Sie sind auf Seite 1von 12
Does Social Networking Kill? Cyberbullying, Homophobia, and Suicide i: the new digital world fraught with danger? Itis easy to understand why many people would be concemed about the uncharted waters ‘we seem to be traversing online. Will Facebook change the nature of fiiendships? Might texting alter the ability of its users to construct nction between public and private complete sentences? Has the di eroded, thanks to social networking? And will young people post too much online and not consider the consequences of their actions? “These are just a few of the many questions that our digital environ ‘ment has created. As I discussed in the first chapter, with the advent of any new medium comes anxiety about what kind of changes it will harms we might not yet anticipate. Moral pan- create and the pote nerge when a new form of media emerges and its ies are likely to users are primarily those who seem particularly vulnerable or threat- ening (or both). New media do create cultural changes to shifting the way that people communicate and navigate re off—and in Having grown up before the use of social media t many cases before the widespread use of the Internet—many adults 48 1g Social Problems and Popular ly concerned about young people's use of these new forms wunication. Texts and tweets are harder to mot d-fashioned land ircumvent parental control telephone and mail, making nes. And perhaps most alarming, may make it more challenging to shield ers. The idea that parents can put a wall up -s and the outside world was never quite a real- ability abundantly ity, but the new media environment makes clear. Perhaps parents’ and critics’ biggest fear is that new media will be harmful to young people, fear heightened by national news coverage wveral tragedies involving young people who committed suicide st few years. A common thread appears to place at least “cyberbullies,” who allegedly harassed the vietim using social networking sites, taking old-fashioned teasing to a new ics to ponder and parents to fear the Cyberbullying Blamed for'Teen (New York Times), and “Death by Cyber-Bully” (Beston Globe), itis easy to understand why concerns about cyberbulllies would rise. CBS News ran story titled “Phoebe Prince: ‘Suicide by Bullying’; Teen's Death [Angers Town Asking Why Bullies Roam the Halls." A US4 Teday col- umn titled “Bullying: Are We Defenst away to save the children.” Not only do parents want to protect their 1gy allows meanness to per ington Post reported in 2010 that “the In- 1g potential as a means of tormenting others .. raises ss?" implores readers to “find +r young people in the age of Twitter and Facebook. from private."*Iv’s just a matter of when. en the next attack’s going to hit,” Chapter 3: Does ers. The very nature of the Internet allows fe ingly anonymous speech, enabling angry, rein, Visit nearly any website that allows le of all ages can be really rude online. But cyberbullying involving young people us have had the experience of being teased, at least mildly, as children, ve; most of but taunts typically ended after school let out. New medi ternet and smartphones are extremely difficult to monitor, so it to understand why 80 communication would create concerns. New me: world of sorts, where something as co on new meaning when it happens electronically. fade into the past eventually, but elect Not only is there fear that kids will communicate inappropriately networking sites, texting, and other onl reflect a brave new jon as a schoolyard taunt rakes woken words may messages wer realy di with one another, but the Internet also seems to make it easier for strangers to interact with children, creating new concerns about cyber predators. As I wrote in Kids These Days: Facts and Fictions About Teday’s Youth, fears of “stranger danger” and kidnapping children using social networking tools. Stories about kidnappings or sexual assaults highlight the potential dangers adults could pose to young people online. This fear was doubtlessly heightened by NBC's Dateline series, “To Catch a Predator.” The hidden-camera segments aired from 2004 to 2007, featuring producers posing as young teens online in order to catch adult men who come to a house, presurnably to have sex with a minor. Seemingly ordinary n appeared, suggest ing that Internet predators could be any click away. Besides concerns of abuse from peers and predatory adults, the shift into the electronic age has also sparked concerns that the Internet self is dangerous. Stories of marriages anywhere, and are just a and Social Probe ppular Culture gaming, shopping, or Facebook friending suggest that the existence of the Internet itself can be detrimental to our health and relation- ships. Talk of “Internet addiction” as a new form of mental illness also dominates self-help talk shows, despite the fact that it is not currently classified as an illness by the American Psychiatric Association. Is the Internet putting people at greater risk for suicide, depression, kidnapping, and sexual abuse? While questions like this might be great fodder for cable-news pundits and talk-show hosts, the concern re~ flects anxieties about new media, not actual increases in the feared be~ haviors, Stories like one about a Chinese teen who