Ain Mens ~ Sts Chapter 8 Friction 8.1 Introduction in engineering application problem, there are no perfectly frictionless surface exists ‘when two surface are in contact, tangential forces, called fiction forces, ‘Will always develop ifone attempt to move with respect tothe other ‘wo types of fiction are introduced : dry fection (Coulomb ftition) and uid tition fluid friction develops between layers of fui, they are moving at different velocities ‘ve shall limit out present study to dy friction, ie. problems involving rigid bodies which are in contact along nonlubricated surfaces, such as wedges, square-threaded screws, journal bearing, thrust bearing, rolling resistance, belt fiction ete. 8.2 The Laws of Dry Friction, Coefficients of Frietion considera block of weight W” subjected to a horizontal force P, if P is smal, the block will not move, the static fition force F willy exist to balance P 5 if P increased, F also increased, until its magnitude reaches a certain ‘maximum value Fy, if P is further increased, the frition force cannot balance it, the block starts sliding, and the magnitude of F drops from Fa toa lower value Fy, [where Fy is called kinetic friction force, Fy remains approximately constant, and the block sliding with increasing velocity}Applied Medhanis Sates experimental evidence shows Fis proportional "/"™*™") “ee tov ie. wn ‘where j. is a constant called coefficient of static fiction, and Nis the normal reaction force also R= mN ‘where ja, is a constant called coefficient of kinetic friction J and 4, do not depend upon the contact area, but depend strongly on the nature of the surface in contact the values of 1, ate listed in table 8-1 ‘x would be about 25% smaller than ji, in general pis and jx, are dimensionless four different situations may occur when a rigid body is in contact with a horizontal surface 1. no friction force Py 2. no motion PX Fa there is nat evidence that the maximum friction force has been reached Ft kya pn 3. motion impending a if the body just about to slide, F = Fa “ aN may be used (ese geting —e =F)Ald Meanie Statin another example will show that the angle of fiiction can be used, consider ‘a block resting on a board and subjected to no other force than W and R 1. 6 =0 no friction 2O<% N= Weos@ = Wsind tang = F/N = cos 0/sind = tan < tang, ie @ <4 —nomotion 3.0= N= Weos@ F = Wsind tang = F/N = c05 0/ sin = tan = tan ds = a F= Fao to stp rea ie. $=, motion impending — 4.0 > 4 N= Weos@ Fam = Fa = N= Ntan gf < Ntan Fax < Wsinh motion starts FoR iN i R is not vertical, force acting on block are unbalanced 8.4 Problems Involving Dry Friction problems involving dry ffiction are found in many engineering applications rigid bodies in acceleration will be studied in dynamics 8-4_Agpliot Meskmics~ Sates ‘a number of common machines and mechanisms can be analyzed by applying the laws of dry friction, such as wedged, screws, journal bearing, thrust bearing and belt transmissions etc. _most problems involving friction fall into three groups 1. all applied forces are given, and , is given, determine whether the body will remain at rest or slide applied forces > N and F check F< Fa = N 10 motion, Fo Fe= uN ‘motion impending F> Fa= WN motion occurs 2. all applied forces are given, motion is impending, determine 2, applied forces > N and F FIN [F = Fp at this time) be 3. ys is given, motion is impending in given direction, determine the magnitude and the direction of one of the applied forces consider two bodies A and B are in contact in drawing the free-body diagram of one of the bodies, the sense of fiction force acting on A_is opposite to that on the moving (or impending motion) of 4 as observed from BApplied Meshes Stas ‘Sample Problem 8.1 W=1S5kN 2s me = 02 may Ms determine whether the block is in equilibrium, and find the friction force force required to equilibrium zh 00x 4/5 - 1500%3/5 - F F=-500N 7 ER =0 N- 1500x415 - 500x3/5 = 0 N= 1500N \ Fa = N= 0.25 x 1500 = 375 N Fa < SON [force required to maintain equilibrium] 1s the block will slide down the plane thus the actual friction force is Fi = me N = 02x 1500 = 300N 7 sn: ‘the unbalanced force is 500 - 300 = 200 / Il caused the body to an accelerated motion down the plane Sample Problem 8.2 ® = 038 be = 0.25 determine P required (@) to start the block moving up (©) to keep it moving up (© to prevent it from sliding down @ tangs = 4. = 035 = 19.29° P = 800 tan 44.29° = 780N = ae 8-6Applied Mecanes States ©) und = m= 025 = 1408 wnt wm P = 800 tan 39.04° = 649N — (© P= 800tan5.71° = 80N =~ : if $s > 25°, P is not required % ‘Sample Problem 8.3, My = 025, determine x at which the load 1” can be supported Fa = MNs = 0.25 Na Fy = UsMe = 0.25 No 0 Ms = Ne BR=0 025(M + Mi) = 0 ie OSNe= Wo Ny = Ne = 20 this is the con tion for the bracket in equilibrium EMy = 0 Nax 150 - Fax 75 - W(x - 375) = 150 Na ~ 75(0.25 Na) - Wx + 37.5 7 150 QW) - 18.75 QM) - Wx + 375 = 0 x = 300mm that is the minimum value of x for the bracket in equilibrium 8.5 Wedges wedge are simple machines used to raise large stone block and other heavy loads 8-7Avgled Mechanics Sais consider a wedges Cand the block 4, we want to find the minimum force of P which rust be applied to the wedge C to move the block 4 up the weight of the wedge is small compared ee with the other force involved and may be x neglected consider the free-body diagrams of the block and the wedge, there are 4 equations of hn. ‘equilibrium (© Fy, = 0 and =F = 0 for each rs five-body) to solve 4 unknowns Ni, Ns, Ns a and P x if 0 < gs the block A. will remains rest when P is removed a 8.6 Square-Threaded Serews Ssquare-threaded serews are fequenly used in jacks, presses and other ‘mechanism ‘consider the screw carries a load W and is mi supported by the base of the jack, the thread of the ‘base has been unwrapped and shown as a straight line the slope was obtained by plotting horizontally the product 2nr and the vertically the lead Z of the screw, where 0 is called the lead angle since the fiiction force does not depend upon the area in contact, the two threads may be assumed to be in contact over a much smaller area may be represented by the block.Applind Mshaniss Sen the horizontal force Q having the same effect as the force P exerted on the handle, the moment of P 5 and Q must have the same moment about the serew axis, ie. - Pa=Qr hey Q=Palr the force @ (or P) required to raise the load W’ may be obtained when P > Pam $= gry thenusing & to calculate Q and P if the friction angle ¢, > 0, the screw is said to be self-locking, it will remain in place under the load, to lower the load, we must applied force if the fiction angle g, < @, the screw will unwind under the load, itis then necessary to apply some forcé to maintain equilibrium lead p = the distance through which the screw advance in one turn pitch Z,: the distance measured between two consecutive threads single-threaded screw: L = p double-threaded screw: L = 2p ttiple-threaded screw: L = 3p Sample Problem 8.4 4s 0.35, determine (@) to tise the block (b) to lower the block tan g, = pl, = 0.35 19.3°Applied Mectanies Sais (2) free-body for block B Ry/sin 109.3° Ry = 2747 NN free-body for block 4 Pisin 46.6° = 2747 / sin 70. [: P= 2120N — fl... hese swe (b) free-body for block B Ry sin 70.7° = 2000 / sin 98.0° Ry = 1906 free-body for block 4 P/ sin 30.6° = 381 /sin 70.7° P= 1028N > ‘Sample Problem 8.5 ‘a clamp of double-threaded screw 3 in tightening the clamp d=10mm if T = 40 N-mis ap determine (a) the force exerted on the wood and (6) the torque required to loosen the clamp @ 1 =2p=4mm tan @ = 4/10 = 0.1273 al a= 73° ert = 03d Qr=40 free-body on the block one 8-10Applied Mechanics ~ States free-body on the block W = Q/tan(O + gs) = 8/tan24° = 17.97kN W is the magnitude of the force exerted on the wood o Q Wran(@, - 8) 1797 [tan 9.4° 2.975 KN T= Or = 2.975x5 = 1487Nem | “fe > 0, the screw is selflocking 8.7 Journal Bearings, Axle Friction journal bearings : provide lateral support to rotate shatl (axle friction) ‘thrust bearings : provide axial support to shaft and axles (disk friction) if the journal bearing is fully lubricated, friction depends upon clearance, and viscosity of the lubricant ~ the axle fiction when the bearing is not lubricated or only partially lubricated, to apply a couple M, to keep ‘the while rotating at constant speed free-body-for the while consi RoW but the reaction R does not pass through the center, the contact between ‘axle and beating does not take place at the lowest point when the axle rotates the angle between R and the normal to the surface of the bearing is equal to the angle of kinetic friction fy eenAontod Mshanios = Sates =M=0 M = Rrsings for