INTRODUCTION

TO TURBOVISORY
INSTRUMENTS

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Presentation outline
Turbovisory Parameters
Measurement of Turbovisory parameter
Introduction to Vibration Measurement
Type of Vibration Sensors and their installation
Differential Expansion /Axial Shift and their
Installation
Speed /Brg Metal temp/Valve Position Measurement

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TURBOVISORY PARAMETERS
VIBRATIONS
- SHAFT VIBRATION / ECCENTRICITY
- BEARING VIBRATION
TURBINE EXPANSION
- OVERALL EXPANSION
- DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION
- AXIAL SHIFT
SPEED / OVERSPEED
LOAD
BEARING BABBIT METAL TEMPERATURES
MS / HRH PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE
TURBINE METAL TEMPERATURE
VACUUM
LUB OIL PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE
HP / LP EXHAUST TEMPERATURE
GLAND STEAM HEADER TEMPERATURE

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CROSS SECTION OF TURBINE

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RELATIVE EXPANSION
RELATIVE SHAFT VIBRATION

ABS EXPANSION

ABSOLUTE BRG VIBRATION

REL EXPANSION
REL SHAFT VIBRATION

REL EXPANSION

ABS BRG VIBRATION

ECCENTRICITY
ABS BRG VIBRATION

ABS EXPANSION
AXIAL SHAFT POSITION
REL SHAFT VIBRATION

ABSOLUTE BRG VIBRATION

ABSOLUTE BRG VIBRATION

ABS BRG VIBRATION

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VIBRATION MEASURING
INSTRUMENTATION
SHAFT VIBRATION / ECCENTRICITY
- PROXIMITY PROBE
BEARING VIBRATION
- VELOCITY PICK UP

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What are the different

ways?

Overall
Time domain
Frequency domain
Envelope analysis
Cepstrum analysis
Wavelet analysis
Etc

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Basic Theory Of Vibration

Simple Spring Mass System

Displacement

Max Acceleration, Min Velocity

Upper Limit
Neutral Position
Lower Position
Max Velocity, Min Acceleration

Max Acceleration, Min Velocity

IT FOLLOWS SINE CURVE

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VIBRATION MONITORING
WHAT IS VIBRATION ?
WHAT CAUSES VIBRATION ?
HOW DO WE MEASURE VIBRATION ?
HOW DO WE ANALYSE VIBRATION ?
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What Is Vibration?

It is the response of a
system to an internal or
external force which
causes the system to
oscillate.
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2. Measurement direction Horizontal, Vertical, Axial.

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General rule of direction

We measure H direction for machines on the
foundation.
We measure V direction for machines on structures
We measure A direction when we suspect
misalignment
There are advantages, but there are exceptions to
this rule.

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VIBRATION MONITORING
Modes of Amplitudes

DISPLACEMENT

VELOCITY

ACCELERATION

SPIKE ENERGY

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Physical Significance Of
Vibration Amplitude
Displacement : Strain Indicator
Velocity

: Fatigue Indicator

Acceleration : Force Indicator

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The significance

Displacement gives the strain energy

Velocity gives the kinetic energy
Acceleration gives the force
Spike energy/HFD/gE are special ways to measure
acceleration only.

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VIBRATION MONITORING
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
DISPLACEMENT

- MICRONS

VELOCITY

- MM / SEC.

ACCELERATION

- MM / SEC2 , G

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VIBRATION MONITORING
AMPLITUDE DESCRIPTORS
RMS

Displacement
Velocity

PEAK

1.414 RMS Displacement

Velocity
Acceleration

PEAK-TO-PEAK July 25, 2015

2 * PEAK

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Displacement
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ISO 10816

1 Step

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WHEN TO USE DISPLACEMENT,

VELOCITY & ACCELERATION

VIBRATION
SENSITIVITY

DISPLACEMENT

10
1
.1

VELOCITY

.01
.001

ACCELERATION

FREQUENCY
CPM

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600

6000

60000

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SIMPLE VIBRATION
Time Domain
Amplitude
(mm)

A
Time
(sec)
Period T
Amplitude
(mm)

Frequency Domain

f=1/T

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Frequency f
(Hz)

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REAL VIBRATION
Time Domain
Amplitude
(mm)

Time
(sec)

Amplitude
(mm)

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Frequency Domain - Vibration Signature

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Frequency f
(Hz)

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Amplitude & Frequency

Amplitude:
It is the magnitude of Vibration signal.
Units: Micron, MM/Sec, M/Sec2
Frequency:
How many times oscillation is occurring
for a given time period?
Units: CPS(Hz), CPM

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VIBRATION MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
Analyser :
Measures all the three characteristics
viz. Amplitude, Freq. and Phase
Meter
:
Measures only Amplitude
Thus we can have METERS of various types
Displ. And Velocity- Normally uses velocity pickup
Displ., Velocity, Acceleration and Bearing ConditionNormally uses Accelerometer
The heart of the instrument is the sensor
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Vibration Sensors
Acceleration Sensor - Accelerometer
Velocity sensor Velocity sensor or seism
ic sensor
Displacement sensor - Non Contact pickup

Accelerometer

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Accelerometer
Piezoelectricity
Emf proportional
to force
Emf proportional
to acceleration
(Mass constant)
Hence called
accelerometer
Accelerometer

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Accelerometer cont..