sold his kidney to buy an iPhone and iPad may make us shake our heads about the im- pact new media has on young people, but the relationship most teens have with new technology is typically more mundane than extreme ‘examples like this one.” In this chapter, I explore two central fears surrounding new media: first, that cyberbullying can push people to commit suicide, and sec- ond, that online predators routinely use the Internet to lure kidnap- ping or sexual abuse victims or both. By comparing the headlines to data on these problems, we will see that although these new commu nication technologies have become much bigger parts of many peoples lives, the problems they are often associated with are in fact not getting, worse. The stories we hear may be shocking and familiar, and although. powerful examples, they are not necessarily representative of a larger trend of increased danger to young people. “Cyberbullicide”: Familiar Tragedies es: Tyler, Megan, Amanda, ey, to list a few. These are the names of young people ‘You probably have heard many of their n Phoebe, and who commit suicide, apparently after enduring online harassment. “Their stories became regular features on national news programs and. talk shows, seeming to be symbi of the scary new Internet world we inhabir. (Chapter 3: Does Socal Networking Kill? 51 When news of Tyler Clementi’s tragic jump from the George Washington Bridge made headlines in the fall of 2010, it really hit hhome among students in my classes. Like Clementi, many of my stu- dents were eightcen-year-old college freshmen adjusting to being away from home for the first time, and some were dealing with a new roommate they didn't particularly like. Clementi was a student at Rutgers University who had apparently requested a roommate change after he had discovered that his room- mate, Dharun Ravi, had set up a webcam to watch him become inti- mate with another man in their room. After Ravi streamed a second encounter live online, Clementi committed suicide. Ravi was charged with invasion of privacy, bias intimidation, and other charges relating to a cover-up. In early 2012 Ravi was found guilty of intimidation, ‘witness tampering, and tampering with evidence. He could have faced up to ten years in prison and deportation to India but was sentenced to thirty days in jail (of which he served twenty) and three years of probation, and he must pay eleven thousand dollars in restitution.” Ravi appeared to embody the role of cyberbully. His defense attor- ney attempted to frame webcam spying as a juvenile prank, stating. that “he hastit lived long enough to have any experience with homo- sexuality or gays” and claiming the incident was not a hate crime as charged. News coverage portrayed Ravi as immature, but also cruel and dismissive of the seriousness of the charges, even appearing to fll asleep during closing arguments of his trial." “Text messages and Twitter entries became evidence introduced at trial, highlighting the break from traditional forms of evidence. News stories translated text-speak for their presumably older readers (ide ‘means “I don't care,” rents means “parents,” for instance). According toan Associated Press report, the roommates checked out each other's Internet postings before school began. Both wrote negative comments about the other online.’ But perhaps the most central part of this case, beyond the new forms of media it involved, was the issue of homophobia. Were Ravi’s 52 ing Social Problems and Popular Culture actions meant to embarrass Clementi because he was gay? According to reports friends denied that Ravi was homophobic, and Ravi did as, well ina text to Clementi after the spying incident.” “The case raises questions about the meaning of homophobia and whether cyber-spying constitutes a hate crime. Broken down, the term bomephobia translates to fear of homosexuality. This fear can ‘manifest in many form: sion, or discomfort. Existing on a continuum, people may feel ho- can include violence, harassment, exclu- mophobic without being openly hostile toward gay and lesbian individuals. Homophobia is a central part of the concept of hegemonic masculinity, narrowly constructed idea of what it means to be a “real man,” Rigid definitions of manhood demand heterosexuality, and thus antigay slurs are a prime way that men degrade one another. In fact, homophobia affects men regardless of their sexual orientation, since it is used as both a put-down and a way to enforce strict adherence to hege Te’ hard to imagine the Rutgers case getting so much global atten- lementi had been with a woman in his dorm room. Even be- fore a jury agreed that Ravi’s actions constituted bias, the issue of masculinity. tion sexuality was a large part of the case's coverage. For instance, openly gay talk show host Ellen DeGeneres spoke out publicly about Clementi suicide, calling bullying an “epidemic,” and stated that “the death rate is climbing,” Even blogger Perez Hilton, known for often inflammatory online posts about celebrities, reconsidered his approach after Clementi death.