small value of sin gy + tangy = Ms and M= Rru this couple represent the friction resistance of the bearing the line of action of R must be tangent to @ citele centered at O and of radius sine = rae this circle is called the circle of friction 8.8 Thrust Bearings, Disk Friction ‘end bearings : friction developed over full circular areas, or over ring-shaped areas when the nd ofthe shaft is hollow collar bearing: fiction developed between the ‘wo ring-shaped areas which are in contact cane ‘consider an end bearing of hollow shape for a small area AA, the normal force is AN (PIA) AA = [Pim (Re - Re) 4 Ry and Ry are inner and outer | radii ofthe ring-shaped area the friction force acting on the area is AF = AN B-2Agplad Mechanics = Stiics and the moment due to this friction force is, AM = PAF = rpyPAA/x(R2-R?) the moment required to overcome the fiction resistance is, m= sam= Ps poe [da = dro 7 (RE=R?) ei dO H(RP-RA) * & bP ow = P(e RPO wien) OR) 2 yp BER) 3 ER) for R, = 0 and R; = R, ic. contact in the whole circular area M = %uPR and. Max = ps PR 8.9 Wheel Friction, Rolling Resistance because the point of the whee! in contact with the ground, the wheel eliminates the large friction forces which would arise if the load were in direct contact with ground in practice, the wheel is not perfect, and some resistance to its motion exists, two types of resistance exists . it is due to combined effect of axle friction and friction of the rim 2. its due to the fact thatthe wheel and the ground deform (contact not at single point, but an area) = consider a wheel of the car is mounted on axle and bearing, the car is moving to the right with constant speed 8-3(if P= W, R applied at 4 when P is increased, R will applied at B r= rsing = rps = 25x02 = Smm = Ms 552500 - 45xP = 0 P= 3060N | (b) as force P is decreased, R will applied at C =M 45x 2500 - 55xP = 0 P= 2050N | (0) three forces WW, P, and R must be concurrent OF = r= Smm OD = 50/2 mm sin @ = OE/ OD = 0.0707 a= 4r° W cot (45° - 8) = 2500 cot 40.9° 2890 N > 8.10 Belt Friction consider a flat belt passing over a fixed cylindrical drum, the motion between the belt and the drum is assumed to be impending consider a small element PP” subtending an angle 0, the equation of equilibrium are EA = 0 (T+ AN c0s a02 - Teos 402 -waN= 0 EF.=0 AN - (T+AT)sin Ad/2 - Tsin Ad/2 = 0 climinate AN and obtained 8-15Apled Mahan Statics AT cos AO - p27 + AT) sin 02 = 0 or cos nan - w(r+ ara BAe a0 302 0 for A0—>0, AN, AF, AT—>0 and cos 40/2 > 1 sin ag _ , Yacos AO2 _ eee DOD 90 1 and the equation becomes. aT/ db - 4,7 = 0 integrating from P, to Py 1 dt at PiT= 1, 0=0 = pf ao a . at Py: T= Ty O= 8 itis obtaged InTs - InTy = woB InTel Te = pa oe o Bit =e 7, is always larger then Ti, Ts therefore represents the tension in that part of the belt which pulls, while 7}, is the tension in the part which resists B may be expressed in radian, and may be larger than 2 if the belt is actually slipping, sz, should be changed to jr, consider a V-shaped belt, drawing the free . body diagram of an element of the belt the equations of equilibrium in x- and y+ directions are 8-16‘Aoplind Mechanics Sates EF,= 0 2ANsingi2 = (27+ AT)sin A02 ER = 0 2psAN = AToos A6/2 climinate AN and itis obtained (QT + aT) sin. aor sin a2, a «OT + ADsinall2 AD con xo = fe _CE* BN sn g6? 20 wna AOD AT cos AMZ = pe as 40> 0, the equation can be reduced aT! dd = py Tl sina or dT /T= p,d6 | sin of2 integrating and obtained Bl sina2 Bih=e for a = m, sinal2 it will reduce to the flat belt equation Sample 8.7 ‘a hawser thrown tw full turns around a bollard (@) determine 1, for the hewser just keep fiom slipping (b) determine the number of tums if T) = 400 N, T2 = 75 kN @ InTiT, = 8 B= 2x2 = 1257 rad T= 400 7, = 25000 In (25000/ 400) = ye,x 12.57 Hs = 0.329 (b) > pg = In (1/7) Ts Ty = 15000 / 400 = 1875 “8-17Applied Mechanics ~ Satis WB = In(875) = 5.234 B = 5.234/0.329 = 15.91 rad —_ number of tums = f/2n = 2.53 turns Sample Problem 8.8 4 Mat belt connect pulley A and motor B Wy = 02S j= 02 Tam = 300.N determine the largest torque at motor B ne Bih=e = 1.688 for T; = 3000N then) = 17773N at pulley A EMy= 0 My - 3000%200 + 177.3% 200 = 0 My = 244,540 Nemm = 244.54 N-m check 41, required to prevent slipping at A Ms = InTy/T, = ln3000/ 1777.3 = 0.524 B= 240" = 4/3 rad = 4.189 rad then = 0.125 <025 [OK] 8-18