Total cohort

(n = 15,551)

No GDM
(n = 13,436)

GDM
(n = 2097)

ANOVA,
P

Normal weight Overweight

(n = 9317)
(n = 4075)

24.6 4.7

24.6 4.7

24.9 4.8

< 0.001
< 0.01

21.6 1.6

26.6 1.4a

9317 (59.9)
4075 (26.2)
2159 (13.9)
29.7 5.8
2.1 1.3
9045 (58.2)

8127 (60.4)
3489 (25.9)
1838 (13.7)
29.6 5.8
2.0 1.3
7728 (57.4)

1190 (56.7)
586 (27.9)
321 (15.3)
30.6 5.8
2.2 1.4
1317 (62.8)

29.7 5.9
2.0 1.2
5315 (57.0)

29.9 5.8
2.1 1.3a
2426 (59.5)a

2243 (14.4)
1503 (9.7)

1994 (14.8)
1352 (10.0)

249 (11.9)
151 (7.2)

1421 (15.3)
946 (10.2)

526 (12.9)a
344 (8.4)a

9881 (63.5)
3566 (22.9)
1365 (8.8)
739 (4.8)
3227 (20.8)
457 (2.9)
498 (3.2)

8434 (62.7)
3181 (23.6)
1196 (8.9)
643 (4.8)
2718 (20.2)
366 (2.7)
268 (2.0)

1447 (69.0)
385 (18.4)
169 (8.1)
96 (4.6)
509 (24.3)
91 (4.3)
230 (11.0)

< 000.1
< 000.1
< 000.1

5998 (64.4)
2058 (22.1)
817 (8.8)
444 (4.8)
1950 (20.9)
266 (2.9)
276 (3.0)

2530 (62.1)
1020 (25.0)
324 (8.0)
201 (4.9)
833 (20.4)
124 (3.0)
136 (3.3)

2097 (13.5)
Events
GDM (%)
Gestational weight gain (kg) Gestational weight gain8.9
classification
5.7

1190 (12.8)

586 (14.4)a

9.0 5.7

8.5 5.5

< 000.1
< 0.01

9.1 5.6

8.8 5.6

< 7 kg (%)
711.5 kg (%)
11.616 kg (%)
> 16 kg (%)
Large-for-gestational-age babies (%)
Small-for-gestational-age babies (%)
Caesarean section (%)
Preeclampsia (%)
Preterm delivery (%)
Shoulder dystocia (%)

4272 (31.8)
4945 (36.8)
3149 (23.4)
1088 (8.1)
1028 (7.6)
1837 (13.7)
2696 (20.0)
269 (2.0)
1032 (7.7)
193 (1.4)

769 (36.7)
750 (35.8)
437 (20.8)
141 (6.7)
313 (14.9)
277 (13.1)
569 (27.1)
66 (3.1)
175 (8.3)
38 (1.8)

2902 (31.1)
3481 (37.4)
2180 (23.4)
754 (8.1)
778 (8.4)
1332 (14.3)
1944 (20.9)
185 (2.0)
733 (7.9)
137 (1.5)

1362 (33.4)
1471 (36.1)
929 (22.8)
313 (7.7)
361 (8.9)
517 (12.7)a
863 (21.2)
88 (2.2)
296 (7.3)
59 (1.4)

Characteristics
Pregravid BMI (kg/m2 ) BMI classification
Normal weight (%)
Overweight (%)
Obesity (%)
Age (years)
Parity (n)
Multiparity (%)
Maternal smoking
Before pregnancy (%)
During pregnancy (%)
Ethnicity
Caucasian (%)
Sub-Saharan African (%)
Caribbean (%)
Other (%)
Family history of diabetes (%)
Previous pregnancy with macrosomia (%)
Previous pregnancy with GDM (%)

5041 (32.4)
5695 (36.6)
3586 (23.1)
1229 (7.9)
1341 (8.6)
2114 (13.6)
3265 (21.0)
335 (2.2)
1207 (7.8)
231 (1.5)

< 000.1
< 000.1
< 000.1
< 000.1
< 000.1
< 000.1

< 000.1
NS
< 000.1
< 000.1
NS
NS

Obesity
(n = 2159)