* “This incident happened at a time when several other stories of young people whom classmates teased about their sexual orientation— ved sexual orientation—made national news after they com- je. Jamey Rodemeyer, a fourteen-year-old boy from -w York, was bullied about his perceived sexual orientation and later committed suicide that same year, garnering coverage on or in NBC's Taday, CNN, the New York Times, the Huffington Post, and other national news outlets.” Chapter 3: Docs Sxial Networking Kilt 38 In sesponse to the many highly publicized stories of bullied young people, in 2010 Dan Savage and Terry Miller founded the It Gets Better Project, a website where adults assure young gays and lesbians that they will find acceptance and not to be discouraged by teasing or discrimination they may currently face. President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, as well as other prominent political leaders in the United States and abroad, have participated in the project. Not only can the Internet be used to harass others, but it clearly can also help people who may feel isolated and alone find a sense of community and acceptance. Social networking and the Internet are relatively new ways of ex- pressing homophobia, A Rutgers instructor, quoted on nj.com, claimed, “Intolerance is growing at the same time cyberspace has given. every one of us an almost magical ability to invade other people's lives.” Yet it is important to recognize that young people are cer- tainly not alone in perpetuating homophobia, as political leaders often reinforce the idea that it is okay to discriminate based on sexual orientation. A Michigan antibullying law faced opposition from con~ servative groups that argued laws preventing antigay comments violate fice speech and the rights of those to express their religious beliefs. A compromise included a ‘moral and religious clause” that allows stu- dents to tell others they will go to hell due to their sexual orientation, for example. The bill passed in 201 Is intolerance increasing, and is cyberbullying against gay and les- ath rates, as reaction bian young people an epidemic with growing to Clementi’ suicide suggested? Realities of Suicide and Cyberbullying Ieappears that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered teens are more likely to experience cyberbullying than their peers, according to a few recent studies. A 2009 study of just under twenty-five hundred stu- dents in a Colorado county found that LGBT youth were more than 5 Connecting Social Problems and Popular Culture Jectronic harassment” than those who iden- tified as heterosexual (nearly 30 percent versus 13 percent).!? In a 2010 study of eleven- to eighteen-year-olds, nonheterosexual respondents bullied on- and offline—but also a Jing others online and off-.!* BT youth are more bul- ly that growing aware er the past few decades would stem some of the harassment compared with the past, when invice as likely to report acceptance of gay's and lesbians teachers and administrators might have been less likely to intervene. Legal changes after a 1999 US Supreme Court decision also mean that schools can be liable if they do not take reasonable efforts to pro- tect students from sexual harassment. Although there is evidence that LGBT youth do experience more harassment than their peers, there is no solid evidence that there is a new epidemic, nor that youth LGBT suicides are significantly higher wide. Instead, we had an “epidemic” of tragic cases that became national news stories. ide sexual orientation, we just suicide rates for LGBT youth are higher on a this limitation, many people have seen a sta~ scent ofall youth suicides involve LGBT in n Resource Center report explains, this number emerged from a ballpark estimate contained in 41989 Health and Human Services report rather than an observed through news reports to become taken for granted as For gay-rights acti riousness of hot statistic seems to provide p ‘American society and creates a sense of urgency to prevent harassment. (Chapter 3: Does So Te may be that LGBT youth are more likely to cor their peers; we just don't have data to know for sure. We do have data from several small studies on suicide attempts and suicidal ideation (thoughts about suicide) that suggest that LGBT individuals are more likely than their peers to attempt and think about suicide, Exactly dow ‘much more varies from study to study, and the studies are too isolated to make national generalizations. Because the amount of acceptance of LGBT individuals varies significantly across regions in the country, the social context of any given community likely influences the out- come of these studies, so it would be difficult to generalize from these jolated studies.”” ‘Although we don't know the sexual orien nationwide, we do know their ages. One major misconception is that teens are the group most prone to suicide. Infact, they are among the ‘eas likely to commit suicide, According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), forty-five- to ffty-four-year- suicide in 2009 (the most 19.3 suicides per n of suicide victims colds were the group most likely to com: recent year for which data are availabl 100,000. The age groups with the fewest suicides? Five- to fourteen year-olds (0.7 per 100,000), followed by fifteen- to twenty-four-year~ ‘lds (10.1 per 100,000). Rates for young people have been flat for the past decade, with virtually no changes. But suicide rates