procedures and tasks (e.g., standard job plan), resources

(human, material, tools and equipment) and information necessary
to complete the work.
Work Practices
Positive guidelines for proper performance, generally not limited to

a specific task, but applicable to a fairly wide range of work
activities. Especially useful for occupations where specific tasks
are hard to proceduralize due to the requirements of specific
situations example: equipment isolation and lock out practices.
Work Procedure
a sequence of steps or standard Work Instructions to be followed

when carrying out the activity described. The establishment of
work procedures ensures that guidelines established for the
business process by a corporation is adhered to at each facility
based on the specific Process Units, complexity, organization, etc.
at that facility. Work Procedures complement and expand on the
practices defined in the guideline.
60

Term
Definition
Work Request
A written request by anyone for work to be performed by the

maintenance organization. Not yet authorized.
Work Request
The prime document raised by user departments requesting the

initiation of a maintenance task. This is usually converted to a
work order after the work request has been authorized for
completion.
Work Request
Formal request to have work done. Work requests are usually

time/date stamped. The prime document raised by user
departments requesting maintenance work. This is usually
converted to a work order after the work request has been
authorized.
Work Status Code
Codes and descriptions that indicate the status of the Work Order
in the CMMS, e.g. WM Waiting for Materials, RS Ready to
Schedule, JP Job In Progress, EC Execution is Complete. The
Work Status Code controls the Work Order within the Work
Management Process by tracking the location within the process
from Initiation to Closure where the Work Order currently resides.
Work Type
Categories for grouping maintenance activities in the CMMS.

Categorizing maintenance activities by work type allows
management to track and trend budgetary and benchmarking
information against Industry Best Practices. It also allows
management to measure the impact of modified Asset
Maintenance Strategies on reliability, availability, product quality /
volume and cost.
Worklist
a compiled list of identified and prioritized maintenance,

inspection, project and operations work that requires planning and
scheduling prior to execution during a Process Unit Outage.
Workload
the amount of labor hours required to carry out specified

maintenance tasks.
WPQ
Welder Performance Qualification. Demonstration of a welders

ability to produce welds in a manner described in a welding
procedure, i.e. a specification that meets prescribed standards.
WPS
Welding Procedure Specification. A written qualified welding

procedure prepared to provide direction for making production
welds to Code requirements. The WPS may be used to provide
direction to welder or welding operator to assure compliance with
Code requirements.
X
Y
Z
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Asset Management / Maintenance Management

Terminology and Definitions

Statistical tool used to rank inventory from highest annual cost to

Alberta Boilers Safety Association is the regulatory organization

to certify that a characteristic, component, material, parts or

Asset Management / Maintenance Management

An action or series of tasks (task list) to be performed when

The hours earned to complete the work.

Statistical analysis of failure data to determine the age - reliability

management approved work added to an original work package or

Approved for Construction

Approved for Expenditure (Projects Work Authorization)

a change in any item described on the original manufacturers

Methodically scrutinizing individual facts to discover the underlying

American National Standards Institute

See Applications Parts List

Applications Parts List

A list of all parts required to perform a specific maintenance

a tradesperson (or craftsperson) in training.

are defined as items which are attached to a pressure vessel or

Asset Management / Maintenance Management

A group of welding processes wherein coalescence is produced

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Unlike in the accounting definition, in maintenance this is

any item of physical plant or equipment. e.g. buildings, structures,

refers to the ability of the asset to perform in a reliable, consistent

Asset Maintenance Strategies

the choice of routine maintenance activities (Preventive,

the systematic planning and control of a physical resource

Asset Management Philosophy

describes how the organization approaches the management of

Asset Management Plan

a written plan that describes the maintenance and inspection

Asset Management Process

a business process that consists of a defined set of events and

Asset Management / Maintenance Management

Asset Management Program

Defines the specific strategies, programs, administrative issues,

a list of all the Assets in a particular workplace, together with

a list of all the Assets associated with a facility, complete with

Automatic Transfer Switch

to verify that operations, methods and records are in compliance

person appointed by the Chief Inspector of the Provincial

a function of scheduling software that calculates formulated

Autonomous Maintenance Program

corrective maintenance and PM's performed by operations

An equipment ability to perform its intended function as required

Asset Management / Maintenance Management

The proportion of total time that an item of equipment is capable of

The total number of hours that an item of equipment is capable of

How long, on average, a component will last before it suffers a

Backlog is described as the amount of ready to schedule work

Work which has not been completed by the nominated 'required

The work that has been planned and is incomplete.

Asset Management / Maintenance Management

is the number of man hours contained in the Ready to Schedule

Bad Actor List

a list of the Top 10 highest cost and or reliability issues in the

Bag and Tag

Pre-selection and staging of the parts and materials that are

Bag and Tag

Selecting and packing by warehouse staff, of all requested

Bagging and tagging