Uses piezoelectric crystal

Normally uses internal amplifier for boosting signal
It will have low temp application up to 150 degree C
For high temperature application amplifier is not given
inside
This causes low signal strength and we use gold plated
contacts and small cable lengths (output rated in pc per g).
The amplification is done outside
Normal accelerometer (amplifier inside) will have strong
signal output and can sustain cable lengths of 300 meter
Available in several design, can go from DC to 10k Hz freq
(600,000 CPM)
Can measure Acceleration, velocity and displacement
It is advised to involve suppliers or persons knowledgeable
in this area to choose accelerometers for on line monitoring
applications

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Velocity sensor
Output=B*l*V

B & l are constant

Output is proportional to velocity, hence the name Velocity sensor

Spring
Magn
et

Terminals

Damper

Coil
Magnet

Aluminum case

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Velocity sensor cont.

This is self generating (764 mv per mm/sec)
Can sustain cable length of 1000 feet easily
For longer length intermediate amplification is
needed
The temperature rating is higher up to 250 degree C
(no electronics inside)
Sensitive to 60,000 CPM
Can check velocity and displacement only

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Non contact type

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Non contact
sensor
Installation
in a Turbine

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ABSOLUTE BEARING
VIBRATION
VELOCITY TRANSDUCER
SEISMIC MASS TYPE
Works on PLUNGER COIL PRINCIPLE.
Two permanent magnets rigidly fixed to the casing wit
h coils arranged as seismic mass.
The Relative motion between the coil and magnet
generates voltage proportional to vibration velocity.

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ABSOLUTE SHAFT
RELATIVE SHAFTVIBRATION
VIBRATION IS BASED ON EDDY

CURRENT PRINCIPLE.
PROXIMOTY PROBE SENSES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
THE PROBE TIP AND THE OBSERVED SURFACE.
PROXIMETER GENERATES A FREQUENCY SIGNAL, WHICH
IS RADIATED THROUGH THE PROBE TIP INTO THE
OBSERVED SURFACE. EDDY CURRENTS ARE
GENERATED IN THE SURFACE AND LOSS OF STRENGTH
IN THE RETURN SIGNAL IS DETECTED BY THE
PROXIMETER.

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SHAFT & BEARING

VIBRATION PICK UP

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BEARING / SHAFT VIBRATION PICK UP

MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 4 PEDESTAL

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RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF VIBRATION

MEASUREMENTS FOR PEDESTAL BEARINGS

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RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF VIBRATION

MEASUREMENTS FOR HOUSING TYPE
BEARINGS (
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Measurin
g
Amplifier
Proximity
Pick-up

45O

45O

SHAFT

RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF SHAFT

VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
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Measurin
g
Amplifier
Proximity
Pick-up

SHAFT

RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF SHAFT

VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
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ECCENTRICITY
DEVIATION OF MASS CENTER FROM THE GEOMETRICAL
CENTRE OF THE BEARING JOURNAL.
PROPORTIONAL TO MAX ROTOR DEFLECTION OCCURING
AT THE MIDDLE OF SHAFT
MEASURED BY VARIATIONS OF AN A.C. CURRENT IN A
COIL DUE TO VARIATION IN PROXIMITY OF TARGET
MATERIAL
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER
PROXIMITY(EDDY CURRENT) TRANSDUCER

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INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER
TWO MAGNETICALLY RELUCTANCE TYPE
TRANSDUCERS IN BRIDGE CONFIGURATION, EXCITED
BY 10V AC (1953 HZ)
BRIDGE OUTPUT IS MODULATED BY A PERCENTAGE
PROPORTIONAL TO AMOUNT OF ECCENTRICITY WITH
A MODULATING FREQUENCY PROPORTIONAL TO
ROTOR SPEED
DEMODULATOR, FILTER,AMPLIFIER & AMPLITUDE
DETECTOR

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PROXIMITY TRANSDUCER
SENSES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PROBE TIP
AND OBSRVED SURFACE
PROXIMETER GENERATES RF SIGNAL, RADIATED
THROUGH PROBE TIP INTO OBSERVED SURFACE.
EDDY CURRENTS ARE GENERATED IN THE SURFACE
AND THE LOSS OF STRENGTH IN THE RETURN SIGNAL
IS DETECTED.
LOSS OF POWER PROPORTIONAL TO GAP BETWEEN
PROXIMETER & CONDUCTIVE BODY.