have crept up slightly for thiry-five- to sixty-four-year-olds, while declining slightly for those sixty-five and older." Ironically, children, teens, and young adul take their own lives but are presumed to be the most at risk. This ight be because we routinely hear that suicide is one of the leadi are the least likely to causes of deaths for teens, behind car accidents and homicide. Though, that statistic is true, the good news is teens are unlikely to die at al, compared to their older counterparts who are more likely to commit suicide and afe also more likely to succumb to heart disease, cancer, and other ailments.” If anything, we might wonder about ide epidemic” among forty-five- to fifty-four-year-olds, whose rates rose from 13.9 per 100,000 in 1999 to 19.3 per 100,000 in 2009. But concerns for middle-aged Americans’ mental health are rarely expressed in dram: like the ones about young people who have been cyberbullied. Has Bullying Gotten Worse? Reports of bullying have become very widespread in recent years, with cable news devoting hours of coverage to the issue. CNN aired pro- grams like Step Bullying: Speak Up and Bullying: It Stops Here in 2011, the heightened coverage implying that there is a new crisis.2° But is there ‘The Bureau of Justice Statistics publishes a report titled Indicators of Crime and School Safety each year and includes bullying as a measure, With bullying described as being called nam sd, made fun of, pushed, tripped, spit on, being excluded from activities, or threatened sical harm, about 28 percent of twelve- to eighteen-year-old es at school in 2009 (the most recent year of data available), a decline from 2007 and the same students reported any one of these experi percentage as 2005. to measure the intensity scent report that they the one from which ried intensity, jon de- online activities—such as receiving threatening messages; having their (Chapter 3: Does Social Networking Kil? s7 private emails or text messages forwarded wi having an ‘embarrassing picture posted without permission; or having rumors about them spread online.” ‘According to the Indicators of Crime and School Safety report, only 6 percent of students twelve to eighteen reported being cyberbullied. 1.2011 nationally representative survey conducted by the Pew Internet and American Other studies have come up with higher estimat Life Project found that 8 percent of all twelve- to seventeen-year-olds reported having been bullied online, and 12 percent reported being bullied in person. A 2010 Pew Internet and American Life study also found that young people were far more likely to be bullied at school than online (31 percent versus 13 percent online). Both studies sug- gest it isa small minority of young people who have had this experi- ence, According to the 2011 Pew study, most res ts thought that others were mostly kind online, although twelve~ to seventeen- year-olds were less likely to respond this way than adults over (69 percent compared with 85 percent). Other studi 2.2007 National Crime Prevention Council study, found that 43 percent of thirteen- to seventeen-year-olds report having been cyberbullied; another study claimed that 72 percent of all students had been cyberbullied. Justin W. Patchin and Sameer Hin- duja, authors of Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert Perspec- tives, reviewed several surveys and found an average of 24 percent overall, the variation largely a result of narrower or wider definitions of cyberbullying2* The more minor the behavior included in the defi- nition, the larger number of people who are likely to have had the ex teen and perience. There's a big difference between having an ¢ forwarded without our knowledge once or twict taunts or doctored pictures repeatedly post someone. - dicate a diflerent cn experience bullying ‘Although the creation of a new word se concept, people who experience cyberbullyin 58 offline, and both experiences have a lot in common. A 2010 study of ‘middle school-age youth found that both on- and offline bullying vic- tims and offenders were more likely to have attempted suicide than those not involved in bullying of any kind, The authors of the study ikely that experience with cyberbullying by itself leads to youth suicide. Rather, it tends to exacerbate instability and the minds of adolescents already struggling with stressful life circumstances.” ‘That same year, the N: al Institutes of Health (NIH) reported con a study that found that cyberbully victims had higher rates of de- victim and offender tend to show elevated rates of depression. Per- haps those who experience cyberbullying feel even less of a sense of control over their environment, one that now extends into cyberspace. Although itis problematic to presume that the Intemet, social net ‘ide, the Internet and new electronic communications create additional com- ‘working, or even cyberbullying alone isa primary cause of s plexities in our lives and relationships. Yet itis important to note that suicide rates among young people have nof been increasing. So why is bullying so prevalent in the news today, even described when there is no evidence it is actually getting worse? As I ‘ous generations. Beyond concerns about bullying, so-called helicopter parenting extends