ANOVA,
P

33.6 4.0a , b

< 0.001

29.7 5.9
2.2 1.4a
1304 (60.4)a

NS
< 0.001
< 0.01

296 (13.7)
213 (9.9)

< 0.001
< 0.01
< 0.01

1353 (62.7)
488 (22.6)
224 (10.4)
94 (4.4)
444 (20.6)
27 (3.1)
86 (4.0)a

NS
NS
< 0.05

321 (14.9)a

< 0.01

8.5 5.8a

< 0.001
< 0.001

777 (32.4)
743 (29.6)
477 (22.1)
162 (7.5)
202 (9.4)
123 (13.9)a
458 (21.2)
62 (2.9)a
178 (8.2)
35 (1.6)

NS
< 0.01
NS
< 0.05
NS
NS

Total cohort

Women without GDM

Multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

OR [95 CI]
Age (10 years)

OR [95 CI]

NS

P
NS

Maternal BMI (10 kg/m2 )

1.12 [1.001.24]

< 0.05

1.17 [1.031.31]

< 0.001

Multiparity (%)

1.87 [1.642.14]

< 0.001

1.90 [1.642.21]

< 0.001

Maternal smoking
No (%)

REF

Before (%)
Before and during (%)
Ethnicity
Caucasian (%)
Sub-Saharan African (%)

0.48 [0.370.61]

Caribbean (%)
Other (%)

REF

NS
< 0.001
REF
< 0.001

0.42 [0.320.56]

0.63 [0.500.80]

< 0.001
NS

0.64 [0.490.83]

< 0.001
NS

Family history of diabetes (%)

1.16 [1.011.33]

< 0.05

1.18 [1.011.38]

< 0.05

Previous pregnancy with macrosomia (%)

4.52 [3.656.00]

< 0.001

4.86 [3.826.19]

< 0.001

GDM (%)

2.01 [1.752.32]

< 0.001

Preeclampsia (%)

0.49 [0.290.83]

< 0.01

0.42 [0.210.84]

< 0.05

0.74 [0.640.89]

GWG classication
< 7 kg (%)
711.5 kg (%)
11.616 kg (%)
> 16 kg (%)

0.70 [0.590.83]

NS
1.74 [1.492.03]
3.42 [2.834.13]

REF
< 0.001
< 0.001

NS
< 0.001
REF
< 0.001

NS
1.64 [1.381.95]
3.58 [2.914.40]

REF
< 0.001
< 0.001

Women with GDM

Multivariate analysis
OR [95 CI]

1.29 [1.071.51]

< 0.01
NS

1.74 [1.302.35]

< 0.001
REF
NS
NS
REF NS
NS
NS
NS

3.78 [2.395.96]

< 0.001

NS
NS

2.14 [1.542.97]
2.65 [1.684.17]

REF
< 0.001
< 0.001

Total cohort

Women without GDM

Multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

OR [95 CI]
BMI classication
Normal weight (%)
Overweight (%)
Obesity (%)
Multiparity (%)
Maternal smoking
No (%) Before (%)
Before and during (%)

OR [95 CI]

REF
0.87 [0.780.97]
0.83 [0.720.96]

< 0.05
< 0.05
NS
REF NS
< 0.05

1.2 [1.031.4]

P
REF

0.86 [0.770.98]
0.84 [0.720.98]
0.90 [0.821.00]

< 0.05
< 0.05
0.05
REF NS
< 0.05

1.2 [1.031.4]

Family history of diabetes (%)

0.81 [0.720.91]

< 0.001

0.84 [0.740.95]

< 0.01

Preeclampsia (%)

1.87 [1.442.44]

< 0.001

1.90 [1.422.54]

< 0.001

GWG classication
< 7 kg (%)

1.13 [1.011.26]

< 0.05

1.14 [1.011.29]

< 0.05

711.5 kg (%)
11.616 kg (%)
> 16 kg (%)

REF
NS NS

REF
NS NS

Women with GDM

Multivariate analysis
OR [95 CI]

P
REF
NS
NS
NS
REF NS NS

0.65 [0.470.91]

< 0.05

1.85 [1.013.40]

0.05
NS
REF
NS NS