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EXPANSION MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
OVERALL EXPANSION
- POSITION TRANSMITTER
DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION MEASUREMENT
- PROXIMITY PROBE
AXIAL SHIFT MEASUREMENT
- PROXIMITY PROBE

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DIFFERENTIAL
EXPANSION
THE DIFFERENCE OF AXIAL EXPANSION BETWEEN THE
ROTOR AND THE CASING
POSITIVE IF SHAFT EXPANDS MORE THAN
CASING,NEGATIVE IF CASING EXPANDS MORE THAN
SHAFT
CASING EXPANSION & ROTOR EXPANSION MEASURED
SEPARATELY AND DIFF EXPANSION IS CALCULATED
ROTOR EXPANSION MEASURED AT HP FRONT & IP REAR,
LP REAR .
MEASURING COLLAR IS IN THE FORM OF DOUBLE CONE.

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DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR SMALL

EXPANSION) & AXIAL SHIFT PICK UP

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IP DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PICK UP

MOUNTED ON BEARING NO. 3 PEDESTAL

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LP DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PICK UP

MOUNTED
ON BEARING
NO. 400
PEDESTAL
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CASING EXPANSION

MEASUREMENT CARRIED OUT AT HP CASING FRONT & IP

CASING ON THE REAR SIDE.
DISPLACEMENT SENSOR MOUNTED ON THE PEDESTAL CO
ER AND CONNECTED TO THE CASING VIA A ROPE. THE
OTHER END OF THE ROPE IS CONNECTED TO A ROTABLE
MEASURING DEVICE
.
ROTABLE MEASURING DEVICE ROTATES ECCENTRIC TO
THE TWO SENSOR COILS WHICH CREATE DIFFERENT AIR
GAPS BETWEEN THE MEASURING DEVICE AND THE
COILS .

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AXIAL SHIFT OF ROTOR

MEASUREMENT YIELDS INFORMATION ON THE POS

ITION OF THE SHAFT IN THE THRUST BEARING
AND ON WEAR OF THE BEARING.
AXIAL SHIFT BEYOND PERMISSIBLE LIMIT WOULD
LEAD MECHANICAL INTERFERENCE & SURFACE
RUBBING.
MEASURED BY EDDY CURRENT PRINCIPLE.
MASUREMENT RANGE IS -1.5 TO 1.5 MM

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OVERALL EXPANSION PICK UP

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OVERALL EXPANSION MOUNTED

ON BEARING NO.
PEDESTAL
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AXIAL SHIFT MEASUREMENT AT IP COLLAR

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DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (FOR LARGE

EXPANSION) PICK UP

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SPEED, LOAD MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS
SPEED / OVERSPEED
- KEY PHASOR
- HALL PROBE
LOAD MEASUREMENT
- CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
- POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

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SPEED SENSOR
Mechanical governor :Radius of flywheel changes due
to change in speed (effect of centrifugal forces)
Hydraulic Governor: Hydarulic pressure developed by
the primary oil pump changes due to change in speed
Electrical governor: Three no hall probe supply voltage
pulse each time permanent magnet pass them.

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SPEED MEASUREMENT
CONSISTS OF SLOTTED DISC(FITTED AT THE TURBINE
SHAFT) WITH 60 RADIAL SLOTS AND MAGNETIC PROB
E(HALL PROBE) MOUNTED FACING THE SLOTS.
4 NO OF HALL PROBES, 3 USED, 1 SPARE
PULSE CONVERTER WITH 3 ISOLATED OUTPUTS (2
ARE USED)
2 CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS

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4 : HYDRAULIC SPEED TRANSDUCER

5 : ELECTRIC SPEED TRANSDUCER

SPEED MEASUREMENT INSTRUEMENT MOUNTED

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HALL PROBE
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HALL PROBE IN BEARING NO. 1 PEDESTAL

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OVERSPEED TRIP BOLTS IN BEARING NO. 1 PEDESTAL

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PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE,
FLOW MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
- PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
VACUUM MEASUREMENT
- KENETOMETER
- MERCURY MANOMETER

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
- TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER, THERMOCOUPLE, RTD
FLOW MEASUREMENT
- FLOW NOZZLES, ORIFICES
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THERMOCOUPLE
IN JOURNAL BEARING

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THERMOCOUPLE

BABBIT METAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

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COMBINED JOURNAL
PMI Revision
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00
BEARING
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THERMOCOUPLE

THRUST PAD ARRANGEMENT AND THERMOCOUPLE

LOCATION IN COMBINED THRUST AND JOURNAL BEARING
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VALVE POSITION
NON CONTACT DISPLACEMENT MEASURING
EQUIPMENT
CONSISTS OF A SENSOR WITH TWO PRIMARY &
SECONDARY COILS AND A SHORTING RING.
THE SHORTING RING IS ATTACHED TO THE
VALVE STEM AND MOVES OVER THE MAGNETIC
CORE.
MOVEMENT OF SHORTING RING CAUSES
GENERATION OF POSITION DEPENDENT
OUTPUT VOLTAGE IN THE SECONDARY COILS.

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THANK YOU

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