well into early adulthood, as many parents seek to ‘cate for their kids’ emotional needs even while in college and beyond” Colleagues tell me of parents calling to try to get their kids added to closed college courses or complain about a grade their young adult student received on a paper. It s heightened level of caretaking, dramatic tise of social networking, the use of texting and of the In- (Chapter 3: Does Social Nerworking Kill? 59 temet in general have not produced notable changes in suicide rates for young people. Adult Cyber Predators Stories of cyberbullying tend to focus on young people as the primary predators, too immature to exercise good judgient about how to treat ~ others. Headlines like “Cyber Bullies Harass’Teen Even After Suicide” (Hufington Post) and “The Untouchable Mean Girls" (Boston Globe) paint a picture suggesting that amoral youth are the core threat to their peers.” ‘Adults aren't always so nice to each othe ther. According to a 2010 survey, 35 percent of workers reported experiencing some kind of bullying at work, defined as “sabotage by others that prevented work 8 percent), suggest- in the workplace. The Occupational jon (OSHA) notes that 2 million ing an important gender dynami Health and Safety Administr: Americans report being the vic as well.” Of course, it’s not just young people who use the Internet to harass others. Whereas news reports often portray parents as hapless ob- servers, struggling to understand the twenty-first-century world that > ‘Connecting Social Problemns and Popular Culture reir children inhabit, adults can be cruel online as well. For instance, fifty-one-year-old commodities trader was sentenced to twenty- ght months in jail in 2012 for posting an “execution list” of dozens, £ Securities and Exchange Commission officials on his Facebook age. In a 2011 National Science Foundation report, a forty-year-old escribed being harassed online by a former high school classmate, hho sent pornographic messages to his employer. A seventy-seven- zar-old singer-songwriter allegedly received thousands of harassing mails from his fifty-five-year-old former manager, violating a re~ raining order that ordered her not to contact him further. Currently, ae Arizona legislature has proposed a law to define “annoying” or “of- insive” online posts as criminal acts, similar to prank phone calls." ‘A 2006 incident was particularly shocking, because it involved an ule bullying a child online and became national news. Megan Meier as thirteen years old when she met a boy online—or so she thought. “hrough her MySpace page, she corresponded with someone she sought was named Josh for a couple of weeks before he turned on cr and allegedly told her,“The world would be a better place without 5u.” Soon after, Megan committed suicide. There never was a boy named Josh, though. He was fabricated by xe mother of a former friend who lived down the street, Lori Drew— ‘ho was forty-seven. Megan had recently changed schools and had ade new friends, and Drew allegedly wanted to retaliate against Jegan for not cont +e if Megan gossiped about her daughter online, wing the friendship with her daughter and to ‘Megan had struggled with depression prior to this, occasionally soke of suicide, and took antidepressants—something Drew knew bout before creating the fake boyfriend. Drew was later charged nd found guilty of thre isdemeanor computer crimes in federal ourt, but the conviction was later thrown out on appeal. Although cases like this one appear to be rare, we are more likely > hear of adults whose fake profiles are meant to lure young people (Chapter 3: Does Sacial Netwo ng Kil? 6 in order to have sexual contact. As in Daveline’s now defunct “To Catch a Predator” series, stories highlighting young people led to danger on- line still echo across the airwaves. In April 2009 Oprah aired “Alicia's Story: A Cautionary Tale,” about Alicia Kozakiewicz, who at thirteen met a thirty-eight-year-old man online who abducted, beat, tortured, and raped her in 2002. The show also featured similar stories of young girls lured by predators online later that year.” Kozakiewicz has used her horrific ordeal to speak out about online predators and is currently active in helping to create new laws to help crack down on abusers. ‘Although news reports occasionally highlight other stories of young people meeting strangers online and becoming victims of crime, these events are fortunately rare and are not limited to teens. In 2008 a twenty-four-year-old woman was killed when she answered a Craigslist ad for a nanny position. And in 2009 Julissa Brisman, twenty-six, working as a masseuse, was murdered in Boston by the ‘man who became known as the “Craigslist Killer." of online dating gone awry, and the numerous scams perpetrated on- Countless stories line serve as reminders that we all should be wary of those we en- counter online. But statistically, those we know offline pose a much greater threat. Cyberreality: Safer than Ever? ‘Most of the time, violence has nothing to do with new media or social networking. Since Internet use became widespread in the mid-19%0s, violent crime has dropped dramatically in the United States. Between 1991 and 2010, violent crime fell by 47 percent; from 2001 to 2010, the rate declined 13 percent. Over the past two decades, homicides in the United States declined 50 percent.