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{
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d=
es ' ?| n s 

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

;9

Incio
Sim

Construir as IOs e INOs


definidas apelas pelas
medidas de fluxo
(Propriedades 1 e 2)

NNO = NNO - 1

Atualizar tipo das


injees medidas

Sim
NINJ = NINJ - 1

Apagar k de
INJ

Sim

j = 1 : NNO

A INO j
torna-se IO

i = 1 : NINJ

k do tipo 1?

Sistema
Observvel

No
Reordenar lista
de INOs eliminando ilha j

Formar vetor das barras onde


injees so medidas, INJ, de
dimenso NINJ

k = INJ(i)

NNO = 0 ?

O ramo no-observ.
incidente barra k
torna-se observvel

H pelo menos
Nint + Nf -1
medidas efetivas de
inj. na INO j?

No

Sistema no-observvel,
com NNO INOs.

No

FIM
Determinar NNO, o
nmero de INOs

Iljxud :15= Dojrulwpr gh Fohphqwv h Zroohqehuj sdud dqolvh gh Revhuydelolgdgh1


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6es  ?| n s 

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:1619

;:

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pdlv volgd1

:17
:1714

Revhuydelolgdgh Wrsrojlfd
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h 'T

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;;

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vr wrpdgdv hp sduhv dwlyr2uhdwlyr1

:1715

Dojxqv Frqfhlwrv Wrsrojlfrv Lpsruwdqwhv

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;<

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:18

<3

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olgdgh Wrsrojlfd

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:1814

Ghvfulr Lqirupdo gr Pwrgr

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Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

<4

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<5

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