** Although certainly new media cannot be credited for much if any of these declines, itis a re~ minder that this is a much safer country than it was in the recent past. 0 ‘When people are vie the perpetrator is often some- ing to the 2010 FBI Uniform Crime Reports, about 44 percent of homicide victims were killed by ly or acquai were killed by strangers (44 percent of the offenders were not known). cent of perpetrators are their parents.” Victims of other violent crime likely know the perpetrators as well. ‘The National Crime Vi survey of Americans twelve and older, found that in 2010 strangers \cidents (a decline from 44 percent in 2001). Female victims were much more likely than males to know their assailants (64 percent versus 40 percent). In cases of tof females knew their attackers.” According to a 2008 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program report, one they know reasor nces; just 12 perce were the offenders i rape or sexual assatl he percentage is si 74 percent of perpetrators were family members or acquaintances; the report also estimates that sexual assaults of children have declined since the 1990s, (NCVS data found that incidents of rape declined by 24 percent nationwide since 2001.)" Although data are not run away or are kidnapped, previous studies suggest that about one in ted as regularly on young people who five minors who runs away from home has been physically or sexually abused, and nearly as many have substance abuse problems. More than three-quarters of abductions are committed by family members—typ- ily If are taken by an acquaintance (a neighbor 2 cu ically an al parent—but .¢ kidnapped by a noni member, more that family fri for instance). to protect their privacy more online as well. According to a 2007 Pew Internet and Amer teens, the vast majority—91 per- cent—report using social networking only to talk with people they al Chapter 3: Does 8 ul Networking Kill? 63 ready know. Two-thirds try to make their profile visib they know; nearly a third have be and most (65 percent) reported that they ignored them. Just 7 percent ly to people contacted by a stranger online, of all teens who are online reported being scared by an online en- counter with a stranger. Navigating the Cyber Age Yes, there are plenty of pitfalls online, and people of all ages are still Jearning to navigate them. Whether it is writing nasty comments about schoolmates or coworkers on Facebook, sending texts or e-mails wwe later regret, or posting photos that we wouldnt want the world to see, many people are still figuring out that although we might fee! like ‘we have private space electronically, that is mostly an illusion. ‘One of the best pieces of advice I received as the electronic age sounds severe, but electronic communication has a way of taking on a life of its own beyond our control once sent. Part of the challenge of navigating an online identity is that as users of social networking, we are commodities rather than customers. Companies like Facebook, LinkedIn, and Google use our information for advertisers and have been criticized by privacy advocates for not always being transparent about how they use our information. Face- book’ frequent changes often switch users’ privacy options, makin; difficult to maintain your desired settings from the past without man- em. ually reseting Love or hate social networking, itis here to stay. Online platforms not replacing offline con evolving technology, it is understandable that young people's use of social 4 Connecting Social Problems and Popular Cl networking tools would be a source of concem. But the danger is not quite as severe as some dramatic news accounts may have us believe. Concerns about bullyi nd suicide can be channeled to address ed access to mental health care that many people experience. Whether victims of bullying online, at school, or at work, many people he lack the resources or access to receive needed mental health care. Ac- cording to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admin- istration, private health insurance is the most common way people pay for mental health care; those without health insurance have more lim- ced access to mental health services. SAMHSA estimates that the percentage of the population whose need for treatment goes unmet is nearly as high as those who receive mental health care. Perhaps not surprisingly, the groups that have the highest unmet need tend to be young adults eighteen to twenty-five, those who are unemployed, and those without health insurance.*° ‘There's no doubt that some people have chosen to use new forms of electronic communication to express hostility and hatred, which we are still learning to navigate individually and legally. Rude comments written on a public bathroom wall can be cleaned o painted over; Yet it’s important to keep in mind that despite these new challenges, pple appear to be managing much better than we might swe might be more concerned about people who lack ac- cess to these new modes of communi them both who were b mn and the implications for and economically. Tragic examples of young people

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen