lg0f{o g+=

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntM

df=lh=Gof=>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{

*()(

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
k'=lg=g+=)^^NF)))!, )))@
km};nf ldltM @)^(.^.@%.%
d'2f M btf{ ab/ xs sfod ;d]t .
lgj]bsjfbLM k;f{ lhNnf jL/u~h g=kf=j8f
g+= !! a:g] ;'Gb/axfb'/ uf]/vfnLsf]
d'=;=ug]{ dx]zs'df/ uf]/vfnL
lj?4
k|ToyL{k|ltjfbL sf=lh=sf=d=kf=j8f g++=#@
k'tnL;8s a:g] s[i0fnfn uf]/vfnL
lgj]bsk|ltjfbLM sf=lh=sf=d=kf=j8f g+=+ #@
a:g] s[i0fnfn uf]/vfnL
lj?4
k|ToyL{jfbLM k;f{ lhNnf jL/u~h g=kf=j8f
g+=+ !! a:g] ;'Gb/axfb'/sf] d'=;=ug]{
dx]zs'df/ uf]/vfnL
o; cl3 lg0f{o ug]M{
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;M
df=Gof=>L zf/bf >]i7
df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gM
df=Gof=>L xl/h+u l;hfktL
df=Gof=>L dx]Zj/nfn ld>
1597

s'g} c+lzof/sf] c+z efudf k/]sf] gb]lvO{

afa'sf gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] hUuf afa'sf]
z]ifkl5 ;a} 5f]/fn] a/fa/ afF8L vfg
kfpg] x'Fbf s'g} Ps c+lzof/n] cGo
c+lzof/sf] cl:tTj nf]k u/L gfd;f/L
btf{ u/fpFbd
} f c+z h:tf] g};lu{s xs
;dfKt x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lktf hLljt x'bF } alxgLsf] ljjfx ePsf]
x'bF f ljjfxdf cfk"mn] dfq vr{ u/]sf]
eP cfgf] lhDdfsf] hUuf afa' hLljt
x'bF } bf=vf=gfd;f/L u/fpg ;Sg'kg]d
{ f
;f] u/fpg g;s]af6 alxgLsf] ljjfx
vr{ cfk"m PSn}n] Aoxf]/s
] f] eGg] lhsL/
ljZj;gLo gb]lvPsf]n] ljjflbt hUufdf
Psnf}6L xs sfod x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
bfjL lng]n] h:tf];s
' } kaf6 bfjL lnP
klg c+z efu nfUg] k|sl[ tsf] ca08f
uf]Zj/f k|s[ltsf] ;DklQsf] xsdf
cbfntn] ;b}j c+z xssf] g};lu{stf
sfod x'g] b[li6sf]0f canDag ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . o:tf]df s'g P]gcGtu{tsf] bfjL
lnOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f uf}0f x'g] / xbDofbsf]
k|Zgn] ;d]t c;/ kfg{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
;uf]nsf] ca08f ;DklQ s'g} c+lzof/sf
gfddf /x]sf] sf/0fn] t];f| ] AolQmsf] ljjfb
k/L d'2f kg'{ :jfefljs xf] . ;DklQ
btf{ gePsf] AolQmnfO{ ;fdfGotM ljkIfL
agfO{ /xg cfjZos x'bF g} . t/ Tolts}

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

sf/0fn] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQdf Ps c+lzof/sf]

dfq xs x'g] cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
d'2f u/]sf] sf/0faf6 dfq Ps c+lzof/n]
csf]{ c+lzof/af6 kfpg] c+zsf] g};lu{s
xs hfg ;Sb} g . lsgsL ca08f
;DklQsf] rl/q / k|sl[ t cljl5Gg /
;uf]nLo g} x'g] x'bF f h'g;'s} c+lzof/sf]
;fydf /x]sf] ePklg Tof] rl/q / k|sl[ t
gi6 x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
lgj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
xl/x/ bfxfn tyf ljfg clwjQmfx
lg/~hg cfrfo{, tLy{/fh a;f}nf /
kljqaxfb'/ v8\sf
lgj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6M ljfg
clwjQmfx kGgfdfg t'nfw/ /
afns[i0f g]pkfg]
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)%$, lg=g+=^#)(, k[i7 %@
;Da4 sfg"gM
c+za08fsf] @& g+=
km};nf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_-v_ adf]lhd o; cbfnt
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^%.!.!) sf]
km};nf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]l/kfpFm egL jfbL /
k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf] 5'f5'} lgj]bg k/L lg:;f
k|bfg eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ cfb]z b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
lktf dfwjnfnsf b'O{ >LdtLxdf
h]7Ltkm{af6 8jnz+s/, ab|Lz+s/, eLdnfn,
/fdnfn ;d]t $ 5f]/fx / sfG5Ltkm{ h]7f d

lkm/fbL ;'Gb/axfb'/, dflxnf /fdhL tyf sfG5f

ljkIfL s[i0fnfn ;d]t # u/L & efO 5f]/fxsf]
hfohGd ePsf] lyof], ;uf]ndf a:g lgjf{x
gx'g] x'bF f @)!^ ;fn efb| @( ut] a08fkq u/L
k}t[s ;DklQsf] a08f lnPsf lyof}+ . kfl/t
x'g;Dd ;s]sf] lyPg tfklg a08fadf]lhdsf]
hUuf cfcfkm\gf gfpFdf btf{ ;d]t ePsf] lyof] .
d]/f] a08fsf] hUuf d Jofkf/sf] l;nl;nfdf
ljb]z hfg'kg]{ x'bF f j'jfsf] hLjge/ j'jfsf] /
@)$@ ;fndf j'jfsf] z]ifkl5 ljkIfLnfO{ /]vb]v
ug{ nufPsf] lyPF . a08fkq adf]lhd alxgLsf]
ljjfx vr{afkt k/ ;f/]sf] j8f g+= #@ k'tnL
;8ssf] xfnsf] ls=g+= #%) sf] hUuf d lkm/fbLn]
lhDdf lnPsf] lyPF . alxgLsf] ljjfx d}n] g}
cfkm\gf] cfh{gaf6 vr{ u/L pQm hUuf ljqmL
u/]sf] lyOg . ljkIfLnfO{ /]vb]v dfq ug{
nufPsf]df hfn;fhaf6 cfkm\gf] gfpFdf btf{
u/]sf /x]5g\ . ldlt @)$*.$.@^ df btf{ ;|:] tfsf]
gSsn lnO{ x]bf{ yfxf ePsf]n] Dofb}leq lkm/fb
ug{ cfPsf] 5' . hfn;fhtkm{ 5'} lkm/fb u/]sf]
x'bF f btf{ ab/tkm{ k|:t't lkm/fb u/]sf] 5' . ctM
ljkIfLsf] btf{ ab/ ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t
;'Gb/axfb'/ uf]/vfnLsf] lkm/fb kq .
k|:t't d'2fdf @)!^.%.@( sf] a08fkqsf]
cfwf/df lkm/fb kg{ cfPsf] 5 . pQm a08fkq
kfl/t ePsf] 5}g eGg] s'/f ljkIfLn] pNn]v ug'{
ePsf] 5 . /lhi6z
] gsf] dxnn] a08fkq /lhi6z
] g
kfl/t ug'k{ g]{ / kfl/t gul/lbP kfl/t ul/kfpFm
egL !! g+=cg';f/ gfln; ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . kfl/t
gePsf] lnvtaf6 s'g} crn ;DklQ kqmL bfjL
u/]sf] gfln; nfUg ;Sb}g eGg] ;f]xL dxnsf] ^
g+= df pNn]v 5 . ljkIfLn] alxgLsf] ljjfx
vr{afkt ls=g+=#%) sf] hUuf k/ ;f/]sf] eGg'
ePsf] 5 . alxgLsf] hUufdf jfbLn] gfln; ug]{

1598

*()( d'=;=ug]{ dx]zs'df/ uf]/vfnL lj=s[i0fnfn uf]/vfnL

xsb}of c= j+= *@ g+= n] lbFbg} . pQm 3/;f/sf]

a08fkqdf lrQ ga'em]sf] sf/0f kfl/t x'g g;s]sf]
xf] . alxgLsf] ljjfx lktfhL hLljt} x'bF f @)!&
;fn dfu{ dlxgfdf lktfhLn] g} u/L lbg' ePsf]
xf], jfbLn] vr{ u/]sf] xf]Og . cfk"mn] vr{ u/]sf]
eP of] ldltdf olt vr{ nfu]sf] xf] egL pNn]v
ug{ ;Sg' kg]{ lyof] . jf:tljstf s] xf] eg]
@)@! ;fndf e"ld ;DaGwL P]g / lgodadf]lhd
hUufsf] xbjGbL ljj/0f lbg'kg]{ ePaf6 lktfhLn]
;a} 5f]/fxsf gfpFdf & g+= kmf/fd e/fO{ lrQ
a' e mfO{ lbg' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] x L & g+ =
kmf/fdcg';f/sf] hUuf ef]u btf{ u/L cfPsf
xf}+ . pQm & g+= kmf/fd adf]lhd d]/f efudf
k/]sf] k'tnL ;8ssf] ;fljs /=g+= &)) dWo]
/f]kgL @!) hUuf lktf dfwjnfnsf gfpFaf6
d]/f gfddf gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm egL ldlt
@)@&.!.@( df lgj]bg lbO{ e"ld k|zf;g
sfof{noaf6 & lbg] Dofb hf/L eO{ Dofbleq
s;}sf] ph"/ gk/]af6 @)@&.@.!@ df d]/f gfpFdf
gfd;f/L ePsf] xf] . ;f] hUufdf ldlt @)@*.!.@^
/ @)#@.@.!$ df d]/f gfddf gS;f kf; u/fO{
3/ kvf{n ag]sf] 5 . @)#@ ;fnsf] ;j]{
gfkLcg';f/ ldlt @)#*.(.!$ df d]/f gfpFdf
hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ePsf] 5 . jfbL d / k|ltjfbL
k"0f{dfg ePsf] xs sfod d'2f k/L ldlt
@)$&.$.@* df d]/} xs sfod e} sf=lh=c=af6
km};nf ;d]t ePsf] 5 . k|lt/f]kgL ^$ nfv
kg]{ hUufsf] df]n ljuf] 36fO{ lkm/fb ug'{ ePsf]
5 . pQm hUuf kf]v/Lwfk ePaf6 s'g} efO{n]
lng d~h"/ gu/L lktfhLn] d]/f gfpFdf &
g+=kmf/fd e/fO{ lbg' ePsf] xf] . xfn d"Noj[l4
ePkl5 nf]e nflu ljkIfLn] bfjL u/]sf] x'bF f
xbDofb aflx/sf] lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t s[i0fnfn uf]/vfnLsf] k|ltpQ/ kq .

jfbLn] ljjflbt hUufsf] d" N o

?=%),))). / k|ltjfbLn] ?=^$,)),))). kg]{
eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]df dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] hjfkm
/ ;h{dLgsf] Joxf]/faf6 ?=$,%),))).k|lt /f]kgL
d"No sfod u/L gk'u sf]6k{ mL jfbLaf6 lng]
eGg] sf7df8f} F lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%).*.!& sf] cfb]z .
o;df @)!^ ;fndf ePsf] eg]sf]
3/;f/sf] a08fkq kfl/t gePsf] s'/f jfbLn]
:jLsf/} u/]sf] kfOof] . a08fkqkl5 klg ljjflbt
hUuf lktf dfwjnfns} gfddf btf{ sfod /x]sf]
b]lvFbf a08fkq lqmofzLn ePsf] b]lvPg . lktf
dfwjnfnn] & g+= kmf/fd k|:t't ubf{ ljjflbt
hUuf k|= s[i0fnfnsf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]af6
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ ;dly{t e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . bfjLsf]
hUuf lktf dfwjnfnsf] d[To' kl5 ldlt
@)@&.@.!@ df k|ltjfbL s[i0fnfnsf gfpFdf
gfd;f/L ePsf] / ;f] lj?4 jfbLsf] :ki6 bfjL
gx'gs
' f cltl/Qm k|ltjfbLsf gfpFdf ls=g+= #%)
df gfkL btf{ e} k6sk6s gS;f kf; e} 3/,
kvf{n nufO{ dfnkf]t lt/f] ef]u u/L cfPsf]
s'/fdf tTsfnLg hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= / h=ld=sf]
!* g+= sf] Dofbleqsf] ph"/L b]lvPg . ;f]xL
hUufdf s[i0fnfn lj?4 k"0f{nfn gflkt ePsf]
hUuf xs sfod d'2faf6 ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] xs
sfod x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] ;f] ab/
geP;Dd jfbLn] k]z u/]sf] 3/;f/sf] a08fkqsf]
cfwf/df dfq jfbLsf] xssf] dfGg ;lsg] gx'bF f
jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf .
pQm km};nfdf k|df0fsf] d"Nofg g} ePsf]
5}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] d'Vo k|df0f alxgL dxfnIdL
g} ePsf] x'bF f lghnfO{ a'em\g] sfd;Dd klg
ePg . plNnlvt @)!^ ;fnsf] a08fkq d'ns
' L

1599

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

P]g c+z a08fsf] #) g+= n] kfl/t gePs} cj:yfdf

klg dfGo x'g] k|i6 5 . d k'g/fj]bsn] / ljkIfLn]
;d]t ;f]xL a08fkq adf]lhds} hUuf btf{ u/L
cfPsf 5g\ 5}gg\ eGg] tkm{ k|df0f a'em\g] sfo{
ePg . ctM k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # cg';f/
;Da4 k|df0f gj'emL ul/Psf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
5 . ljjflbt hUuf lktf dfwjnfnsf gfpFdf
/xg'sf] sf/0f alxgLsf] ljjfx vr{afkt k/
;fl/Psf] x'bF f /xg uPsf] xf] . ;f]xL cfwf/df
a08fkq lqmofzLn gePsf] eGbf c+z a08fsf]
#) g+= k|lts"n x'G5 . & g+= kmf/fd ljkIfLsf]
gfpFdf /xFbd
} f hUufdf ljkIfLsf] xs sfod
ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g . ljkIfLn] gfkL btf{ u/L
k|df0fk"hf{ kfPsf] s'/f ldlt @)$*.$.@^ df
gSsn ;f/L yfxf ePaf6 ;f] ldltn] h=ld=sf]
!* / h=k=sf] !& g+= sf Dofbleq ph"/L u/]sf]
x'bF f @ jif{leq ph"/ gu/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . 3/
agfpg]sf] !! g+= sf Dofbleq ph"/ gu/]klg ;f]
3/ 6x/f /x];Dd ljkIfLsf] ef]uflwsf/ /xg] xf] .
jfbL bfjL g} gk'Ug] 7x/fpg' q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k"0f{dfg;Fusf] xs sfod d'2fdf k'g/fj]bssf]
;+nUgtf g/x]sf] s'/f km};nfdf g} k|i6 5 . d
k'g/fj]bssf] xs plNnlvt km};nfaf6 ;dfKt
x'g] xf]Og . ctM pQm q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L
jfbL bfjLadf]lhd OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df ldlt @)!^.%.@( sf] 3/;f/sf]
a08fkqsf] cfwf/df jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvPsf],
;uf]ndf g} /x]sf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{ gb]lvPsf],
ljjfbsf] hUuf k'Vof}n
{ L ;DklQ ePsf] s'/fdf
ljjfb gb]lvPsf] / k|ltjfbLn] cfk"mn] dfq} vfg
kfpg] u/L ePsf] s'g} lnvt jf ;|ft] b]vfpg
g;s]sf] x'gfn] jfbLsf] ;d'Rrf xs gk'Ug]
7xofPsf]] OG;fkm km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n]

ljkIfL lemsfpg] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt kf6gsf] cfb]z .
o;df ljjfbdf pNn]v ePsf] hUufsf]
;DaGwdf lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg k/L emul8of
lemsfpg] cfb]z eO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
To:tf] ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] btf{ ab/ xs sfdo
d'2fsf] clGtd 6'u+ f] nfu]kl5 7x/]adf]lhd x'g]
u/L lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd /f]Ssf /flvlbg'
egL ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fO{
lbg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
o;df ljjflbt hUuf log} k|ltjfbLsf
lktf dfwjnfnn] & g+= kmf/fddf k|ltjfbL
s[i0fnfnsf] xf] egL pNn]v u/L lbPsf], lktf
dfwjnfnsf] d[To'kl5 s[i0fnfnn] cfkm\gf gfpFdf
gfd;f/L u/fPsf], gfkLsf avt ls=g+= #%) sf]
hUuf k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf btf{ ;|:] tf v8f ePsf],
k|ltjfbLn] gS;f kf; u/L 3/ 6x/f lgdf{0f
u/]sf], k|ltjfbL s[i0fnfn ;d]t lj?4 k"0f{dfg
gflkt;Fusf] hUuf xs sfod d'2f rnL pQm
hUuf / kvf{ndf s[i0fnfnsf] xs sfod x'g]
u/L o; cbfntaf6 km};nf e} clGtd ePsf]
b]lvof] . pQm s'g} s'/f ab/ u/fpg]tkm{ sf/jfxL
u/L jfbLn] ab/ u/] u/fPsf] k|df0f ;d]t k]z
ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf z'? km};nf dgfl;j} b]lvFbf
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)%#.*.& sf] km};nf .
pQm km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ljjflbt hUuf
alxgL dxfnIdLsf] ljjfx vr{afkt /flvPsf]
xf] . ;f] s'/f a08fkqd} pNn]v 5 . To:tf]
a08fkqnfO{ c+za08fsf] #) g+= n] dfGotf k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . hxfF;Dd & g+= kmf/fdsf] k|Zg 5, &
g+= kmf/fd eg]sf] hUufsf] xbjGbLsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu lbOg] nut xf] . & g+= kmf/fd ljkIfsf]

1600

*()( d'=;=ug]{ dx]zs'df/ uf]/vfnL lj=s[i0fnfn uf]/vfnL

gfddf e/]s} sf/0faf6 xssf] l;h{gf ePsf]

dfGg ;lsGg . ;f] a08fkqdf ljjflbt hUuf
alxgLsf] ljjfx vr{afkt k/ ;f/]sf] s'/f ljkIfLn]
:jLsf/]s} x'bF f ljjGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g] s'/fdf
ljjfb 5}g . g]sfk @)$&, c @, lg=g+=$)*#,
k[i7 !*% df & g+= kmf/fd e"ld;DaGwL P]gsf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu el/g] xf], To;af6 c+z ePsf]
dfGg gldNg] eGg] JofVof ePsf] 5 . ljjflbt
hUuf alxgLsf] ljjfx vr{afkt /x]sf] / ;f]
ljjfx vr{ d}n] u/L d]/f] xs ePsf] hUuf
ljkIfLn] ls=g+= #%) df gfkL btf{ u/fPsf]
s'/fdf h=ld=sf] !* / h=k=sf] !& g+=sf] Dofbleq
lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf]df gfkLsf] avt v8f ePsf]
btf{ ;|]:tfpk/ bfjL gu/]sf] eGg' sfg"gsf]
JofVofTds q'l6 /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} pQm km};nf
g]sfk @)$( c $ k[i7 #&! df k|sflzt
ghL/sf] k|lts"n 5 . ljkIfLn] ljjflbt hUufdf
3/ 6x/f agfPsf] jf cGo JolQm;Fu rn]sf]
d'2faf6 ljkIfLsf] xs sfod x'g cfPsf] eGg]
sf/0f / cfwf/n] @)!^ ;fndf ePsf] a08fkqsf]
lnvtnfO{ cdfGo u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . pQm
a08fkqnfO{ ljrf/} gu/L ePsf] km};nf k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ / 3/ agfpg]sf] !! g+=
sf] sfg"gL JofVofdf uDeL/ q'l6 e} Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_ / -v_ sf]
cj:yf k|i6 ljBdfg ePsf] x'bF f d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
x]/L d]/f] lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL ;'Gb/axfb'/ uf]/vfnLsf] o;
cbfnt ;dIfsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df jfbL / k| l tjfbLx aLr
@)!^.%.@( df ePsf] a08fkqdf ljjfbsf] hUuf
alxgL dxfnIdLsf] ljjfx vr{afkt /fv]sf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . lghsf] ljjfx e};s]kl5 ;f] ;DklQ
k|ltjfbL s[i0fnfnnfO{ dfq k|fKt ePsf] eGg]

k|df0f k|:t't x'g cfPsf] kfOFbg} . ;f] a08fkqsf]

;DaGwdf z'? lhNnf cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nfdf ljj]rgf u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . &
g+= kmf/fdsf] cfwf/df xs k|fKt gx'g] egL g]sfk
@)$&, k[i7 !*%, gfd;f/Laf6 gofF xs k|fKt
gx'g] egL g]sfk @)%$, k[i7 %@, c+zsf] hUuf
csf]{ c+lzof/sf] gfddf gfd;f/L ePsf] cfwf/df
xs gk'Ug] eGg gldNg] g]sfk @)#) / g]sfk
@)%!, k[i7 #%@ ;d]tdf l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
ePsf] / gfkLsf] ;dodf btf{ u/fPsf] cfwf/df
hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+=/ hUuf khgLsf] !& g+=
adf]lhd gfln; ug{ jGb]h gnufPsf] ;DaGwdf
g]sfk @)$(, k[i7 #&! df klg l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg e}/x]sf] l:yltdf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug]
7xofPsf]] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf c=j+=
!*$s= / pk/f]Qm k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n
b]lvPsf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@ sf] pkbkmf ! sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ sf]
cfwf/df d'2f bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf]
5 eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.$.@@
sf] cfb]z .
;DdfgLt cbfntdf rln/x]sf] btf{ ab/
xs sfod d'2f ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod %@ Pj+ d'ns
' L P]g ;+zf]lwt
c=j+= !&!s= g+= adf]lhd ljkIfL k|ToyL{sf] gfddf
k|:t't d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f gx'Gh]n;Dd
ljjflbt hUufdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{
gug'{ eGg] /f]Ssfsf] cGt/sfnLg cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jfbLsf] lgj]bg .
o;df ljjfbsf] hUufdf kl5 d'2f lsgf/f
x'bF f 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] x'bF f xfn ;f] hUufdf s'g}
k|sf/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' oyfl:yltdf
/xg lbg' egL c=j+ = !&!s=g+ = adf] l hd

1601

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

cGt/sflng cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg]

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df ljjflbt ls=g+= #%) sf] hUuf
jfbLk|ltjfbLsf jfj' dfwjnfn uf]vf{nLsf]
gfdaf6 cfPsf]n] lghsf] sfG5L >LdtL tkm{sf
5f]/fx jfbL ;'Gb/axfb'/, /fdhL / k|ltjfbL
s[i0fnfn uf]vf{nL ;d]t tLg xsbf/ /x]sf] b]lvFbf
ljjflbt ls=g+= #%) df pQm tLg} bfh'efOsf]
j/fj/ c+z efu /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . t;y{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L eO{ bfjL
ul/Psf] / k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
ldlt @)@&.@.!@ sf] lg0f{on] btf{ ePsf] bfjLsf]
ls=g+= #%) sf] hUufdWo] # efusf] ! efudf
jfbL ;'Gb/axfb'/ uf]vf{nLsf] xs sfod x'g] /
;f]xL # efusf] ! efu hUufdf k|ltjfbL
s[i0fnfnsf gfdsf] btf{ ab/ eO{ jfbLsf] gfddf
btf{ x'g] ;d]t 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o;
cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^%.!.!)
df ePsf] km};nf .
ldlt @)!^.%.@( sf] 3/;f/sf]
c+za08fdf xfnsf] ls=g+= #%) sf] k'tnL;8ssf]
hUuf alxgL dxfnIdLsf] laafx vr{afkt k/
;f/L d lkm/fbLn] a'emL lnPsf]df ljjfb 5}g . d
lkm/fbLn] alxgLsf] laafx cfg} vr{n] u/L pQm
hUuf arfO{ /fv]sf] lyPF . t/ dnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L
glbO{ @)@# ;fndf lktfsf] d[To' ePkl5 lghsf]
xs vfg] c? sf]xL gePsf] egL ljkIfLn] cfgf]
xs ePsf] egL hfn;fhLk"0f{ lgj]bg lbO{
afg]Zj/sf tLg hgf /fvL ;h{dLg d'rN' sf u/fO{
dxfb]j ufpF k~rfotdf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf 6fF;
u/L btf{ u/fO{ To;pk/ d'2f rNbfrNb} ;f]
hUuf ls=sf=u/L ls=g+=@%*( sf] hUuf laqmL
u/]sf] sfo{ hfn;fhLk"0f{ ePsf] s'/f k|i6 5 .
c+za08fsf] #) g+= n] d'ns
' L P]g ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wgeGbf

klxn] 3/;f/df ePsf] a08fkqnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]

5 . pQm a08fkqcg';f/ ls=g+=#%) sf] hUuf
d]/f] lhDdfsf] ePsf]n] d]/f] dfq Psnf}6L x'gk' g]d{ f
;dfg kdf # c+ z nufOPsf] km} ; nf
c+za08fsf] #) g+= k|lts"n 5 . c+zdf lrQ
ga'em] ;f]xL #@ g+= cg';f/ ph"/ ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f]
gul/Psf]n] g]sfk @)$@, k[= %%( df k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtk|lts"n km};nf ePsf] 5 . ;fy} k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-!_ n] ljkIfL ljjlGwt
;d]t x'gx' G' 5 .
c+za08fsf] lnvtadf]lhd d]/f] Psnf}6L
xssf] hUuf ljkIfLn] gePsf] s'/f chdfO{ lktf
dfwjnfnsf] Psdfq xsbf/ cfk"m /x]sf] egL
btf{ u/fPsf] sfo{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] # g+= sf]
hfn;fhLsf] kl/efiffleq ;d]t kb{5 . c?sf]
xs nfUg] hUufnfO{ cfgf] egL n]lvlbg] / ;a}
c+lzof/sf] xs nfUg]df cfgf]dfq xs nfUg]
egL n]lvlbPdf hfn;fhL 7xg]{ egL g]sfk
@)#), lg=g+= &@) ;d]tsf d'2fdf k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtljk/Lt km};nf ePsf]n] Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L plNnlvt ls=g+= #%) sf] 3/
hUufsf] ljkIfLsf] gfdsf] btf{ gfd;f/L ab/
u/L jfbL bfjLadf]lhd d]/f] Psnf}6L x'g] 7x/
ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Aoxf]/fsf] lgj]bs jfbLsf]
o; cbfnt;dIfsf] lgj]bg kq .
k|:t't d'2fdf afa' dfwjnfn hLljt
5Fb} alxgL dxfnIdLsf] laafx ePsf] tYodf
ljjfb b]lv+bg} . ldlt @)@&.!.@( df s[i0fnfnn]
hUuf btf{ ug{ e"ld k|zf;g sfof{no sf7df8f}d+ f
b=g+=&%!# sf] lgj]bg btf{ u/L hUuf btf{
;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf]df ;f] ;"rgfpk/
s;}sf] lgj]bg gk/]af6 @)@&.@.!@ df ljjflbt
hUuf s[i0fnfnsf gfddf btf{ x'gs
' f] ;fy} cfgf

1602

*()( d'=;=ug]{ dx]zs'df/ uf]/vfnL lj=s[i0fnfn uf]/vfnL

gfddf gfkgS;f u/L 3/ agfO{ @)#@ ;fndf

;e]{ gfkL x'bF f;d]t s[i0fnfns} gfddf gfkL eO{
lghn] g} ef]u a;f]af; u/L a;]sf] / laafx vr{
egL 5'ofOPsf] eg]sf] ;DklQ ca08f /x]sf]
eGg] gb]lvPsf] ca:yfdf o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^%.!.!) df ePsf] km};nf
g]sfk @)^$, lg=g+= &*&# df k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtk|lts"n ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
k|:t't d'2f k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g{] cg'dlt k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt
k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL jfbLn] h=ld=sf] !* / h=k=sf]
!& g+= sf] sfg"gL cfwf/ b]vfO{ laaflbt hUufsf]
d]/f] gfpFsf] btf{ ab/ u/L xs sfod ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t bfjL lnPsf] ca:yf 5 . t/ laaflbt
hUuf ca08fsf] ePsf]n] ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
c+za08fsf] #% g+=sf ;DaGwdf lkm/fbnufot
slxFs
+ t} PszAb klg pNn]v gu/]sf]df ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 bfjLeGbf aflx/ uO{ ca08f 7x/
u/L dfwjnfnsf sfG5L >LdtL tkm{sf #
5f]/fxsf] c+z xs nfUg] eGg] km};nf ePsf]
5 . cbfnt jfbL bfjLdf ;Lldt /xg' kg]{ /
bfjL gePsf] s'/fdf OG;fkm ug{ gldNg] egL
g]sfk @)$% lg=g+=#$!% ;d]tsf d'2fdf
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtljk/Lt km};nf ePsf] :ki6
5 . To:t} dfwanfnsf sfG5L >LdtLtkm{sf
Ps 5f]/f jfbLsf] dfq lkm/fb k/]sf]df lkm/fb
gug]{ dflxnf /fdhL uf]vf{nL ;d]tsf] ca08f
hUuf egL bfjLeGbf a9L s'/fdf OG;fkm ePsf]
5 . laaflbt hUuf alxgLsf] ljjfx vr{sf] nflu
5'o\ fPsf] ePklg lktf dfwjnfnn] 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx
cfkm}n
+ ] u/L lbO{ & g+= kmfF6jf/L e/L ljjfbsf]
hUuf d k|ltjfbLsf] c+z efusf] egL hgfO{ lbg'

ePcg';f/ d}n] btf{ u/fPsf] cGoyf 5}g . k|:t't

d'2f c+z d'2f gePsf]n] ca08f eGg] k|Zg g}
c;fGble{s 5 . ctM plNnlvt l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt
ePsf] km};nfdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !!-!_-v_ sf] ca:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^%.!.!) sf] km};nf
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
Aoxf]/fsf] lgj]bs k|ltjfbL s[i0fnfn uf]vf{nLsf]
lgj]bgkq .
o;df log} kIf ljkIfL ePsf] lg0f{o
ab/ xs sfod d'2fdf cfh o;} Ohnf;af6
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g{] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf], ;f]
d'2f / k|:t't d'2f cGt/k|efjL ePsf]n] o;
d'2fdf klg plNnlvt cfwf/df Gofo k|zf;g
P] g , @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_-v_ adf] l hd
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g{] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5
eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
lgj]bs jfbL kIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
al/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx >L lg/~hg cfrfo{, >L tLy{/fh
a;f}nf / >L kljqaxfb'/ v8\sfn] ljjflbt
hUuf @)!^ ;fnsf] a08fkqaf6 alxgLsf] ljjfx
vr{afkt 5'ofO{ jfbLsf] lhDdfdf /flvPsf]
eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . ljjfx vr{ jfbLn] u/]sf
sf/0f lghn] Psnf}6L vfg kfpg] xf] eGg] bfjL
cGoyf 5}g . o:tf] hUufnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] lktf
dfwanfnsf] Psdfq xsbf/ b]vfO{ gfd;f/L
u/fPsf] x'bF f gfd;f/L btf{ ab/df k|:t't lkm/fb
k/]sf] xf] . & g+= kmfF6jf/Ln] ;DklQsf] xs :jfldTj
k|fKt ug{ jf c+za08fsf] :yfg lng ;Sb}g .
To;df klg ;f] cfwf/ pNn]v u/L k|ltjbLn]
ljjflbt hUuf btf{ gu/fPsf]n] ;f] lhsL/ xfn

1603

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lng ldNb}g . afa'sf] xs vfg] Psdfq xsbf/

b]vfO{ gfd;f/L u/fOPsf] 5 . afa'sf] xsbf/
k|ltjfbL dfq geO{ jfbL ;d]t x'g\ eGg] k|i6 5 .
k'tnL;8ssf] hUuf afg]Zj/df ;h{dLg u/L
dxfb]j:yfg uf=k+=df ;"rgf 6fF;L b"lift kdf
gfd;f/L btf{ u/fPsf]n] xbDofbsf] k|Zg ;fGble{s
x'g ;Sb}g . c+lzof/aLrdf xbDofb nfUg] s'/f
klg xf]Og . d'2f kbf{kb}{ u/fPsf] gS;fkf; l/6af6
ab/ e};s]sf]n] 3/ agfPsf] sfo{n] dfGotf kfpg
;Sb}g . d'Vo ljifo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg:;fsf]
cfwf/ g} ldn]sf] 5}g . jfbLsf] lgj]bgdf k|ltjfbLsf]
lhsL/cg';f/ lg:;f k|bfg ePsf]n] unt
lg:;fsf] cf8df d'2fsf] sf/jfxL cl3 a9\g
g;Sg] x'bF f ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] km};nf cGoyf x'g
;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
lgj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf
ljfg clwjQmfx >L kGgfdfg t'nfw/ / >L
afns[i0f g]pkfg]n] nufpdf /x]sf] Pp6} d'2fsf
lgj]bgdf s] s'g Aoxf]/fn] lg:;f eof] eGg] k|Zg
p7fpg ldNb}g . d'2fsf] tYo aflx/ uO{ lg:;f
gePsf] / k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bgdf klg jfbL kIfsf]
lgj]bgdf lg:;f lbOPsf] cfwf/nfO{ g} u|x0f
ul/Psf] 5 . @)!^ ;fnsf] 3/;f/sf] a08fkqdf
c+lzof/xsf] lrQ ga'em]sf sf/0f ;f] a08fkq
kfl/t gePsf] / sfof{Gjog klg ePg . kl5
lktf dfwanfnn] h]7L / sfG5L >LdtL tkm{sf
c+lzof/xsf gfddf cnucnu & g+= kmfF6jf/L
bfv]n u/L a08f ul/lbg' ePsf] xf] . a08fkqs}
hUuf eGg] xf] eg] ca08f hUuf a08f ul/kfpFm
eGg] lkm/fb 5}g . c+za08fsf] #@ / #% g+=
cg';f/ lkm/fb cfPsf] klg xf]Og . @)#$
;fncl3 btf{ u/fPsf] ljifodf tTsfnLg sfg"g
cg';f/ @ aif{leq gfln; ug'k{ g]d{ f @)@& ;fnsf]
gfd;f/L btf{ ab/ ug{ @)$* ;fndf k/]sf]

lkm/fb xbDofb ljxLg eO{ vf/]hefuL 5 . u'kr'kdf

btf{ u/]sf] xf]Og . ;h{dLg / ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L gS;fkf; u/L 3/
agfO{ j;]sf] s'/f jfbLn] yfxf gkfpg] eGg
ldNb}g . k"0f{dfg gflkt;Fu k|ltjfbLn] d'2f u/L
xs sfod u/fPsf] ca:yf 5 . oL ;a} s'/fnfO{
jfbLn] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . jfbLn] bfjL g} lng
g;s]sf] s'/fdf cbfnt :jo+n] kIfsf] :yfg
u|x0f u/L # efusf] ! efu gfd;f/L lg0f{o ab/
ug]{ u/L ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
ePsf]n] ;f] xb;Dd k'g/fjnf]sg eO{ bfjL gk'Ug]
u/L z'?af6 ePsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf g} ;b/ sfod ul/g' kb{5
eGg] ;d]t a;x ug'e
{ of] .
;fy} lgj]bs jfbL / k|ltjfbLtkm{af6
lnlvt ax;gf]6 ;d]t k]z ePsf] /x]5 .
cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tfl/v tf]lsPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs jfbL / k|ltjfbL tkm{sf
ljfg sfg"g Aoj;foLxn] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm
ax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax;gf]6
;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L
x]bf{ k|:tt' d'2fdf o; cbfnt ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6
ePsf] km};nf lgj]bs jfbL / k|ltjfbLsf]
lhsL/cg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og
eGg] laifodf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g
cfPsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)!^.%.@(
sf] a08fkqn] alxgL dxfnIdLsf] ljjfx vr{afkt
k/;f/L d]/f] lhDdfdf /x]sf] xfnsf] ls=g+= #%)
sf] hUufnfO{ lktf dfwanfnsf] Psdfq xsbf/
b]vfO{ ljkIfLn] u/fPsf] gfd;f/L btf{ ab/ u/L
d]/f gfpFdf xs sfod btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjLdf @)!^ ;fnsf] a08fkq
kfl/t x'g g;sL lktfn] ;a} c+lzof/sf gfddf

1604

*()( d'=;=ug]{ dx]zs'df/ uf]/vfnL lj=s[i0fnfn uf]/vfnL

cnucnu & g+ = kmfF 6 jf/L e/L a08f

5'ofPcg';f/ d]/f] efudf k/]sf] ljjflbt hUuf
/Ltk"js
{ gfd;f/L btf{ u/fO{ gS;f kfl/t u/L
3/ agfO{ a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf] x'bF f xsb}of /
xbDofblaxLg lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . z'?n] jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofO{ u/]sf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt ;d]taf6 ;b/ ePsf]df o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 ;f] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L
bfjLsf] ls=g+=#%) sf] hUufdf # efusf] ! efu
jfbL ;'Gb/axfb'/ uf]vf{nLsf] xs sfod x'g] /
;f]xL # efusf] ! efusf] hUufdf k|ltjfbL
s[i0fnfn uf]vf{nLsf] btf{ ab/ eO{ jfbLsf] gfddf
btf{ x'g] 7xofO{ km};nf ePsf] b]lvof] .
#= alxgLsf] ljjfx vr{afkt a08fkqn]
k/ ;f/]sf] tyf alxgLsf] ljjfx vr{ ;d]t
cfkm}+n] u/]sf] x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ hUufdf Psnf}6L
xs sfod x'g'kg]{df # efusf] ! efudf ;Dd
xs k'Ug] 7xofPsf] o; cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bs jfbL / sfof{Gjog
g} gePsf] 3/;f/sf] a08fkqcg';f/ jfbL
PSn}n] ljjfx vr{ u/]sf] s'/f k'li6 gePsf] /
ca08f hUuf a08f ul/kfpFm eGg] / b"lift
btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL g} gePsf]
ca:yfdf jfbL bfjLeGbf aflx/ uO{ lkm/fb
gug]{ c+lzof/sf] ;d]t c+z efu 5'ofO{ ePsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] k[ysk[ys lgj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o; cbfntaf6
lgj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bg lhsL/ cg';f/sf]
cfwf/ pNn]v u/L jfbL kIfsf] lgj]bgdf /
jfbLsf] lgj]bgdf lg:;f ePsf] cfwf/ u|x0f
u/L k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bgdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
lg:;f k|bfg u/]sf] kfOof] .

$= k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg:;f k|bfg ubf{sf]

cfwf/ g} gldn]sf] x'bF f To:tf] lg:;fsf] cfwf/af6
d'2fsf] sf/jfxL cufl8 a9\g g;Sg] eGg] lgj]bs
jfbL kIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] k|f/lDes
ax; lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k/Gt' Pp6} d'2fdf
ePsf] km};nfpk/ jfbL / k|ltjfbL kIfsf] 5'f5'}
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] / Ps} ;fy k]z
ePsf lgj]bgxdf Pp6} Ohnf;af6 Ps} lbg
lg:;f ePsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;fdfGo q'l6sf] k|fljlws
kIfnfO{ dfq dxTj lbO{ lgj]bsxn] p7fPsf
ljifoj:t'sf] ;fk]Iftfdf d'2fsf] ;du| l:yltsf]
ljZn]if0f u/L Goflos lgisif{df gk'Ug] eGg'
Gofof]lrt\ x'bF g} .
%= d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'df k|jz
] u/L x]bf{
lgj]bs k|ltjfbLn] @)!^ ;fnsf] a08fkq
sfof{Gjog gePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
k/Gt' ;f] a08fkqaf6 oL lgj]bsdfq 5'lleGg
ePsf] eGg] cj:yf geO{ dfwanfnsf] b'O{
>LdtLdWo] h]7L tkm{sf $ 5f]/f tyf sfG5Ltkm{sf
k|ltjfbL / jfbL ;d]tsf # efO{ 5f]/fx ;d]tsf
c+lzof/ 5'lleGg ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . oL k|ltjfbL
afx]s dfwjnfnsf h]7L tyf sfG5L >LdtL
tkm{sf cGo c+lzof/n] pQm a08fkqpk/ s'g}
ph"/afh'/ u/]sf] jf ;f] a08fkq sfof{Gjog
gePsf]n] kl5 5'} a08fkq ePsf] jf cGo s'g}
dfWodaf6 5'L leGg ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpFbg} .
@)!^ ;fnsf] a08fkq sfof{Gjog gePsf] eP
b'O{ xfFuftkm{sf ;ft;ft hgf c+lzof/sf] Aojxf/
TolQs} ldn]sf] xf]nf eGg] s'/f klg :jfefljs
cg'dfgsf] laifo b]lvFbg} .
^= To;} u/L & g+= kmfF6jf/L 5'f5'} e/L
lktf dfwanfnn] ;a} c+lzof/nfO{ 5'ofO{ lbPsf]
eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ /x]klg & g+= kmfF6jf/L

1605

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

vf; k|of]hg laz]ifsf nflu ;DklQsf] ljj/0f

k]z bfv]n ug]{ k|lqmof;Dd ePsf]n] & g+= kmfF6jf/L
ljj/0fn] c+za08fnfO{ g} k|lt:yfkg ub{5 egL
dfGg ldNb}g . To;df klg lktf dfwanfnn]
cfgf] gfddf & g+= kmfF6jf/L bfv]n ul/lbPsf
sf/0faf6 ljjflbt ls=g+= #%) sf] hUuf bf=vf=btf{
u/fPsf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bs k|ltjfbLn] df}sfdf
pNn]v ug{ ;]ssf] b]lvFbg} . lktf :j=dfwanfnsf]
d[To' ePsf] / lghsf] xs vfg] xsbf/ cfk"m
afx]s sf]xL gePsf] eGg] Aoxf]/fsf] lgj]bg lbO{
ldlt @)@&.@.!@ df k|ltjfbLn] gfd;f/L u/fPsf]
b]lvPaf6 & g+=kmfF6jf/Laf6 cfgf] c+z xsdf
k/]sf] egL xfn k|:t't d'2fdf lnOPsf] lhsL/
:jtM vl08t e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . :j=dfwanfnsf
cfk"m afx]s cGo sf]xL xsbf/ g/x]sf] eGg]
unt Aoxf]/fsf] lgj]bg lbO{ dfwjnfnsf gfpFsf]
ljjflbt hUuf k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf gfddf gfd;f/L
btf{ u/fPsf] lqmof g} b" l ift b] l vPsf] n ]
dfwjnfnsf cGo xsbf/n] hlxn];s
' } bfjL u/L
cfgf] c+z xs sfod u/fO{ lng ;Sg] g} x'G5 .
s'g} c+lzof/sf] c+z efudf k/]sf] gb]lvO{ afa'sf
gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] hUuf afa'sf] z]ifkl5 ;a}
5f]/fn] a/fa/ afF8L vfg kfpg] x'bF f s'g} Ps
c+lzof/n] cGo c+lzof/sf] cl:tTj nf]k u/L
gfd;f/L btf{ u/fpFbd
} f c+z h:tf] g};lu{s xs
;dfKt x'g ;Sb}g . c+lzof/xsf] c+z xs
nfUg] hUuf Pp6f c+lzof/n] dfq unt Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L b"lift kdf Psnf}6L btf{ u/fPsf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] b"lift btf{sf ;DaGwdf xbDofbsf]
k|Zg ;d]t uf}0f aGg k'Ub5 .
&= hxfF;Dd alxgL dxfnIdLsf] ljjfx
vr{afkt @)!^ ;fnsf] a08fkqn] jfbLsf]
lhDdfdf /flvPsf] / ljjfx vr{ ;d]t cfkm}n
+ ]
u/]sf] x'bF f Psnf}6L vfg kfpg' kg]{ eGg] lgj]bs

jfbLsf] lhsL/ 5, @)!^ ;fnsf] a08fkqdf

jfbLsf] lhDdf /xg] s'/f;Dd pNn]v ePsf] b]lvP
klg lghn] g} vfg kfpg] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvFbg} . alxgLsf] ljjfx jfbL PSn}n] u/]sf]
eGg] lhsL/ ;dly{t x'g] s'g} 7f]; k|df0f k]z ug{
;s]sf] klg kfOb}g . ;fy} lktf dfwjnfn hLljt
x'bF } dxfnIdLsf] ljjfx ePsf] eGg] x'bF f ljjfxdf
cfk"mn] dfq vr{ u/]sf] eP cfgf] lhDdfsf]
hUuf afa' hLljt x'bF } bf=vf=gfd;f/L u/fpg
;Sg'kg]d
{ f ;f] u/fpg g;s]af6 alxgLsf] ljjfx
vr{ cfk"m PSn}n] Aoxf]/s
] f] eGg] jfbLsf] lhsL/
ljZj;gLo gb]lvPsf]n] ljjflbt hUufdf jfbLsf]
klg Psnf}6L xs sfod x'g ;Sg] cfwf/ b]lvPg .
*= j:t'tM lkm/fb bfjL jf ljjfb h]
h:tf] kaf6 cfPklg c+za08fsf] lnvtdf
k/]sf] tyf s;}sf] Psnf}6L c+z efusf] x'g]
gelgPsf] ljjflbt hUuf c+lzof/aLrsf] ca08f
;DklQ dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . k/Gt' :j=dfwjnfnsf
b'O{ >LdtL / b'jt} km{ 5f]/fx /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
tyf ljjflbt hUuf sfG5L >LdtLtkm{sL 5f]/L
dxfnIdLsf] ljjfx vr{afkt a08fkqn] k/;f/]sf]
b]lvPsf] l:yltdf h]7L >LdtLtkm{sf xsbf/sf]
bfjL lj/f]w gk/]sf]n] sfG5L >LdtLtkm{sf tLg
5f]/fxaLr a08f nfUg] k|sl[ tsf] ;DklQ /x]5
eGg] Goflos cg'dfg ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
(= To;}n] bfjL lng]n] h:tf];s
' } kaf6
bfjL lnP klg c+z efu nfUg] k|sl[ tsf] ca08f
uf]Zj/f k|sl[ tsf] ;DklQsf] xsdf cbfntn] ;b}j
c+z xssf] g};lu{stf sfod x'g] b[li6sf]0f canDag
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o:tf]df s'g P]g cGtu{tsf] bfjL
lnOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f uf}0f x'g] / xbDofbsf] k|Zgn]
;d]t c;/ ug{ ;Sb}g . c+za08fsf] @& g+=cg';f/
a08f ubf{ s'g} c+lzof/n] bkf]6 u/]sf] ;DklQ kQf
nufpg] c+lzof/sf] Psnf}6L x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf

1606

*()( d'=;=ug]{ dx]zs'df/ uf]/vfnL lj=s[i0fnfn uf]/vfnL

ePklg c+z bkf]6 d'2faf6 ;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu

nufO{ lbg] tyf ca08f ;DklQ s'g} Ps c+lzof/n]
Psnf}6L kdf gfd;f/L u/fpFbd} f csf]{ c+lzof/sf]
xs hfg g;Sg] eGg] xfd|f] Goflos kl/kf6L /
:yflkt l;4fGt -g]sfk @)%$, lg=g+= ^#)(, k[i7
%@_ ePaf6 ;d]t k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLn] Psnf}6L
kfpFm egL lnPsf] bfjL dfGo x'g g;Sg] eO{ c+lzof/sf]
x}l;ot cg'k efulx:;f sfod ug'{ Gofo / ljj]s
b'j} b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm x'g cfpF5 .
!)= @)@& ;fndf gfd;f/L btf{
u/fpg'sf cltl/Qm @)#* sf] gfkLdf ljjflbt
hUuf cfk"mn] btf{ u/fPsf], gS;f kf; u/L 3/
agfPsf] / k"0f{dfg gflkt;Fu d'2f u/L xs
sfod u/fPsf] ;d]taf6 cfgf] Psnf}6L xssf]
ePsf]n] c? c+lzof/sf] bfjL nfUg g;Sg] eGg]
klg k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
gS;fkf;sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg lgj]bs jfbLn]
lbPsf] pTk|i] f0fsf] lgjb]gaf6 ;f] lg0f{o ab/
ePsf] / To;pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvFbg} . To;} u/L log} jfbLn]
lbPsf] nufpsf] hfn;fhL d'2fdf ;d]t k|:t't
d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfaf6 jfbLsf] xs ;'/lIft g}
/x]sf] eGg] cfwf/ a'bF f u|x0f u/L bfjL gk'Ug]
km};nf ePsf]df To;pk/ ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf]
lgj]bg k/]sf] 5}g . ;uf]nsf] ca08f ;DklQ
s'g} c+lzof/sf gfddf /x]sf] sf/0fn] lgh;Fu
t];f| ] AolQmsf] ljjfb k/L d'2f kg'{ :jefljs xf] .
;DklQ btf{ gePsf] AolQmnfO{ ;fdfGotM ljkIfL
agfO{ /xg cfjZos x'bF g} . t/ Tolts} sf/0fn]
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQdf Ps c+lzof/sf] dfq xs x'g]
cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . d'2f u/]sf] sf/0faf6 dfq Ps
c+lzof/n] csf]{ c+lzof/af6 kfpg] c+zsf] g};lu{s
xs hfg ;Sb}g . lsgsL ca08f ;DklQsf]
rl/q / k|sl[ t cljl5Gg / ;uf]nLo g} x'g] x'bF f

h'g;'s} c+lzof/sf] ;fydf /x]sf] ePklg Tof]

rl/q / k|sl[ t gi6 x'g ;Sb}g .
!!= o; l:yltdf @)!^ ;fnsf] a08fn]
dxfnIdLsf] laafx vr{afkt k/ ;fl/Psf]
:j=dfwanfn gfpF btf{sf] ljjflbt ls=g+= #%)
sf] hUufdf lghsf] sfG5L >LdtL tkm{sf
5f]/fxsf] a/fa/ c+z xs lgxLt /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
x'bF f k|ltjfbL PSn}n] b"lift kdf u/fPsf] Psnf}6L
gfd;f/L / btf{ ab/ u/L jfbLsf] # efusf] !
efudf xs sfod x'g] 7xofPsf] ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf]
OG;fkm Gofof]lrt\ b]lvPsf]n] bfjLeGbf aflx/
uO{ km};nf ePsf] egL k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg:;f
k|bfg ubf{ pNn]v ul/Psf] ghL/ l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
canlDjt cfwf/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
!@= t;y{, plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f
;d]taf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L
u/L ldlt @)@&.@.!@ sf] lg0f{on] k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf Psnf}6L btf{ ePsf] bfjLsf] ls=g+= #%)
sf] hUufdWo] # efusf] ! efudf jfbL ;'Gb/axfb'/
uf]vf{nLsf] xs sfod x'g] / ;f]xL a/fa/sf]
hUufdf k|ltjfbL s[i0fnfnsf gfdsf] btf{ ab/
eO{ jfbLsf gfddf btf{ x'g] 7xofPsf] ;d]t
o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^%.!.!)
sf] km};nf Gofof]lrt b]lvg cfO{ o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvg
gcfPsf]n] lgj]bg lhsL/cg'k k'g/fjnf]sg
x'g g;Sg] 7x5{ . jfbL / k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf]
lgj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;j+t\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L

1607

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lg0f{o g+=

df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xL

nut sf ug]{ ljifonfO{ s'g} lglZrt\
;do ;Ldfleq ;Lldt gu/L ;bf
v'Nn} /fVg] xf] eg] e"ld dflysf] }w
:jfldTj cGTo ug]{ eGg] e"ld;DaGwL
P]g @)@! sf] p2]Zo slxn} xfl;n
x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
sfg" g adf] l hd ;/sf/n] lglZrt\
;dofjlwleq ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ egL
tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;f] ;dofjlwleq ;DkGg
ug{ g;s]sf] tYonfO{ o; cbfntn]
cfkm}+ Goflos hfgsf/Ldf lnO{ ;/sf/L
c;dy{ t f / To;;F u hf] l 8Psf]
gful/sxsf] xssf] ;jfnnfO{
uDeL/tfk"js
{ ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_

*(!)

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
l/6 g+=)^&WS))^&
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.$.#@.%
ljifoM pTk]i| f0f;d]t .
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf skg uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= # a:g] clwjQmf dx]Zj/ yfkf
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t
l;4fGttM ;+ljwfgk|bQ s'g} klg :jtGqtf
jf df}lns xs lg/k]If x'bF g} g\ / o:tf]
x'g ;Dej klg x'bF g} . ;DalGwt df}lns
xs jf :jtGqtfs} /Iffsf] nflu klg
To;sf] pkef]udf s]xL ;Ldf jf aGb]hx
lgwf{/0f ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
s'g} sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldf sd
jf ckof{Kt x'g' / ;f] sfg"g ;+ljwfgsf]
s'g} wf/f jf df}lns xs;Fu lj/f]wfefifk"0f{
jf aflemPsf] x'g' laNs'n} km/s s'/f
xf] . pQm ;do ;Ldf ckof{Kt ePsf]
dfq sf/0faf6 ;f] sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] eGg gldNg] .

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf dx]Zj/ yfkf

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ;"ok{ ;
| fb
kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)%), lg=g+= $&@! k[= !*)
g]sfk @)%!, lg=g+= %))! k[= *%@
g]sfk @)%^ lg=g+= ^&$^ k[= $&*
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f !&-!_
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !%
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]
wf/f !(
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^u,
@^3@, @^3!

1608

*(!) dx]Zj/ yfkf lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

cfb]z
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&
-!_ cGtu{t bfo/ x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ldlt
@)%#.(.@$ df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] d"nkdf
e"lddf /x]sf] hUufwgL / df]xLsf] bf]xf]/f]
:jfldTjnfO{ cGTo ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . ;f]
;+zf]wgn] e"ld dflysf] }w :jfldTjsf] cGTosf
nflu hUufwgL / df]xLaLr hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L
df]xL nut sf ug]{ Joj:yf ub}{ To;sf] k|lqmofut
sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df @)%*.!).@%
df ePsf] kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgn] hUuf afF8kmfF8 tyf
df]xL nut sf ug]{ ;DaGwdf bkmf @^3! df
bkmf @^u / @^3 sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu of] bkmf
k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq lgj]bg
lbg'kg]5
{ egL / bkmf @^3# df df]xL nfu]sf]
hUuf o; P]gadf]lhd hUufjfnf / df]xLaLr
afF8kmfF8 ug]{ sf/jfxL tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] of]
bkmf k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] @ jif{leq 6'f]
nufO;Sg' kg]5
{ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . hUuf
afF8kmfF8 ug]{ ljifodf o;/L e"ld;DaGwL P]gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;do ;Ldfn] ;+ljwfgk|bQ
;DklQ;DaGwL df}lns xs ;d]tnfO{ s'l07t
t'NofPsf] 5 . o;/L ;do;Ldf tf]lsg'sf] s'g}
cf}lrTo klg 5}g .
P]gdf tf]lsPsf] pQm Dofb ;dfKt ePsf]
jiff}+{ x'bF f klg Dofb yktkm{ ljkIfLxsf] s'g}
rf;f] 5}g . ;f]xL sf/0faf6 hUuf afF8kmfF8df
k/]sf lgj]bgxdf lg0f{o ug{ g;sL tfd]nL
/xg uPsf 5g\ . P]gdf tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldf

;dfKt ePsf] $ jif{ lalt;Stf klg ;+zf]wgtkm{

ljkIfLx cu|;/ gePsf] x'bF f pQm P]gsf] bkmf
@^3! / @^3# sf] k| f jwfgaf6 cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@, !# tyf !( f/f k|bQ
df}lns xs s'l07t x'g uO{ ;f] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf]n] ;f] bkmf @^3! / @^3# sf] Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)&
-!_ adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvthjfkm k7fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf ;"rgf hf/L u/L lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.#.# sf]
cfb]z .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ePsf] 5}7f}+
;+zf]wg -cWofb]z_ n] ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L
tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq lgj]bg lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
u/]sf] / ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd @)^#
r}q d;fGt;Dd lgj]bg lbg] Dofb g]kfn
/fhkqdf k|sfzg ul/Psf]df kl5 pQm cWofb]z
;+;baf6 cg'df]bg x'g g;sL P]gsf] bkmf @^3!
sf] ;flas Joj:yf g} oyfjt\ /xg uPsf] / pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf sf/0f sfdsfh ug{ sl7gfO
eO{ dGqfnon] o;} ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L
e"ld;DaGwL P]g @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! nfO{
;+zf]wg ug]{ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_
ljw]ossf] d:of}bf sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnodf
k7fPsf] lyof] . sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnon]
pQm P]gsf] bkmf @^3! df ;+zf]wgsf nflu
;}4flGts ;xdlt;d]t k|bfg ul/;s]sf]n]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf 5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]ossf]
kdf k7fpg dGqfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf

1609

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

nflu dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf k|:tfj k]z ul/;s]sf]

5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ljw]osn] sfg"gL
k u|x0f u/]kZrft\ lgj]bssf] dfubfjLsf
;DaGwdf ;Daf]wg x'g] g} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/
tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm .
hUufjfnf / df]xL aLrdf hUuf afF8kmfF8
;DaGwdf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ / sf/jfxL 6'f] nufO;Sg'
kg]{ cjlw g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L tf]Sg ;Sg] e"ld;DaGwL P]g @)@!
sf] bkmf @^3! / @^3# df sfg"gL Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^#.@.@( sf] /fhkqdf
k|sflzt ;"rgf Pj+ o; ljefusf] r=g+= $!#(
sf] kl/kqadf]lhd ePsf] sfo{af6 ljkIfL
lgj]bssf] s'g} clwsf/sf] xgg\ gePsf] x'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL
e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ljefusf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g @)@! df @)%*.!).@%
df ePsf] kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf] bkmf
@^3! n] u/]sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd ^ dlxgfleq
df]xL / hUufwgL aLr hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug{sf
nflu tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L;dIf lgj]bg lbO;Sg'
kg]{ / s;}sf] lgj]bg kg{ gcfP klg & g+=
kmfF6jf/L / pknAw ePsf cGo k|df0fsf]
cfwf/df tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] afF8kmfF8sf] sfo{
ug'{kg]{ bfloTj bkmf @^3@ n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o;}u/L bkmf @^3# n] df]xL nfu]sf]
hUuf df]xL / hUufwgLnfO{ afF8kmfF8 ug]{ sf/jfxL
pQm bkmf k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] @ jif{leq
;DkGg u/L ;Sg'kg]{ ;do ;Ldf tf]ss
] f] b]lvG5 .
pQm sfg"g lgdf{0f eO{ @)%*.!).@% df g]kfn
/fhkqdf k|sfzg eO{ nfu" ePsf], ;f] ldltn]
@ jif{ cyf{t\ @)^).!).@% leq df]xL nfu]sf]

hUuf df]xL / hUufwgLnfO{ afF8kmfF8 ug]{ sf/jfxL

;DkGg ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg"gL st{Jo tf]lsPsf] /
To;kl5 P]gsf] cjlw a9fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf
sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ / ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Ifd
ljwflosfn] dx;"; gu/]sf] cj:yfdf * jif{cl3
g} lgliqmot' N o /x] s f] sfg" g L Joj:yf
;+ljwfgcg's"n g/x]sf] egL bfo/ ePsf] l/6
lgj]bg ljnDasf] cfwf/df ;d]t vf/]hefuL 5
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL Joj:yflksf ;+;b
;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;DklQ;DaGwL xs lglj{jfb xs xf]Og .
;+ljwfgtM ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu ;DklQsf]
xsdf ;Ldf nufpg ;lsG5 . e"lddf /x]sf] }w
:jfldTj cGTo u/L ;fj{hlgs lxt sfod ug]{
p2]Zon] ul/Psf] e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
pk/f]Qm ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
df]xL / hUufwgL aLrsf] ljjfb ;se/
l56f] ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] hUufwgL / df]xLaLr
hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgj]bg lbg] /
To;/L lbPsf] lgj]bgpk/ 6'u+ f] nufpg] lglZrt\
;dofjlw tf]lsPsf]df ;f] sfd ;dodf ;DkGg
x'g g;s]sf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] Dofbleq To:tf] hUuf
afF8kmfF8 ug{ lgj]bg lbg] tyf To;/L k/]sf
lgj]bgxsf] 6'+uf] nufpg] Dofb yk ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] e"ld;DaGwL
-5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)^* sf] ljw]ospk/
cfjZos sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg o; dGqfnoaf6
;xdlt k|bfg u/L ;DalGwt dGqfnodf k7fO{
;lsPsf] x'bF f ;f] ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6
kfl/t ePkl5 ljkIfLsf] dfu ;Daf]wg x'g] g}

1610

*(!) dx]Zj/ yfkf lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]

Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n;+nUg
;Dk"0f{ sfuhft cWoog ul/of] .
lgj]bs clwjQmf >L dx]Zj/ yfkfn]
df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug{ lgj]bg lbg]
ljifodf / To:tf lgj]bgxsf] 6'f] nufpg]
ljifodf ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] e"ld ;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! / @^3# sf] Joj:yfn]
;+ljwfgk|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL df}lns xsnfO{
s'l07t t'NofPsf] x'bF f pQm bkmfxsf] Joj:yf
ab/ 3f]lift x'gk' b{5 egL ax; ug'e
{ of] . ljkIfL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L ;"ok{ ;
| fb kf]v/]nn] df]xL
nfu]sf] hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug{ lgj]bg lbg] ljifodf
tyf ;DalGwt lgsfon] To:tf hUuf afF8kmfF8
ul/lbg] ljifodf ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f ePs}
sf/0faf6 df}lns xssf] xgg\ x'bF g} . tyflk ;f]
;DaGwdf e"ld ;DaGwL P]gdf eO/x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{
;/n Pj+ Jojxfl/s agfpg] p2]Zon] P]g ;+zf]wg
ug]{ tof/L eO/x]sf] eGg] lnlvthjfkmaf6
b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5}g egL ax;
ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg]
ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'k/]sf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! df ldlt @)%*.!).@% df ePsf]
kfFrf+} ;+zf]wgf/f yk ePsf] bkmf @^3! /
@^3# sf] Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfgk|bQ ;DklQsf]
df}lns xsnfO{ s'l07t t'NofPsf] x'bF f ;+ljwfg;Fu

aflemPsf pQm bkmfxsf] Joj:yf cdfGo /

ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bssf] dfubfjL
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] c;+jw} flgs egL r'gf}tL lbPsf]
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! / @^3#
df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5M
bkmf @^3! lgj]bg lbg'kg]M{ bkmf @^u / @^3
sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu of] bkmf k|f/De
ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq lgj]bg
lbg'kg]5
{ .
bkmf @^3# sf/jfxL 6'f] nufO;Sg'kg]M{ df]xL
nfu]sf] hUuf o; P]g adf]lhd
hUufjfnf / df]xLaLr afF8kmfF8 ug]{
sf/jfxL tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] of]
bkmf k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] b'O{
jif{leq 6'f] nufO{ ;Sg'kg]5
{ .
#= e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
@^u df df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf hUufjfnf /
df]xL b'a} kIfn] ;xdltf/f hUuf afF8kmfF8
ul/lng rfx]df jf cfkm\gf] efudf kg]{ hUufsf]
d"No lnO{ hUufjfnf jf df]xLdWo] s;}nfO{ k"/}
hUuf 5f]8L df]xL nut sf ug{ rfx]df
tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L;dIf ;+o'Qmkdf lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t}, pQm
P]gsf] bkmf @^3 df hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{
ljifodf hUufwgL / df]xL cfk;df ;xdt
x'g g;sL hUufwgL jf df]xLdWo] s'g} Ps
kIfn] lgj]bg lbPdf ;DalGwt clwsf/Ln]
g/du/d ldnfO{ hUufwgL / df]xLnfO{ cfwf
cfwf x'g] u/L hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xL nut
sf ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;}u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf @^3@ df, bkmf

1611

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

@^3! sf] Dofbleq hUuf afF 8 kmfF 8 ug{

hUufwgL jf df]xLdWo] s;}sf] klg lgj]bg kg{
gcfP klg ;DalGwt clwsf/Ln] cfjZos
k|df0f a'emL hUuf afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf pk/f]Qm
Joj:yfx cWoog u/L x]bf{ df]xL nfu]sf]
hUufdf /x]sf] }w :jfldTjnfO{ cGTo ug]{
ljwflosfsf] dg;fo /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 .
e"lddf /x]sf] }w :jfldTjsf sf/0f b]vfk/]sf
cfly{ s tyf ;fdflhs ;d:ofxsf]
lg/fs/0fsf nflu df] x L nfu] s f] hUufdf
hUufwgL / df]xLsf] a/fa/ xs l;h{gf u/L
hUuf afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg] / o;sf dfWodaf6
e"ldsf] pkof]u / pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 u/L
/fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] pQm P]gsf]
p2] Z odf lgj] b sn] cfklQ hgfPsf] klg
b] l vF b } g . lgj] b ssf] cfklQ s] j n hUuf
afF8kmFf8 ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg lbg] ;DaGwdf
/ o;/L k/]sf lgj]bgxsf] km5\of}{6 ug]{
ljifodf sfg"gn] ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug'{ x'Fb}g,
v'n} /flvg'kb{5 eGg] /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! / @^3# sf] pQm
ljifo e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ePsf] kfFrf+}
;+zf]wg f/f yk ePsf] b]lvG5 . e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! / @^3# sf] plNnlvt
Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]
wf/f !( f/f k|bQ ;DklQ ;DaGwL df}lns
xs;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL /x]sf]
5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !(
-!_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ k|To]s gful/snfO{
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g
ug],{ ef]u ug],{ a]rlavg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo

sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g5

] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 .
^= l;4fGttM ;+ljwfgk|bQ s'g} klg
:jtGqtf jf df}lns xs lg/k]If x'bF g} g\ / o:tf]
x'g ;Dej klg x'bF g} . ;DalGwt df}lns xs jf
:jtGqtfs} /Iffsf] nflu klg To;sf] pkef]udf
s]xL ;Ldf jf aGb]hx lgwf{/0f ug'{ ckl/xfo{
x'G5 / ;+ljwfg :jo+ jf ljwflosf lgld{t sfg"gf/f
To:tf ;Ldf jf aGb]hx lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5g\ .
;f]xLadf]lhd cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !( f/f
k|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL xssf] cWoog u/L x]bf{
pQm xsnfO{ ;+ l jwfgn] g} k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt x'g] / ;+/lIft x'g] xssf]
kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
&= o; ;Gbe{df ;fDklQs xs s:tf]
xs xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf g] k fnsf k" j { j tL{
;+ljwfgxn] u/]sf]] Joj:Yff tyf ;f] xssf]
;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 cjnDag ul/Fb} cfPsf]
Goflos b[li6sf]0ftkm{ klg ljrf/ ug'{ k|f;+lus
x'g] b]lvG5 .
*= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f
!% df ;DklQ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvG5, h;df sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg
JolQmsf] ;DklQ ckx/0f x'g] 5}g elgPsf]
kfOG5 . To:t}, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f !&-!_ df ;a} gful/snfO{
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g
ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo
sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ;DklQsf] xs;DaGwL b'a} ;+ljwfgsf
pQm Joj:Yffx df}lns xs zLif{scGtu{t g}
;dfj]z ePsf b]lvG5g\ . t/ b'a} ;+ljwfgxn]
u/]sf] pQm Joj:Yff cWoog u/L x]bf{ ;fDklts
xs sfg"gadf]lhd dfq} ;+/lIft x'g] xs xf]

1612

*(!) dx]Zj/ yfkf lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

eGg] b] l vg cfpF 5 . ljwflosL sfg" g sf]

kl/lweGbf dfly /fv] / ;fDklQs xssf]
Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ug]{ eGg] Joj:yf b'a}
;+ljwfgxn] u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . o; ;DaGwdf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( sf] wf/f !% f/f
k|bQ ;fDklts xs s:tf] xs xf] eGg] k|Zg
;dfj]z ePsf] gGbfs'df/L /fjn lj= pBf]u
dGqfno;d]t ePsf] pTk|i] f0f d'2f -g]sfk @)%),
lg=g+= $&@! k[= !*)_ df o; cbfntsf]
ljz]if Ohnf;af6 pQm xs sfg"gL xs xf] egL
JofVof eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
(= To;}u/L g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f !& f/f k|bQ ;fDklts xs
klg sfg"gL xs xf] egL ;Ltf lai6 If]qL lj= u[x
dGqfno;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z d'2f
-g]sfk @)%!, lg=g+= %))!, k[= *%@_ df
JofVof ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t}, ldlyn]zs'df/
l;+x lj= k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no;d]t ePsf] pTk|i] f0f
d'2f -g]sfk @)%^, lg=g+= ^&$^, k[= $&*_ df
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !&
-!_ n] s'g} xs k|bfg u/]sf] geO{ sfg"g cg';f/
k|fKt xsnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] ;Dd xf] . t;y{
hUuf hdLgdflysf] xssf] ;|ft] ;+ljwfg xf] eGg
gldnL ;DklQ cfh{g, ef]u, laqmL Jojxf/ ug]{
cfwf/ ;DalGwt sfg"g g} xf] eGg' kg]{ x'g cfpF5
egL o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 JofVof
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!)= plNnlvt ljjfbxdf k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtxaf6 ;+ljwfgk|bQ ;DklQ ;DaGwL xs
sfg"gf/f lgoldt x'g] xs xf] egL JofVof eO/x]sf]
/ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]
wf/f !(-!_ df klg ;DklQsf] xssf] ;DaGwdf
k"jj{ tL{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf]
wf/f !&-!_ df ePs} Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] x'bF f

k"jj{ tL{ ;+ljwfg tyf ;f] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t o;

cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtxdf k'glj{rf/
ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] b]lvFbg} .
!!= ;DklQ;DaGwL xs sfg"gadf]lhd
lgoldt x'g] xs xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf dfly ljj]rgf
ePsf] eP tfklg To:tf] sfg"g h:tf] ;'s}
x'g;Sg] cyf{t\ To:tf] sfg"gsf] o; cbfntaf6
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg g} x'g g;Sg] eGg] xf]Og .
xfd|f] ;+ljwfg / sfg"g k|0ffnLn] sfg"gsf]
zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 /
;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs sfdsf/jfxLsf] cnfjf
ljwflosL sfg"gxsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
ug]{ Pj+ k"0f{ Gofo k|bfg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
cfjZos b]lvPsf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] pkrf/
k|bfg ug{;Sg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& n] o; cbfntnfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !(-!_ cGtu{t ag]sf ;fDklQs xs;DaGwL
ljwflosL sfg"gx sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff
cg' s " n :jR5 - Fair _, Gofok" 0 f{ - Just _ /
ljj]s;Ddt -Reasonable_ 5g\ 5}gg\ egL To:tf
sfg"gxsf] j}wtfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ / ;f] adf]lhd
s'g} sfg"g :jR5, Gofok"0f{ / ljj]s;Ddt geO{
To;n] JolQmsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xsnfO{ cg'lrt
tj/af6 xgg\ u/]sf] b]lvPdf o; cbfntn]
To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ c;+j}wflgs ePsf] 7x/ ub}{
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ub{5 .
!@= o; ;Gbe{df l/6 lgj]bg cWoog
ubf{ e"ld;DaGwL P]g @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! tyf
@^3# sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf s] s;/L cGofok"0f{,
cJojxfl/s jf cljj]sk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 eGg]
;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] s]xL pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvFbg} . ;fy} pQm bkmfxsf] Joj:yf s] s;/L
/ s'g b[li6af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]

1613

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

wf/f !(-!_ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf

;d]t l/6 lgj]bgdf s'g} tYoo'Qm cfwf/ Pj+
j:t'lgi7 sf/0f lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvFbg} . s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg]
bfjL lng dfq kof{Kt x'bF g} . ;f]sf] cfwf/ /
sf/0f klg lgj]bsn] :ki6 kdf af]w x'g] u/L
v'nfpg' kb{5 . t/ k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;f] b]lvFbg} .
df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xL nut
sf ug]{ ljifodf pQm bkmfxdf lgwf{l/t
;do;Ldf ckof{Kt / cJofjxfl/s /x]sf] 5
eGg];Dd lgj]bssf] cfzo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
To;nfO{ JoQm ug]{ qmddf lgj]bs ;do;Ldf
;DaGwL P]gsf] pQm Joj:yf g} ;DklQ ;DaGwL
df}lns xssf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 eGg k'Ug' ePsf]
b]lvG5 . s'g} sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldf
sd jf ckof{Kt x'g' / ;f] sfg"g ;+ljwfgsf] s'g}
wf/f jf df}lns xs;Fu lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ jf aflemPsf]
x'g' laNs'n} km/s s'/f xf] . pQm ;do ;Ldf
ckof{Kt ePsf] dfq sf/0faf6 ;f] sfg"g
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg ldNg] x'bF g} . olb
df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xL nut
sf ug]{ ljifonfO{ lgj]bsn] dfu u/]h:tf] s'g}
lglZrt\ ;do ;Ldfleq ;Lldt gu/L ;bf v'Nn}
/fVg] xf] eg] e"ld dflysf] }w :jfldTj cGTo ug]{
eGg] e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] p2]Zo slxNo}
xfl;n x'g g;Sg] :ki6 5 . o;af6 ;d]t df]xL
nfu]sf] hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug{ lgj]bg lbg] tyf
To:tf lgj]bgxsf] km5\of}{6 ug]{ ljifodf
;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]s} sf/0faf6 e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! tyf @^3# sf]
sfg"gL Joj:Yff cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !(-!_
f/f k|bQ ;DklQsf] xs;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg]
lgj]bssf] bfjL ts{;u+ t, cf}lrTok"0f{ Pj+ dgfl;a
b]lvg cfPg .

!#= To:t} df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf hUufwgL

/ df]xLjLr afF8kmfF8 u/L e"lddflysf] }w
:jfldTj cGTo ug]{ ;DaGwdf e"ld;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf @^3! / @^3# df lgwf{l/t
;do;Ldf sd jf ckof{Kt /x]sf] 5 egL
lgj]bsn] :ki6kdf bfjL ug{ g;s]sf] eP
klg ;/sf/n] pQm bkmfsf] Dofbleq hUuf
afF8kmfF8 ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g eGg]
oyfy{ ljkIfLxs} lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 . o;/L P]gf/f lgwf{l/t ;do
;Ldfleq hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L df]xL nut sf
ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;/sf/ :jo+ c;dy{
ePsf] sf/0f P]gsf pQm bkmfxdf ;+zf]wg
ug{sf nflu e"ld;DaGwL -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_ ljw]os,
@)^* sf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{osf nflu dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf k]z
eO;s]sf] 5 eGg] tYo;d]t ljkIfLxsf]
lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o;/L
sfg"gadf]lhd ;/sf/n] lglZrt\ ;dofjlwleq
;DkGg ug' { k g] { egL tf] l sPsf] sfo{ ;f]
;dofjlwleq ;DkGg ug{ g;s]sf] tYonfO{
lgj]bsn] gp7fPsf] g} eP klg o; cbfntn]
cfkm}+ Goflos hfgsf/Ldf lnO{ pQm ;/sf/L
c;dy{tf / To;;Fu hf]l8Psf] gful/sxsf]
xssf] ;jfnnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ug{
;Sg] g} x'G5 . t/ k|:t't ljjfbdf ;/sf/L
c;dy{tfaf6 gful/sxsf] xsdf kg{hfg]
k|lts"n k|efjsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf lhDd]jf/
dGqfnox pbf;Lg /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg gcfO{
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df cfjZos ;+zf]wg
u/L hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ ;do;Ldf ;DaGwL
pQm P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ pko'Qm / Jojxfl/s
t' N ofpg ;/sf/sf lhDd] j f/ lgsfox
k|oTgzLn g} /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

1614

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf ;d]t

!$= ctM pk/f]Qm ljj]lrt cfwf/ Pj+

sf/0fxaf6 lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3! tyf @^3# sf]
k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !(-!_ ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] b]lvg gcfPsf]
/ P]gsf pQm bkmfxdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L
;dofjlw ;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:yfnfO{ pko'Qm
/ Jofjxfl/s t'Nofpg ;/sf/sf lhDd]jf/
lgsfox cfkm}+ k|oTgzLn /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t
b]lvg cfPsf] cj:yf x'bF f ljkIfLxsf gfddf
tTsfn s'g} cfb]z hf/L ul//xg kg]{ b]lvPg .
t;y{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM /]~h/ dfwj v8\sfsf] hfx]/Ln]

g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM gjnk/f;L lhNnf b]p/fnL
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ a:g] cf]daxfb'/ /fgf
;d]t
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
k|dv
' ;+/If0f clws[t >L lzj/fh e
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L kf]ifgfy zdf{
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] tYodf ;flat eO{
Pscsf{nfO{ kf]n;d]t u/L cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L / d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf aofg
u/]sf] / pQm aofg Joxf]/f ;h{dLgsf
dflg; tyf a/fdbL d' r ' N sfsf
dflg;xsf] askq ;d]taf6 ;dly{t
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;flatL jofgnfO{
k|df0fdf lng ldNg] .
k6s k6s u}8+ fsf] vfu laqmL u/]sf] /
u}8+ fsf] vfu cfkm\gf] 3/df g} /fv]sf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf /fli6o lgs'~h tyf
jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf
!(-!_ sf] s;"/df P]= sf] bkmf @^-!_
adf]lhd kfFr jif{ s}b / krf; xhf/
k}ofF h/Ljfgf x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg #@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ =
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{

&
lg0f{o g+=

*(!!

;jf{R] r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
kmf}=k'=g+= )^*CF)))!
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.@*.%
d'2fM u}8+ f df/L vfu laqmL Joj;fo .

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf

/]jtL/fh lqkf7L
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo
s[i0f ;fksf]6f / ;ljtf a/fn

1615

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
/fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g,
@)@( sf] bkmf %-s_, !(-!_, @^-!_

cfb]z
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{M o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;df dfggLo GofofwLzxsf jLr /fo
gldnL ;jf]R{] r cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf]
lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd o; Ohnf;df k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;FlIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/
o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
lhNnf lrtjg /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf
j8f g+= @ a:g] ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L / :ofhf 3/
eO{ xfn lhNnf lrtjg e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf
j8f g+= ( ;'Gb/k'/ a:g] ljho eGg] nj
dNn;d]tn] u+}8f df/L laqmL Joj;fo u5{g\
eGg] ;' / fs kfO{ u:tLsf] qmddf lhNnf
gjnk/f;Lsf] sfjf;f]tL ahf/df vfu lsGg
egL cfPsf] cj:yfdf kqmfp u/L ;f]wk'5 ubf{
bf]Unf eGg] l5l/ nfdf / ltAjt Nxf;f 3/
eO{ sf=g=kf=^ af}4 a:g] tflGh lgdf tyf
lhNnf gjnk/f;L b]p/fnL uf=lj=;= $ k'/fgf]
a]nxfgL a:g] uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ ;d]tnfO{
kqmfp u/L cfjZos sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm egL /]=
dfwj v8\sfsf] ldlt @)^).!.( sf] hfx]/L
k|ltj]bg .
ltAat Nxf;f 3/ atfpg] g]kfnL efiff
af]Ng ghfGg] xfn sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= ^ af}4df
8]/f u/L a:g] tflGh lgdfnfO{ kqmfp u/L hLp
vfgtnf;L ubf{ sfnf] sk8fdf k6'sf h:tf]
agfO{ sDd/df afFws
] f] cj:yfdf a/fdb ePsf]
?=&,%),))). -cIf]kL ;ft nfv krf; xhf/_
sf] a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf] sfuh .

@)%( ;fn df3 dlxgfdf lhNnf

gjnk/f;L b]p/fnL^ a:g] cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/n]
u}8+ fsf] vfu laqmL u/fOlbg cg'/f]w u/]sf]n]
lhNnf lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= *
z/bk'/ a:g] nj dNn;Fu lrghfg ePsf]n]
u}8+ fsf] vfu lsGg] ;fx" vf]h egL ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/Ldfkm{t\ bf]Unf eGg] l5l/ nfdf d]/f] 3/df
lj=;+= @)%( kmfu'g !%, !^ ut]lt/ cfO{ dfn
x]/L kl5 cfpF5' egL uPsf]df @)%( ;fn r}q
dlxgfsf] bf];f| ] xKtflt/ nj dNn, l5l/ nfdf,
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L, tflGh lgdf / d;d]t eO{
gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] rf]/df/f ahf/ glhs
vf]nfdf ?=@,$),))). -cIf]kL b'O{ nfv rfnL;
xhf/_ df tflGh lgdfn] u}8+ fsf] vfu lsgL d]/f]
efudf ?=#),))). cfof] egL lbPsf] /sd d}n]
a'em]sf] xf] egL uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/n] lbPsf]
;flatL aofg .
@)%( ;fn kmfNu'0f dlxgfsf] cGtdf
d / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] lhNnf gjnk/f;L b]p/fnL
uf=lj=;=j8f$ k'/fgf] a]nfgL a:g] uhaxfb'/
kmfn du/ / P]=P]= j8f g+= ^ a:g] cf]daxfb'/
/fgf du/;Fu u}8+ fsf] vfu 5 egL yfxf kfO{
pQm vfu x]g{ l5l/ nfdfn] ;fx" tflGh lgdfnfO{
NofO{ ?=@,$),))). -b'O{ nfv rfnL; xhf/_ df
laqmL u/fO lbPafkt ?=!&,%)). -;q xhf/
kfFr ;o_ cfkm\gf] efudf kfPsf] / lj=;+= @)^)
j}zfv !( ut] k'gM vfu lsGg gjnk/f;L
lhNnfsf] sfjf;f]tL ahf/df al;/x]sf] cj:Yffdf
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L / d ;d]tnfO{ /fli6o lgs'~hsf]
u:tL 6f]nLn] kqmfp u/L NofPsf] xf] egL nj
dNnn] lbPsf] ;flatL aofg .
@)%( ;fn kmfNu'0f dlxgfsf] cGTolt/
d / nj dNn eP/ gjnk/f;L lhNnf b]p/fnL
uf=lj=;=$ k'/fgf] a]nfgL a:g] uhaxfb'/ kmfn

1616

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf ;d]t

du/ / P] P] j8f g+= ^ em\ofnaf; a:g] cf]daxfb'/

/fgf du/;Fu vfu 5 egL yfxf kfO{ vfu x]g{ d
/ nj dNn, l5l/ nfdf;d]t eO{ uP/ x]/L
l5l/ nfdfn] NofPsf] ltAaltognfO{ b'O{ nfv
rfnL; xhf/df a]rL u}8fsf] vfu vl/b laqmL
u/fO lbPafkt !@,%)). kfPsf] / ldlt
@)^).!.!( ut] k'gM lhNnf gjnk/f;L sfjf;f]tL
ahf/df vfu lsGg al;/x]sf] cj:Yffdf /f=lg=sf]
u:tL 6f]nLn] kqmfp u/L NofPsf] xf] / lj=;+=
@)%^ ;fn sflt{s d+l;/lt/ lhNnf lrtjgf=:,
/Tggu/ gu/kflnsf lr;f/L ;'sD' af;L 6f]n
a:g] Rofjf nfdf;Fu Psj6f af3sf] 5fnf
?=@$,))). -rf}la; xhf/_ df lsgL sf7df8f}+
3/ atfpg] ;gd nfdfnfO{ ?=#),))). -tL;
xhf/_ df laqmL u/]sf] . To:t} u/L @)%* cfiff9,
;fpglt/ lhNnf lrtjg lkKn] uf=lj=;= 88'jf
a:g] uf]kfn tfdf;Fu Pp6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf
?=@%)). df lsg]sf], To;}u/L dsjfgk'/ lhNnf
dgx/L uf=lj=;=Hofld/] a:g] cIfos'df/ lu/L;Fu
lrt'jfsf] 5fnf ?=!),))). df lsg]sf], lhNnf
lrtjg k;f{ ahf/eGbf leq kg]{ wd{k/' a:g]
r]kf dfOnf;Fu+ lrt'jfsf] 5fnf ! ?=#%)). df
lsgL pQm # j6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= % a:g] bf]Unf elgg]
l5l/ nfdfnfO{ ?=@^,))). df a]rs
] f] xf] egL
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] u/]sf] ;flatL aofg .
dnfO{ ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] u+}8fsf] vfu
5 a]lrlbg' kof] egL d]/f] 3/df kmf]g u/L
eg]sf]n] @)%( ;fn kmfNu'0f dlxgfsf] cGTolt/
d}n] tflGh lgdf;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ x'G5 eg]sfn]
p;}nfO{ lnO{ gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] sfjf;f]tLdf
cfO{ ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L ;d]tsf dflg;nfO{ e]6L
;'Gb/sf] df]/;fOsnaf6 gjnk/f;L lhNnf
b]p/fnL uf=lj=;= em\ofnaf;df uO{ dfnwgL

cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/ / uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/

;d]tnfO{ lnO{ tflGh lgdf a;]sf] xf]6ndf
cfO{ To;kl5 rf]/df/f vf]nfsf] au/df vfu
x]/L b'O{ nfv rfnL; xhf/df df]n;d]t eO{
tflGh lgdfn] u}+8fsf] vfu lsgL nu]sf] /
@)%* ;fn c;f/ ;fpglt/ ;'Gb/sf] 3/
/Tggu/ gu/kflnsf 6fF8L lrtjgaf6 lrt'jfsf]
5fnf # yfg @^,))). df v/Lb u/L sk8fsf]
emf]nfdf a]//] a;sf] 5tdf /fv]/ nuL sf7df8f}+
dxfgukflnsf j8f g+= ^ af}4df 8]/f a:g]
tflGh lgdfnfO{ #),))). df a]rlavg u/]sf]
xf] egL bf]Unf elgg] l5l/ nfdfn] lbPsf]
;flatL aofg .
@)%( ;fn kmfu'glt/ l5l/ nfdfn]
va/ u/]cg';f/ Pp6f u}+8fsf] vfu lhNnf
gjnk/f;L rf]/df/f vf]nfsf] au/df ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/L ;d]taf6 ?=@,$),))). -b'O{ nfv rfnL;
xhf/_ df lnPsf] / @)%* ;fn c;f/lt/
l5l/ nfdf;Fu #),))). df lrt'jfsf] 5fnf
tLg yfg lnPsf] xf] . ldlt @)^).!.!( ut] d
/ l5l/ nfdf vfu lsGg gf/fo0fu9sf] xf]6ndf
al;/x]sf] ;dodf /f=lg=sf] u:tL 6f]nLn] kqmfp
u/L d;Fu ePsf] &,%),))). -;ft nfv krf;
xhf/_ a/fdb ePsf]df ^,)),))). -5 nfv_
Nxf;f a:g] 6f;Ln] u}8+ fsf] vfu lsGg k7fPsf] /
!,%),))). -Ps nfv krf; xhf/_ d} cfkm}n
+ ]
u}8fsf] vfu lsGg nufPsf] xf] egL tflGh
lgdfn] bf]efif]sf] kdf lgh;Fu} kqmfp k/]sf
l5l/ nfdfaf6 ;xfos ;+/If0f clws[tsf]
/f]xj/df lbPsf] ;flatL aofg .
gjnk/f;L lhNnf b]p/fnL uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= $ k'/fgf] a]nfgL a:g] uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/
;d]tsf JolQmx a]nfa]nfdf sfjf;f]tL ahf/df
cfjthfjt u/L lxFl8/x]sf] b]vs
] f] xf] egL lhNnf

1617

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

gjnk/f;L lk7f}nL uf=lj=;=j8f g+= * a:g]

ledgf/fo0f e';fn;d]tn] u/]sf] ;h{dLg d'rN' sf .
k|ltjfbL uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/, nj dNn
/ ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Lsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L ubf{
jGohGt'sf] s'g} klg cv+6] f]kxf/ km]nf gk/]sf]
eGg] ldlt @)^).@.(sf] 5'f5'} vfgtnf;L
d'rN' sf .
lhNnf gjnk/f;L, b]p/fnL uf=lj=;=j8f
g+= $ k'/fgf] a]nfgL ufpFm a:g] uhaxfb'/ kmfn
du/;d]t hgf !@ sf k|ltjfbLxn] lagf
Ohfht ;+/lIft jGohGt' u}8+ fsf] vfu ;d]tsf
cfv]6f]kxf/ laqmL ljt/0f u/L /f=lg=tyf jGohGt'
;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf !( sf] s;"/ ck/fw
u/] s f] b] l vgcfPaf6 lj?4 v08sf
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd
;hfosf] dfubfjL lnO{ d'2f rnfpg], cv]6f]kxf/
v/Lbsf] nflu a/fdb ePsf] /sd bzL k|df0fsf]
kdf cleof]ukq ;fy k]z ug]{ ;fy} ltAat
3/ atfpg] 6f;L eGg] JolQm / hl8a'6L a]Rg]
;'dg ef]6s
] f] xsdf :ki6 gfd y/ jtg v'ns
] f
avt sfg"gadf]lhd ug]{ u/L d'2f rnfpg] egL
lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfof{no lrtjgsf
lhNnf GofoflwjQmf /fh]Gb|sd
' f/ >]i7af6 ePsf]
lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk;lxtsf] ldlt @)^).@.!@ sf]
kq .
cleof] u kqsf] lj?4 v08sf
k|ltjfbLxn] /fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt'
;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf %-s_ / !(-!_ sf]
s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] k'li6 ePsf]n] ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm egL k]z
ul/Psf] cleof]u dfubfjL .
kl5 kqmfp k/L cfPsf k|=cf]daxfb'/
/fgf du/n] cfkm"n] lj=;+=@)%$ ;fn, @)%(
;fn c;f]h / @)%( ;fn k';;d]t u/L tLg

k6s u}8+ fsf] vfu ljqmL Joj;fodf ;+nUg ePsf]

xf] egL sfof{nosf] Ohnf;;dIf u/]sf] aofg /
k'kI{ fsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /fVg] u/L ldlt @)^).%.!@
df z'? sfof{nosf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .
kl5 kqmfp k/L cfPsf csf{ k|= Rofjf
elgg] lbnaxfb'/ nfdfn] cfk'mnfO{ k|= ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/Ln] af3sf] 5fnf lqj]0fLaf6 lrjtgsf]
e/tk'/df cf];f/L lbg'kof] eg]sf]n] lrtjg
e/tk'/sf] SofDk; u]6;Dd NofOlbPsf] /
?=@%)). -b'O{ xhf/ kfFr ;o_ lnPsf] x'F egL
aofg u/]sf]n] lghnfO{ k"kI{ fsf] nflu y'gfdf
/fVg] u/L z'? sfof{nosf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^!.!.@ sf] cfb]z .
;h{dLg d'rN' sfdf a:g] jL/axfb'/ yf,
eLdgf/fo0f e';fn, ;Ltf/fd e';fn / v]dgf/fo0f
yf ;d]tn] z'? sfof{nosf] Ohnf;;dIf u/]sf]
5'f5'} askq .
hfx]/jfnf tyf a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf sfd
tfd]n ug]{ /]=dfwj v8\sfn] z'? sfof{nosf]
Ohnf;;dIf u/]sf] askq .
k|ltjfbLx qmdzM uf]kfn tfdf,
cIfos'df/ lu/L, r]kf dflxnf / dfgaxfb'/
tfdf;d]tsf] gfddf hf/L ePsf] ;Dffx\jfg
Dofb /Ltk"js
{ tfd]n eO{ ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
k|ltjfbLx uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/,
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L, nj dNn / l5l/ nfdf
;d]tn] u/]sf] ;flatL aofg Pj+ a/fdbL
d'r'Nsfdf sfd tfd]n ug]{ / hfx]/jfnf /]~h/
dfwj v8\ s f / j] b axfb' / v8\ s f;d] t n]
sfof{nosf] Ohnf;;dIf cfO{ askq u/]sf],
;h{dLg d'r'Nsfsf dflg;xn] ;d]t z'?df
u/]sf] sfuhnfO{ ;dy{g u/L sfof{no;dIf
askq u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf
du/n] /fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f

1618

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf ;d]t

P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf]

:ki6 x'Fbf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd !)
jif{ s}b x'g] 7x5{ / k|= uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/n]
/fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@(
sf] bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] :ki6 ePsf]n]
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd !) jif{ s}b
x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbL ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] P]= P]gsf]
bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] :ki6 ePsf]n]
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd !@ jif{ s}b /
?=%),))). h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ . k|= Rofaf
eGg] lbnaxfb'/ /fgfn] P] P]gsf] bkmf !(-!_
sf] s;"/ u/]sf]n] P]= P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd
% jif{ s}b x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbL l5l/ nfdfn]
P] P]gsf] bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] :ki6 x'g
cfPsf]n] P] P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd % jif{
s}b / ?=!,)),))). h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ . k|=
ljho elgg] nj dNnn] P]= P]gsf] bkmf !(-!_
sf] s;"/ u/]sf] :ki6 ePsf]n] ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd ?=!,)),))). h/Ljfgf
x'g] 7x5{ . k|= uf]kfn tfdf, cIfos'df/ lu/L,
r]kf dflxnf / dfgaxfb'/ tfdfn] P] P]gsf]
bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] :ki6 ePsf]n]
;f] x L P] g sf] bkmf @^-!_ adf] l hd hgxL
?=!,)),))). h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ . :ki6 7]ufgf
gv'n]sf] sf7df8f}+ 3/ atfpg] ;gd nfdfsf]
xsdf jtg v'n]sf] avt k]z ug'{ . k|=tflGh
lgdfnfO{ sfof{noaf6 dfu ePsf] gub w/f}6
a'emfO{ tfl/vd} /x]sf] cj:yfdf d[uf}nf /
sn]hf]sf] pkrf/ ubf{ub}{ ;g\ @))# l8;]Dj/
( tfl/vsf] lbg d[To' ePsf] egL d[To' k|df0fkqsf]
;fy} pkrf/ u/fPsf] cGo sfuhftx lgh
tflGh lgdfsf] >LdtL 8f]dfn] sfof{nodf
hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] c=j+= !&^ g+= adf]lhd
u}x d'2fdf cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg; km};nf

gx'Fb} dof] eg] ;f] dg]{nfO{ vtaft nfUb}g eGg]

ePsf] x'Fbf lghaf6 a/fdbL ?=&,%),))). /
yk w/f}6 ?=!,)),))). dWo] ?=!,)),))).
w/f}6 ;b/ :ofxf u/L afFsL w/f}6L lghsf]
xsbf/ jf xsbf/n] d~h"/gfdf lbO{ k7fPsf]
JolQmnfO{ lbg' eGg] zfxL lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h
sfof{no s;/f, lrtjgsf] ldlt @)^!.^.!!
sf] lg0f{o .
zfxL lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{no
;f} / fxf, lrtjgn] xfdL k| l tjfbLdWo] s f
cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/nfO{ /fli6o lgs'~h tyf
jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf !( -!_
sf] s;"/df P] P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd !)
jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/fPsf], d k|= uhaxfb'/ kmfn
du/nfO{ P] P]gsf] bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/df P]
sf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd !) jif{ s}b x'g] / d
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/LnfO{ P] P]gsf] bkmf !(-!_ sf]
s;"/df P] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd !@ jif{ s}b /
?=%),))). h/Ljfgf x'g] 7xofPsf] km};nfpk/
lrQ a'em]g . z'? lg0f{o ubf{ lg0f{ostf{n] af/Daf/
pNn]v u/]sf] a/fdbL d'r'Nsf tflGh lgdfsf]
z/L/af6 a/fdb ePsf] k}of e} z'?n] pQm
k}ofF lkmtf{ lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] eP klg of] P]
bkmf !( ;Fu ;DjlGwt j:t' ge} @)^).!.!(
sf] ldltnfO{ a/fdbL ldlt dfg]sf] eP klg
;f]xL lbg s'g} sfd gePsf] cj:yf 5 .
@)^).@.( sf] vfgtnf;L d'r'Nsfdf s]xL
e]l6Psf] 5}g . c:ki6 lj/f]wfefifo'Qm / cleof]u
:yflkt g} ug{ g;s]sf] jf/bft, ldlt, ;do /
:yfgsf] k|s[lt gv'n]sf] /]~h/ dfwj v8\sfsf]
k|ltj]bg bfjL k|dfl0ft ug]{ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:ki6 ;a"b k|df0fsf] cefjdf ;d]t xfdLnfO{
P] bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/df P] bkmf @^-!_
adf]lhd s}b tyf h/Ljfgf ug]{ 7x/fPsf] z'?sf]

1619

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lg0f{o ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf]

bkmf #,&,(,!),# tyf /fli6o lgs'~h tyf
jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf @#, #)
;d] t sf] ljk/Lt / ;DdfgLt ;jf] { R r
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt e} q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;kmfO lbnfOkfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/,
uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Lsf]
;+o'Qm k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
dfl/Psf] elgPsf] u}8+ f slxn], s'g 7fpFdf
s] s;/L df/L slxn] s] sxfF To;sf] vfu laqmL
ul/Psf] xf] v'Ng gcfO{ k'g/fj]bssf] ;flatL
aofg cGo :jtGq k|df0faf6 k'li6 ePsf]
gb]lvPsf], k}ofF a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf dflg;;d]t
ga'lemPsf] cj:Yffdf lghnfO{ s;"/bf/ egL ;hfo
ug]{ u/]sf] z'?sf] km};nf km/s kg{;Sg] b]lvFbf
5nkmnsf] lgldQ ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt
@)^@.*.!( sf] cfb]z .
k| : t' t d' 2 fsf] k| s [ l tcg' ; f/ cfkm} +
cg';Gwfgstf{ / cfkm}+ jfbL clg cfkm+} lg0f{ostf{
x'g] ePsf]n] cg';Gwfg / sfof{nodf ePsf
k|ltjfbLxsf] s;"/sf] ;flatL / ;xcleo'Qmsf]
kf]n cGo :jtGq, e/kbf]{ / k|ToIf k|df0faf6
kl/k'li6 ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq k|df0f u|fx\o
x'g;S5 t/ k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bssf] ;f]
;flatL / kf]n cGo s'g} klg :jtGq /
lgZrofTds k|df0faf6 ;dly{t x'g;s]sf]
b]lvFb}g . ;xcleo'Qmsf] kf]n cGo :jtGq
k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'gkg]{ -g]sfk @)%%, c (,
lg=g+= ^^)!_ kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleo'Qmdfly
nufOPsf] cf/f]k jfbL kIfn] k"0f{kn] k|dfl0ft
ug'{k5{ -g]sfk @)$&, c $, lg=g+= $!##,
k[i7 #&*_ / s;"/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|df0fx

laNs'n} z+sf/lxt x'g'k5{ z+sfsf] e/df dfq

s;"/ sfod ug{ ldNb}g -g]sfk @)$%, c,
$ lg=g+= #$@!, k[= #$&_ egL ;DdfgLt ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 l;4fGt;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ jf/bft:yn, jf/bft
ldlt / ;do;d]t k|i6kdf ls6fg gu/L
/]~h/n] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg
u/L ;flatLnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ cGo k|df0fsf]
cefjdf k|ltjfbLx ;flatL ePsf] eGg] e/df
dfq s;"/bf/ sfod ug'{ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf]
dfGo l;4fGt;d]tn] ldNg] b]lvFb}g . k|:t't
d'2fdf ck/fw slxn] sxfF eof] eGg] s'/f klg
jfbL kIfn] b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . sf]/f ;flatLn]
dfq k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug{ gldNg]
egL ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k6sk6s
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf];d]t cj:yf 5 .
kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleo'Qmsf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft
ug]{ ef/ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @% cg';f/
jfbLdf /xg] ef/ xf] . k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bssf]
;Gbe{df s;"/;Fu ;DaGw g/fVg] vfnsf] a/fdbL
d'r'Nsf, s;"/;Fu ;DjlGwt cv]6f]kxf/ km]nf
gk/]sf] eGg] vfgtnf;L d'r'Nsf, jf/bft b]vf]
;'g]sf] ;Dd eGg g;s]sf] ;h{dLgsf JolQmsf]
askq ;d]tsf ldl;n ;+nUg s;"/ k|dfl0ft
x'g g;Sg] tYosf cfwf/df sf]/f ;flatLsf]
e/df k' g /fj] b sx pk/sf] bfjL jfbLn]
z+sf/lxt tj/n] k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] eGg
dfGg ldNg] b]lvFbg} . t;y{ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf
ldl;n ;+nUg tYo / k|df0fsf] ljj]rgfsf]
cfwf/df cleof]u bfjL k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bsxnfO{ ;kmfO lbg'kg]{df
s;"/bf/ 7x/ u/L ;hfo u/]sf] z'?sf] ldlt
@)^!.^.!! sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L e}
k'g/fj]bsx cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/, uhaxfb'/

1620

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf ;d]t

kmfn du/ / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] cleof]u bfjLaf6

;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^#.*.$ sf] km};nf .
k|ltjfbLxn] Pscfk;df k/:k/ kf]n
ub}{ cfk"mxn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] egL d'2f
x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf jf/bftsf] ;fn, dlxgf;d]t
pNn]v ub}{ 36gfqmdsf] lrq0f u/L oyfy{ kdf
;flat eO{ aofg u/]sf / ldl;n;+nUg hfx]/L,
a'lemPsf dflg;xsf] egfO Joxf]/f ;d]taf6
;f] ;flatL Pj+ ;xcleo'Qmsf] kf]n ;dly{t
eO/x] s f] cj:Yffdf ;f] s f] d" N ofg gu/L
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbg]
7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf
q' l 6k" 0 f{ ePsf] n ] ;f] km} ; nf ab/ u/L
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
k|ltjfbLx tLg}hgf cf]daxfb'/ /fgf,
uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/LnfO{
/fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]gsf]
bkmf %s / bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/df bkmf @^
-!_ sf] ;hfo ul/kfpFm egL cleof]ukq bfo/
ePsf]df z'? km};nf pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] ;kmfO lbPpk/ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kg{
cfPsf] b]lvof] . k|ltjfbLx tLg}hgfn] d'2f x]g{]
clwsf/L;dIf cfk"mn] ck/fw u/]sf] egL ;flat
x'bF } aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Ps kIfn] nufPsf]
cleof]u csf]{ kIfn] d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf
lnlvt kdf :jLsf/L ;flat ePdf k|df0f
a'lem/xg gkg]{ egL k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
$ / c=j+= !*$ -s_ g+= df Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf hfgLa'emL s;"/
;sf/ u/]sf]df yk k|df0f a'lem/xg kb}g{ . ;f]
d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L / cf tTsfnLg ;+ljwfg

@)$& sf] wf/f *$ cGtu{t vf; k|sl[ tsf] d'2f

x]g{ sfg"gadf]lhd ul7t Specialised Court xf] .
;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] d'2f x]g{] s'g} vf; lgsfo
tf]ss
] f]df To:tf] lgsfo klg cbfnt ;/xs}
d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L xf] . ;+ljwfg, sfg"g :ki6
x'bF fx'bF } / k|ltjfbLx d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf
cfk"mnfO{ nfu]sf] cleof]udf ;flat x'bF fxFb' } klg
sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] d'2f x]g{] clwsf/Lsf]
clwsf/If]q / sfo{ljlwdf g} unt cy{ u/L
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg]{ b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf
nflu k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^$.*.!$ sf] cfb]z .
dnfO{ kqmfp u/L lx/f;tdf /fvL
8/wfs wDsL lbO{ aGb's phfO{ s'6kL6 u/L
oftgf lbO{ aofg k9L afFrL g;'gfO{ hj/\h:tc:L
;lx5fk u/fOPsf] xf] . ;xcleo'QmxnfO{ klg
o;} u/L ;flat u/fO{ p:t} Joxf]/fdf ;lx5fk
u/fOPsf] xf] . ;f] afx]s cf/f]lkt s;"/ :yflkt
ug]{ cGo s'g} :jtGq k|df0f jfbL kIfn] k]z ug{
g;s]sf] cj:Yffdf z'? km};nf pN6L u/L cleof]u
dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt ePsf]n]
;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLx
cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/, uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ /
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] o; cbfntdf r9fPsf] 5'f5'}
lnlvt k|ltjfb .
k|ltjfbLxn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf]
s'/fdf ;flat eO{ Pscsf{nfO{ kf]n;d]t u/L
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L / d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf
u/]sf] aofg lghxn] k/:k/ u/]sf] aofg /
;h{dLgsf dflg; tyf a/fdbL d'r'Nsfsf
dflg;xsf] askq ;d]taf6 ;dly{t ePsf]
b]lvPsf] / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $-!_-s_

1621

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

tyf (-!_ adf]lhd d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L;dIf

lghxn] u/]sf] ;flatL jofgnfO{ lghxsf
lj?4 k|df0fdf lng ldNg] b]lvFbf k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO
lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf
pN6L eO{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLdWo]sf cf]daxfb'/ /fgf
du/n] # k6s;Dd u+8} fsf] vfu laqmL u/]sf]
eGg] b]lvPsf] / k|:t't d'2fdf ;d]t u}8+ fsf] vfu
lghn] cfk"m;Fu} cfkm\gf] 3/df g} /fv]sf] b]lvPsf]
x'bF f lghnfO{ /fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/df P] sf]
bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd kfFr jif{ s}b / krf;
xhf/ k}ofF h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ . cGo k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLx uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ / ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/Ln] u}8+ fsf] vfu cfkm\gf] ;Fu;fy /fv]sf]
eGg] b] l vg gcfPsf] / lghx k| l tjfbL
cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/sf] ;Fu;fy /x]sf] vfu
laqmL ug{sf nflu u|fxs vf]hL ug]{ sfddf
;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvPsf] x'bF f lgh k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLx
uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/LnfO{
/fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@(
sf] bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^
-!_ adf]lhd hgxL Ps nfv k}ofF h/Ljfgf x'g]
7x5{ . k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbLxnfO{ cleof] u
dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}8} fsf] OG;fkm ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] ;xsdL{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfsf]
/fo;Fu ;xdt gePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd
k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;df ;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L
/fdk|;fb >]i7n] JoQm ug'e
{ Psf] /fo .
k| : t' t d' 2 f /fli6 o lgs' ~ h tyf
jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf #) /

#! cg';f/ tTsfnLg zfxL lrtjg /fli6o

lgs' ~ h sfof{ n osf /] ~ h/af6 cg' ; Gwfg
txsLsft u/L d'2f bfo/ eO{ ;f]xL sfof{nosf
k| d ' v ;+ / If0f clws[ t af6 km} ; nf ePsf]
b] l vG5 . o;/L d' 2 fsf] cg' ; Gwfgstf{ ,
cleof]hgstf{ / lg0f{ostf{ ;d]t Pp6} lgsfo
/x] s f] cj:yfdf ;f] lgsfosf cg' ; Gwfg
clwsf/L / d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L;dIf ePsf]
k| l tjfbLxsf] ;flatL aofg /
;xcleo'Qmxsf] kf]nnfO{ k|df0fdf u|x0f ubf{
;fjwfgLk" j { s ljrf/ ul/g' k b{ 5 . To:tf]
;flatL / ;xcleo'Qmsf] kf]n ldl;n;+nUg
cGo :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0faf6 ;dly{t
ePsf] cj:yfdf k|df0fdf u|fx\o x'G5 t/ k|:t't
d'2fdf k|ltjfbLxn] z'? sfof{nodf u/]sf]
;flatL aofg / k/:k/ u/]sf] kf]n ldl;n
;+nUg cGo s'g} klg 7f]; ;a"b k|df0faf6
;dly{t ePsf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . d'v ;flat
x'g' / ck/fw ug'{ km/skm/s s'/f x'g\ .
ck/fwhGo sfo{ eP u/]sf] k|df0faf6 k'li6 /
;dly{ t ePdf dfq s;" / bf/ 7xofO{
cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo ul/G5 . kmf}hbf/L Gofo
l;4fGtsf] :yflkt dfGotf klg oxL xf] .
lagf bzL k| d f0fsf] ;flatL slxNo} klg
cfk/flws sfo{ x'Fb}g / b08gLo klg x'Fb}g .
olb To:tf] ;flatL dfqnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ck/fw
u/]s} xf] egL cfTdut ;f]rfO{ /fvL gful/snfO{
b08 ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] JolQmsf df}lns xs,
sfg"gL xs / k|df0f sfg"gsf k|fjwfgx ;a}
lg:t] h / lgliqmo x' G 5g\ . clg To:tf
efjfj]zk"0f{ lg0f{oxaf6 Gofosf :yflkt dfGo
l;4fGtx w/fzfoL x'G5g\, h'g sfg"gL /fHodf
3fts l;4 x'G5 . To;}n] g} k|df0f P]g @)#!
sf] bkmf @% df kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleo'Qmsf]

1622

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf ;d]t

s;"/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ jfbLsf] x'g]5 egL

k|df0fsf] ef/sf] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
k|To]s cleo'Qmsf] ;flatL j:t'ut k|df0f,
:jtGq k|df0f / kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fxsf]
>[\vnf;lxtsf] s8L;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ .
k|:t't d'2fdf, To:tf s'g} klg k|df0f slyt
;flatL;Fu hf]l8Psf 5}gg\, k]z ePsf 5}gg\
/ k/:k/sf kf]n;Fu d]n klg vfFb}gg\ . To;f]
x'Fbf /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{nosf cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L / d' 2 f x] g ] { clwsf/L;dIf
k|ltjfbLxn] u/]sf] elgPsf] ;flatL aofg
afx]s lghx lj?4sf] cf/f]lkt s;"/ k'li6
x'g] cGo s'g} :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0f jfbL
kIfn] k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf To:tf] ;flatL
/ kf]n dfqsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbLxn] cf/f]lkt
s;"/ u/]sf] 7xofO{ ;hfo ug{ ldNg] b]lvg
cfPg . ctPj k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxnfO{ s;"/bf/
7xofPsf] z'? zfxL lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h
sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pN6L u/L lghxnfO{
cleof] u dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] u/] s f]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^#.*.$
sf] km};nf dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Sb}g . k'g/fj]bg gug]{ cGo k|ltjfbLx
ljho eGg] nj dNn, bf]Unf eGg] l5l/
nfdf, tflGh lgdf, Rof\af nfdf, uf]kfn
tfdf, cIfos'df/ lu/L, r]kf dfOnf /
dfgaxfb' / tfdfsf xsdf ;d] t slyt
;flatL / k/:k/sf] kf]nafx]s cf/f]lkt s;"/
k'li6 x'g] cGo s'g} :jtGq Pj+ 7f]; k|df0f
jfbL kIfn] k]z bflvn ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf
gb] l vF b f c=j+ = @)% g+ = adf] l hd lgh
k|ltjfbLxn] ;d]t cleof]u dfubfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ . k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxnfO{

cleof]u dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] km};nf pN6L ug]{ u/]sf]
;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLzHo"sf] /fo;Fu ;xdt
gePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfn]
JoQm ug'{ePsf] /fo .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{
ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg\ pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jlt/fh
lqkf7Ln] ljwflosff/f lgld{t sfg"gn] k|bfg
u/] s f] If] q flwsf/ cGtu{ t clwsf/;DkGg
lgsfon] d'2f x]/L lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . To;}n]
lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfosf] ;Ifdtf / j}wtfdf
cbfntn] z+sf ug{ ldNb}g . k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLx
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] s'/fdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L
/ d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf ;flat /x]sf] cj:Yffdf
lghxnfO{ cleof]u dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg
ldNb}g . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf]
km} ; nf pN6L ug] { u/] s f] ;DdfggLo
k|wfgGofofwLzHo"sf] /fo ;b/ x'g'kb{5 egL
ax; ug'{eof] . k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg\ clwjQmfo >L s[i0f ;fksf]6f
/ >L ;ljtf a/fnn] ;flatL k|df0fdf u|fx\o g}
x'Fb}g eGg] xf]Og t/ ;flatLsf] ljZj;gLotfsf
ljifodf cbfnt uDeL/ x'gk' b{5 . k|:t't d'2fsf]
cg';Gwfg ug]{, cleof]hg ug]{ / km};nf ug]{
lgsfo Pp6} ePsf] x'bF f o:tf] k|sl[ tsf] c4{Goflos
lgsfodf ePsf] ;flatLnfO{ k|df0fdf u|x0f ubf{
cbfntn] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb{5 . k|:t't
d'2fdf k|ltjfbLxsf] ;flatLafx]s c? s'g}

1623

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

7f]; ;a"t k|df0f jfbL kIfn] k]z ug{ ;s]sf]

cj:yf 5}g . o;/L c4{Goflos lgsfodf ePsf]
elgPsf] ;flatLnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ cGo :jtGq
k|df0fsf] cefj /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;flatL
dfqsf] cfwf/df s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO
lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf]
km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L
df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfsf] /fo ;b/ x'g'kb{5 egL
ax; ug'{eof] .
plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{
ljrf/ ubf{, k|ltjfbLxn] Ps l;+u] u}8+ f df/L
u}8+ fsf] vfu laqmL Joj;fodf ;+nUg eO{ /fli6o
lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf]
bkmf %-s_ / !( sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sfn]
lghxnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] cleof]u dfubfjL /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
/fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf %-s_ df clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/Laf6 lnlvt cg'dlt glnO{ s;}n] /fli6o
lgs'~hleq jGohGt'sf] lzsf/ ug{ gx'g] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} pQm P]gsf] bkmf !( sf]
pkbkmf -!_ df tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Laf6 Ohfhtkq
glnO{ s'g} klg JolQmn] cv]6f]kxf/sf] laqmL
ljt/0f ug{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lbg jf
cv]6f]kxf/;DjGwL s'g} Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] 5}g
eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
@= k|:t't d'2fdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L
zfxL lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{no s;/fsf
/]~h/;dIf k|ltjfbLdWo]sf ljho dNn elgg]
nj dNnn] aofg ubf{ d / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L
eO{ cf]daxfb'/ du/;Fu ePsf] u}+8fsf] vfu
sfjf;f]tL h+undf x]/L bf]Unf eGg] l5l/

nfdfnfO{ vfu laqmL ug]{ of]hgfcg';f/ lgh

l5l/n] ;fy}df lnP/ cfPsf] ltAjltognfO{
?=@,$),))). df vfu a] r ] s f] xf] , vfu
a]lrlbPafkt d}n] ?=!&,%)). kfPsf] x'F egL
aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} k|ltjfbL ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/Ln] aofg ubf{ @)%( ;fn kmfu'g clGtdlt/
d / nj dNn eO{ uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ /
cf]daxfb'/ du/;Fu u}+8fsf] vfu 5 eGg] yfxf
kfO{ bf]Unf eGg] l5l/ nfdf;d]t eO{ vfu x]/L
;f] vfu l5l/ nfdfn] NofPsf] ltAaltognfO{
?=@,$),))). df a] r ] s f] xf] , ;f] vfu
a]lrlbPafkt d}n] ?=!@,%)). kfPsf] xf], @)%^
;fn sflt{s d+l;/lt/ d}n] Rof\jf nfdf;Fu
af3sf] 5fnf lsgL ;gd nfdfnfO{ ?=#),))).
df a]r]sf] lyPF, @)%* ;fpglt/ lrt'jfsf]
5fnf uf] k fn tfdf;F u ?=@,%)).df /
cIfos'df/ lu/L;Fu ?=!),))).df lsgL pQm
5fnfx bf] u nf eGg] l5l/ nfdfnfO{
?=@^,))). df a]r]sf] lyPF egL aofg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/n] aofg
ubf{ @)%$ ;fn r}q t];|f] xKtflt/ cf]daxfb'/
/fgf du/n] d;Fu u}+8fsf] vfu 5 lsGg] dfG5]
vf]h eg]sf]n] d}n] vf]h]sf] ;'dg ef]6]nfO{
?=@,*),))). df vfu a]r]sf] xf], ;f]afkt
cf]daxfb'/n] dnfO{ ?=@*))). lbPsf] lyof] .
@)%( r}q bf];|f] xKtflt/ nj dNn, l5l/
nfdf, ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L / gfd yfxf gePsf]
ltAaltog;d]t vfu lsga]rdf ;+nUg eO{
d}n] cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/nfO{ ;"rgf u/L lghn]
NofPsf] vfu ?=@,$),))). df laqmL u/]sf] xf]
/ d}n] ?=#),))). kfPsf] xf] egL aofg u/]sf]
kfOG5 . To:t} k|ltjfbL l5l/ nfdfn] aofg
ubf{ ;'Gb/l;+ 7s'/Ln] u}+8fsf] vfu af3sf] 5fnf
5 egL kmf]g u/]sf]n] @)%* ;fnsf] ;fpglt/

1624

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf ;d]t

d} n ] ?=@^,))). df v/Lb u/L tflGh

lgdfnfO{ ?=#),))). df a]r]sf] x'F . @)%(
;fn kmfu'g clGtdlt/ km]l/ ;'Gb/l;+n] kmf]g
u/]sf]n] d}n] tflGh lgdf;Fu s'/f u/L ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/L;d]t eO{ ?=@,$),))). df u}+8fsf] vfu
v/Lb laqmL u/]sf] xf], dfn ldnfOlbPafkt
dnfO{ tflGh lgdfn] ?=@%,))). lbPsf] xf]
egL aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf ltAat
3/ ePsf tflGh lgdfn] aofg ubf{ @)%(
;fn kmfu'glt/ l5l/ nfdfn] va/ u/]cg';f/
rf]/df/f vf]nfsf] au/df ;'Gb/l;+ 7s'/Laf6
?=@,$),))). df u}+8fsf] vfu v/Lb u/]sf]
x'F, @)%* ;fn c;f/lt/ l5l/ nfdf;Fu
?=#),))). df # j6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf lnPsf]
xf], d}n] 6f;LnfO{ # j6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf
?=^),))). df / u}8+ fsf] vfu ?=#,)),))).
df a]rs
] f] x'F . daf6 a/fdb ePsf] ?=&,%),))).
dWo] !,%),))). d}n] xfn]sf] / afFsL /sd
u+8} fsf] vfu lsGg egL ltAat Nxf;f a:g] 6f;Ln]
dnfO{ lbPsf] xf] egL aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L zfxL lrtjg /fli6o
lgs'~h sfof{nosf k|dv
' ;+/If0f clws[t ;dIf
aofg ug]{ qmddf k|ltjfbL ljho dNn elgg]
nj dNnn] @)%( df3lt/ uhaxfb'/ kmfn
du/n] u}8+ fsf] vfu a]lrlbg' kof] eg]sf] x'bF f
d}n] ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/LnfO{ ;f] s'/f eg]sf] /
;'Gb/l;+xn] l5l/ nfdfnfO{ af]nfO{ xfdL
uhaxfb'/sf] 3/df vfu x]g{ uof}+ . uhaxfb'/n]
cf]daxfb'/nfO{ va/ u/]kl5 cf]daxfb'/n] vfu
lnP/ cfP . ?=#,)),))). df lsga]r ug]{ s'/f
eof] . @)%( r}q dlxgfdf l5l/ / tflGh
sf7df8f}a+ f6 cfPkl5 xfdL ^ hgf eO{ rf]/df/f
vf]nfsf] au/df a;L ?=@,$),))). df u}8fsf]
vfu tflGh lgdfn] lsg]sf] xf] . vfu lsga]r

u/fOlbP afkt cf]daxfb'/ /fgfn] ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L

/ dnfO{ ?=#),))). lbPsf]df d}n] ?=!&,%)).
/ ?=!@%)). ;'Gb/l;+xn] lnof}+ . uhaxfb'/n]
klg ?=#),))). g} kfPsf] xf] egL aofg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] aofg
ubf{;d]t @)%( kmfu'gdf nj dNnn] u}8+ fsf]
vfu lsGg] dflg; vf]hL lbg' eg]sf]n] d}n] l5l/
nfdfnfO{ kmf]gaf6 s'/f u/]sf], @)%( r}qdf
l5l/n] ltAaltog tflGh lgdfnfO{ lnO{ rf]/df/f
vf]nfsf] au/df cfO{ uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/n]
va/ u/]cg';f/ cf]daxfb'/n] lghsf] 3/af6
NofPsf] u}8+ fsf] vfu ?=@,$),))). df lsga]r
u/]sf] xf] . vfu a]rfOlbP afkt cf]daxfb'/n]
nj dNn / dnfO{ ;+oQ
' m kdf ?=#),))).
lbPsf] xf] . @)%^ ;fn d+l;/lt/ klg d}n]
Rof\jf nfdfaf6 af3sf] 5fnf lsgL ;gd
nfdfnfO{ a]rs
] f] lyPF . @)%* ;fndf klg uf]kfn
tfdf, cIfos'df/ lu/L / r]kf dfOnf;Fu
!! j6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf lsgL ;f] 5fnfx
bf]unf eGg] l5l/ nfdfnfO{ ?=@^,))). df
a]rs
] f] lyPF egL aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 . csf{
k|ltjfbL uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/n] aofg ubf{
@)%( df3 clGtdlt/ cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/n]
u}8+ fsf] vfu lsGg] dflg; vf]hL lbg'kof] eg]sf]n]
d}n] nj dNnnfO{ s'/f u/]sf] lyPF . lghn]
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/LnfO{ s'/f u/L lghn] l5l/
nfdfnfO{ eg]kl5 vfu v/Lb laqmL ug]{ of]hgf
to u/L @)%( r}tsf] bf];f| ] xKtflt/ l5l/
nfdf / tflGh lgdf sf7df8f}a+ f6 k};f lnO{
rf]/df/f cfP . cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/n] 3/af6
NofPsf] vfu rf] / df/f vf] n fsf] au/df
?=@,$),))). df l5l/ / tflGhn] v/Lb
u/]sf x'g\ . d]/f] efudf k/]sf] ?=#),))). d}n]
a'lemlnPsf] xf], To;afx]s @)%$ ;fn r}qsf]

1625

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

t];f| ] xKtflt/ cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/n] vfu lsGg]

dfG5] vf]h eg]sf]n] d}n] ;'dg ef]6;
] uF s'/f u/L
?=@,*),))). df vfu v/Lb laqmL u/]sf] xf] .
vfu laqmL u/fOlbPafkt cf]daxfb'/n] dnfO{
?=@*))). lbPsf] xf] egL aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t} k|ltjfbL bf]unf elgg] l5l/ nfdfn] aofg
ubf{ @)%* ;fn c;f/ >fj0flt/ ;'Gb/l;x+
7s'/Laf6 # j6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf lsgL tflGh
lgdfnfO{ ?=#),))). df a]rs
] f] x',F @)%( kmfu'g
clGtdlt/ ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] kmf]g u/L u}8+ fsf]
vfu 5, laqmL ul/lbg' kof] egL eg]sf]n] d}n]
tflGh lgdf;F u s' / f u/L lghnfO{ lnO{
gjnk/f;Lsf] sfjf;f]tLdf cfO{ ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L
/ nj dNnnfO{ e]6L cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/nfO{
va/ u/L lghn] NofPsf] vfu rf]/df/f vf]nfsf]
au/df ?=@,$),))). df v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . vfu
lsgfO{ lbPafkt tflGh lgdfn] dnfO{
?=@%,))). lbPsf] xf] egL aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/n] aofg
ubf{ klxnf] k6s @)%$ ;fnsf] hf8f] dlxgfdf
;Ltf/fd rf}w/Ln] dnfO{ lbPsf] u}8+ fsf] vfu
d}n] uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/dfkm{t\ ;'dg dgf]nfO{
?=#,)),))). df a]rs
] f] x'F . laqmL ul/lbPafkt
?=%),))). uhaxfb'/ / d}n] afF8L lnPsf xf}+ .
bf];f| ] k6s @)%( c;f]h dlxgfdf k|d
] axfb'/
la=s=n] NofPsf] vfu d}n] rGb|sfGt kf08]nfO{
?=*),))). df a]rs
] f] xf] . laqmL ul/lbP afkt
k|d
] axfb'/ lj=s=n] dnfO{ ?=%))). lbP . t];f| ]
k6s @)%( ;fn k'; df3lt/ ;Ltf/fd rf}w/Lsf]
efO{n] NofPsf] u}8+ fsf] vfu laqmLsf nflu u|fxs
vf]Hg d}n] uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/nfO{ eg]sf]df
p;n] nj dNnnfO{ eg]5 . nj dNn, ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/L, l5l/ nfdf, uhaxfb'/ / d;d]t e}
rf]/df/f vf]nfdf ;f] vfu ?=@,$),))). df

ltAaltog tflGh lgdfnfO{ a]rs

] f] xf] . lasfO{
lbPafkt nj dNn / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/LnfO{ ;+oQ
' m
kdf ?=#),)))., dfn wgLnfO{ ?=!,%),))).
lbO{ afFsL /sd uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ / d}n]
afF8L vfPsf xf}+ egL aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf tflGh lgdfn] aofg ubf{
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] va/ u/]cg';f/ @)%( ;fn
kmfu'g r}tlt/ rf]/df/f vf]nfsf] au/df lgh
;d]taf6 ?=@,$),))). df u}8fsf] vfu d}n]
v/Lb u/L ltAat Nxf;f a:g] 6f;LnfO{ d}n]
laqmL u/]sf] xf] . To:t} # j6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf
d}n] l5l/ nfdf;Fu v/Lb u/L 6f;LnfO{ g}
^),))). df a]rs
] f] x'F . daf6 a/fdb ePsf]
?=&,%),))). d}n] u+8} fsf] vfu lsGg af]ss
] f]
/sd xf] . To;dWo] ?=^,)),))). lgh 6f;Ln]
u}8fsf] vfu lsGg dnfO{ k7fPsf] / afFsL
?=!,%),))). d cfkm}n
+ ] xfn]sf] xf] egL aofg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} k|ltjfbLdWo]sf Rof\jf eGg]
lbnaxfb'/ nfdfn] aofg ubf{ ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln]
lqj]0fLaf6 af3sf] 5fnf Nofpg ;3fOb]pm eg]sf]n]
e/tk'/sf] SofDk; u]6;Dd af3sf] 5fnf cf];f/L
lbPsf] x'F . ;f] afkt ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] dnfO{
?=@%)). lbPsf] xf] egL aofg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$= cg';Gwfg clwsf/L / d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/L;dIf k|ltjfbLxn] u/]sf] plNnlvt
aofg Joxf]/f x]bf{ k|ltjfbLxn] Ps} ldnfgsf]
aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLxsf] pQm aofg
Joxf]/faf6 lghxn] u}8+ fsf] lzsf/ u/]sf] eGg]
b]lvg gcfO{ k|ltjfbL cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/;Fu
/x]sf] u}8+ fsf] vfu laqmL ug{ u|fxs vf]Hg] ;d]tsf]
sfddf k|ltjfbLx uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/, nj
dNn, ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L / l5l/ nfdf;d]t
of]hgfa4 kdf ;+nUg eO{ k|ltjfbL tflGh
lgdf;d] t n] vfu v/Lb ul/lnPsf] /

1626

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf ;d]t

k|ltjfbLxn] cfcfkm\gf] efu lx:;fdf kg{cfPsf]

/sd cfk;df afF8L lnPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 .
o;/L k|ltjfbLxn] k/:k/ kf]n;d]t u/L
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]df ;flat eO{ u/]sf] pk/f]Qm
aofg Joxf]/faf6 cv]6f]kxf/ vfu laqmL ug]{
l;nl;nfdf ePsf] 36gfqmd qmda4kdf lrq0f
x'gcfPsf] / vfu v/Lb laqmL ug]{ sfo{df cf
cfkm\gf] ;+nUgtf b]vfO{ k|ltjfbLxn] u/]sf] aofg
lghxsf] k/:k/sf] aofg Joxf]/faf6} ;dly{t
x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
%= k|ltjfbLxsf] pk/f]Qm aofg Joxf]/fsf
cltl/Qm k|ltjfbLx uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/,
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L, ljho eGg] nj dNn, bf]Unf
eGg] l5l/ nfdf / tflGh lgdfn] ;+oQ
' m kdf
n]vfOlbPsf] ldlt @)^).!.@) sf] sfuhdf ;d]t
cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/n] uf];fO{ rf}w/L eGg]
JolQmaf6 lnPsf] vfu laqmL ug{ uhaxfb'/
kmfn du/nfO{ eg]sf], uhaxfb'/n] u|fxs vf]Hg
nj dNnnfO{ eg]sf], nj dNnn] ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/LnfO{ eg]sf] / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] l5l/
nfdfnfO{ / l5l/ nfdfn] tflGh lgdfnfO{
vfu laqmL ug]{ s'/f u/L @)%( ;fn r}qdf
gjnk/f;Lsf] rf]/df/f vf]nfsf] au/df ^ hgf
e]nf eO{ ?=@,$),))). df u}8+ fsf] vfu lsga]r
u/L cfcfkm\gf] efudf k/]sf] k}ofF a08f u/L
lnPsf] xf] . To;kl5 @)^) ;fn j}zfv !(
ut] k'gM xfdLx u}8+ fsf] vfu laqmL Joj;fo
ug{ al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf kqmfp k/]sf xf+} egL
Joxf]/f n]vfOlbPsf] kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf
tflGh lgdfsf] z/L/ tnf;L ubf{ vfu lsGg
egL af]ss
] f] gub ?=&,%),))). a/fdb ePsf]
eGg] ldlt @)^).!.!* sf] a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf]
tYoaf6 ;d]t k|ltjfbLxsf] pk/f]Qm aofg
Joxf]/f ;dly{t ePsf] b]lvG5 .

^= o;/L k|ltjfbLxn] cf/f]lkt s;"/

u/]sf] tYodf ;flat eO{ Pscsf{nfO{ kf]n;d]t
u/L cg';Gwfg clwsf/L / d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf
aofg u/]sf] / lghxsf] pQm aofg Joxf]/f
;h{dLgsf dflg; tyf a/fdbL d'r'Nsfsf
dflg;xsf] askq ;d]taf6 ;dly{t ePsf]
cj:yfdf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxsf] ;flatL jofgnfO{
lghxsf lj?4 k|df0fdf lng OGsf/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvg
cfPg . t;y{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u
dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] km};nf pN6L u/L k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/n] k6s
k6s u}8+ fsf] vfu laqmL u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] /
k|:t't d'2fdf ;d]t u}8+ fsf] vfu lghn] cfkm\gf]
3/df g} /fv]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] x'bF f lghnfO{
/fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@(
sf] bkmf !(-!_ sf] s;"/df P] sf] bkmf @^-!_
adf]lhd kfFr jif{ s}b / krf; xhf/ k}ofF
h/Ljfgf ug]{ / cGo k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLx
uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln]
u}8+ fsf] vfu cfkm\gf] ;Fu;fy /fv]sf] eGg] b]lvg
gcfPsf] / lghx k|ltjfbL cf]daxfb'/ /fgf
du/sf] ;Fu;fy /x]sf] vfu laqmL ug{sf nflu
u|fxs vf]hL ug]{ sfddf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
x'Fbf lgh k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLx uhaxfb'/ kmfn
du/ / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/LnfO{ /fli6o lgs'~h
tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf !(
-!_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd
hgxL Ps nfv k}ofF h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/L ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;df ;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L
/fdk|;fb >]i7n] JoQm ug'{ePsf] /fo dgfl;a
b] l vPsf] n ] ;f] /fo ;b/ x' g ] 7x5{ . c?
tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"{ .

1627

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

tk;Ln
k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbLxnfO{ cleof] u
dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] km};nf pN6L u/L k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/nfO{ /fli6o
lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf]
bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd kfFr jif{ s}b / krf;
xhf/ k}ofF h/Ljfgf ug]{ / cGo k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLx uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ / ;'Gb/l;+x
7s'/LnfO{ P] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd hgxL Ps
nfv k}ofF h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/L ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df
;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7n]
JoQm ug'{ePsf] /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x/L km};nf
ePsf]n] ;f]adf]lhd k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL cf]daxfb'/
/fgf du/sf xsdf lgh cg' ; Gwfgsf]
l;nl;nfdf kqmfp k/L y'gfdf /x]sf] ldltb]lv
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] km};nfn] 5'6]sf]
ldlt;Dddf lghn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] s}b cjlw
sf u/L afFsL s}b tyf h/Ljfgf c;"n ug"{ /
cGo k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLx uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/
/ ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Lsf xsdf lghxnfO{ nfu]sf]
h/Ljfgf c;"n ubf{ lghx cg';Gwfgsf]
l;nl;nfdf kqmfp k/L y'gfdf /x]sf] ldltb]lv
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] km};nfn] 5'6]sf]
ldltaLrdf lghxn] e'Qmfg u/]sf] s}bafktsf]
sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] /sd sf u/L dfq c;"n
ug"{ egL z'? lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{nodf
n]vL k7fpg" !
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg"@
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=ts{/fh e

df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/Lsf] km/s /fo M

o;df k|ltjfbLxn] u}8+ fsf] vfu laqmL
Joj;fo u/L /fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f
P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf %-s_ / !( sf] s;"/
ck/fw u/]sf]n] lghxnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
@^-!_ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] cleof]u
dfubfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|:t't d'2fdf zfxL lrtjg /fli6o
lgs'~h sfof{no s;/fsf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L
tyf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L;dIf k|ltjfbLdWo]sf
ljho dNn elgg] nj dNnn] u/]sf] aofgdf
d / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L eO{ cf]daxfb'/ du/;Fu
ePsf] u}+8fsf] vfu sfjf;f]tL h+undf x]/L
bf]Unf eGg] l5l/ nfdfnfO{ vfu laqmL ug]{
of]hgfcg';f/ lgh l5l/n] ;fy}df lnP/ cfPsf]
ltAjltognfO{ ?=@,$),))). df vfu a]r]sf]
xf], vfu a]lrlbPafkt d}n] ?=!&,%)). kfPsf]
x'F eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} k|ltjfbL
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Lsf] aofgdf @)%( ;fn kmfu'g
clGtdlt/ d / nj dNn eO{ uhaxfb'/ kmfn
du/ / cf]daxfb'/ du/;Fu u}+8fsf] vfu 5
eGg] yfxf kfO{ bf]Unf eGg] l5l/ nfdf;d]t
eO{ vfu x]/L ;f] vfu l5l/ nfdfn] NofPsf]
ltAaltognfO{ ?=@,$),))). df a]r]sf] xf],
;f] vfu a]lrlbPafkt d}n] ?=!@,%)). kfPsf]
xf], @)%^ ;fn sflt{s d+l;/lt/ d}n] Rof\jf
nfdf;Fu af3sf] 5fnf lsgL ;gd nfdfnfO{
?=#),))). df a]r]sf] lyPF, @)%* ;fpglt/
lrt'jfsf] 5fnf uf]kfn tfdf;Fu ?=@%)).
df / cIfos'df/ lu/L;Fu ?=!),))).df lsgL
pQm 5fnfx bf]unf eGg] l5l/ nfdfnfO{
?=@^,))). df a]rs
] f] lyPF eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/n]
u/]sf] aofgdf @)%$ ;fn r}q t];|f] xKtflt/

1628

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf ;d]t

cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/n] d;Fu u}+8fsf] vfu 5

lsGg] dfG5] vf]h eg]sf]n] d}n] vf]h]sf] ;'dg
ef]6]nfO{ ?=@,*),))). df vfu a]r]sf] xf],
;f]afkt cf]daxfb'/n] dnfO{ ?=@*))). lbPsf]
lyof] . @)%( r}q bf];|f] xKtflt/ nj dNn,
l5l/ nfdf, ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L / gfd yfxf
gePsf] ltAaltog;d]t vfu lsga]rdf ;+nUg
eO{ d}n] cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/nfO{ ;"rgf u/L
lghn] NofPsf] vfu ?=@,$),))). df laqmL
u/]sf] xf] / d}n] ?=#),))). kfPsf] xf] eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} k|ltjfbL l5l/
nfdfn] u/]sf] aofgdf ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] u}8+ fsf]
vfu af3sf] 5fnf 5 egL kmf]g u/]sf]n] @)%*
;fnsf] ;fpglt/ d}n] ?=@^,))). df v/Lb
u/L tflGh lgdfnfO{ ?=#),))). df a]r]sf]
x'F . @)%( ;fn kmfu'g clGtdlt/ km]l/ ;'Gb/l;+n]
kmf]g u/]sf]n] d}n] tflGh lgdf;Fu s'/f u/L
;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L;d]t eO{ ?=@,$),))). df
u}+8fsf] vfu v/Lb laqmL u/]sf] xf], dfn
ldnfOlbPafkt dnfO{ tflGh lgdfn]
?=@%,))). lbPsf] xf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf ltAat 3/ ePsf
tflGh lgdfn] u/]sf] aofgdf @)%( ;fn
kmfu'glt/ l5l/ nfdfn] va/ u/]cg';f/
rf]/df/f vf]nfsf] au/df ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Laf6
?=@,$),))). df u}+8fsf] vfu v/Lb u/]sf]
x'F, @)%* ;fn c;f/lt/ l5l/ nfdf;Fu
?=#),))). df # j6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf lnPsf]
xf], d}n] 6f;LnfO{ # j6f lrt'jfsf] 5fnf
?=^),))). df / u}+8fsf] vfu ?=#,)),))).
df a]rs
] f] x'F . daf6 a/fdb ePsf] ?=&,%),))).
dWo] !,%),))). d}n] xfn]sf] / afFsL /sd
u+}8fsf] vfu lsGg egL ltAat Nxf;f a:g]
6f;Ln] dnfO{ lbPsf] xf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]

kfOG5 . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf cf]daxfb'/ /fgf du/sf]

aofgdf klxnf] k6s @)%$ ;fnsf] hf8f]
dlxgfdf ;Ltf/fd rf}w/Ln] dnfO{ lbPsf] u}8+ fsf]
vfu d}n] uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/dfkm{t\ ;'dg
dgf]nfO{ ?=#,)),))). df a]r]sf] x'F . laqmL
ul/lbP afkt ?=%),))). uhaxfb'/ / d}n]
afF8L lnPsf xf}+ . bf];|f] k6s @)%( c;f]h
dlxgfdf k|]daxfb'/ la=s=n] NofPsf] vfu d}n]
rGb|sfGt kf08]nfO{ ?=*),))). df a]r]sf] xf] .
laqmL ul/lbPafkt k|]daxfb'/ lj=s=n] dnfO{
?=%))). lbP . t];|f] k6s @)%( ;fn k';
df3lt/ ;Ltf/fd rf}w/Lsf] efOn] NofPsf]
u}+8fsf] vfu laqmLsf nflu u|fxs vf]Hg d}n]
uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/nfO{ eg]sf]df p;n] nj
dNnnfO{ eg]5 . nj dNn, ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/L,
l5l/ nfdf, uhaxfb'/ / d;d]t e} rf]/df/f
vf]nfdf ;f] vfu ?=@,$),))). df ltAaltog
tflGh lgdfnfO{ a]r]sf] xf] . lasfO{ lbPafkt
nj dNn / ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/LnfO{ ;+o'Qm kdf
?=#),)))., dfn wgLnfO{ ?=!,%),))). lbO{
afFsL /sd uhaxfb'/ kmfn du/ / d}n] afF8L
vfPsf xf}+ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t}
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf Rof\jf eGg] lbnaxfb'/ nfdfn]
u/]sf] aofgdf ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] lqj]0fLaf6
af3sf] 5fnf Nofpg ;3fOb] p m eg] s f] n ]
e/tk'/sf] SofDk; u]6;Dd af3sf] 5fnf cf];f/L
lbPsf] x'F . ;f]afkt ;'Gb/l;+x 7s'/Ln] dnfO{
?=@%)). lbPsf] xf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
cg' ; Gwfg clwsf/L / d' 2 f x] g ] {
clwsf/L;dIf k|ltjfbLxn] u/]sf] aofg Joxf]/f
x]bf{ ;a}sf] aofgdf Ps} ldnfgsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLxsf] pQm aofgnfO{
;flatL aofg egL k|ltjfbLxn] Pscsf{nfO{
k/:k/ kf]n;d]t u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df z'? zfxL

1629

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{non] s;"/ 7x/

u/L k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;hfo u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ldl;n cWoog u/L x] b f{ ,
k|ltjfbLxsf] pk/f]Qm aofg sfuhafx]s
lghxpk/sf] cf/f]lkt s;"/ k'li6 x'g] cGo
s'g} klg 7f]; ;a"t k|df0f jfbL kIfn] k]z
ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . jf/bft:yn sxfF xf] /
jf/bft s'g ldltdf ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f;d]t
lglZrt\ kn] v'nfOPsf] 5}g / s'g} :jtGq
k|df0faf6 bfjLcg';f/sf] s;"/ jf/bft :yflkt
x'g;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . u}+8fsf] vfu laqmL Joj;fo
u/]sf] eGg] cleof]udf k|ltjfbLxpk/ d'2f
bfo/ ePsf] b] l vG5 . t/ ldl;n;+ n Ug
vfgtnf;L tyf a/fdbL d'r'Nsfx x]bf{
k|ltjfbLxn] v/Lb laqmL u/]sf] elgPsf]
u}+8fsf] vfunufot s'g} klg cfv]6f]kxf/ sf]xL
s;} a f6 a/fdb x' g ;s] s f] b] l vF b } g .
k|ltjfbLdWo]sf tflGh lgdfaf6 a/fdb ePsf]
elgPsf] ?=&,%),))). klg k|:t't d'2fdf
k|ltjfbLxn] vfu v/Lb laqmL u/L lnPlbPsf]
lauf] cyf{t\ bzLsf] kdf a/fdb ePsf] eGg]
b]lvFb}g / k|ltjfbL tflGh lgdfsf] d[To' ePsf]
egL pQm /sd lghsf] xsbf/nfO{ lkmtf{ lbg]
u/L z' ? zfxL lrtjg /fli6 o lgs' ~ h
sfof{noaf6} lg0f{o ePsf];d]t b]lvG5 .
;/hdLg d' r ' N sfsf lemdgf/fo0f
e';fn;d]tsf dflg;xn] klg k|ltjfbLx
kqmfp k/]sf] s'/f ;Dd ;'gs
] f] xf], lghxsf]
cfr/0f / rfnrngsf] af/]df s]xL yfxf 5}g
egL Joxf]/f n]vfOlbPsf] kfOG5 . lghxn]
cbfntdf askq ubf{;d]t k|ltjfbLxn] u}8+ fsf]
vfusf] sf/f]af/ ub{5g\ eGg] xNnf ;'gs
] f] ;Dd
xf], cfk"mxn] b]v] hfg]sf] xf]Og egL askq
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

k| : t' t d' 2 f /fli6 o lgs' ~ h tyf

jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] bkmf #) /
#! cg';f/ tTsfnLg zfxL lrtjg /fli6o
lgs' ~ h sfof{ n osf /] ~ h/af6 cg' ; Gwfg
txsLsft u/L d'2f bfo/ eO{ ;f]xL sfof{nosf
k| d ' v ;+ / If0f clws[ t af6 km} ; nf ePsf]
b] l vG5 . o;/L d' 2 fsf] cg' ; Gwfgstf{ ,
cleof]hgstf{ / lg0f{ostf{ ;d]t Pp6} lgsfo
/x]sf]df sfg"gn] Goflos clwsf/If]q tf]s]sf]
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] k|ltjfbLxsf] ;flatL
aofg / ;xcleo'Qmxsf] kf]nnfO{ k|df0fdf
u|x0f ubf{ cToGt ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg]{
x'G5 . To:tf] ;flatL / ;xcleo'Qmsf] kf]n
ldl;n;+nUg cGo :jtGq / j:t'ut k|df0faf6
;dly{t ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq k|df0fdf u|fx\o
x'G5 t/ k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLxn] z'?
sfof{nodf u/]sf] elgPsf] ;flatL aofg /
k/:k/ u/]sf] kf]n ldl;n;+nUg cGo s'g}
klg :jtGq / 7f]; ;a"t k|df0faf6 ;dly{t
ePsf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . oyfy{df k|ltjfbLxn]
u/]sf] elgPsf] ;flatL aofg klg ;hfoefuL
u/fpg] k|s[ltsf] :ki6 ;flatL aofg /x]sf]
b]lvFb}g .
k|df0f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf @% df
kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cleo'Qmsf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft
ug]{ ef/ jfbLsf] x'g]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cy{ jfbL
cyf{t\ ;/sf/n] cleo'Qmaf6} s;"/ :jLsf/
u/]sf] sfuh u/fP/ cfkm\gf] bfloTj k"/f ePsf]
;Demg] eGg] xf] O g . To;sf] cy{ jfbLn]
cleo'Qmsf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ 7f]; / :jtGq
k|df0fsf] vf]hL ug'{kb{5 eGg] xf] . To:tf]
:jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0f k]z ePsf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbL OGsf/ g} /x]sf] eP klg lghsf]

1630

*(!! g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=cf]daxfb'/ /fgf

s;"/ :yflkt eO{ lghnfO{ ;hfo x'G5 . s'g}

klg cleo' Q mnfO{ cfkm" p k/ nufOPsf]
cleof]usf] ;DaGwdf s'g} aofg glbO{ r"k
nflu a:g] ;Ddsf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k|fKt
/x]sf] x'G5 . cleo'QmnfO{ o:tf] clwsf/ k|fKt
/x]sf] ;Gbe{df lagf s'g} :jtGq k|df0f lghnfO{
jfbL cyf{t\ ;/sf/L kIfn] cfkm\gf] lx/f;tdf
/fv]/ u/fPsf] slyt ;flatL dfqnfO{ s;"/
k|dfl0ft x'g] kof{Kt cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] Tof]
kmf}hbf/L Gofo l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g hfG5 .
o;af6 cf/f]lkt JolQmsf] pQm ;+j}wflgs
xssf] ckx/0f t x'G5 g} ;fy;fy} jfbLnfO{
j:t' l gi7 k| d f0fsf] vf] h L ug] { t km{ eGbf
cleo'QmnfO{ ;flat u/fpg]tkm{ b'?T;fxg ldNg]
eO{ /fHosf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;g ljs[t /
lg/+s'z aGg hfG5 . of] vt/fnfO{ cbfntn]
;bf x[bo\ud ug}{kb{5 . To;}n] c? :jtGq
Pj+ j:t'lgi7 k|df0faf6 ;dly{t -Corroborate_
gePsf] slyt ;flatLnfO{ cbfntn]
cleo'Qmsf lj?4 k|df0fdf lng ldNb}g .
s'g} jf s]xL JolQm s'g} vf; s;"/
jf/bftsf s;"/bf/ x'g\ eGg] jfbLnfO{ cfz+sf
pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 jf s'g} jf s]xL JolQmpk/
s'g} vf; s;"/ u/]sf] egL ck/fw cg';Gwfg
ug]{ lgsfosf clwsf/Ln] cfz+sf ug{ ;Sb5 .
t/ ;f] z+sf, cfz+sfsf] k[i7e"lddf 7f];
cg';Gwfgaf6 oy]i6 / e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] vf]hL
u/L ;+sng ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . cfz+sfsf] kl/l:ylt
bzf{O{ ;hfosf] dfubfjL ug{ ldNb}g . To;/L
bfjL ul/P klg Goflos clwsf/L jf lgsfon]
z+sf, pkz+sf jf s;}sf] k"j{ cfr/0f jf Jojxf/sf]
k[i7e"ldnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ lghnfO{ s;"/bf/
7xofpg jf ;hfo ug'{ dfGo kmf}hbf/L Gofo
l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n x'G5 . kmf}hbf/L s;"/ lglZrt\

/ z+sf/lxt k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft / k'li6 x'g}

kb{5 . k|:t't d'2fdf cf/f]lkt k|ltjfbLx lj?4
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] z+sf/lxt k|df0f k|:t't
ul/Psf] kfOFbg} .
ctM k|:t't d'2fdf /fli6o lgs'~h
sfof{nosf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L / d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/L;dIf k|ltjfbLxn] u/]sf] elgPsf]
;flatL aofgafx]s lghx lj?4sf] cf/f]lkt
s;"/ k'li6 x'g] cGo s'g} :jtGq / j:t'lgi7
k|df0f jfbL kIfn] k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf
To:tf] slyt ;flatL / kf]n dfqsf] cfwf/df
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf]
7xofO{ lghxnfO{ ;hfo ug{ gldNg] ePsf]n]
z'? zfxL lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{nosf]
lg0f{o pN6L u/L k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]u
dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}+8fsf] ldlt @)^#.*.$ sf] km};nf ;b/
u/]sf] xb;Dd ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df dfggLo
GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfn] JoQm
ug'{ePsf] /fo dgfl;a b]lvPsf]n] ;f] xb;Dd
pQm /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
o; Ohnf;sf ;xof] u L dfggLo
GofofwLzxsf] ax'dtn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf pN6L ug]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf ;DdfggLo
k|wfgGofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo dgfl;j
7xofpg] lg0f{odf k'us
] f]n] ;f] ax'dtsf] /fo;Fu
;xdt gx'Fbf d}n] d]/f] km/s /fo n]v]sf] 5' .
sfg"gadf]lhd ug"{ .
;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{

1631

&

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lg0f{o g+=

geO{ ;DalGwt JolQmn] To:tf] ;"rgf

oyf;do k|fKt uof] u/]g eGg] s'/f
dxTjk"0f{ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6 ePsf]
km};nfadf]lhd nfu]sf] s}b c;"n ug{sf
nflu s} b df k7fOPsf] l:yltdf
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_

*(!@

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
l/6 g+= @)^*WH ))*#
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.@*.!
d'2fM aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f .
lgj]bsM alb{of lhNnf dgfp uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
* 3/ eO{ xfn sf/fuf/ sfof{no alb{ofdf
y'gfdf /x]sf] bLkgf/fo0f >]i7
lj?4
ljkIfLM alb{of /fli6o lgs'~h 7fs'/f/ alb{of
;d]t
Dofb tfd]nL k|lqmofnfO{ lg/k]If Pj+
oflGqs k|lqmofsf] kdf geO{ ;DalGwt
JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] lj?4 nufOPsf]
cleof]u jf bfjLsf] ljifodf oyf;dodf
;"lrt u/fO{ k|ltjfb ug{ df}sf kfpg]
clwsf/nfO{ Jojxf/tM ;fy{s t'Nofpg]
Ps ultzLn k|lqmofsf] kdf :jLsf/
u/]sf]n] Dofb tfd]nL k|lqmofsf] p2]Zo
;DalGwt JolQmpk/ nfu]sf] cleof]u
jf lghpk/ k/]sf] cGo s'g} bfjLsf]
ljifodf oyf;dod} ;';"lrt u/fO{
cfkm\gf] k|lt/Iff ug{ kof{Kt df}sf k|bfg
ug'k{ g]{ .
Dofb tfd]nL;DaGwdf oflGqs lgod nfu"
eof] ePg eGg] s'/f dxTjsf] ljifo

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx k"0f{dfg

zfSo, 8f= /lhteQm k|wfgf /
v8\uaxfb'/ zfx
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf wd{/fh
kf}8n
] Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfo nf]sG] b|Wjh
vfF8 / ljg' >]i7
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j+= !!), @)* g+=
cfb]z
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& adf]lhd
bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt Joxf]/f / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ n]
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg] tyf
sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms
:jtGqtf ckx/0f gx'g] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 .
wf/f @$ n] s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd lgbf]i{ f
dflgg], cfkm\gf] lj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnufOg],
cfkm"pk/sf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] / :jR5
;'gj' fOsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/sf] 5 eg] wf/f @&

1632

*(!@ bLkgf/fo0f >]i7 lj=jlb{of /fli6o lgs'~h ;d]t

n] cfkm\gf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] /

kfpg] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
d lgj]bs @)^).!!.!* b]lv @)^#.@.#!
;Dd Pe/]i6 Sofl;gf] sf7df8f}d+ f / @)^$.$.#@
b]lv @)^*.%.!& ;Dd Goldfinger the casino,
Cidate de Goa df sfd u/L cfPsf] lyP .
ljkIfL lgs'~h sfof{nodf ;=kmf}=g+= !& sf] u}8f
df/L u}8+ fsf] vfu v/Lb ljqmL u/]sf] d'2f bfo/
u/L d ;d]tnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfO{ @)^*.(.& df
dnfO{ ?=!,)),))). h/Ljfgf / ^ jif{ s}b x'g]
u/L km};nf ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;f] s'/f dnfO{ kqmfp
u/L ldlt @)^*.!).@ df r=g+= !!$! sf]
kqfg';f/ k"hL{ lbO{ ljkIfL sf/fuf/ sfof{nodf
s}bdf /flvPkl5 dfq ldl;n sfuhsf] gSsn
lnPkl5 yfxf ePsf] xf] .
d]/f] 3/ jtg lhNnf alb{of dgfp
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * df /x] ePsf] s'/f ljkIfL
lgs'~h sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L ePsf] Joxf]/f
@)^^.^.@! df hf/L Dofbaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o;
cj:yfdf d]/f] gfdsf] Dofb 3/ 7]ufgfdf uO{
d]/f] Psf;uf]nsf dflg;nfO{ a'emfpg'kg],{ ;f]
geP b'O{ hgf enfb\dL;lxt :yfgLo j8f ;b:o
jf uf=lj=;= ;lrjnfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL 3/df
6fF; ug'k{ g],{ 3/f/ dflg; kQf gnfu] ufpF,
zx/, 6f]ndf / ;f] klg ;Dej geP c8\8fdf
;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf 6f:g'kg]{ u/L c=j+= !!) g+=
;d]tdf Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . ljz]if cbfnt P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf !)-@_-#_ df ;d]t ;f]xL Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yfljk/Lt
d]/f gfdsf] Dofb j8f g+= % / ( sf dflg; /
uf=lj=;= lkognfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL dgfp uf=lj=;=
sfof{nodf @)^^.&.!* df 6fF; ul/Psf] / ldlt
@)^*.$.@! df uf]/vfkq /fli6o b}lgsdf ;"rgf
k|sfzg u/L tfd]n ul/Psf] /x]5 .

u}/sfg"gL kdf ePsf] pQm Dofb tfd]nL

/ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;d]t j]l/tsf] x'bF f ;f] ab/
u/L c=j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd aofg k|ltjfb ug{
kfpFm egL lgj]bg ubf{ ljkIfLaf6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/of] . ljkIfLxn] u}/sfg"gL sfo{ljlw ckgfO{
;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xsdf cf3ft kfg]{ u/L
km};nf u/L ldlt @)^*.!).! df kqmfp u/L
y' g fdf /fv] s f] sfo{ ab/efuL ePsfn]
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L y'gfd'Qm
ul/kfpFm ;fy} l/6sf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd
lgj]bsaf6 ;fdfGo w/f}6L lnO{ y'gfd'Qm u/L
tfl/vdf /fVg' egL ljz]if cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] l/6 lgj]bg bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf],
hf/L x'g' gkg]{ eP of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn]
af6fsf Dofb afx]s # lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5
jf ;f]sf] cj:yf gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.#.!# sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL bLkgf/fo0f >]i7 u}8+ f dfg]{ sfo{df
;+nUg /x]sf] kfOPsf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd d'2f btf{
e} lghnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;kmfO k]z ug{sf nflu
o; sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^%.#.@% ut] lghsf
gfpFdf /Ltk"j{ssf] Dofb hf/L ePsf]n] Dofb
a'emfpg lghsf] 3/ 7]ufgfdf uPsf sd{rf/Ln]
vf]htnf; ubf{ lgh n'ls5LkL ufpFdf a;]/
Dofb ga'em]sf], lghsf] 3/ vf]htnf; ubf{
:yfgLo dflg;xn] lhNnf alb{of dgfp
uf=lj=;= j8fg+= * gf}/+uf ufpFdf lghsf] 3/
egL lrgfPsf] 3/df Dofb 6fF; ug{ vf]Hbf
Dofb 6fF; ug{ glbPsf] sf/0faf6 lghsf] :yfoL
7]ufgf v'n]sf] dgfp ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf]

1633

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

sfof{nodf ldlt @)^%.$.!% df uf=lj=;= sf

;/sf/L sd{ r f/L / ljkIfLsf l5d] s L
eb|enfbdLxsf] /f]xj/df Dofb 6fF; u/L tfd]n
ePsf] 5 . tTkZrft klg ljleGg ldltdf
cfb]z e} hf/L ePsf] Dofb ;d]t lkmtf{ x'g
cfPsf] x'gfn] ldlt @)^*.$.( sf] cfb]zaf6
ldlt @)^*.$.@! df lgh bLkgf/fo0f >]i7
;d]tsf k|ltjfbLxsf gfpFdf uf]/vfkq /fli6o
b}lgs klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L Dofb
hf/L u/]/ lghnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbO{Psf]
lyof] . t/ ljkIfLn] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt
;"rgfsf] cjx]ngf u/L c8\8fdf pkl:yt eP/
cfkm\gf] ;kmfO k]z ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] x'Fbf
sfg"g;Ddt k|lqmof k"/f u/L d'2f km};nf ePsf]
xf] . o;/L c8\8fdf xfhL/ e} cfkm\gf] egfO{
/fVgsf nflu k6sk6s cj;/ lbFObf ljkIfLn]
c6]/L u/]/ xfhL/ x'g gcfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
pkxf; ub}{ cfPsf]df kqmfp u/L b08;hfo
ef]Ug' kg]{ cj:yf cfPkl5 b08;hfoaf6 aRg]
clenfiffaf6 k]|l/t e} em"7f lgj]bg bfjL u/]sf
x'g\ .
ldlt @)^*.!).! df kqmfp e} sf/fuf/
sfof{nodf s}bdf /flvPkl5 dfq cfkm"nfO{ u}8+ f
df/L vfu v/Lb ljqmL u/]sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf]
hfgsf/L kfPsf] eGg] ljkIfL lgj]bssf] bfjL
unt 5 . klxnf] k6s ldlt @)^&.$.!# df
ePsf] km};nfsf] hgfp lbO{ ljkIfL bLkgf/fo0f
>]i7nfO{ k7fO{Psf] r=g++ @)% ldlt @)^&.$.!$
sf] /lhi6L kq ;d]t ljkIfLn] k|fKt u/L u}8+ f
df/]sf] cleof]u nufO{ d'2f rnfO{Psf] hfgsf/L
lghn] kfO{;s]sf] oyfy{tf x'bF fx'bF } xfn cfP/
cfkm"nfO{ hfgsf/L gePsf] eGg] lghsf] bfjL
:jtM ab/efuL 5 . ctM lghsf] lgj]bg ab/
u/L o; sfof{noaf6 ePsf] cfb]z ;b/ /fvL

l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] alb{of /fli6o lgs'~h

sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|:t't l/6df sf/fuf/ sfof{no alb{ofn]
;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/f Pj+ s'g sfg"gsf] pNn+3g
u/L ljkIfLnfO{ cGofodf kf/]sf] xf] slxFst}
pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g, sf/fuf/ P]g,
@)!( n] lgb]z
{ g u/]sf] sfd, st{Jo k"/f ug]{
l;nl;nfdf alb{of /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{noaf6
ljkIfLnfO{ lbPsf] r=g+= !!$! ldlt @)^*.!).@
sf] s}bL k"hL{adf]lhd ljkIfLnfO{ o; sf/fuf/df
s}bdf /flvPsf] xf] . o; sfof{nosf] s'g} klg
sfo{n] ljkIfLsf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ gePsfn]
l/6 vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf/fuf/
sfof{no u'nl/ofsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj]bs bLkgf/fo0f >]i7af6 alb{of
/fli6o lgs'~h sfof{non] ldlt @)^*.!!.!*
df u/]sf] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL o; cbfntdf
c=j+= !& g+=adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg kbf{ s}lkmot
k|ltj]bg dfu eO{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'Fbf,
lgj]bssf gfddf To; sfof{noaf6 hf/L ePsf]
ldlt @)^^.&.!* sf] Dofb sfg"gadf]lhdsf] /Lt
gk'us
] f]df ldlt @)^*.$.@! ut]sf] /fli6o b}lgs
klqsf, uf]/vfkqdfkm{t\ Dofb tfd]n ePsf]nfO{
c=j+ = !!) g+ = sf] kl/k" / s kdf Dofb
tfd]nL;DaGwL lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@
sf] lgod @@s-!_ sf] -v_ adf]lhd sfg"gL
/Ltk"js
{ sf] tfd]nL dfGg' kg]{ ePsfn] ToxfFaf6
;f] Dofb ab/ gx'g] u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^*.!!.!*
sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] eGg ldn]g . sfg"gadf]lhd
ug'x{ f]nf . eGg] cfb]z ePsf] / o; cbfntaf6
ePsf sfdsf/jfxL sfg" g ;+ u t x' F b f o;
cbfntsf gfddf s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]Og
l/6 vf/] h xf] ; \ eGg] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
g]kfnu~hsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

1634

*(!@ bLkgf/fo0f >]i7 lj=jlb{of /fli6o lgs'~h ;d]t

lgodfg';f/ k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6

lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfx >L k"0f{dfg zfSo, 8f=/lhteQm
k|wfgf / v8\uaxfb'/ zfxn] xfd|f] kIfnfO{
lghpk/ nfu]sf] cleof]udf k|lt/Iff ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/af6 jl~rt u/]/ ^ jif{ s}b ;d]t x'g]
u/L km};nf ePsf] 5 . Dofb tfd]n ubf{ c=j+=
!!) g+= sf] /Lt gk'ofO{ j]/Ltk"js
{ tfd]nL
ul/Psf] 5 . uf=lj=;= sf] lkpgnfO{ Dofb
a'emfpFbd
} f /Ltk"js
{ tfd]n ePsf] eGg ldNb}g .
:yfgLo enfb\dLxnfO{ ;d]t Dofb tfd]nLdf
;fIfL /flvPsf] 5}g . c=j+= !!) g+= sf] /Lt
gk'ofO{ Dofb tfd]nL ePsf] l:yltdf uf]/vfkqdf
;"rgf k|sfzg ul/g'nfO{ kof{Kt dfGg gldNg]
ePsfn] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L xf];\ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'e
{ of] . ljkIfL alb{of
/fli6o lgs'~h sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8n
] Pj+
ljfg clwjQmf o >L nf]sG] b|Wjh vfF8 / lag'
>]i7n] ljkIfLn] ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf g} gkfPsf] eGg]
em"7f xf] . sfof{noaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofb tfd]n
ug{ glbO{ ljkIfL efu]/ lx8]sf] cj:yf 5 .
uf=lj=;=sfof{nodf Dofb 6fF; ubf{ uf=lj=;=df
a:g] JolQmxnfO{ ;fIfL /fVg' kof{Kt x'G5 .
ljkIfLsf] ;'gj' fOsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{s}
nflu uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] .
alb{of /fli6o lgs'~h ;d]taf6 eP u/]sf
sfdsf/jfxLdf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 ljBdfg gx'bF f
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g l/6 vf/]h xf];\ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t
;'lgof] .
k]z ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n
sfuhft cWoog u/L b'jt} km{sf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]

cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ c=j+= !!)
g+= sf] k|lqmof gk'ofO{ Dofb tfd]nL u/L
dnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf g} glbO{ dpk/ u}F8f
df/L u}F8fsf] vfu v/Lb ljqmL u/]sf] d'2f
nufO{ ^ jif{ s}b / ?=!,)),))). h/Ljfgf
x'g] u/L ljkIfL lgs'~h sfof{noaf6 km};nf
ePsf] s'/f dnfO{ kqmfp u/L ldlt @)^*.!).!
df s}bdf /fv]kl5 dfq yfxf x'g cfPsf],
To;kl5 c=j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd aofg k|ltjfb
ug{ kfpFm egL lgj]bg lbPsf]df ljkIfLaf6
pQm lgj] b g ;d] t vf/] h ul/Psf] tL
sfdsf/jfxLxaf6 ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns
xsdf aGb]h nfUg uPsf] / k|fs[lts Gofo
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsfn] ljkIfLxsf
;Dk" 0 f{ sfdsf/jfxL ab/ u/L
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L y'gfd'Qm
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bgsf] d'Vo dfubfjL /x]5 .
#= l/6 lgj]bs bLkgf/fo0f >]i7 ;d]tnfO{
k|ltjfbL agfO{ u}8F f df/L u}8F fsf] vfu v/Lb
laqmL u/]sf] cleof]u nufO{ alb{of /fli6o lgs'~h
sfof{nodf d'2f bfo/ eP kl5 pQm sfof{nosf]
ldlt @)^*.(.& sf] km};nfadf]lhd nfu]sf] s}b
aif{ ^ / Psnfv h/Lafgf c;"n ug]{ qmddf
ldlt @)^*.!).@ df s}bL k"hL{ lbO{ lgh
k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}bdf /flvPsf] kfOG5 . pQm d'2fdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf glbO km};nf
ul/Psf] x'gfn] ;f] km};nfadf]lhd /flvPsf] s}b
u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] eGg] g} l/6 lgj]bssf] d"n
lhsL/ ePsfn] lgj]bsnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf
lbOPsf] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf x]g{' kg]{ x'g
cfPsf] 5 .

1635

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

$= pQm u}F8f df/L u}F8fsf] vfu v/Lb

laqmL u/]sf] d'2fdf oL l/6 lgj]bssf] jtg
alb{of lhNnf dgfp uf=lj=;= j8f g+=*
gf}/f a:g] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pQm lgs'~h sfof{noaf6 lghsf gfddf ldlt
@)^%.#.@% df hf/L ePsf] #) lbg] Dofbdf
lghsf] jtg cleof]ukqdf n]lvPadf]hd g}
cyf{t\ alb{of lhNnf dgfp uf=lj=;= j8f
g+=*, gf}/f a:g] pNn]v eO{ hf/L eO{ tfd]n
x'Fbf /Lt gk'uL tfd]n ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df
ldlt )^^.$.!* df pQm Dofb ab/ eO{ k'gM
lgh k|ltjfbL bLkgf/fo0f >]i7sf gfddf ldlt
@)^^.^.@! df Dofb hf/L ePsf]df pQm Dofbdf
klg k|ltjfbLsf] jtg ;flasadf]lhd g} alb{of
lhNnf dgfp uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * v'nfOPsf]
ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . ldlt @)^^.&.!*
df tfd]n ePsf] pQm Dofbsf] tfd]nL k|lt
x]bf{ dgfp uf=lj=;= sfof{nodf a'emfOPsf] /
6fF; ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v eO{ ;f]xL
uf=lj=;= leqsf kfFrhgf JolQmxnfO{ ;fIfL
/flvPsf] kfOof] . pQmadf]lhd Dofb tfd]n
x' b f ;d] t k| l tjfbL bLkgf/fo0f pkl:yt
gePkl5 ldlt @)^* ;fpg @! ut] s f]
uf]/vfkqdf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
Dofb tfd]nL ePsf] kfOof] .
%= o;k|sf/ oL l/6 lgj]bs bLkgf/fo0f
>]i7sf] jtg km/s kf/L Dofb hf/L ePsf]
geO{ lghsf] vf; jtgdf g} Dofb hf/L ePsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . lnlvt hjfkmdf lghsf] 3/
7]ufgfdf uPsf sd{rf/Ln] vf]htnf; ubf{
n'lsl5kL ufpFdf a;]/ Dofb ga'em]sf], :yfgLo
dflg;xn] dgfp uf=lj=;= j8fg+= * gf}/+ufdf
lghsf] 3/ egL lrgfPsf] 3/df Dofb 6fF; ug{
vf]Hbf 6fF; ug{ glbPsf] sf/0faf6 lghsf]

:yfoL 7]ufgf v'ns

] f] dgfp ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{nodf l5d]sL / eb|enfbdLxsf] /f]xj/df
Dofb 6fF; u/L tfd]n ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ;f] a df] l hd tfd] n L u/] k l5 klg
lgj] b sn] pNn] v u/] s f] jtg g} v' n fO{
uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] cj:yf
;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ;+nUg kmfO{naf6 oL lgj]bs
;d]tnfO{ Dofb hf/L u/L ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbg]
;DaGwdf jlb{of /fli6o lgs'~h sfof{noaf6
ldlt @)^%.#.@% b]vL @)^*.$.@! ;Dddf
ljleGg sfdsf/jfxL ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;}
;Gbe{df lgs'~h sfof{noaf6 klxnf] k6s ldlt
@)^&.$.!# df ePsf] km};nfsf] hgfp lbO{ oL
bLkgf/fo0f >]i7nfO{ k7fOPsf] r=g++ @)% ldlt
@)^&.$.!$ sf] /lhi6L kq ;d]t k|fKt u/L
u}+8f df/]sf] cleof]u nufO{ d'2f rnfOPsf]
hfgsf/L lghn] kfO;s]sf] oyfy{ cj:yf /x]sf]
eGg] ;d]t lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fdf v'nfOPsf]
5 . pQm Joxf]/fnfO{ oL lgj]bstkm{af6 v08g
ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
^= xfd|f] sfg"g k|0ffnLn] Dofb tfd]nL
k|lqmofnfO{ lg/k]If Pj+ oflGqs k|lqmofsf] kdf
geO{ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] lj?4 nufOPsf]
cleof]u jf bfjLsf] ljifodf oyf;dodf ;"lrt
u/fO{ k|ltjfb ug{ df}sf kfpg] lghsf] clwsf/nfO{
Jojxf/tM ;fy{s t'Nofpg] Ps ultzLn k|lqmofsf]
kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oyfy{df Dofb
tfd]nL k|lqmofsf] p2]Zo ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{
lghpk/ nfu]sf] cleof]u jf lghpk/ k/]sf]
cGo s'g} bfjLsf] ljifodf oyf;dod} ;';l' rt
u/fO{ cfkm\gf] k|lt/Iff ug{ kof{Kt df}sf k|bfg
ug'{ g} xf] . o; ;Gbe{df Dofb tfd]nL;DaGwdf
oflGqs lgod nfu" eof] ePg eGg] s'/f dxTjsf]
ljifo geO{ ;DalGwt JolQmn] To:tf] ;"rgf

1636

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

oyf;do k|fKt ug'{ rflxF dxTjsf] x'G5 / o;af/] lgj]bsM lhNnf k;f{, jL/u~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf
ljz]if ljrf/ ul/g] klg xf] .
j8f g+ =!% a:g] ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t
&= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df
lj?4
x] l /Pdf dfly laa] r gf ul/Psf cfwf/ / ljkIfLM dfnkf]t sfof{no, k;f{ jL/u~h ;d]t
sf/0fxaf6 oL l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ k|ltjfbsf]
df}sfaf6 g} al~rt ug]{ u/L s'g} sfdsf/jfxL
sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] k|lqmofcg';f/
ePsf] eGg ;Sg] cj:yf b] l vPsf] 5} g .
lg0f{o ubf{ JolQmsf] ;f/jfg xsdf c;/
lgj]bsn] ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf gkfPsf] eGg] syg
kg'{ :jfefljs x'G5, To;/L cbfntaf6
klg ljZjf;nfos b]lvg cfPg . ctM ;flwsf/
pkrf/ k|bfg ubf{ ;f/jfg xsdf c;/
lgsfoaf6 ePsf] km};nfadf]lhd nfu]sf] s}b
kb{ } d f sfo{ l jlw;DaGwL sfg" g nfO{
c;"n ug{sf nflu lgj]bs bLkgf/fo0f >]i7nfO{
sfo{ljlw sfg"g xf]Og eGg gldNg] .
s}bdf k7fOPsf] b]lvg cfPsfn] dfu adf]lhdsf]
d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf ePsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . k|:t't l/6
n]gb]gnfO{ ab/ u/fpg Gofo k|zf;g
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/
P]gcGtu{t k'gM z'? lkm/fb ug'k{ g{] bf]xf]/f]
u/L a'emfOlbg" .
emGem6af6 d'Qm u/L lhNnf cbfnt
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s= n]
;xh pkrf/sf] dfu{;Dd k|z:t u/]sf]n]
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
sfg"gL pkrf/ k|bfg ubf{ ;f/jfg xsdf
c;/ k5{ eGg] cfwf/n] sfo{ljlw;DaGwL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h @* ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .
sfg"gnfO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"g xf]Og eGg
Ohnf; clws[t M 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{
gldNg] .
lgod &*s= cGtu{t lg0f{o ubf{ ljjflbt
&
;DklQsf] ljifodf klxn] d"n d'2faf6
Ps k6s clGtd eO{ ljjflbt ;DklQsf]
xs a]xssf] ;DaGwdf 6'f] nflu;s]sf]
lg0f{o g+= *(!#
km};nfsf] 7x/ lg0f{osf] kl/lwleq /x]/
lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ .
;jf{R] r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
lng]lbg] JolQmx klxn] rn]sf] d'2fsf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
kIfx geP klg ljjflbt ;DklQsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
ljifodf cbfntsf] lg0f{o klxn] e}
)^%WO)!%&
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ;DklQ lng]lbg]
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.^.*.@
JolQmxnfO{ a'emL ;a"b k|df0fx s]nfO{
lg0f{o x'g] / ;f] pk/ lrQ ga'em]df
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f ldl>t k/dfb]z .
k'g/fj]bg ug{] xs ;d]t ;'/lIft x'g]
1637

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

ePsf]n] To;af6 JolQmsf] ;f/jfg

clwsf/df c;/ k/]sf] g} ePklg cGoyf
eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
sfo{ljlw;DaGwL sfg"gn] JolQmnfO{
b08 ;hfo ug{ ] jf JolQmsf] xs
clwsf/sf] l;h{ g f gug{ ] x' F b f
sfo{ljlw;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ sfg"g nfu"
ePsf] ldlteGbf cufl8b]lv g} nfu"
x' g ] u/L cyf{ t \ kZrft\ b zL{ c;/
(Restrospective Effect) x'g] u/L nfu"
ug{ ;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
cbfntaf6 ePsf] clGtd km} ; nf
sfof{Gogdf d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf
ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0fn] pTkGg ePsf]
;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ tyf km};nf
sfof{GjognfO{ ;/n Pj+ ;xh agfpg
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
t];f| ] ;+zf]wgf/f yk ePsf] lgod &*s
nfO{ cGoyf JofVof u/L k'gM pQm
lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfnfO{ cbfntsf]
JofVofaf6 lgliqmo t'Nofpg' pko'Qm
gx'g] .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g' eGbf
cufl8sf] ldltdf xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf]
sf/0fn] dfq ;f] ;DaGwdf k/] s f]
lgj]bgsf] tYoleq k|jz
] gu/L lgj]bgnfO{
g} c:jLsf/ ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_

ljkIfL tkm{af6M jl/i7 ljfg clwjQmfx dxfb]j

ofbj / b] j ] G b| l ;+ x tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx g/xl/ cfrfo{, k|d
] v8\sf,
lji0f'k;
| fb sF8n
] , huGgfy dxtf] l;+x,
/fds[i0f sfkm\n] / /flhj cfrfo{
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)@* lg=g+= %*@
g]sfk @)$( lg=g+= $^#!
g]sfk @)^! lg=g+= &$#@
g]sfk @)^% lg=g+= *)$#
;Da4 sfg"gM
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s
d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= !& g+=
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] eO{ k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5M
xfdL lgj]lbsfsf] :j= ;;'/f dugL ;fx
gfpF btf{sf] ;fljs /}=g+= #( sf] h=lj= )!)
) hUuf lgh :j= ;;'/f dugL ;fxn] lhNnf
k;f{ d'8nL ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= # xfn
P]= j8f g+= !% a:g] ;'/hLsf] nf]Ug] gs5]bL
;fxnfO{ ?=!$$). df ldlt @)@!.@.@& df
ef]ujGwsL n]vL kf; u/L lbg' ePsf] lyof] .
jxfF @)@@ ;fn cfiff9 dlxgfdf cfkm\gf]
sfnutLn] k/nf]s x'ge
' of] . ;e{] gfkL x'bF f pQm
hUuf lhNnf k;f{ gujf j8f g+= % ls=g+= @%
sf] h=lj= )!)^ hUuf sfod ePsf] 5 .
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx k|zGgs[i0f ;;'/fsf] d[To'kZrft nf]Ug] hubLzk|;fbn] ;f]
bf; tyf ;ltzs'df/ emf
ef]uaGwsL km5\of{6} sf] nflu sf/jfxL ug'{ ePsf]df
1638

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

?=!!)%.$& ltg{ afFsL /xg uPsf]n] ;f] /sd

a'emfPdf /lhi6z
] g kmf u/L lbg] egL tTsfnLg
e"ld k|zf;g sfof{no af/faf6 ldlt @)@^
;fn ebf} ! ut] km};nf eof] . gs5]bL ;fx
k/nf]s x'g' ePsf]n] lghsf] >LdtL ;'/hLnfO{
;f] km};nfadf]lhdsf] /sd lnO{ lnvt kmf
u/fO{ lbg'xf];\ eGbf hUuf e'6n
] Lsf] gfddf /fv]sf]n]
/ lghxn] hUuf lkmtf{ ug{ /sd a'em\g OGsf/
ug'{ ePsf]n] nf]Ug] hubLzn] lghx pk/
ef]ujGwsf] kmf lkmtf{ xs sfod btf{ ab/
;d]tsf] tfln; ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm d'2f
rNbfsf] avt nf]Ug hubLzk|;fb af}nfxf eO{
3/af6 efuL j]kQf x'g' ePsf]n] ;f] d'2f xfdL
lgj]lbsfxn] ;sf/ u/L ;f] d'2fdf ;'hL{ /
d'GgLnfn eGg] e'6n
] L;Fu ldnfkq ubf{ ljkIfL
;'hL{n] ef]u aGwsLsf] afFsL /sd a'emL lnO{
xfdLxnfO{ hUuf lkmtf{ ug{] u/L xfd|f] xs
sfod u/L ef]u rng btf{ ;d]t sfod u/L
ldnfkq eof] .
;f] ldnfkqcg';f/sf] hUuf btf{ ug{
u/fpg hfFbf ldnfkqadf]lhdsf] pQm hUuf
d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf d'GgLnfn eGg]
e'6]nLn] ;fljqL b]jLnfO{ bfgkq n]vL ldlt
@)$@.%.@) df /lhi6]zg kf; ul/lbg' ePsf]
/x]5 . xfd|f] xs ef]usf] hUuf d'2f kbf{kb{}
ljkIfLxn] cfk;df hfn;fhL u/L lnP
lbPsf]n] ;f] lnvt / btf{ ab/ u/L kfpg
xfdL lgj]lbsfxn] d'2f bfo/ u/L txtx
km};nf x'Fb} ;DdfgLt ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)$@.%.@) sf] bfgkqsf] lnvt ab/ jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd ljjflbt hUuf jfbLxsf] gfpFdf
btf{ ;d]t x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ldlt @)^!.!!.^
df clGtd km};nf eof] . pQm km};nfadf]lhd
k"hL{ lnO{ dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{df bfv]n

vf/] h u/fpg hfF b f pQm hUuf ljleGg

JolQmxsf] gfpFdf kf; e} uPsf]n] lgj]bg
tfd]nLdf /fvL lbg] cfb]z ePsf] / pQm
hUuf ss;sf] gfpFdf uPsf] 5 egL kQf
nufO{ x]bf{ ;fljqL b]jLn] lsQfsf6 u/L /fwf
;'j]bL ;d]t ljleGg JolQmxnfO{ lnvt u/L
lbPsf] /x]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf lnvt ab/tkm{ /
ls=g+= !@&( sf] ))& / ls=g+= !$#( sf]
))!(!! /f=jf= a} + s af6 /f] S sf ;d] t
u/fPsfn] ;f] hUuf km's'jf ;d]t u/L bfv]n
vf/]h btf{ k"hL{ ;d]t kfpFm egL lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s= adf]lhd lhNnf
cbfntdf lgj] b g lbF b f lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] ;f] eGbf cufj}
ePsf] hUuf xs x:tfGt/0fsf] sfo{nfO{ cGoyf
ug{ gldNg] egL ldlt @)^$.(.@$ df cfb]z
eof] . pQm cfb]z ab/sf nflu c=j+= !& g+=
cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ph"/L lgj]bg
u/] s f] d f ldlt @)^%.%.@) df lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] gb]lvFbf
sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egL cfb]z eof] . pk/f]Qm
cfb]zxnfO{ ab/ u/L kfpg cGo sfg"gL
pkrf/ pknAw gePsf]n] ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] z/0f kg{ cfPsf
5f} .
d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] l:yltdf x'g] xs
x:tfGt0fsf] Jojxf/ sfg"gL ge} b"lift x'g] egL
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 o;} ljjfbsf] d'Vo ;|ft] sf]
kdf /x] s f] bfgkqsf] ;DaGwdf ldlt
@)^!.!!.^ sf] km};nfdf af]Ng'sf ;fy} c;+Vo
l;4fGtx ;d]t k|ltkflbt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
tyflk ;f] adf]lhdsf] k|To]s b"lift lnvt ab/
u/fpg lnvt} lkR5] d'2f u/L /fVg ;d:of
ePsf]n] km};nf sfof{Gjog g} x'g g;Sg] ;d:of

1639

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

ePkl5 lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod

&*s= sf] k|i6 Joj:yf /flvPsf] xf] . ;f] lgodsf]
Joj:yf adf]lhd k|:t't ljjfb klg km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf], ljjfbsf] ;DklQ
;DdfgLt cbfntsf] km};nfn] xfd|f] lglj{jfb
xs sfod eO{ cGo k|lt/IfLxsf aLrdf ePsf]
lnvt Jojxf/x dWo]sf] ;a}eGbf h]7f] lnvt
cyf{t\ ldlt @)$@.%.@) sf] bfgkqsf] lnvt
g} b"lift 7x/ e} ab/ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf bftfs}
xs sfod /xg g;s]sf] xsb}ofljxLg JolQmaf6
cGo k|lt/IfLxn] pQm d'2f rNbf rNb}sf]
l:yltdf u/fOPsf ljjfbsf lnvtx sfod
/xg g;Sg] k|i6 5 .
lhNnf k;f{ gujf j8f g+= % sf]
ls=g+= @% sf] )!)% sf] ;Dk"0f{ lsQf hUuf
@)@! ;fnsf] ef] u jGwsL lnvtn] xfd| f ]
xsnfO{ ljjflbt agfPsf] sf/0f @)@# ;fnb]lv
cgj/t kdf Gofosf] nflu k|of;/t 5' .
;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.!!.^ ePsf]
km};nfaf6 xfd|f] lglj{jfb xs sfod 5 .
ldlt @)^!.!!.^ sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu km};nf ePsf] ldltdf sfod /x]sf]
lgodfjnLsf] P]= Joj:yf nufotsf sfg"gL
Joj:yf g} cfslif{ t x' g ] xf] . km} ; nf
sfof{Gjgosf nflu sf/jfxLsf] yfngL ubf{
h'g sfo{ljlw sfg"g ljBdfg 5 ;f]xL nfu"
x'g] ;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ljleGg
d'2fdf l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s= sf] ;+zf]wg x'g'k"j{ g} lnvtx
v8f ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;+zf]wg kl5sf]
ldlt @)%(.%.@$ /=g+= !!%% ;d]tsf] lnvt
k| : t' t ljjfbdf ;dfj] z 5 . km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lgj]bg bfo/ ubf{ sfod

/x]sf] sfg"g g} nfu" x'g] egL /x]sf] sfg"gL

JofVofsf] l;4fGt Pj+ sfo{ l jlw sfg" g n]
kZrftbzL{ c;/ u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] egL ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 ljsf; /fpt s'dL{ lj?4 ;nf{xL
lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t -g]sfk @)$(, lg=g+=
$^#!, k[=*** ;=O{=_ sf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] x'Fbf ab/efuL
5 . ctM ljkIfLxsf] ldlt @)^@.(.!(,
@)^$.(.@$ , @)^%.%.@) sf] cfb]zn] d]/f]
;fljsb]lv lghL ;DklQ / ;DdfgLt cbfnts}
ldlt @)^!.!!.^ sf] km};nfn] kfPsf] ;DklQ
btf{ u/fO{ ef]u rng ug{] xsnufot g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_ !#-@_,
!( f/f k|bQ df}lns xsdf k|ToIftM cf3ft
k/]sf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ cGtu{t
k|:t't lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf 5f}+ . t;y{ pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f plNnlvt cfb]zx / ;f]sf cl3kl5
klg cGo s'g} sfd, sf/jfxL, lg0f{o kqfrf/x
ePsf eP ;f] ;d]t ab/ u/L xfd|f] xssf]
hUuf ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd
btf{ s f] nflu lgj] b g dfu adf] l hd cGo
k|lt/IfLxsf gfdsf] btf{ ab/ u/L lgj]bssf
gfpFdf btf{ u/L lbg' egL k|lt/IfLxsf gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} ;jf{]Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!
adf]lhd pQm hUuf oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg
kq .
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.^.!) df
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s= ldlt @)%(.$.@) ut] b]lv nfu"
ePsf] 5 . ;f] lgod nfu" x'ge
' Gbf klxnf e}

1640

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

;s]sf] xs x:tf/Gt/0fnfO{ kl5 ag]sf] lgodn]

ab/ ug{ ldNb}g . lgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yf
e"tk|efjL 5}g, x'g ;Sb}g . k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
/Lt k'ofO{ ePsf] xs x:tfGt0fsf] lnvtn] oL
l/6 lgj]bssf] xs uPsf] /x]5 eg] g]kfnsf]
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] af6f] cjnDag u/]/ ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 P]gsf xbDofbleq ph"/ u/]/ ;f]nfO{
ab/ u/fpg ;Sg' k5{ . lgod &*s= n] l/6
lgj]bsnfO{ ;xof]u ub{}g . z'? k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntn] u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug{] u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8fsf] ldlt @)^%.%.@)
sf] cfb]z sfg"g;+ut /x] ePsf]n] ljkIfLsf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ef]h/fh ;'jb] L / /fwf ;'jb] Lsf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; sfof{noaf6 /=g+= $@% ldlt
@)$@.%.@) sf] kfl/t bfg kqadf]lhd gujf
j8f g+= % ls=g+= @% sf] h=lj= )!)% hUuf
d'GgLnfn -e'6n
] L_ ;fx sfg'sf] gfpFaf6 ;fljqL
b]jL sfg'sf] gfpdf ;|:] tf sfod ePsf] / lghsf]
gfdaf6 ls=g+= @% sfod e} ljleGg JolQmsf]
gfpFdf lnvt kfl/t eO{ uPsf] ;|:] tfaf6 b]lvG5 .
o; sfof{noaf6 u}/sfg"gL sfo{ eP u/]sf] 5}g .
t;y{ o; sfof{nopk/ pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z
hf/L x'g' ' kg{] xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
jfbLsf] hUuf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yfdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] ge} km};nf x'ge
' Gbf
aiff{} cufl8 v/Lb ljqmL ePsf] 5 . d'2f km};nf
e};s]kZrft km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf l;h{gf
x'G5 . km};nf x'ge' Gbf cufl8 km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yf cfpFbg} . k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 cfwf/
/ sf/0f vf]nL ldlt @)^$.(.@$ ut] ePsf]

cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug{] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

x]6f}8+ faf6 ldlt @)^%.%.@) ut] ePsf] cfb]z
ab/ x'g' k' g{] xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bg lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s= g+= ljk/Lt
e} vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t O;f >]i7sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg bfjLadf]lhd o; a}s
+
zfvf sfof{no, >Lk'/af6 ;fljqL b]jLsf] gfdsf
hUufx /f]Ssf /fVg] sfo{ gu/]sf] tyf lgj]bgdf
pNn]v ul/Psf ljifoxdf o; a+s
} zfvf sfof{no,
>Lk'/;Fu s'g} klg ;/f]sf/ gePsf] / o; a}s
+
zfvf sfof{no, >Lk'/nfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ l/6 bfo/
ug{] xsb}of ljkIfLnfO{ gePsf] x'bF f o; a}s
+ sf]
zfvf sfof{no >Lk'/sf] xsdf pQm l/6 lgj]bg
sfg"gtM cf}lrToxLg tyf k|yd b[li6df g}
vf/]hefuL ePsf]n] vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ >Lk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] @)%@ ;fndf cfPsf] lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL / To;df klg @)%( ;fndf
cfPsf] t];f| ] ;+zf]wgsf] lgod &*s= nfO{ Psdfq
/ csf6\o sfg"gL cfwf/ agfpg' ePsf] 5 .
@)$^.@.* df hUuf lng'lbg'sf] sfd x'g' kZrft
cfPsf] pQm lgod &*s= ljkIfLsf ;Gbe{df
sfo{ljlw dfq x'g ;Snf t/ xfd|f gfddf sfg"gL
/Lt / k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ ;Ifd sfof{noaf6
u/fPsf] sfg"gL lnvt / ;f] cfwf/df ePsf]
btf{ csf/0f ab/ x'g] xf] eg] ;f/jfg kdf
/x]sf] xfd|f] sfg"gL xs u'Dg hfg] lglZrt\ 5 .
ljkIfLn] ghL/ ;d]t c;fGble{s pNn]v ug'{
ePsf] 5 . o:tf c;fGble{s ghL/n] klg
ljkIfLsf] dfunfO{ ;dy{g ug{ ;Sg] xf]Ogg\ .
ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg ab/ xf];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
dLgf l3ld/] / ljdnf vgfnsf] ;+oQ
' m lnlvt
hjfkm .

1641

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]

lgod &*s= sf] sfg"g sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL
geO{ ;f/jfg sfg"g ePsf] / ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ ljkIfLn] u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 ;xf/f
lnO{ k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf b=g+= %!&& ldlt
@)^@.!!.@ df btf{ u/fPsf] lgj]bgaf6 d
;d]tsf] gfpFdf Dofb hf/L eO{ k|ltpQ/ k/L
tfl/vdf /xL d'2f k'k{If eO{ ;f] d'2fdf
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 lgj] b gkqsf]
ljifoj:t'df pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s=
cfs[i6 x'g g;Sg] egL ldlt @)^$.(.@$ df
cfb]z ePsf] 5 . kIf ljkIf /xL lgj]bg /
k|ltpQ/ k/L d'2f k'k{If u/L gfkL zfvf /
dfnkf]t sfof{no ;d]taf6 k|df0f sfuh a'emL
km};nf lsgf/f ;/x ePsf] clGtd cfb]zpk/
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf * sf]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg gu/L ;f]
ldlt @)^$.(.@$ sf] cfb]zpk/ ljkIfLn]
u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] !&
g+= adf]lhd btf{ u/fPsf] lgj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x] 6 f} + 8 faf6 ldlt @)^%.%.@) sf]
cfb]zpk/ c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qdf k|j]z u/L
o; ;DdfgLt ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf btf{ ePsf]
pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bg lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s=,
c=j+= !& g+=, Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf * -!_ g+= ;d]tsf] q'l6 x'Fbf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s= ldlt @)%(.$.@) df t] ; | f ]
;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lgod &*s=
kZrftbzL{ -Retrospective effect_ x'g] u/L
agfOPsf] kfOb}g . lgod &*s= km};nfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf s'g} d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt

rn crn ;DklQsf] xs s'g} lsl;daf6

x:tfGt/0f ul/Pdf dfq nfu" x'g] x'bF f ldlt
@)%(.$.@) df ag]sf] sfg"gsf] cfwf/df ldlt
@)$^.@.* df kfl/t ePsf] /fhLgfdf lnvt ;f]
lgod &*s= g+= n] ab/ ug{ gldNg] x'bF f ljkIfLsf]
;f] cfwf/df btf{ ePsf] k|:t't pTk|]if0fo'Qm
k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bg k|i6 u}/sfg"gL x'Fbf
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dy'/fk|;fb
kf}8n
] sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;;'/f d'GgLnfn eGg] e'6]nL ;fx sfg"n]
;fljqLb]jL sg'OgnfO{ cfkm\gf] gfpF btf{sf]
ls=g+= @% sf] hUuf bfgkq lnvt ul/lbg'
ePsf]df ;f] kfl/t bfgkq pk/ ;f;" lktfDa/L
b]jL / d k"hfb]jL b'O{ hgf jfbL eO{ k;f{
lhNnf cbfntdf lnvt btf{ ab/ d'2f bfo/
ePsf]df d k"hfb]jLsf] xsdf bfjL gk'Ug] t/
;f;" lktfDa/L b] j Lsf] xsdf bfgkqsf]
lnvtsf] tLg v08sf] Ps v08 bfjLcg';f/
lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/L k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)$$.(.@* df km};nf eO{ pQm km};nf
clGtd ePsf]n] cbfntsf] k"hL{ cg';f/ ls=g+=
@% sf] )!)% hUufsf] pQ/tkm{af6 ls=g+=
*%( sfod eO{ )#*% hUuf bfv]n vf/]h
k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . pQm clGtd km};nf
sxL st}af6 ab/ ePsf] 5}g . lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s= k|:t't d'2fdf
cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{
eGg] lktfDa/Lb]jL sg'Ogsf] d'2f ;sf/ u/L
xsdf ;d] t k' h f b] j L sg' O gsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
b]=g+= !&@& sf] lnvt btf{ ab/ btf{ d'2fdf
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$$.(.@@ df
ePsf] km};nf clGtd 5 . ;f] km};nfadf]lhd
cfdf lktfDa/L b]jLsf] gfpdf ePsf] bflvn vf/]h

1642

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

btf{ ;d]t st}af6 ab/ ePsf] 5}g . ;f] km};nf /

bfv]n vf/]h btf{ ab/tkm{ ljkIfLxsf] dfu bfjL
;d]t 5}g . ljkIfLsf] dfu bfjL g} gePsf] s'/fdf
cgfjZos kdf d ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf]
5 . ljkIfLsf] b]=g+= %!&& ldlt @)^@.!!.@ sf]
lgj]bg / ;f]sf] cfwf/df ePsf] cfb]zxpk/
ljkIfLxn] o; cbfntdf btf{ u/fPsf] pTk|i] f0fo'Qm
k/dfb]zsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s= c=j+= !& g+=
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & / bkmf *
-!_, hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_ !#-@_, !( / #@,
!)&-@_ ;d]t ljk/Lt eO{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ek' ;
| fb ;fx sfg"sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lhNnf cbfnt -t] ; | f ] ;+ z f] w g_
lgodfjnL, @)%( af6 yk ePsf] lgod
&*s= n] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
s'g} d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt rn jf crn ;DklQsf]
xs s'g} lsl;daf6 x:tfGtl/t ul/Psf] ePdf
/ d'2fsf kIfn] lgj]bg lbPdf cbfntn] To:tf]
;DklQ n]gb]g ug{] JolQmnfO{ ;ft lbg] Dofb
hf/L u/L a'emL ;f]xL ldl;naf6 sf/jfxL /
lsgf/f ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] u/]sf] Joj:yfn]
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf g/x]sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{
cfslif{t ug{] s'/f cfpFbg} . ;jf{R] r cbfntaf6
@)^!.!!.^ ut] ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu hUuf ljleGg ldltdf ljleGg JolQmaLr
hUuf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] s'/f :jo+ ljkIfLn]
cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
cfslif{t g} gx'g] lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf]
lgod &*s= sf] cfwf/n] ljkIfLn] lgj]bgdf
pNn]v u/]sf] lnvtx ab/ x'g] s'/f cfpFb}g .
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] @)^$.(.@$ sf]

cfb]znfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fn] j]/Ltsf]

gb] l vF b f sfg" g adf] l hd ug' { egL ldlt
@)^%.%.@) df u/]sf] cfb]zdf sfg"g tyf
ghL/sf] q'l6 g/x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;fljqLb]jL
sg'Ogsf] d'2f ;sf/ u/L cfkm\gf] xsdf ;d]t
l;b]gL ;fxsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; cbfntsf] sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gadf]lhd
eO{ o:tf] sfdsf/jfxLn] lgj]bssf] xsflwsf/df
cf3ft k'us
] f] gb]lvFbf o; cbfntpk/df lbPsf]
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf]Og, lgj]bssf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w 5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.(.@$
sf] cfb] z pk/ ljkIfL ;' l dqfb] j L sg' O g
;d]tsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf c=j+= !& g+=
cGtu{tsf] lgj]bg k/L ;f]df o; cbfntaf6
ePsf cfb]zfg';f/ z'? k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf
k|fKt s}lkmot k|ltj]bg Ohnf; ;dIf k]z
x' F b f o;df cfwf/ / sf/0f vf] n L To;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.(.@$ df ePsf] cfb]z
j]l/tsf] gb]lvFbf sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egL o;
cbfntsf] ;+ o ' Q m Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^%.%.@) df ePsf] cfb]z kZrft pQm
s} l kmot k| l tj] b g;lxtsf ;Dk" 0 f{ ldl;n
sfuhft ;DalGwt k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf
rnfg eO{ uPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;'rLdf ;dfj]z
eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bs
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx k|zGgs[i0f
bf; tyf ;ltzs'df/ emfn] ljjflbt ;fljs
/}=g+= #( sf] )!)) ;e{] gfkLdf sfod

1643

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

ls=g+= @% sf] )!)^ hUuf o; ;jf]{Rr

cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.!!.^ sf] km};nf cg';f/
@)$@.%.@) sf] bfgkqsf] lnvt ab/ eO{
jfbLxsf] gfddf btf{ x'g] 7x/L clGtd ePsf]df
ljjfb 5}g . ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] clGtd
km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf klg
ljjfb 5}g . ljjflbt hUuf km};nf sfof{Gjog
x'g' cl3 d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf ljleGg
JolQmxsf] gfddf lsQfsf6 eO{ uPsf] /
a}+saf6 /f]Ssf ;d]t ePsf]df lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s= adf]lhd /f]Ssf
ul/Psf] hUuf km''s'jf u/L bfv]n vf/]h btf{
k"hL{ ;d]t kfpg lgj]bg lbPsf]df lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ df ldlt @)%(.$.@) df
;+zf]wg x'g' cl3 ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] xsdf
lgod &*s= sf] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] egL z'?
lhNnf cbfntdf JofVof u/L lg0f{o ul/Psf] /
;f]xL lg0f{onfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;b/ u/]sf]
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf
@)%(.$.@) df ePsf] ;+ z f] w g km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf kIfxn] cgfjZos
x}/fgL Joxf]g{' gk/f]; eGg] p2]Zon] NofOPsf]
xf] . To;}n] of] sfo{ljlw;DaGwL sfg"g ePsf]n]
kZrftbzL{ c;/ x'g] u/L nfu" x'g ;S5 .
To;df klg pQm ;+ z f] w g kl5sf] ldlt
@)%(.%.@$ /=g+= !!%% ;d]tsf] lnvt k|:t't
ljjfbdf ;dfj]z 5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6
clGtd km};nf cg';f/ xs sfod ePsf] ljifodf
;f]xL km};nfaf6 sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] / af/Daf/
d'2f u/L /xg' kg{] u/L z'? lhNnf cbfnt /
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s= sf] zAb /
efjgfljk/Lt x'Fbf lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' 5{ egL jx; ug'e
{ of] .

ljkIfL k"hfb]jLsf] tkm{af6 jl/i7 ljfg

clwjQmf b]j]Gb|l;+x tyf ljfg clwjQmfx
k|]d v8\sf tyf huGgfy dxtf] l;+xn] ljjflbt
ls=g+= @% sf] hUuf ;DaGwdf ljjflbt bfgkqsf]
lnvt ab/ u/L kfpg k" h fb] j Lsf] ;f;"
lktfDa/Lb]jL / k"hfb]jL b'O{ hgf jfbL eO{ k;f{
lhNnf cbfntdf lnvt btf{ ab/ d'2f bfo/
ePsf]df k"hfb]jLsf] xsdf bfjL gk'Ug] ePklg
lghsL ;f;" lktfDa/L b]jLsf] xsdf bfgkqsf]
lnvtsf] tLg v08sf] Ps v08 bfjLcg';f/
lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/L k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)$$.(.@* df km};nf eO{ pQm km};nf
clGtd ePsf] 5 . cbfntsf] k"hL{ cg';f/
ls=g+= @% sf] )!)% hUufsf] pQ/tkm{af6
ls=g+= *%( sfod eO{ )#*% hUuf bflvn
vf/]h k|df0f k'hf{ ;d]t k|fKt ePsf]n] pQm
clGtd km};nf sxL st}af6 ab/ gePsf] xF'bf
oL k"hfb]jLsf] xsdf l/6 hf/L x'g g;Sg]
x'gfn] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk5{ . lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s= adf]lhd lgj]bgsf]
sf/jfxL / lsgf/f Ohnf;af6 x'g'kg{] eGg]
Joj:yf 5 . ;f]cg';f/ Ohnf;n] btf{ ab/ x'g]
gx'g;
] Ddsf] lg0f{o ug'k{ g{] x'bF f lhNnf cbfntsf]
lg0f{opk/ lgj]bsxnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t k'g/fj]bg ug{]
;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] xs eO{ /x]sf]df c=j+= !&
g+= sf] lgj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 k'g/fj]bgdf lgj]bg
lbO{ ;f] pk/ l/6 If]qflwsf/cGtu{t o;
cbfntaf6 l/6 hf/L x'g ;Sb}g egL ax;
ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL l;b]gL ;fxsf] tkm{af6 jl/i7
ljfg clwjQmf dxfb]j ofbj, ldgf l3ld/] /
ljdnf vgfnsf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
/fds[i0f sfkm\n] Pj+ dy'/fk|;fb kf}8\ofnsf]

1644

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf /flhj cfrfo{n] lhNnf

cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s= cfslif{t
x'gnfO{ d'2f km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf
xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ . lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLdf ;+ z f] w g x' g ' cl3sf] xs
x:tfGt/0fsf] ljifodf pQm lgod kZrftbzL{
c;/ x'g] u/L cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . To;df
klg lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf @)%(.$.@)
df ;+zf]wg x'g' cl3 xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf]
ljifodf lgod &*s= sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g
;Sb}g egL ax; ug'{eof] .
To;}u/L ljkIfL /fli6o jfl0fHo a}s
+ sf]
tkm{af6 clwjQmfx g/x/L cfrfo{ Pj+ lji0f'k;
| fb
sF8n
] n] ;fljqLb]jL C0fL eO{ ls=g+= !@&( /
!$#( sf] hUuf /f]Ssf /x]sf]df xfn C0f r'Qmf
eO{ ljjflbt hUuf km'sj' f eO{ ;s]sf] x'bF f ljkIfL
a}s
+ sf] xsdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' 5{ egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{
ePsf] jx; ;'gL k]z ePsf] ldl;n sfuhftx
cWoog ul/of] .
k| : t' t lgj] b gsf] tYo ;;{ t L{ x] b f{
lgj]bsxsf] ;;'/f dugL ;fxsf] gfdsf] /}=g+=
#( sf] h=lj= )!)) hUuf xfn lhNnf
k;f{ gujf j8f g+= % ls=g+= @% sf] )!)
^ lgh dugL ;fxn] @)@!.@.@& df gs5]bL
;fxnfO{ ?=!$$). ef]uaGwsL n]vL kf;
u/L lbPsf]df lghsf] @)@@ ;fn c;f/df
k/nf]s ePsf]n] pQm ef]u aGwsL lgvGgsf
nflu sf/jfxL u/]sf]df ?=!!)%.$& afFsL
/sd a'emfPdf /lhi6]zg kmf ul/lbg] egL
tTsfnLg e"ld k|zf;g sfof{no af/faf6
@)@^.%.! df km};nf eof] . gs5]bL ;fx
k/nf]s ePkl5 ef]u jGwsL kmf lkmtf{;DaGwL

d' 2 f rNb} hfF b f ;' h L{ / d' G gLnfn eGg]

e'6]nL;Fu ef]u aGwsLsf] /sd a'emL hUuf
lkmtf{ ug{ ] u/L ldnfkq eof] . ;f]
ldnfkqcg';f/ hUuf btf{ u/fpg ;DalGwt
sfof{nodf hfFbf pQm hUuf d'gLnfn eGg]
e'6]nLn] ;fljqLb]jLnfO{ bfgkq n]vL ldlt
@)$@.%.@) df /lhi6 ] z g ul/;s] s f]
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf lnvt / btf{ ab/
d'2f rNbf rNb} hfFbf ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^!.!!.^ df bfgkqsf] lnvt ab/
x' g ] 7xofO{ km} ; nf ePsf] 5 . pQm
km};nfadf]lhd k"hL{ lnO{ bflvn vf/]h u/fpg
dfnkf]t sfof{no hfFbf ;f] hUuf ljleGg
JolQmxsf] gfddf kf; eO{ uPsf]n] lgj]bg
tfd]nLdf /flv lbg] lg0f{o eof] . o;/L d'2f
rNbfrNb} kfl/t ePsf lnvtx ab/tkm{ /
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+saf6 ;d]t /f]Ssf ePsf]
x' F b f /f] S sf hUuf kms' j fsf] nflu lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s=
adf] l hd k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf lgj] b g
lbPsf]df lgj]bgdf plNnlvt hUufx ;jf{]Rr
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.!!.^ df clGtd km};nf
x'g' cufj} / lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf
@)%(.$.@) df ;+zf]wg x'g'k"j{ ePsf] hUufsf]
xs x:tfGt/0fnfO{ cGoyf ug{ gldNg] egL
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.(.@$ df cfb]z
ePsf] / ;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf c=j+=
!& g+ = sf] /f] x af6 lgj] b g lbF b f ldlt
@)^%.%.@) df z'? cbfntsf] cfb]z ;b/
x' g ] 7xofO{ cfb] z ePsf] n ] pTk] | i f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f pk/f]Qm cfb]zx ab/ u/L lgj]bg
dfu adf]lhdsf hUufxsf] k|lt/IfLxsf]
gfdsf] btf{ ab/ u/L lgj]bssf gfddf btf{
u/L lbg' eGg] cfb]z ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bssf]

1645

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

d'Vo dfu /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6

clGtd km};nf x'g' cl3 / lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf nfu" x'g' cl3
ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] ljifodf pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] Pj+ lktfDa/Lb]jLsf] xsdf
lghsf] lkm/fb bfjLcg';f/ bfgkqsf] lnvtsf]
tLg v08sf] Ps v08 lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/L
k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$$.(.@*
df km};nf eO{ pQm km};nf clGtd ePsf]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' k' 5{ eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
lnlvt hjfkm /x]5 .
lg0f{o ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't
lgj]bgdf d'Votof k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^$.(.@$ df ePsf] cfb]z c=j+= !&
g+= sf] /f]xdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8faf6
ldlt @)^%.%.@) df ePsf] cfb]z sfg"gljk/Lt
ePsf] egL k|Zg p7fOPsf] b]lvG5 . lhNnf
cbfntaf6 pQm ldltdf ePsf] cfb]z x]bf{
lgj]bg kqdf plNnlvt hUufx ;DdfgLt
;jf{R] r cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.!!.^ df clGtd
km};nf x'g' cufj} o; cbfntsf] km};nf Pj+
leGg leGg ldltdf ePsf txtx /fhLgfdf
lnvt ;d]taf6 lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{
;d]tsf ljleGg JolQmxdf xs x:tfGt/0f
x'Fb} uPsf hUufsf] ;DaGwdf tt\kZrft ldlt
@)%(.$.@) df NofO{Psf] lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] ;f] eGbf cufj}
ePsf] hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] lqmofnfO{
cGoyf ug{ ldNg] gb]lvFbf k|:t't lgj]bg kqsf]
ljifoj:t'df pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s=
cfs[i6 x'g ;Sg] ;d]t b]lvPg eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;}u/L ;f] cfb]zpk/ oL lgj]bsxsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fdf c= j+= !& g+=

adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6

ldlt @)^%.%.@) df cfwf/ / sf/0f vf]nL
To; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.(.@$ df ePsf]
cfb]z j]l/tsf] gb]lvFbf sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
lgj] b sxn] k;f{ lhNnf cbfntdf
@)^@.!!.# df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf]
hUufx ljleGg ldltdf ljleGg JolQmsf]
gfddf ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] btf{ ab/ u/L
/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+saf6 ePsf] /f]Ssf km''s'jf
u/L cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfadf]lhd pQm
hUuf cfkm\gf] gfddf bflvn vf/]h btf{sf]
k"hL{ kfpFm egL ldlt @)^@.!!.# df lgj]bg
lbPkl5 lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] sf/jfxL
x]bf{ lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s= sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;DklQ lng]
lbg] JolQmxnfO{ Dofb hf/L u/L a'em\g] sfd
ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/, ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ Dofb
hf/L u/L a'em\g] k|lqmof k"/f ePkl5 lgj]bg
bfjL tyf lnlvt hjfkmdf plNnlvt Joxf]/fsf
;DaGwdf ;DalGwt sfof{ n oaf6 btf{
;|]:tfnufotsf k|df0fx a'em\g] sfd geO{
ldlt @)%(.$.@) df NofO{Psf] lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] ;f] eGbf cufj}
ePsf] hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] lqmofsf
;DaGwdf pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s=
cfs[i6 gx'g] egL lgj]bgsf] kL7df ldlt
@)^$.(.@$ df GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
cfb]z ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljjflbt ls=g+= @% sf] hUuf slxn] slxn]
s'g JolQmsf] gfddf xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf] /x]5 <

xfnsf] cj:yf s] 5 egL x]bf{ lbg] ;fljqL b]jL

eO{ lgDg /=g+= / ldltdf lgDg JolQmxsf]
gfddf /lhi6z
] g ePsf] lgj]bg n]vaf6 b]lvG5M

1646

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

pk/f]Qm hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0fdWo]

d+ u nf a/fnn] cldtf skfnLnfO{ ldlt
@)%(.%.@$ df u/]sf] /lhi6z
] g lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ df ldlt @)%(.$.@) df
;+zf]wg eO{ lgod &*s= yk x'g' eGbf kl5
ePsf] lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] .
@= k|:t't tYosf] k[i7e"lddf k|:t't
d' 2 fdf OG;fkm ug' { k g] { d' V o k| Z gxsf]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lhNnf k;f{ gujf j8f
g+= % ls=g+= @% sf] )!)^ hUuf o;
;jf{ ] R r cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.!!.^ sf]
km};nfadf]lhd ldlt @)$@.%.@) sf] bfgkqsf]
lnvt ab/ eO{ pQm d'2fsf jfbLxsf] xs
sfod x'g] 7x/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bs /
ljkIfLxdf ljjfb gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf
ljj]rgf u/L /xg k/]g . lktfDa/L b]jLsf]
xsdf bfgkqsf] lnvtsf] tLg v08sf] Ps
v08 bfjLcg';f/ lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/L k;f{
pk/f]Qm hUufx k'gM lgDg JolQmxsf] lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$$.(.@* df
gfddf xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf] lgj]bg n]vdf km};nf eO{ pQm km};nf clGtd ePsf] tYo
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5M
ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf]
Pj+ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] txdf hfFbf pQm
hUuf ljleGg JolQmxsf] gfddf xs
lbg]
lng]
/=g+=
ldlt
sdnfb]jL
;'zLnf l/dfn
&(&# @)%^.#.% x:tfGt/0f eO{ uO;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsn]
sdnfb]jL
dgf]hs'df/ l;+x $)#% @)%@.!!.!% lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod
&*s adf]lhd cGo JolQmxsf] gfddf ePsf]
b'uf{k|;fb ;'j]bL ef]h/fh ;'j]bL
@^#^ @)%&.*.!* btf{ ab/ u/L cfkm\gf] gfddf bflvn vf/]hsf]
;Ltfs'df/L
zLnf zdf{ e
$#%% @)%).!@.* k"hL{ kfpg lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bg u/]sf]df
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s nfu"
zLnf zdf{ e O{zf >]i7
**)) @)%&.@.^
x'g' cl3sf] hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0fdf pQm
O;f >]i7
d+unf a/fn
^)$* @)%$.@.# lgod &*s sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g g;Sg]
d+unf a/fn
cldtf skfnL
!!%% @)%(.%.@$ lhNnf cbfntaf6 cfb]z eO{ ;f]xL cfb]znfO{
c=j+= !& g+= sf] /f]xaf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
;b/ ePsf] b] l vPsf] n ] k| : t' t lgj] b gdf
lng]
/fwf ;'jb] L
ljdnf vgfn
dLgf l3ld/]
;Ltfs'df/L
dy'/fk|;fb kf}8o\ fn
b'uf{k;
| fb ;'jb] L
sdnfb]jL pkfWofo
sfG5Ldfof tfdf
lktfDa/b]jL sg'Og
sdnfb]jL bjf8L
l;b]gL ;fx sfg"

/=g+=
#*%!
#*%%
#*%^
#*%$
#*%@
@*%#
#*%)
^*^@
@*@
$^%
%%&

ldlt
@)$^.%.*
@)$^.@.*
@)$^.@.*
@)$^.^.@*
@)$^.@.*
@)$^.@.*
@)$^.@.*
@)%).#.#!
@)%).!!.@%
@)%#.$.@%
@)%$.%.#

1647

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

d' V otof lgDg k| Z gxdf lg0f{ o lbg' k g{ ]

#= pk/f]Qm lgod &*s= lhNnf cbfnt
b]lvof]M
lgodfjnL, @)%@ df ePsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wg
ldlt @)%(.$.@) b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 . k|:t't
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.(.@$ lgoddf ePsf] sfg" g L Joj:yfn] km} ; nf
df Pj+ k' g /fj] b g cbfntaf6 ldlt sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt rn
@)^%.%.@) df ePsf cfb] z jf crn ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0f eO{ uPsf]
sfg"gadf]lhd 5g\, 5}gg\ <
b]lvPdf km};nfadf]lhd ;DalGwt kIfsf] xs
pQm cfb]zaf6 lgj]bsxsf] sfg"g k|bQ sfod u/fpg ;d:of pTkGg x'g] x'Fbf ;f]
xs clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] 5 5}g <
;d:of lg/fs/0fsf] nflu d' 2 fsf kIfn]
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'G5 cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] / ;f]xL lgj]bgsf]
x'bF g} <
/f] x af6 ;DalGwt ;DklQ n] g b] g ug{ ]
JolQmxnfO{ a'emL GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;n] To;}
k|:t't k|Zgxsf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu d'Vo ldl;naf6 sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
kn] lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] ul/Psf] k|:6 b]lvG5 . lgDg tLg cj:yfdf
lgod &*s= df ldlt @)%(.$.@) b]lv cl3 k|:t't lgod cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5M
ePsf] hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0fdf kZrftbzL{
c;/ x'g] u/L nfu" x'G5 x'bF g} eGg] ;DaGwdf
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf s'g} d'2f
JofVof x'gk' g{] x'g cfof] .
/x]sf] x'gk' g],{
To:tf] d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt rn jf crn
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
;DklQsf] xs s'g} lsl;daf6 x:tfGt/0f
lgod &*s= sf] k"0f{ kf7 lgDgfg';f/ b]lvG5M
ul/Psf] b]lvg' kg],{
;f] ;DaGwdf d'2fsf kIfn] lgj]bg lbPdf
cbfntn] To:tf] ;DklQ n]gb]g ug{]
&*s lgj]bgaf6 sf/jfxL ug{]M
JolQmnfO{ ;ft lbg] Dofb hf/L u/L a'emL
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] s'g}
;f]xL ldl;naf6 sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{
d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt rn jf crn ;DklQsf]
;Sg] .
xs s'g} lsl;daf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] ePdf
/ d'2fsf kIfn] lgj]bg lbPdf cbfntn]
$= pk/f]Qm cj:yfx k|:t't d'2fdf
To:tf] ;DklQ n]gb]g ug{] JolQmnfO{ ;ft 5g 5}gg egL x]bf{ ldlt @)$@.%.@) sf]
lbg] Dofb hf/L u/L a'emL ;f]xL ldl;naf6 bfgkqsf] lnvt ab/ ;DaGwdf k/]sf] d'2fdf
sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
ldlt @)^!.!!.^ df ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf clGtd
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k/]sf] km};nf eO{ sfof{Gjgsf nflu lgj]bsx lhNnf
lgj]bgpk/ sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{] sfo{ cbfntdf uPsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljjfb b]lvb}g .
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 x'g5
] .
km};nf sfof{Gjgdf hfFbf d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt
1648

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

crn ;DklQ ls= g+= @% sf] )!)% hUufsf]

xs x:tfGt/0f ljleGg JolQmxsf] gfddf
eO;s]sf] klg lglj{jfb b]lvG5 . t/ ;DklQsf]
xs x:tfGt/0f km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfdf
gePsf] / lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] pk/f]Qm
Joj:yf cfpg' cl3 g} ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0fdf
pQm lgod nfu" x'g g;Sg] Pj+ lktfDa/Lb]jLsf]
xsdf bfgkqsf] lnvtsf] tLg v08sf] Ps
v08 bfjLcg';f/ ab/ x'g] 7x/L k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$$.(.@* df km};nf eO{
sfof{Gjog ;d]t eP/ clGtd ePsf] x'Fbf
lgj]bssf] xsdf pQm lgoddf ePsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
%= sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ sfg"gsf
zAbx :ki6 / af]wuDo ePdf cbfntn]
sfg"gsf zAbxaf6 :jefljs cy{ u|x0f ug'{
kb{5 . o;nfO{ JofVofsf] zflAbs lgod -Letteral
Rule_ klg elgG5 . t/ sfg"gdf ePsf zAbx
c:ki6 jf lljwfhgs ePsf] cj:yfdf
ljlwstf{sf] jf:tljs dg;fo kQf nufpg /
sfg"gdf lglxt cy{ :ki6 ug{ JofVofsf cGo
lgodx :j0fL{d lgod -Golden Rule_, b':s[ltsf]
lgod -Mischief Rule_ cflbsf] ;d]t ;xof]u
lng ;lsG5 . ljj] l rt lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s= pQm
lgodfjnL nfu" x'g' cl3 ePsf] hUufsf] xs
x:tfGt/0fsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] gx'g] ;DaGwdf
c:ki6 /x]sf]n] o;df lgodsf] jf:tljs cy{
ug{ o;df ePsf] zAbx kof{Kt gePsf]n]
zflAbs JofVofsf] ;fy} JofVof;DaGwL cGo
lgodxsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lng'kg{] b]lvof] .
o; k|;+udf JofVof ;DaGwL b'is[ltsf] lgod
dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . sfg"gdf ljBdfg ;d:ofx

s] lyP < tL ;d:ofx lg/fs/0f ug{ ljlwstf{n]

s] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf uof] egL ljZn]if0f u/L
ljlwstf{sf] dg;fo kQf nufpg ul/g] sfg"g
JofVof ;DaGwL lgodnfO{ b'is[ltsf] lgod
-Mischief Rule_ elgG5 . j]nfotdf Heydon
sf] d'2fdf GofofwLz Lord Coke n] k|ltkfbg
u/]sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{
GofofwLzn] lgDg rf/j6f s'/fxnfO{ d'Vo
kn] ljrf/ ug'{kb{5M
1. What was the Common Law before the
making of the Act ?
2. What was the mischief and defect for which
common law did not provide ?
3. What remedy the parliament hath resolved
and appointed ? to cure the disease of
common wealth ?
4. (What was) the true reason of the remedy ?

^= k|:t't JofVofsf] lgod a]nfotdf

sdg n sf] k[i7e"lddf k|ltkfbg ePsf] ePtfklg
sfg"gsf] dgzfo kQf nufpg] ;fwgsf] kdf
xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;d]t plQs} k|f;+lus 5 .
GofofwLzn] sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ ;d:ofnfO{
lg/fs/0f ug{] / pkrf/sf] dfu{nfO{ k|z:t ug{]
(Supress the mischief and advance the remedy)

p2]Zon] ug'k{ b{5 / sfg"gn] h'g b':s[lt jf

;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ rfx]sf] xf] To;sf]
jf:tljs pkrf/ vf]hL u/L sfg"gsf] dg;fo
kQf nufpg' GofofwLzsf] st{Jo x'G5 eGg] of]
sfg"g JofVofsf] b':s[lt;DaGwL lgodsf] d'Vo
cfzo xf] .
&= o; k[ i 7e" l ddf k| : t' t d' 2 fsf]
;Gbe{ n fO{ x] b f{ ;jf{ ] R r cbfntsf] ldlt

1649

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

@)^!.!!.^ sf] km};nf cg';f/ jfbLxsf]

bfjLcg';f/ ljjflbt /}=g+= #( sf] )!))
hUufsf] ldlt @)$@.%.@) df ePsf] bfgkqsf]
lnvt ab/ eO{ jfbLxsf] gfddf btf{ x'g]
7x/L clGtd ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvb}g . ;f]
km};nfadf]lhd z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 k"hL{
lnO{ ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nodf hfFbf cGo
JolQmxsf] gfddf xs x:tfGt/0f eO{ uPsf]
x'Fbf ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] clGtd km};nf
sfof{Gjog x'g g;sL /x]sf] x'bF f lgh jfbLxn]
cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s= sf]
;xf/f lnO{ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] lgod &*s= df
ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] jf:tljs dg;fo
vf]hL u/L km};nf sfof{Gjogdf k/]sf] ;d:ofsf]
pkrf/ vf]Hg' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf
ldlt @)%(.$.@) b]lv nfu" ePsf] lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s=
df ePsf] lgodsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug'{sf] p2]Zo
s] /x]5 egL x]bf{ d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf
ljjfbdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0faf6
pTkGg x' g ] ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f u/L
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfsf] sfof{GjognfO{
;xh ug' { tyf kIfxn] Pp6} ljjfbsf]
;DklQsf] ljifodf k6sk6s d'2f u/L /xg'
kg{] emGem6af6 d'Qm ug'{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . km};nf
sfof{Gjogdf hfFbf ljjfbsf] ;DklQ d'2fsf]
;DalGwt kIfsf] gfddf sfod g/xL cGo
JolQmsf] gfddf xs x:tfGt/0f eO t];f| ] kIfsf]
clwsf/ l;h{gf eO ;s]sf] ePdf km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] txaf6 t];|f] kIfsf] l;h{gf
e};s]sf] clwsf/df cGoyf x'g] u/L lg0f{o
x'g g;Sg] tyf ;f] xs x:tfGt/0fnfO{ ab/

u/fpg k'gM lkm/fb ug'{ kbf{ d'2fsf kIfnfO{

Pp6} ljjfbsf] ;DklQsf] ljifodf k6sk6s
d'2f ul//xg' kg{] cj:yf eO{ x}/fgL x'g] ePsf]n]
o:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu km} ; nf
sfof{Gjogsf] txdf g} ;f] ;DaGwdf d'2fsf
kIfn] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] tyf ;f]sf nflu 5'}
lkm/fb ul//xg' gk/L lgj]bgsf dfWodaf6
;Dalwt kIfn] pkrf/ kfpg ;Sg] t/ o:tf]
lgj]bgdf t];|f] kIfnfO{ cyf{t\ ;DklQ lng]
lbg] JolQmxnfO{ ;d]t ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|bfg
u/L GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ljlwjt x]/L
sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ubf{ d'2f rNbfrNb}sf]
cj:yfdf ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0faf6 pTkGg
x'g] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g] ePsf]n] ;jf{]Rr
cbfntaf6 lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf
;+ z f] w g u/L lgod &*s= yk ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .
*= km} ; nf sfof{ G jogs} ;Gbe{ d f
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] cGo ;DalGwt
lgodsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ lgod * n] e/L e/fp
ug{], rng rnfpg], a08f 5'6\ofpg] nufotsf
km};nf sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf k/]sf
lgj]bgxdf sf/jfxL ug{] clwsf/ cbfntsf]
tx;Lnbf/nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 . t/ ljj]lrt
lgod &*s= sf] Joj:yfn] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yfdf /x]sf] d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt rn crn
;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] ljifodf k/]sf]
lgj]bg pk/ sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{] sfo{
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} pQm lgoddf To:tf] lgj]bg
k/] k l5 ;DalGwt ;DklQ n] g b] g ug] {
JolQmxnfO{ Dofb hf/L u/L a'em\g} kg{] clgjfo{
Joj:yf klg ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] p2]Zo
To;/L xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf] ;DklQsf] ljifodf

1650

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

k'gM lkm/fb ug{' gkg{] u/L kIfxnfO{ lgj]bgaf6

sf/jfxL rnfpg ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] ePklg
pQm lgj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 ;DklQsf] btf{sf]
ljifodf ;d] t lg0f{ o ug' { k g{ ] ePsf] n ]
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 sf/jfxL / lsgf/f
x'g'kg{] eGg] ljlwstf{sf] cfzo b]lvG5 . t;y{
o:tf] lgj]bgdf cGo d'2f h:t} z'? sf/jfxL
lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ eP ;/x ;DalGwt c;/
kg{] kIfxnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd a'emL k|fs[lts
Gofosf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{
k|ltjfbsf] df}sf ;d]t k|bfg u/L Ohnf;af6
sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug'{kg{] x'G5 . Gofo k|zf;g
P] g , @)$* sf] bkmf &-!_ df lhNnf
cbfntnfO{ z' ? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{ ]
clwsf/sf] Joj:yf eP ;/x lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s= df ePsf] pQm
Joj:yfn] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{] clwsf/
;'lDkPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L sf/jfxL / lsgf/f
ubf{ JolQmsf] gfdsf] btf{ ;d]t ab/ ug'{kg{]
jf gug{] lg0f{o x'g' :jfefljs x'g] ePsf]n]
JolQmsf] crn ;DklQsf] btf{ ab/ x'g] jf
gx'g] lg0f{o x'Fbf ;DalGwt dsf{ kg{] kIfnfO{
k'g/fj]bg ug{] xs ;d]t ;'/lIft x'G5 .
(= k|:t't lgodsf] Joj:yf lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ ldlt @)%(.$.@)
df nfu" x'g' eGbf cufl8sf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf]
xsdf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf kZrftbzL{ c;/
x'g] u/L nfu" x'G5 x'Fb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #! n]
lbPsf] clwsf/ k| o f] u u/L cbfntsf]
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ ;':ki6 lgodj4 / Jojl:yt
ug{] p2]Zon] ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] ljwflosff/f
k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ agfPsf] b]lvG5 .

;fwf/0ftofM JolQmsf] ;f/jfg clwsf/ l;h{gf

ug'{ kbf{ ljwflosf :jo+n] P]gf/f l;h{gf ub{5 .
k| T ofof] l rt clwsf/ k| o f] u u/L agfPsf]
lgodfjnLf/f ;f/jfg xssf] l;h{gf x'g] geO{
;f/jfg sfg" g n] lbPsf] clwsf/leq /xL
sfg"gsf ;f/e"t Joj:yfxnfO{ lj:t[t kdf
:ki6 ug{] Pj+ ;f/jfg xssf] xgg\ ePdf
pkrf/sf] Joj:yfx ;Dd ub{5 . t;y{ lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ / To;df ePsf]
lgod &*s ;d]tsf Joj:yfx cbfntsf]
sfo{ l jlw ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ ;jf{ ] R r
cbfntf/f agfOPsf lgodx x'g eGg]
b]lvG5 .
!)= o; ;Gbe{df Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf &-!_ df lhNnf cbfntnfO{
z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{] clwsf/sf] Joj:yf
eP ;/x lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod
&*s= df ePsf] pQm Joj:yfn] clwsf/
;'lDkPsf] / cbfntn] pQm clwsf/sf] k|of]u
u/L kg{ cfPsf lgj]bgxdf sf/jfxL / lsgf/
ubf{ t];|f] kIfsf] gfdsf] btf{ ;d]t ab/ ug]{ jf
gug{] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf JolQmsf] ;f/jg
clwsf/df c;/ k5{ eGg] ljkIfLtkm{ a f6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfxn] k|Zg p7fpg'
ePsf] 5 . ljj]lrt lgod &*s= n] d'VotofM
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog u/fO{
kfpg] clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg lhNnf cbfntdf
lgj]bg ug{ kfpg] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf;Dd u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . cbfntsf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofnfO{
lgoldt ug{], cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ tf]Sg],
xbDofb lglZrt\ ug{ ] ;DaGwL sfg" g sf
Joj:yfx sfo{ljlw;DaGwL sfg"gx x'g\ .
sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof cg';f/ lg0f{o
ubf{ JolQmsf] ;f/jfg xsdf c;/ kg'{ :jfefljs

1651

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

x'G5, To;/L cbfntaf6 pkrf/ k|bfg ubf{

;f/jfg xsdf c;/ kb{}df sfo{ljlw;DaGwL
sfg"gnfO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"g xf]Og eGg ldNb}g .
clwsf/ / pkrf/sf] ;DaGw cGof]Gofl>t x'G5 .
pkrf/ ljgfsf] clwsf/sf] cy{ x'bF g} . cbfntsf]
km};nf sfof{Gjog u/L kfpg] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog
x'g' clgjfo{ ePsf]n] d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf
ePsf] n]gb]gnfO{ ab/ u/fpg Gofo k|zf;g
P]gcGtu{t k'gM z'? lkm/fb ug'{kg{] bf]xf]/f]
emGem6af6 d'Qm u/L lgod &*s= n] ;xh
pkrf/sf] dfu{;Dd k|z:t u/]sf]n] sfg"gL
pkrf/ k|bfg ubf{ ;f/jfg xsdf c;/ k5{
eGg] cfwf/n] sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{
sfo{ljlw sfg"g xf]Og eGg ldNg] ePg . To;df
klg ljj]lrt lgod &*s= cGtu{t lg0f{o ubf{
ljjflbt ;DklQsf] ljifodf klxn] d"n d'2faf6
Ps k6s clGtd eO ljjflbt ;DklQsf] xs
a]xssf] ;DaGwdf 6'f] nflu ;s]sf] km};nfsf]
7x/ lg0f{osf] kl/lwleq /x]/ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . lng] lbg] JolQmx klxn] rn]sf] d'2fsf
kIfx geP klg ljjflbt ;DklQsf] ljifodf
cbfntsf] lg0f{ o klxn] eO;s] s f] x' G 5 .
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ;DklQ lng] lbg]
JolQmxnfO{ a'emL ;a"b k|df0fx s]nfO{ lg0f{o
x'g] ePsf] / ;f] pk/ lrQ ga'em]df k'g/fj]bg
ug{] xs ;d]t ;'/lIft x'g] ePsf]n] To;af6
JolQmsf] ;f/jfg clwsf/df c;/ k/]sf] g}
ePklg cGoyf eGg ldNg] ePg .
o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] lgj]bs
;fljqL /fO{ lj?4 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fh
;d]t d'2fdf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@
sf] lgod &*s= sf] ;DaGwdf JofVof x'bF f d'2f
k/L /x]sf] ;DklQdWo] s'g} klg ;DklQ d'2f
rNbfrNb} jf km};nf sfof{Gjog gx'Fb} xs

x:tfGt/0f u/] , u/fPdf lhNnf cbfnt

lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s= cfslif{t
x'g] eGg] JofVof eO/x]sf] kfOG5 .
!!= k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
agfPsf] lgodfjnLf/f ;f/jfg xssf] l;h{gf
x'g] geO{ ;f/jfg sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ leq
/xL ;f/jfg xssf] xgg\ ePdf pkrf/sf]
Joj:yfx;Dd ub{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf g]sfk
@)^%, lg=g+= *)$# dfwjs'df/ a:g]t ;d]t
lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf ;f/jg ljifo ljwflosL
P]gaf6} lgb{]lzt x'g] / lgodfjnLn] s]jn
sfo{ljlwut kIfdfq ;d]6g\ ] cyf{t lgodfjnLn]
;f/jfg geO{ sfo{ljlwut ljifodf dfq Joj:yf
u/]sf] x'g] eGg] ;d]t JofVof ePsf] kfOG5 .
!@= sfg"gsf] kZrftbzL{ c;/ -ExPost Facto_ ;DaGwL l;4fGtsf] cy{ d"VotofM
tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] sfd
u/]afkt s'g} JolQm ;hfosf] efuL x'g' x'Fb}g /
s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf
k|rlnt sfg"gdf tf]lsP eGbf a9L ;hfo lbg
kfO{b}g eGg] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g ;DaGwL l;4fGt
xf] . of] l;4fGtn] tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gsf]
:ki6 pNn+3g geO{ ck/fw x'bF g} eGg] dfGotfnfO{
cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ s/ nufpg] ljifo
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;'ljwf lbg] jf ;hfo sd ug{]
ljifo tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] lgdf{0fnufotsf
;DaGwdf kZrftbzL{ c;/ x'g] u/L sfg"g
aGgdf /f]s nufPsf] kfO{b}g . sfo{ljlw;DaGwL
sfg"gn] JolQmnfO{ b08 ;hfo ug{] jf JolQmsf]
xs clwsf/sf] l;h{gf gug{] x'bF f sfo{ljlw;DaGwL
sfg" g nfO{ sfg" g nfu" ePsf] ldlteGbf
cufl8b]lv g} nfu" x'g] u/L cyf{t kZrft\bzL{
c;/ (Restrospective Effect) x'g] u/L nfu" ug{

1652

*(!# ;'ldqfb]jL sg'Og ;d]t lj=dfnkf]t sfof{no k;f{ ;d]t

;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt 5 . o; ;DaGwdf

lgDg d' 2 fxdf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nfxnfO{ b[i6fGtsf] kdf u|x0f ug{
;lsG5M
t'n;L/fd pkfWofo ltldlN;gf
lj?4 /gWjh, g]sfk @)@*, lg=g+= %*@
df]xLofgL xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf
o; cbfntaf6 s'g} JolQmsf] xs clwsf/
k|rng u/fpg sfo{ljlw tf]Sg] P]g jf
s'g} clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf]df ;f] xgg\ ePsf]
jf cf3ft ePsf] xs clwsf/ k|rng
u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{] P]gnfO{ sfo{ljlw
;DaGwL P]g elgg] . sfo{ljlw P]gsf]
kZrftbzL{ c;/ u/L k|of]u ug{ ldNg] .
=== d'2f l5Gbfsf jvt nfu" ePsf] gofF
P]gcGtu{tsf] cf cbfntdf d'2f l5Gb}df
:jtM u}/sfg"gL s/f/ ug{ gx'g] eGg]
lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L pQd nfdf
lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/, -g]sfk @)^!, lg=g+=
&$#@_ d'2f hLpdf:g] j]Rg] d'2fdf
k|df0f;DaGwL ljifodf tyf sfo{ljlwsf
;DaGwdf
kZrftbzL{
c;/
-Retrospective Effect_ lbO{ agfO{Psf
sfg"gnfO{ Expost facto Law ;DaGwL
cjwf/0ffdf ljk/Lt lgdf{0f ul/Psf] sfg"g
eGg gldNg] . eGg] ;d]t lg0f{o ePsf]
kfOG5 . ljsfp /fpt s'dL{ lj?4 lg/axfb'/
>]i7sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf
-g]sfk @)$( lg=g+= $^#!_ cbfntaf6
lg0f{o x'g' eGbf cufl8 g} sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wg ePkl5 ;f]
sfo{ljlw kfngf gu/L km};nf u/]sf]nfO{
sfg"g;+ut dfGg gldNg] eGg] ;d]t

JofVof eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6 lhNnf

cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod
&*s= sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL sfg"g ePsf] /
sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ kZrftbzL{
c;/ x'g] u/L nfu" ug{ ;lsg] eGg]
;DaGwdf lljwf b]lvPg .
!#= Pp6} ljjfbsf] ;DklQsf] ljifodf
cbfntaf6 Ps k6s lg0f{ o eO{ To;df
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ clwsf/sf] ;dfKt eO{ clGtd
ePkl5 cbfntsf] clGtd km} ; nf ;a} n ]
dfGg'k5{ . pQm lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yf
lgodfjnL nfu' x'g' cl3sf] xs x:tfGt/0fdf
nfu" x'g] gx'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf lgodfjnL k|i6
geP klg k|Tofof]lht clwsf/cGtu{t ag]sf]
sfo{ljlw;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfnfO{
kZrftbzL{ c;/ x'g] u/L l;4fGtt nfu" ug{
;lsg] dflysf] ljj]rgfaf6 k|i6 5 . cbfntaf6
ePsf] clGtd km} ; nf sfof{ G ogdf d' 2 f
rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0fn]
c;Dej eO ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] n ] ;f]
;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ tyf km} ; nf
sfof{GjognfO{ ;/n Pj+ ;xh agfpg lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s
t];|f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk ePsf] kfObf To;nfO{
cGoyf JofVof u/L k'g pQm lgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ cbfntsf] JofVofaf6 lgliqmo
t'Nofpg' g sfg"g g Gofo gt cf}lrTosf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 g} pko'Qm x'G5 . t;y{ lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &*s sf]
p2]Zo km};nf sfof{Gjogdf x'g] l9nfO{nfO{ Go"g
u/L d'2fsf kIfxnfO{ x'g] cgfjZos x}/fgLnfO{
sd ug'{ /x]sf] / k|:t't sfg"gL Joj:yf d'2fsf]
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] sfo{ljlw;DaGwL

1653

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lgod ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't lgodsf] Joj:yf nfu"

x'g' eGbf cufl8sf] ldltdf xs x:tfGt/0f
ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq ;f] ;DaGwdf k/]sf] lgj]bgsf]
tYoleq k|j]z gu/L lgj]bgnfO{ g} c:jLsf/
ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg .
!$= ca lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z
hf/L x'G5 x'Fb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k;f{
lhNnf cbfntaf6 lgj]bsxn] k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntdf @)^@.!!.# df km};nf sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yfsf] hUufx ljleGg ldltdf ljleGg
JolQmsf] gfddf ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] btf{
ab/ u/L /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+saf6 ePsf] /f]Ssf
km''s'jf u/L cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfadf]lhd
pQm hUuf cfkm\gf] gfddf bflvn vf/]h btf{sf]
k"hL{ kfpFm egL ldlt @)^@.!!.# df lgj]bg
k/]kl5 dfly ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/ lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] ljj]lrt lgoddf ePsf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ ;DklQ lng] lbg] JolQmxnfO{
Dofb hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;DalGwt
kIfnfO{ Dofb hf/L u/L a'em\g] k|lqmof k"/f
ePkl5 lgj]bg bfjL tyf lnlvt hjfkmdf
plNnlvt Joxf] / fsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt
sfof{noaf6 btf{ ;|:] tfnufotsf k|df0fx a'emL
lktfDa/Lb]jLsf] xsdf k;f{ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)$$.(.@* df ePsf] km};nf ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut u/L lgj]bg bfjL k'Ug] xf] xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{kg{]df ;f] s]xL gu/L ldlt
@)%(.$.@) df NofOPsf] lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgn] ;f] eGbf cufj}
ePsf] hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] lqmofnfO{
cGoyf ug{ ldNg] gb]lvFbf k|:t't lgj]bg kqsf]
ljifoj:t'df pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s
cfs[i6 gx'g] egL lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] ljifoleq
k|j]z} gu/L lgj]bgsf] kL7df ldlt @)^$.(.@$

df GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 cfb]z ePsf] b]lvg

cfof] . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
ljj]lrt lgod &*s sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ pQm
lgj]bg GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 x]l/Psf] ePklg
pQm lgodsf] p2]Zo / efjgfcg';f/ ;a"b
k|df0fx a'emL sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ul/Psf]
b]lvg cfPg . o; k|s[ltsf] lgj]bgdf sf/jfxL
/ lsgf/f ePkl5 ;DalGwt c;/ kg{] d'2fsf
kIfnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg'kg{]df ;f] ;d]t
lbPsf] b]lvPg .
!%= t;y{ lgj]bsxn] cbfntsf]
clGtd km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf] ljleGg
JolQmsf] gfddf ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] btf{
ab/ u/L /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+saf6 ePsf] /f]Ssf
km'sj' f ul/kfpFm / km};nfadf]lhd cfkm\gf] gfddf
bfv]n vf/]h btf{sf] k"hL{ kfpFm egL lbPsf]
lgj]bgdf lgj]bgsf] tYoleq k|j]z} gu/L ;a"b
k|df0f g} ga'emL lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)%@ df ldlt @)%(.$.@) df t];|f] ;+zf]wg
x'g' cl3 hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwdf
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod &*s sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf cfs[i6 gx'g] egL k;f{ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^$.(.@$ df ePsf] cfb]z
/ ;f] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ ug{] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt x]6f}+8faf6 ldlt @)^%.%.@) df ePsf]
cfb]z lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod &*s= df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
k| l ts" n b] l vPsf] / pQm cfb] z xn]
lgj]bsxsf] o; ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf]
clGtd km};nf sfof{Gjog u/L kfpg] clwsf/df
c;/ k/]sf] b]lvbf lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^$.(.@$ df ePsf] cfb]z / ;f] cfb]znfO{
c=j+= !& g+= sf] lgj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 ;b/ ug{]
u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8faf6 ldlt

1654

*(!$ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/ lj=k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln=

@)^%.%.@) df ePsf] cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z

hf/L eO{ ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . cj lgj]bsxaf6
lj?4
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+
&*s cg';f/ k/]sf] lgj]bgdf hf] h] a'em\g' kg{]
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! l:yt k|fO{d
xf], a'em\g' kg{] ;a"b k|df0f ;a} a'emL GofofwLzsf]
OG6/g] z gn k| f =ln= sf] tkm{ a f6
Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o u/L lrQ ga'em\g] kIfnfO{
clVtof/k|fKt k|jGw ;~rfns dbgs[i0f
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg'kg{] eP lbO{ sf/jfxL /
>]i7
lsgf/f ug'{ egL ljkIfL k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf]
gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't lgj]bgsf] z'? km};nf ug{M]
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n k;f{ lhNnf
s/ clws[tM >L /fds'df/ >]i7
cbfntdf k7fO{ lbg" .
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f km};nf ug{M]
df=Gof=cWoIf >L s]z/L/fh kl08t
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
n]vf ;b:o >L elu/fh Ogfd
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( c;f]h * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ ==
Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n

&
lg0f{o g+=

*(!$

;jf{R] r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] )^^CR))@*
km};nf ldltM @)^(.&.@^.!
d'2fM

cfos/ -cf=j= @)%&)%*_ .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no xl/x/ejg

nlntk'/sf tkm{af6 P]= sf k|dv
' s/
k|zf;s v'd/fh k'~hfnL
1655

sd{rf/Lxn] dfl;s kdf e'QmfgL

kfpg] kfl/>lds /sd cfos/
P]gadf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] ;Ldf -Ceiling_
eGbf a9L x'g uPdf :jtM To:tf]
kfl/>ldsdf klg s/ nfUg] ePsf]n]
sDkgLn] cfjZostfcg';f/ cfkm\gf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ tnjL e/kfO{df n]vL
kfl/>ldssf] kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf
;'ljwf lbg;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
cfkm"n] ltg{] Jofh cfoaf6 sf ug{
bfjL ug{] kIfn] cfkm"n] p7fpg' kg{]
pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df klg afFsL /x]sf] /sdsf]
ToxL cg'kftdf Jofh c;"npk/ u/L
cfodf b]vfpg' jf~5lgo x'g] .
ltg'k{ g{] /sdsf] Aofh lt/]sf] egL cfoaf6
sf ug{], t/ lng'kg{] /sd nfdf]
;do;Dd c;"n gu/L k|ltkmn k|fKt
gug{] sfo{af6 cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf !@-u_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

b'kof]u u/]sf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} s/ bfloTj

sd ug{] jf s/ bfloTj 5Ng] ;+oGqsf]
kdf ;f] bkmfsf] Joj:yf k|of]u u/]sf]
b]lvg] .
s'g} cfo jif{df k|fKt x'gk' g{] /sd k|fKt
eO{ g;s]sf] ePklg To;} aif{sf] cfodf
;dfj]z ul/g] ePsf]n] e'QmfgL k|fKt
ug{] clwsf/ l;h{gf ePkl5 e'QmfgL
k|fKt gePtfklg e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf]
dfgL cfo u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g{] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
dx]zs'df/ yfkf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf dx]z
yfkf
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM

cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf &, !@, !@-u_,

-_, -6_

km};nf
Gof=bfdf] b /k| ; fb zdf{ M /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-u_ adf]lhd
cg'dtL k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] kdf bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
s/bftf k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n]
cf=j= @)%&)%* sf] sf/f]jf/df v'b gf]S;fgL
?=@!,^$,@*@.&( b]vfO{ ldlt @)%*.(.@^ df
cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}+ If]q g+= !
df cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] .
bflvn ePsf] cf=j= @)%&.)%* sf]
cfo ljj/0fsf] hfFra'emsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu

cfjZos sfuhft jf ljj/0f lnO{ !% lbgleq

o; sfof{nodf pkl:yt x'g' xf]nf egL P]gsf]
bkmf $% cg';f/ ldlt @)%(.!.!@ df 7"nf
s/bftf sfof{noaf6 s/bftfnfO{ ;"rgf hf/L
ePsf] .
To; k|f=ln= af6 k]z ePsf] cf=j=
@)%&.)%* sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f cfo ljj/0fsf]
lj:t[t 5fgaLg u/L P]gsf] bkmf ##s-@_ adf]lhd
!$,(@,!@^.@# v'b cfo sfod u/L clGtd s/
lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g{] ePsf]n] ;f] ug'{ gkg{] s'g} 7f];
;a"b k|df0f eP & lbgleq k]z ug'x{ f]nf egL
P]gsf] bkfm ##-$_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bs 7"nf
s/bftf sfof{noaf6 s/bftfnfO{ ldlt @)^@.@.!#
df ;"rgf hf/L ePsf] .
ldlt @)^@.@.!# sf] kqsf] ;DaGwdf
o; sDkgLaf6 vr{ bfjL ul/Psf sltko
sf/f]jf/;Fu ;DalGwt vr{xnfO{ sf ug{ glbO{
v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{ nfluPsf] x'bF f ;f]cg';f/
x'g' gkg{] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lhsL/ lnO{ s/bftfsf]
tkm{af6 ldlt @)^@.#.% df k'g/fj]bs sfof{ndf
hjfkm k]z ePsf] .
v'b cfo ?=!$,(@,!@^.@# sfod ug{]
u/L k'g/fj]bs sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^@.#.!# df
s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o krf{ v8f ePsf] .
ldlt @)^@.#.!@ df v8f ePsf] lg0f{o
krf{sf] cfwf/df v'b cfo ?=!$,(@,!@^.@# sfod
u/L ldlt @)^@.#.#! df cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z
hf/L ePsf] .
sDkgLsf] cfo cfh{g;Fu k|ToIf kdf
;DalGwt vr{nfO{ ljkIfLn] v'b cfodf ;dfj]z
ug's
{ f ;fy} :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f kmf/fddf
b]vfPsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ dfGotf glbO{ s/sf] bfloTj
af]sfpg] p2]Zon] ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 ldlt
@)^@.#.!# df ePsf] lg0f{o krf{ / ldlt

1656

*(!$ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/ lj=k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln=

@)^@.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n]

ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhsL/ lnO{
oL k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}d+ f
k'g/fj]bg kq k]z ePsf] .
;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;jf/L s/ lt/]sf] /sdnfO{
k"h
F Lut k|sl[ tsf] vr{ egL cdfGo u/]sf]af6
z'? lg0f{o km/s kg{ ;Sg] x'bF f 5nkmnsf] nflu
5nkmnsf] nflu ;/sf/L jsLn cfGtl/s /fh:j
ljefunfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ egL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}a+ f6 ldlt
@)^$.&.@! df cfb]z ePsf] .
pwf/f] ljqmLaf6 k|fKt x'g] Jofhafktsf]
/sd, ljn ljhsaf6 ;dly{t vr{ /sd /
vfhf vr{afktsf] /sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{]
u/]sf] xb;Dd z'? 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no
sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o /
@)^@.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z;d]t ldn]sf]
gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd pQm lg0f{o / cfb]z s]xL
pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t /fh:j Gofoflws/0f
sf7df8f+s
} f] km};nf .
s/bftf ljkIfL k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn
k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%&)%* df cGo Jofkfl/s
kmd{x;Fu u/]sf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd pwf/f]
sf/f]jf/df afFsL /xg] /sdsf] ! dlxgf kl5
Jofh;d]t ykL e'QmfgL lng] u/L ;Demf}tf
ePsf]df To;/L lng'kg{] Jofh /sdnfO{ cfodf
;dfj]z gug{] u/]sf] tyf cfoaf6 sf ug{
gldNg] ljgf ljhssf] vr{ /sd / sd{rf/LnfO{
lbPsf] vfhf vr{ /sd cfoaf6 s6fO{ cfos/
lgwf{/0f x'g] egL ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f
sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L s/
lgwf{/0f;DaGwL z'? lg0f{o / cfb]z ;b/ sfod
/flvkfpFm eGg] ;d]t 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no
nlntk'/sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

o;df s/bftfn] d"No clej[l4 s/

lgodfjnL, @)%# sf] lgod !& sf] cg';r
" L%
cg';f/sf] ljn ljhs x'gk' g{d
] f gePsf] cj:yf
b]lvFbf pQm lgodsf] pNn]v s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zdf
gePsf] cfwf/df dfq s/bftfn] 5"6 kfpg g;Sg]
x'gfn] pQm lgodsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt ePsf] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nfdf pk/f]Qm
lgodsf] q'l6 ePsf] b]lvFbf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -u_ sf] cfwf/df
k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dtL k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}s
+ f] km};nf ;lxtsf] /]s8{
ldl;n;d]t lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.$.$ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
g] k fn ;/sf/ tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]zs'df/ yfkfn] oL k|ToyL{n]
pwf/f] v/Lb u/L n}hfg] cGo Jofkfl/s kf6L{;uF
nu]sf] j:t'sf] /sd Ps dlxgfleq e'QmfgL
gu/] To:tf] kIfn] /fv]sf] a}s
+ Uof/]G6Laf6 Jofh
;d]t c;"n u/L lng kfpg] u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf
5g\ . ;Demf}tfcg'k Jofh c;"n ug{] bfloTj
k|ToyL{sf] xf] . p7fpg g;Sg] cj:yf eP
sf/0f;lxt 3f6f -Loss_ df b]vfpg' kb{5 .
b}lgs sf/f]jf/ x'g] kf6L{;uF Jofh p7fpg ;lsPg
eGg ldNb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf Jofh p7fpg
g;s]sf] egL cfodf 36fpg kfOg] x'bF g} . ;fy}
/Ltk"js
{ sf] ljhs j]u/ vr{ ePsf] egL bfjL
u/]sf] /sdnfO{ cfoaf6 36fpg gldNg'sf ;fy}
sd{rf/LnfO{ vfhf vr{ egL k]/f]n eGbf aflx/
/fvL vr{ bfjL u/]sf] /sd;d]t cfoaf6 36fpg
gkfpg]df ;f] 36fO{ 5"6 lbg] u/L ePsf] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}s
+ f] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f
pN6L u/L z'? 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}a+ f6

1657

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

ePsf] ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o / ldlt

@)^@.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ;b/ sfod
x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= tkm{sf
ljfg clwjQmf dx]z yfkfn] k|:t't cfo
s/;DaGwL ljjfb cf=j= @)%&%* sf] ePsf]n]
o;df tTsfn k|rlnt cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf % / ^ cfslif{t x'G5 . pQm P]gcg';f/
s/bftfsf] v'b -Actual_ cfodf dfq s/ nfUg]
xf] . d]/f] kIfn] cGo Jofkfl/s kf6L{;uF afFsL
nu]sf] j:t'sf] ljncg'ksf] /sd ! dlxgfleq
e'QmfgL gu/] To:tf] kf6L{n] /fv]sf] a}s
F Uof/]G6Laf6
!# k|ltzt Jofh ;lxt c;"n u/L lng ;lsg]
u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] ePklg e'QmfgL lng g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] JofhnfO{ cfodf u0fgf ug{
ldNb} g . Jofh glnPsf] eGg] s' / fnfO{
k'g/fj]bsaf6 klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf k|fKt
gePsf] JofhnfO{ cfodf u0fgf ug{ ldNg] xf]Og .
;f]gf]ltgf] k|zf;sLo vr{sf] ljhs /fVg ;Dej
gx'g] ePsf]n] To:tf] vr{ ljn e/kfO{sf] cfwf/df
klg cfodf 36fpg kfOG5 . ;fy} sDkgLdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/LxnfO{ l6lkmg tyf vfhfsf]
kdf lbPsf] e'QmfgL kfl/>lds h:t} x'bF f ;f]
klg cfodf sf u/L v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g{]
ePsf]n] ;f] cg'k vr{ s6fO{ cfo lgwf{/0f ug{]
u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}s
+ f] km};nf
;b/ sfod /xg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
@= k'g/fj]bgkq ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog
u/L b'j} kIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'{
ePsf] jx; lhsL/;d]t ;'gL /fh:j Gofoflws/0f
sf7df8f}a+ f6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g <
k'g/fj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
k'Ug] xf] xf]Og < ;f] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] eO{
OG;fkm tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn

k|f=ln= n] cfly{s jif{ @)%&%* df u/]sf]

Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt cfodf cfos/ P]g,
@)#! adf]lhd ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg{] cfos/
;DaGwdf cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefu, 7"nf s/bftf
sfof{no sf7df8f}s
+ f k|dv
' s/ k|zf;saf6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o cg'k ;f]xL
sfof{nosf s/ clws[taf6 ldlt @)^@.#.#! df
pQm k|f=ln= sf] cf=j= @)%&)%* sf] v'b
cfo ?=!$,(@, !@^.@# sfod u/L h/Ljfgf
;d]t ?=%,%(,%$*. ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ u/L s/
lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bs 7"nfs/bftf
sfof{non] pQm s/ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o ubf{
k|ToyL{ sDkgLsf] cfo cfh{g;Fu k|ToIf kdf
;DalGwt vr{ :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f km/fddf
b]vfP cg'k cfoaf6 36fO{ v'b cfo sfod
ug'{kg{]df kmf/fddf b]vfPsf] To:tf] vr{ /
gf]S;fgLnfO{ dfGotf glbO{ s/sf] bfloTj a9fpg]
u/]sf] egL k|ToyL{ k|f=ln= tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg
k/]sf]df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}a+ f6 pwf/f]
ljqmLdf e'QmfgL ;dodf gePsf] sf/0f ;f]afkt
c;"n ug'k{ g{] Jofh /sd, ljn ljhs ;dly{t
vr{ /sd / sd{rf/LxnfO{ lbPsf] vfhfafktsf]
/sd v'b cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] xb;Dd z'?
7" n f s/bftf sfof{ n o sf7df8f} + s f] ldlt
@)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o / ldlt @)^@.#.#! sf] s/
lgwf{/0f cfb]z s]xL pN6L x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf]
kfOof] .
#= /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}a+ f6
ePsf] pQm km};nfpk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ k|ToyL{
sDkgLn] Jofkfl/s kf6L{ x ;F u u/] s f]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ pwf/f] ljqmLdf ! dlxgfleq
e'QmfgL gePsf] /sdsf] !# n] x'g] Jofh /sd
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g{] ljhs ljgfsf vr{ /
vfhf vr{afktsf] /sd ;d]t cfodf ;dfj]z

1658

*(!$ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/ lj=k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln=

x'gk' g{] eGg];d]t lhsL/ lnO{ 7"nfs/bftf sfof{no

sf7df8f}+sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
$= k|:t't ljjfb cf=j= @)%&%*
sf] Jofkfl/s sf/f] j f/;F u ;DalGwt
cfos/;DaGwL b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;dodf k|rngdf
/x]sf] cfos/ P]g, @)#! k|:t't d'2fdf cfslif{t
x'g] eGg]df ljjfb b]lvFb}g . pQm P]gsf] bkmf ^
df s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] cfo jif{df pQm P]gsf]
bkmf % df tf]lsPsf] s'g} jf ;a} ;|f]txaf6
g]kfn leq jf g]kfnaf6 sf/f]jf/ ubf{ ljb]zdf
cfh{g jf k|fKt u/]sf] cfodf pQm P]g adf]lhd
kfpg] vr{x sf u/L v'b cfos/ nfUg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|ToyL{sf] cf=j=
@)%&%* sf] cfoaf6 s] s:tf vr{x
s6fpg kfO{g] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ k|ToyL{
sDkgL Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ug{] k|fO{j]6 lnld6]8
sDkgLsf] kdf btf{ ePsf] eGg] ldl;naf6
b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] pQm cfos/ P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf !@ df pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf ljleGg
zLif{sdf ePsf vr{x sf u/L sDkgLsf]
v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug'{kg{] b]lvof] . pQm P]gsf]
bkmf !@-_ adf]lhd k|ToyL{ h:tf Jofkfl/s
sDkgLn] sfddf nufPsf sfdbf/
sd{rf/LxnfO{ lbPsf] kfl/>lds /sd ;f]
cf=j= sf] sDkgLsf] s'n cfoaf6 sf ug{
kfpg] b]lvG5 . o;/L lbOg] kfl/>lds /sd
leq s] s:tf] vr{ /sd ;dfj]z x'G5 eGg]
;DaGwdf pQm bkmfdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsf]
gb]lvPklg sd{rf/Lxsf] tnjL e/kfO{ -Pay
Roll_ df pNn]v eO{ dfl;s kdf e'QmfgL
kfpg] tnj, eQf, kl/jxg vr{ Pj+ vfhf vr{
h:tf /sdx kfl/>lds /sdleq} kg{] ;fdfGo
k|rng /xL cfPsf] 5 . o;/L sd{rf/Lxn]

dfl;s kdf e'QmfgL kfpg] kfl/>lds /sd

cfos/ P]gadf]lhd 5"6 kfpg] ;Ldf -Ceiling_
eGbf a9L x'g uPdf :jtM To:tf] kfl/>ldsdf
klg s/ nfUg] cj:yf x'g] ePsf]n] sDkgLn]
cfjZostfcg';f/ cfkm\gf sd{rf/LxnfO{
tnjL e/kfO{df n]vL kfl/>ldssf] kdf
ljleGg lsl;dsf ;'ljwf lbg ;Sg] g} x'G5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf k| T oyL{ sDkgLn] cfkm\ g f
sd{rf/LxnfO{ vfhf vr{afkt egL tnjL
e/kfO{df pNn]v u/L lbPsf] /sd pQm cfos/
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-_ adf]lhd cfoaf6
sf x'g'kg{] b]lvPsf]n] To:tf] vfhf vr{afkt
sd{rf/LxnfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd klg cfodf
;dfj]z x'g'kg{] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ dgfl;j
b]lvg cfpFb}g .
%= To:t} plNnlvt cfos/ P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf !@-6_ adf]lhd k|ToyL{ h:tf Jofkfl/s
sDkgLn] cfo cfh{g k|fKt ug{sf] nflu u/]sf
cGo jf:tljs vr{x ;d]t cfodf sf u/L
v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g{] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ sDkgLn]
86k]g, 6\o'jnfO{6, sfuh v/Lb h:tf ljifodf
ePsf vr{xsf] ljn e/kfO{ ;+nUg /fvL To:tf]
vr{x cfoaf6 sf x'g'kg{] egL bfjL u/]sf]df
To:tf] vr{nfO{ jf:tljs vr{df ;dfj]z ug'k{ g{]
b]lvFbf To:tf] vr{nfO{ klg v'b cfodf ;dfj]z
ug' { k g{ ] eGg] k' g /fj] b g lhsL/ dgfl;j
gb]lvPsf]n] To:tf] ljnadf]lhdsf] vr{ sf
x'gk' g{] u/L ePsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf
cGoyf b]lvPg .
^= hxfF;Dd k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] u/]sf]
pwf/f] ljqmLdf #) lbgleq e'QmfgL gePdf
To:tf] pwf/f] Jofkfl/s v/Lb sf/f]jf/ ug{]
kIfaf6 ;f] ;do kl5 e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sdsf]
!# k|ltzt Jofh ;lxt a}+ Uof/]G6L /sdaf6

1659

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

c;"npk/ ul/lng ;Sg] ;Demf}tf ePsf]n] To:tf

;Demf}tfadf]lhd e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sdsf]
Jofh ;d]tnfO{ k|ToyL{ sDkgLsf] cfosf] kdf
u0fgf u/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f x'g'kg{]df To:tf]
JofhnfO{ cfo u0fgf gug{] u/L ePsf] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf gldn]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{
k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%&%*
sf] ljleGg ldltdf cGo Jofkfl/s kIf;Fu
Jofkfl/s ;Demf}tf u/]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 .
;Demf}tfkqdf k|ToyL{ sDkgLaf6 pwf/f] sf/f]jf/
ug{] Jofkfl/s kIfn] To;/L pwf/f] sf/f]jf/af6
e'QmfgL lbg afFsL /x]sf] /sd #) lbgleq
e'QmfgL gu/]df ;f] ;dokl5 afFsL /sdsf] !#
k|ltzt Jofh ;d]t yk u/L To:tf Jofkfl/s
kf6L{n] /fv]sf] a}+ Uof/]G6L /sdaf6 k|ToyL{
sDkgLn] c;"npk/ u/L lng ;Sg] eGg] zt{
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
&= Jofkfl/s kIfx aLr x' g ]
;Demf}tfdf Jofh;d]t ykL lng kfpg] zt{x
/fVg' s f] sf/0f pwf/f] lbg] kIfn] ljQLo
;+:yfxaf6 cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf
gk'u x'g] /sd C0fsf] kdf lng] / r'Qmf ug{
afFsL To:tf] C0fsf] Jofh cfkm"n] a'emfpg' kg{]
ePsf]n] xf] . ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] r'Qmf
ug{ afFsL C0fdf lt/]sf] Jofh /sd To:tf]
pwf/f] laqmL ug{] Jofkfl/s sDkgLn] cfos/
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !@-u_ adf]lhd ;DalGwt
cfojif{sf] cfodf s6fO{ v'b cfo sfod ug{
bfjL ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] To;/L cfkm"n] ltg{]
Jofh cfoaf6 sf ug{ bfjL ug{] kIfn] cfkm"n]
p7fpg' kg{] pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df klg afFsL /x]sf]
/sdsf] ToxL cg'kftdf Jofh c;"npk/ u/L
cfodf b]vfpg' jf~5lgo x'G5 . ltg'k{ g{] /sdsf]

Aofh lt/]sf] egL cfoaf6 sf ug{] t/ lng'kg{]

/sd nfdf] ;do;Dd c;"n gu/L k|ltkmn
k|fKt gug{] sfo{af6 pQm P]gsf] bkmf !@-u_ sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] b'kof]u u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg'sf
;fy} s/ bfloTj sd ug{] jf s/ bfloTj 5Ng]
;+oGqsf] kdf pQm bkmf !@-u_ sf] Joj:yf
k|of]u u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg hfG5 . n]vfsf] ;fdfGo
l;4fGtcg';f/ s'g} cfo jif{df k|fKt x'g'kg{]
/sd k|fKt eO{ g;s]sf] ePklg To;} aif{sf]
cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g] ePsf]n] e'QmfgL k|fKt
ug{] clwsf/ l;h{gf ePkl5 e'QmfgL k|fKt
gePtf klg e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL cfo
u0fgfdf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g{] x'G5 . o;k|sf/ k|ToyL{
sDkgLn] cf=j= @)%&)%* df ePsf
;Demf}tfcg'k pwf/f] sf/f]jf/df cGo kIfaf6
e'QmfgL lng afFsL /sdsf] Jofh ;Demf}tfdf
plNnlvt Dofbkl5 :jtM k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{
x' G 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k| T oyL{ sDkgLn]
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt Dofb kl5 e'QmfgL kfpg
afFsL /sdsf] Jofh :jtM k|fKt u/]sf] dfGg'kg{]
ePsf]n] To:tf] Jofh /sd :jtM k|ToyL{sf]
cf=j= @)%&)%* sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg{]
x'G5 . ;fy} cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf & n]
s'g} JolQmsf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf Joj;foaf6
ePsf] cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] JolQmsf] cfojif{
leq s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf, Joj;foaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] d'gfkmf jf nfe
;dfj]z u/L cfo lgwf{/0f ug'{kg{] eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvPaf6 k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] pwf/f]
sf/f] j f/df e' Q mfgL lng afF s L /sdsf]
;Demf}tfadf]lhd k|fKt x'g] Jofh klg sDkgLsf]
cfoleq} kg{] b]lvof] . To:t} ljQLo ;+:yfaf6
C0f lnO{ ltg'{kg{] Jofh ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{sf]
cfoaf6 s6fO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f ug{ rfxg]

1660

*(!$ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/ lj=k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln=

s/bftfn] cGo s'g} JolQm jf kmd{nfO{ lbPsf]

;fk6L, clws jif{ ;'ljwf jf pwf/f]df ;fdfg
ljqmL u/]sf] jf pwf/f] ljqmL -Credit Limit_
lbPsf] cj:yfdf To;/L lbPsf] ;fk6L jf pwf/f]
/sd a/fa/sf] x'g] Jofh /sdnfO{ To:tf]
s/bftfsf] cfo dfGg'kg{] cyjf To:tf] s/bftfn]
cfoaf6 5"6 kfpg] /sddf To:tf] ;fk6L jf
pwf/f] lbPsf] /sdsf] Jofh a/fa/sf] /sd
;dfj]z ug{ gldNg] egL o; cbfntaf6
@)^$CR)%@( sf] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no
nlntk'/ lj?4 dN6L kmfO{j;{ ln= ePsf] d'2fdf
l;4fGt sfod e};s]sf] b]lvFbf oL k|ToyL{ k|fO{d
OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n] cf=j= @)%&)%* df
cGo ljleGg Jofkfl/s kmd{nfO{ ljqmL u/]sf]
pwf/f] sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt x'g'kg{] Jofh;d]t
sDkgLsf] ;f] cf=j= sf] s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z
ug'{kg{] b]lvof] . t;y{ k|ToyL{ sDkgLn] cGo
kmd{ ; F u ePsf] ;Demf} t fadf] l hd pwf/f]
sf/f]jf/df #) lbg gf3]kl5 e'QmfgL kfpg
afFsL /sdsf] !# k|ltztsf b/n] Jofh ;d]t
ykL lng kfpg] u/L pNn]v ePsf] zt{adf]lhd
k|fKt x'g] Jofh /sd ?=@%,!&,##!.&( k|ToyL{
sDkgLsf] cf=j= @)%&)%* sf] cfodf
;dfj]z ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bs 7"nf s/bftf
sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] lg0f{o cfos/ P]g, @)#!
sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'k g} eP u/]sf] b]lvPsf]df
To:tf] pwf/f] afFsLaf6 k|fKt x'g] JofhnfO{
k|ToyL{sf] cf=j= @)%&)%* sf] cfodf ;dfj]z
gug{] u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf]
km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] b]lvg cfPg .
*= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n] cf=j=
@)%&)%* df cGo Jofkfl/s kmd{nfO{ pwf/f]df
;fdfg ljqmL u/]sf]df e'QmfgL kfpg afFsL /sddf

#) lbg gf3]kl5 !# k|ltzt Jofh;d]t yk

u/L lng kfpg] zt{ pNn]v eO{ ePsf] ;Demf}tf
cg'k lng'kg{] Jofh /sd ?=@%,!&,##!.&(
nfO{ plNnlvt cf=j= @)%&)%* sf] s/of]Uo
cfodf ;dfj]z ug{] u/L ePsf] 7"nf s/bftf
sfof{no sf7df8f}s
+ f] ldlt @)^@.#.!@ sf] lg0f{o
/ ;f] cg'k s/ lgwf{/0f ug{] u/L ePsf]
@)^@.#.#! sf] cfb]z ;b/ ug'k{ g{d
] f s]xL pN6L
ug{] u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}s
+ f] km};nf
;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ .
c? tkl;n adf]lhd ug"{ .
tkl;n
dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}s
+ f] km};nf s]xL pN6L x'g]
7x/]sf]n] k|ToyL{ k|fO{d OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= n]
cf=j= @)%&)%* df cGo Jofkfl/s kmd{nfO{
pwf/f] ;fdfg ljqmL u/]sf] sf/f]jf/af6 k|fKt x'g]
Jofh /sd ?=@%,!&,##!.&( ;f] k|f=ln= sf] pQm
cf=j= @)%&)%* sf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'k{ g{]
x'Fbf To;nfO{ s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z u/L
sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] s/ c;"n ug'{ egL 7"nf
s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}+ -xfn nlntk'/_ df
n]vL k7fpg'' ======== !
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/L nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" ============ @
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( sflQs @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM /fdk|;fb zdf{

1661

&

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lg0f{o g+=

*(!%

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
@)^*wo)#%)
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.@^.#
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ clVtof/

b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ gx'g] .
cfof]usf] cfkm}n] ;?jf /2 ug]{ u/]sf]
lg0f{ o / ;f] s f] sfof{ G jog ug{ /
sfdsf/jfxL P]gsf] bkmf !@v sf] sfo{If]q
eGbf aflx/ u} zlQmsf] clws k|of]u
-Use of Excessive Power_ ePsf] b]lvg
uPsf]n] ;f] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gcg'ksf]
sfo{ dfGg gldNg] .
cfkm"df /x]sf] clwsf/ eGbf a9L clwsf/
k|of]u -Use of Excessive Power_ jf
cltqmd0f u/]df jf gePsf] clwsf/
k|of]u u/]df ;f] sfo{af6 s;}sf] ;+ljwfg
Pj+ sfg"gk|bQ xs clwsf/df cf3ft
k/]sf] b]lvg cfP To:tf] lg0f{o jf
sfdsf/jfxL ab/of]Uo x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

lgj]bsM l;/xf lhNnf, 7]u+ xL uf=lj=;= j8f g+=

@ 3/ eO{ l;/xf lhNnfs} >L lg=df=lj=
e'Ns]sf] lg=df=lj= lzIfs -t[tLo >]0fL_
sf] b/jGbLdf xfn ;'Gb/ hgtf dfWolds
ljBfno cf}/xL l;/xfdf sfhdf sfo{/t
;f]letnfn ofbj
lj?4
ljkIfLM clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf xl/k|;fb pk]t| L
6+ufn, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z
zdf{ kf}8n
]
cg' l rt sfo{ ug] { kbflwsf/LnfO{ cjnlDat ghL/M
ljlw;Ddt\ tl/sfaf6 :ki6Ls/0f dfUg] ;Da4 sfg"gM
/ ;f] :ki6Ls/0faf6 ;Gt'i6 x'g] cfwf/
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
geP ;f] sfo{nfO{ cg'lrt sfo{ egL
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@v
7x/ ug'k{ g]{ .
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !^h
cg'lrt sfo{ eP u/]sf] 7x/]sf] cj:yfdf
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod ((
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@v adf]lhd
cfb]z
;f]sf] b'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg ;DalGwt
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxM g]kfnsf]
lgsfonfO{ n]vL k7fpg] cj:yf x'g] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] -@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf]
lg0f{oaf6 lhNnfGt/ ;?jf u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/
cg'lrt sfo{ 7x/ g} gu/L cfkm}n] ;?jf 5M
1662

*(!% ;f]letnfn ofbj lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t

d lgj]bs ldlt @)^)%* df >L

;Tob]jL dfWolds ljBfno h'ljyf sflnsf]6df
lgDg dfWolds ljBfno txsf] t[tLo >]0fLsf]
lzIfs kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm eO{ sfo{/t /xFb}
cfPsf] cj:yfdf ;?jf ul/kfpg lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no l;/fxfdf lgj]bg lbPsf] lyPF . ;f]
lgj]bg pk/ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/LHo"af6 ldlt
@)^&@!* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ dnfO{ ;Tob]jL
dfWolds ljBfno sflnsf]6af6 >L lgDg
dfWolds ljBfno e'Ns] l;/xfdf /x]sf] l/Qm
b/aGbLdf lhNnfGt/ ;?jf u/L kb:yfkgf
ul/Psf] / ;f]xL ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;'Gb/ hgtf
dfWolds ljBfno cf}/xLdf sfh v6fPadf]lhd
xfn;Dd ;f]xL ljBfnodf /dfgf lnO{ xfhL/ eO{
tna eQf ;d]t vfO{ xfn;Dd sfo{/t /xFb}
cfPsf] 5' .+ o;/L sfo{/t /xFb} cfPsf] cj:yfdf
PsfPs ldlt @)^*^@^ df lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no sflnsf]6sf] ldlt @)^*$#! sf]
kq k|fKt eO{ x]bf{ lzIff dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^*$#) sf] kqdf clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*#@@ sf]
kqfg';f/ sflnsf]6 lhNnf ;Tob]jL pRr
dfWolds ljBfno h'ljyfdf sfo{/t lzIfs
zf]letnfn ofbjnfO{ l;/xf lhNnf >L lgDg
dfWolds ljBfno e'Ns]sf] lg=df=lj= lzIfssf]
b/aGbLdf ;?jf kb:yfkgf ug]{ u/L ePsf] ldlt
@)^*@!* sf] lg0f{o tyf l;/xf lhNnfsf]
;'Gb/ hgtf dfWolds ljBfno cf}/xLdf sfhdf
/fVg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"gtM ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf
;f] ;?jf tyf sfh;DaGwL lg0f{o /4 u/L ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L k7fpg eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v eO{
cfPsf]n] pQm ;?jf /2 ul/Psf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L
u/fOG5 egL d lgj]bsnfO{ kq lbOPaf6 pQm
lg0f{o Pj+ kqaf6 cGofodf k/]sf]n] Goflos

pkrf/sf] lgldQ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt

ePsf] 5' .
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{
pQm ;?jf /2 ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ s'g sfg"gL
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L pQm ;?jf /2 ug]{ lg0f{o
u/]sf] xf], ;f] s'/f v'Nb}g . d]/f] pQm ;?jf lzIff
P]gsf] bkmf !^h= / lzIff lgodfjnLsf] lgod
(( adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ul/Psf] cj:yfdf
pQm ;?jf ug]{ lg0f{o /2 ubf{ pQm lzIff P]g /
lgodfjnLsf] s'g bkmf / lgodsf] ljk/Lt ePsf]
xf] ;f] s'/f cfof]usf] kqdf pNn]v 5}g . ;fy}
d]/f] ;?jf @)^&@!* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ePsf]df
ldlt @)^*@!* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ePsf]
;?jfnfO{ /2 ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 .
;?jf kZrft d}n] /dfgf a'emL ldlt
@)^&#! b]lv ;?jf ePsf] ljBfnodf xfhL/
eO{ ldlt @)^* ;fn sflQs dlxgf;Ddsf]
tna eQf ;d]t vfO{ sfo{/t /x]sf] nueu 8]9
aif{ lat]kl5 dfq pQm ldlt @)^*#^ sf]
ldlt pNn]v u/L ;?jf ab/ ePsf] hfgsf/L
k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 .
t;y{, ljkIfLxsf sfdsf/jfxL /
lg0f{on] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@-#_-r_ ;d]t f/f k|bQ d]/f] df}lns xs
Pj+ lzIff P]g / lzIff lgodfjnL f/f k|bQ
sfg"gL xsxsf] ;d]t xgg\ x'g uPsf]n] ljkIfL
cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*#^ df ;?jf /2 ug]{
u/L ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df
dnfO{ lbOPsf] ldlt @)^*#@@ sf] kq /
lzIff dGqfnosf] ldlt @)^*$#) sf] kq
tyf lhNnf lzIff sfof{no sflnsf]6sf] ldlt
@)^*$#! sf] kq Pj+ lg0f{onufotsf dnfO{
k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ u/L ljkIfLxaf6 ePsf
sfdsf/jfxL kqfrf/ cflbnfO{ pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zn]

1663

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

ab/ u/L d lgj]bsnfO{ ;?jf ePsf] ljBfno

Pj+ xfn sfo{/t /x]sf] ljBfnodf oyfjt kdf
sfd sfh ug{ lbg' lbnfpg' egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{
xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf]
Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfP
kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ubf{ lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !^h sf]
pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ tyf ;f]sf] k|ltaGwfTds
v08 cg';f/ k|lqmof k'ofO{ ;?jf ug{ ;lsg]
b]lvFbf / ;f]xLadf]lhd oL lgj]bsnfO{ ;?jf
ul/Psf]n] To;nfO{ ab/ ug]{ clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] @)^*#^ sf] lg0f{o,
@)^*#@@ sf] kq / ;f]xL cg';f/ lzIff
dGqnfosf] @)^*$#) / lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no sflnsf]6sf] ldlt @)^*$#! sf]
kq ;d]t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o
geP;Dd sfof{Gjog gug'{, gu/fpg' oyfjt
/xg lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_
adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf]
5 . lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] cfb]z .
;Tob]jL pRr dfWolds ljBfno h'ljyf
sflnsf]6sf lzIfs zf]letnfn ofbjnfO{ lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] Joj:yfljk/Lt 7f8f]
tf]s cfb]zf/f lhNnfGt/ ;?jf ul/Psf] eGg]

ljifodf cfof]udf btf{ x'g cfPsf] ph"/Lpk/

cfof]uaf6 cg';Gwfg txsLsft eO{ o;
cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*#^ sf] a}7saf6
l;/xf lhNnfsf tTsfnLg lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L
fl/sfk|;fb ofbjn] sflnsf]6 lhNnf ;Tob]jL
pRr dfWolds ljBfno h'ljyfdf sfo{/t
lzIfs zf]letnfn ofbjnfO{ ;f] ljBfnoaf6
l;/fxf lhNnfsf] lgDg dfWolds ljBfno e'Ns]sf]
lgDg dfWolds ljBfno cGtu{tsf] lzIfssf]
b/jGbLdf ;?jf ug] { u/L ePsf] ldlt
@)^&@!* sf] lg0f{o tyf l;/xf lhNnfsf]
;'Gb/ hgtf dfWolds ljBfno cf}/xLdf tf]s
cfb]zf/f sfhdf /fVg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"gtM ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf lzIff dGqfnonfO{
;f] ;?Jff tyf sfh;DaGwL lg0f{o /2 ug{ n]vL
k7fpg] egL lg0f{o eO{ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
lzIff dGqfnodf o; cfof] u sf] ldlt
@)^*#@@ sf] kqaf6 n]vL k7fOPsf] xf] .
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmaf6 cg'lrt
sfo{ ePsf] b] l vP pQm cg' l rt sfo{ s f]
b'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg lgb]{zg lbg;Sg] Joj:yf
clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@v n] cfof]unfO{ ePcg'k
g} ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf] ;?jf ab/ u/L ;Rofpg
cfof]uaf6 lg0f{o u/L ;f] d'tfljs lzIff
dGqfnonfO{ lbPsf] kq c;+ j } w flgs jf
sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf gx'Fbf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsnfO{ sflnsf]6 lhNnf ;Tob]jL
pRr dfWolds ljBfno h'ljyfaf6 l;/xf
lhNnfsf] lgDg dfWolds ljBfno e'Ns]df ;?jf
ug]{ u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^&@!* sf] lg0f{o
tyf ;f] lhNnfsf] ;'Gb/ hgtf dfWolds ljBfno

1664

*(!% ;f]letnfn ofbj lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t

cf}/xLdf tf]s cfb]zf/f sfhdf /fVg] u/L ePsf]

lg0f{o sfg"gtM ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] ;?Jff tyf
sfh;DaGwL lg0f{o /2 ug{ o; dGqfnodf
cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*#@@ sf] kqf/f n]vL
cfPadf]lhd cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
dGqfnof/f ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf
n]vL k7fOPsf] x'bF f o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
lzIff dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bs ldlt @)^&@!* df
o; ljBfnodf sfh ;?jf eO{ ldlt
@)^&#! b] l v xfhL/ eO{ sflQs
dlxgf;Ddsf] tna eQf ;d]t vfO{ sfo{/t
/x]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lghnfO{ cGoq km]/L
;?jf u/L k7fpFbf o; ljBfnosf] k7g
kf7gdf g} c;/ kg{ hfg] / ljBfyL{xsf]
S.L.C. k/LIff ;d]t glhs cfO/x]sf] x'gfn]
lghnfO{ cGoq ;?jf u/L k7fpg pko'Qm
gx'g] tyf lzIff sfof{noaf6 ePsf] ;?jf
tyf sfh lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt ;d]t /x]sf]
x'Fbf o; ljBfnosf] xsdf dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'gkg]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]tsf] ;'Gb/
hgtf dfWolds ljBfno cf}/xL l;/fxfsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
l/6 lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf xl/k|;fb
pk]|tLn] lgj]bs ;Tob]jL dfWolds ljBfno
h'ljyf sflnsf]6af6 sfg"gadf]lhd lgDg
dfWolds ljBfno, e'Ns] l;/fxfdf ;?jf e}
hgtf dfWolds ljBfno cf}/xLdf sfhdf
sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsnfO{ ;?jf tyf
sfhdf v6fpg] u/L ePsf] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
l;/xfsf] ldlt @)^&@!* sf] lg0f{o clVtof/

b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*#^

sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ /2 ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd
ePsf] ;?jf /2 ug]{ If]qflwsf/ gePsf]n]
If] q flwsf/ljxLg pQm cfof] u sf] ldlt
@)^*#^ sf] lg0f{o / pQm lg0f{osf cfwf/df
;?jf /2 ul/Psf] egL lzIff dGqfno / lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no sflnsf]6n] lbPsf] kq ;d]t
pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ xfn
;?jf eO{ sfo{/t /x]sf] l;/xf lhNnf cGtu{tsf]
ljBfnodf oyfjt kdf sfdsfh ug{ lbg'
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
egL ax; ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof] u ;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z zdf{ kf}8n
] n] lgj]bsnfO{
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no l;/xfn] ;?jf ubf{
k|lqmof k"/f gu/L ;?jf u/]sf] b]lvPsf],
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmaf6 cg'lrt
sfo{ ePsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf pQm cg'lrt
sfo{sf] b'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]
clwsf/ cfof] u nfO{ ePsf] / ;f] cg' k
l;/xfsf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;?jf
lg0f{odf cg'lrt sfo{ ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm
;?jf ;Rofpg clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]uaf6 lgb]{zg lbOPsf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{
pQm cfof]usf] lg0f{o, lgb]{zg / tt\;DaGwL
kq sfg"g cg'ks} x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ePsf] ax; ;d]t
;'lgof] .
b'j} tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax; ;'gL
lgj]bssf] ;?jf /2 ug]{ u/L ePsf] clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfdsf/jfxL /
lg0f{o sfg"g cg'ksf 5g\ 5}gg\ < / lgj]bssf]

1665

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og <

tt\;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
lgj]bsn] cfk"m sfo{/t /x]sf] sflnsf]6
lhNnf cGtu{t ;Tob]jL dfWolds ljBfnoaf6
l;/xf lhNnf cGtu{ t sf] ljBfnodf
sfg"gadf]lhd ;?jf eO{ sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf
clVtof/ b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u n]
If]qflwsf/ gf3L ;?jf /2 ug{ egL k7fPsf]
kqfg';f/ lzIff dGqfno / lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
sflnsf]6n] ;?jf /2 ul/Psf] egL dnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] pQm cfof]usf] ;?jf /2
ug]{ u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^*#^ sf] lg0f{o /
tt\ ; DaGwL kq, lzIff dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^*$#) sf] kq Pj+ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
sflnsf]6sf] ldlt @)^*$#! sf] kq ;d]t
pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L l;/xf lhNnf
cGtu{tsf] ljBfnodf g} oyfjt sfdsfh ug{
lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpmF eGg] oL lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu bfjL
/x]5 .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ubf{ lgj] b s
;f]letnfn ofbj lhNnf lzIff sfof{no l;/xfsf]
ldlt @)^&@!* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;Tob]jL
dfWolds ljBfno, jflnrf} / h' l jyf
sflnsf]6af6 l;/xf lhNnf l:yt lgDg dfWolds
ljBfno e'Ns]df ;?jf u/L ;'Gb/ hgtf
dfWolds ljBfno cf}/xL, l;/fxfdf sfhdf
cWofkg/t /x]sf] eGg] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
l;/xfn] lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] ldlt @)^&@!*
sf] lhNnfGt/ ;?jf kqaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
lgj]bssf] ;?jfsf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ph"/L k/]sf]df tt\ ;DaGwdf
5fgaLg x'Fbf lgj]bsnfO{ ;?jf tyf sfhdf
/fVg] u/L ePsf] lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L l;/xfsf]

ldlt @)^&@!* sf] lg0f{o sfg"gtM ldn]sf]

g]blvFbf pQm lg0f{o /2 ug{ cfof]uaf6 lzIff
dGqfnodf n]vL k7fOPsf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg
ldlt @)^*#@@ sf] ljkIfL cfof]usf] kqaf6
b]lvg cfpF5 . clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] kqfg';f/ egL lgj]bssf] ;?jf tyf
sfh /2 u/L hfgsf/L k7fpg lzIff dGqfnon]
ldlt @)^*$#) df lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
sflnsf]6df n]vL k7fPsf] tyf lgj]bssf] ;?jf
/2 ul/Psf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fOG5 egL
lhNnf lzIff sfof{ n o sflnsf] 6 n] ldlt
@)^*$#! df oL lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] kqaf6
b]lvG5 .
#= lgj]bssf] ;?jfsf] ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{
lzIff dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] kqfg';f/ ;?jf
/2 ug{ n]vL k7fOPsf] eGg] pNn]v 5 . k|ToyL{
cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]sf JolQmaf6 cg'lrt sfo{ ePsf] b]lvPdf
;f] sfo{sf] b'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg lgb]z
{ g lbg
;Sg] clwsf/ cfof]udf ePcg'k l;/xfsf
lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] lgj]bssf] ;?jfsf]
;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{odf cg'lrt sfo{ ePsf]
b]lvPaf6 lgj]bssf] ;?jf ab/ u/L ;Rofpg
n]vL k7fpg] u/L cfof]uaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= ca lgj]bssf] ;?jf /2 ug]{ clwsf/
k|ToyL{ cfof]unfO{ /x] g/x]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@v df ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]sf] JolQmn] u/]sf] cg'lrt sfo{af6 pTkGg
b'ikl/0ffd k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ;Rofpgsf
nflu cfof]un] ;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{

1666

*(!% ;f]letnfn ofbj lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t

n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . clVtof/

b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] kfngf eP geP tkm{ ljrf/ubf{
ld;Ln ;+nUg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*#^ sf]
lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlkaf6 lgj]bs zf]letnfn
ofbjsf] ;?jf lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !^h
tyf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod ((
;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{ sfg"gtM ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf
pQm ;?jf /2 ug{ n]vL k7fpg] egL ePsf
lg0f{ofg';f/ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]un] lzIff dGqfno / lzIff dGqfnon]
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no sflnsf]6nfO{ n]vL
k7fPsf] kqcg';f/ lgj]bssf] ;?jf ab/ ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
%= lzIff P] g , @)@* tyf lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%( n] lzIff dGqfno, lzIff
ljefu Pj+ ;f] cGtu{ t sf If] l qo lzIff
lgb]{zgfno / lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ;d]tnfO{
lzIfs lzlIfsfsf] ;?jf ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg
u/L tt\;DaGwL k|lqmofsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] ;?jf sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf klg lzIff dGqfno lzIff
ljefu jf ;f] cGtu{ t clVtof/k| f Kt
clwsf/Laf6 k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd To:tf] ;?jf
ab/ ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . t/ lzIff dGqfno jf
lzIff ljefuaf6 ;f] ab/ ePsf] geO{ clVtof/
b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u sf] kqfg' ; f/
lgj]bssf] ;?jf ab/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gsf] bkmf !@v
df ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] u/]sf]
cg' l rt sfo{ s f] b' i kl/0ffd k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd ;Rofpgsf nflu cfof]un]
;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ n]vL k7fpg
;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf pNn]v 5 . ;f]adf]lhd

;j{k|yd bkmf !@s adf]lhd lghsf] lhNnfGt/

;?jf ug]{ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{onfO{
cg'lrt sfo{ 7x/ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . ;fy} cg'lrt
sfo{ ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljlw;Ddt tl/sfaf6
:ki6Ls/0f dfUg] / ;f] :ki6Ls/0faf6 ;Gt'i6
x'g] cfwf/ geP ;f] sfo{nfO{ cg'lrt sfo{ egL
7x/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cg'lrt sfo{ eP u/]sf]
7x/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq bkmf !@v adf]lhd
;f]sf] b'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{
n]vL k7fpg] cj:yf x'G5 t/ cfof]usf] lg0f{oaf6
lhNnfGt/ ;?jf u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ cg'lrt sfo{
7x/ g} gu/L cfkm}n] ;?jf ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/ k|ToyL{ cfof]unfO{ pQm clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]gsf] bkmf !@s
jf !@v n] lbb}g . ;f]sf] cnfjf clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* adf]lhd
cfof]u s'g} klg ;/sf/L lgsfosf] lgodg /
lgoGq0f ug]{ ;+:yf geO{ ;f] ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6
ePsf] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/hGo sfo{
eP u/]sf] b]lvPdf cg';Gwfg sf/afxL ug]{
lgsfo ;Dd ePsf] / :jo+n] s'g} lg0f{o ug{ /
;hfo ug]{ lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf] b]lvFb}g .
cfgf] clwsf/ jf sfo{If]q gf3L u/]sf] sfo{nfO{
zlQmsf] clws k|of]u u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
k|ToyL{ cfof]un] ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L lhNnf
lzIff clwsf/Ln] cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf] 7x/ g}
gu/L cg'lrt sfo{sf] b'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg cfkm}n]
;?jf /2 ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog
ug{ lzIff dGqfnonfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] eGg] pQm
ldlt @)^*#^ sf] cfof]usf] lg0f{o / tt\
;DaGwL kqaf6 b]lvG5 . To;}n] ljkIfL cfof]usf]
pQm lg0f{o / sfdsf/jfxL P]gsf] bkmf !@v sf]
sfo{If]q eGbf aflx/ u} zlQmsf] clws k|of]u
-Use of Excessive Power_ ePsf] b]lvg uPsf]n]

1667

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

;f] sfo{nfO{ sfg"g cg'ksf] sfo{ dfGg ldn]g .

lg0f{o g+= *(!^
cfkm"df /x]sf] clwsf/ eGbf a9L clwsf/ k|of]u
-Use of Excessive Power_ u/]sf] b]lvPdf jf
clwsf/sf] cltqmd0f u/]sf] ePdf jf gePsf]
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sfo{af6 dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
s;}sf] ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"g k|bQ xs clwsf/df
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
cf3ft k/]sf] b]lvg cfP To:tf] lg0f{o jf
)^&WO)%#^
sfdsf/jfxL ab/of]Uo x'G5 .
km};nf ldltM @)^(.*.!@.#
^= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ a'bF faf6
lgj]bssf] ;?jf /2 ug]{ u/L ePsf] clVtof/
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*#^
sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] cfwf/df lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no
sflnsf]6sf] ldlt @)^*$#! sf] kq ;d]t
afub/af/df kb:yfkgf eO{ sfo{/t\
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] b]lvO{ ;f] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
;x;lrj u0f]z /fO{
lgj]bssf] ;+jw} flgs xsflwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug
lj4
uPsf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm lg0f{o / kqx pTk]i| f0fsf] ljkIfLM cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n, sfo{sf/L clws[t
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . lzIff P]g, @)@*
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf ;d]t
/ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( n] tf]ss
] f] ljlw /
k|lqmof ckgfO{ lzIfs lzlIfsfsf] ;?jf x'gk' g]d{ f
/fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
s;}sf] b'Odt x'g ;Sb}g . lgj]bssf] ;?jfsf]
cjlw tf]sL ;jf ug'k{ g]{ afWofTds
;DaGwdf klg sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'us
] f] eP ;f]
sfg"gL Joj:yf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g}
k| l qmof k" / f u/L cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6
klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] s'g} cd's
;?jf;DaGwL lg0f{o / sf/jfxL x'g;Sg] g} x'bF f
sfof{nodf dfq /xL ;]jf ug{ kfpg'k5{
;f] geP;Dd lgj]bsnfO{ xfn sfo{/t /x]s}
egL bfjL ug{ gldNg] x'bF f P]g, lgodfjnLsf]
l;/xf lhNnf cGtu{tsf] ljBfnodf oyfjt
cwLgdf /xL ;jf ug{ ;Sg] .
sfdsfh ug{ lbg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf
s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg"gsf]
k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
k|lqmof k'ofO{ pxL juL{st[ If]qsf] Ps
k|ToyL{xnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ld;Ln
sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;jf
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
ub{d
} f lghsf] ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs
xgg\ x'g hfg] eGg gldNg] .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ @^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
bfxfn / clwjQmfx sfzLk|;fb l3ld/]
Ohnf; clws[t M jf;'bj] kf}8n
]
Pj+ cdLtf bLlIft
1668

*(!^ u0f]z /fO{ lj=cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n ;d]t

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ljgf]b

kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !*,
!*-#_, %(-s_-@_, ^) sf] -3_,-_,-r_
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]
lgod #^
cfb]z
Gof=k| s fz j:tLM g] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_
n] o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/
5 M
d lgj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
k|zf;g ;d"xsf] k|yd >]0fL ;x;lrj kbdf
axfn 5' . d ;fljs u[x dGqfnocGtu{t sfo{/t\
/x]sf]df ldlt @)^^.*.!! sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnodf ;jf ul/of] eg] ldlt
@)^^.*.@% sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ldlt @)^^.*.@^
b]lv sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf kb:yfkgf
ePsf] x'F . d]/f] kb:yfkgf ;dodf sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] b/aGbL /x]sf]df lgh
cjsfz eO{ lgj]bs g} sfo{sf/L k|dv
' eO{ sfo{
ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]df d]/f] clwsf/ /
sfo{ I f] q :ki6 gePsf] n ] :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnodf kqfrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^^.(.@* sf]
dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{ o egL cfly{ s
k|zf;lgsnufotsf sfo{sf/L clws[tn] ug]{
;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug'{ egL kq k|fKt ePsf]df
;f]xLcg';f/ ub}{ cfPsf]df @)^& h]7df k|ToyL{
cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf]

sfo{sf/L clws[t lgo'lQm eO{ cfpg' ePsf] /

;DalGwt dGqfnon] lghnfO{ gu/ k|dv
' n] ug]{
sfo{sf] af/]df clwsf/ k|bfg gu/] klg d}n]
gu/ k|dv
' sf] x}l;otn] ug]{ u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
ug{ yfNg' eof] . o;}aLr ldlt @)^&.#.@* sf]
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
sfo{sf/L clws[t kb vf/]h uof] .
;f]kZrft\ cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n :jtM
;jf x'g] jf cGoq hfg' kg]{df clwsf/laxLg
eO;s]kl5 ldlt @)^&.$.#! df gu/ kl/ifb\
ul/Psf]df d}n] k"j{ kdf ;~rfng u/]sf
cfof]hgf ;d]t k|efljt x'g] b]vL c;xdlt
hgfPsf]df To;nfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL k"jf{u|xk"0f{
tj/n] d]/f] cg'zf;gsf] k|Zg p7fO{ ljefuLo
sf/jfxLsf] nflu d]/f] xsdf c;/ k'ofpg
b'/fu|x /fvL ldlt @)^&.%.! df lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $! / $@ ;DaGwL s;"/
u/]sf] eGb} bkmf ^) sf] -3_, -_,-r_ / bkmf
%(-s_-@_ adf]lhd ;hfo lsg gug]{ :ki6Ls/0f
k]z ug'{ xf]nf egL kq n]v]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f ub}{
;f]xL Joxf]/fsf kq ldlt @)^&.%.^ / ldlt
@)^&.%.!) df n]Vbf ;d]t d}n] ga'em]sf] egL
cfkm"v'zL Joxf]/f kf/L ldlt @)^&.%.!* df
uf]/vfkqdf pk/f]Qmadf]lhd :ki6Ls/0f k]z
ug]{ ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;f] ldltleq
d}n] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf :ki6Ls/0f
k]z u/]sf] 5' .
d lgj]bs /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/L
ePsf] cfwf/df dnfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ clwsf/
;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;lrjnfO{ dfq ePsf]df
clwsf/ gePsf ljkIfL cfgGb/fh kf]v/]nn]
uf]/vfkqdf k|:tfljt ;hfo ug]{ lg0f{o u/L
;dy{gsf] nflu ljkIfL :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

1669

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

/ ljkIfL s[i0f 1jfnLsf]df k7fPsf]df dnfO{

;hfo ug]{ k|:tfjdf lgh ljkIfLxaf6 ;dy{g
cfb]z ;d]t eO;s]sf] x'bF f ddfly sf/jfxL g}
ug]{ dgl:yltdf ljkIfLx /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}
u/L xfn;fn} d]/f] ;jf nf]s;]jf cfof]udf
ePsf] egL ldlt @)^&.*.( sf] b}lgs sflGtk'/df
;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . o;/L clwsf/
gePsf kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] ;hfosf] l;kmfl/z
/ dnfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ;jf ug]{ u/]sf]
lg0f{o lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) ljk/Lt /x]sf] / To;af6
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@,
!# / !* n] lbPsf] d]/f] df}lns xsdf aGb]h
nfUg'sf ;fy} a[lQ ljsf;df ;d]t c;/ kg]{
ePsf]n] pQm ;hfosf] sf/jfxL tyf ;jf ug]{
u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
dnfO{ oyfjt kbdf axfn /fVg' eGg] k/dfb]z
;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] l/6 lgj]bg dfu
bfjL .
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L gx'g' kg]{ xf], hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f
eP of] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb
afx] s !% lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug"{ . lgj]bsn] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu
u/] s f] b] l v+ b f To;tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
If]qflwsf/ljlxg clwsf/Ln] ;hfo k|:tfj u/L
:ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf], ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbPsf]
egL lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
/ ;'ljwf ;Gt'ng -Balance of Convenianc_ sf]
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt
hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 k'gM ljrf/ ug]{ u/L xfnnfO{

lgj]bsnfO{ cGoq :yfGt/0f gug'{ gu/fpg',

;fljsadf] l hd sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsf]
sfof{nodf oyfjt\ sfd sfh ug'{ u/fpg' /
s'g} lsl;dsf] ljefuLo ;hfo gug'{, gu/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb] z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;
cfb]zsf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd
k7fO{ lgodfg';f/ ug'{ egL o; cbfntaf6
ePsf] cfb]z .
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L
k|d'vsf] kb /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] kb
/x]sf] s'/f l/6 lgj]bgdf ;d]t :jLsf/ ul/Psf]
5 . ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] kb
l/Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L
lgjf{x ug{ l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ kq lbPsf] s'/f
l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljlzi6
>]0fLsf sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] kb l/Qm /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] kbsf] lhDd] j f/L lbOPsf]
cj:yfdf sfo{ s f/L clws[ t sf] b/aGbLdf
;DalGwt >]0fL -/fhk+qflst ljlzi6 >]0fL_
sf] sd{rf/L kb:yfkg eO{ cfO{ ;s]kl5 klg
;f] kbn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L cfkm"n] g}
;DxfNg kfpg' kg]{ bfjL ug'{sf] cf}lrTo 5}g .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !* sf]
pkbkmf -#_ df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd /fhkqf+lst
k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf ubf{ cjlw
tf]sL ;jf ug'{ kb}{g . t;y{ ;f] >]0fLsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] h'g;'s}
avt ;jf ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] ;jf /f]sL
kfpg ul/Psf] bfjL s' g } klg sfg" g L
Joj:yfcg'k 5}g .
g] k fn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ;Dkfbg_
lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

1670

*(!^ u0f]z /fO{ lj=cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n ;d]t

/fhk+qflst k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] ;/x / ;f]eGbf

dflysf] kbxdf ;jf ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfn
;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL,@)%) sf] lgod #^
sf] pklgod -@_ df ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/
/fhk+ q flst k| y d >] 0 fLsf] sd{ r f/LnfO{
cGt/dGqfno ;jf ug'{kbf{ g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;jf ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 . o;/L plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
/fhk+ q flst k| y d >] 0 fLsf sd{ r f/LnfO{
cGt/dGqfno ;jf ug{ clVtof/L k|fKt g]kfn
;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^$.!.!^ sf]
lg0f{on] lghfdtL ;]jfsf /fhk+qflst k|yd
>]0fL ;x;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf kb;Dd ;jf
ug'{ kbf{ Gofo ;]jfsf] kbdf afx]s ;jf ug{
;fdfGo k| z f;g dGqL /fHodGqLsf]
;+of]hsTjdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj,
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;lrj, ;DalGwt
dGqfnosf] ;lrj / ;jf ug{ k|:tfljt
ul/Psf] dGqfnosf] ;lrj ;b:o /x] s f]
;ldltnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ a f6 ePsf] clwsf/
k|Tofof]hgadf]lhd pQm ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/
g} l/6 lgj]bssf] ;jf ePsf]n] lghsf] ;jf
sfof{Gjogof]Uo 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf
ePsf] Joj:yfadf] l hd P] g n] tf] s ] s f]
Joj:yfljk/Ltsf cfr/0f ug] { sd{ r f/Ln]
ljefuLo ;hfoaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sb}g .
s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ ePsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf]
;DaGwdf pkrf/ vf]Hg kfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t
;f] P]gdf :ki6 /x]sf]n] ;f] Joj:yfadf]lhd
pkrf/ vf]Hg ;lsg]df ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If] q cGtu{ t l/6 bfo/

ul/Psf] sfo{ ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf

cg's"n /x]sf] 5}g . lgh l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ug]{
elgPsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ;DaGwdf 5'}
k|lqmoff/f lgsf;f lgl:sg ;Sg] g} ePsf] /
;f] ljefuLo ;hfosf] k|lqmofsf] ljifo /
lghnfO{ ;jf ul/Psf] ljifo cnucnu
ePsf]n] ljefuLo ;hfosf] k|lqmof;DaGwL
cfwf/ lnO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 lgj]bsnfO{
cGoq :yfgfGt/0f gug{ gu/fpg hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]z vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] afnfgGb
kf}8]n, ;lrj ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] kqfg';f/
lgj]bsnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
^* adf]lhd b'O{ tna a[l4 /f]Ssfsf] ljefuLo
;hfo ug{ cfof]udf k/fdz{ dfu eO{ cfPsf]df
ldlt @)^&.*.@& sf] cfof]usf] lg0f{ofg';f/
k/fdz{ k7fO{ ;lsPsf] / ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg
u/]adf]lhd k/fdz{;Dd lbPsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifb\ Pj+ d lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{sf]
s] s'g sfd, sf/jfxL jf lg0f{oaf6 lghsf]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@,!#
/ !* f/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngdf s],
s;/L afwf pTkGg x'g uPsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
cfgf] lgj]bgdf :ki6 kfg{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g .
;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngdf afwf
pTkGg u/]sf] egL bfjL lnFbf s], s;/L ;f]
xssf] k|rngdf afwf pTkGg u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f
:ki6 kdf vf]nL cbfnt ;d]t ;f] s'/fdf
;Gt'i6 x'g] k|df0f k]z ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . s]jn bfjL
lnFbd} f ;f] s'/f k'li6 x'g ;Sb}g . ljkIfL lgj]bssf]

1671

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lgj]bgdf ;f] s'/fsf cefj x'bF f dfuadf]lhdsf]

cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
hxfF;Dd lgj]bsnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %(-s_-@_ / bkmf ^) sf]
-3_,-_ / -r_ adf]lhd ;hfosf] k|:tfj /
sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfaf6 nf] s ;] j f
cfof]udf ;jf u/]sf] ;DaGwL k|Zg 5,
tT;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf %( df plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePdf
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fdfGo Pj+ ljz]if ;hfo
ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L g} P]gsf]
bkmf ^) df gl;xt lbg] jf a9Ldf b'O{ tna
a[l4 jf b'O{ jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{, bkmf
^)s df b'O{ jif{b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd a9'jf
/f]Ssf ug]{ jf b'O{b]lv kfFr tna a[l4;Dd
/f]Ssf ug]{ / bkmf ^! df ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf
avf{:t ug]{ cfwf/xsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . d'n'ssf] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{
cg' z fl;t, dof{ l bt Pj+ sfg" g adf] l hd
;~rfng ug{sf nflu s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]
P]gsf] bkmf ^), ^)s Pj+ ^! sf] b]xfodf
plNnlvt s'g} sfo{ u/]df lghpk/ P]gsf] %(
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g;Sg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g
;Sb}g . lgh ljkIfLn] P]gsf] bkmf ^) sf]
-3_, -_ / -r_ df plNnlvt sfo{ u/]sf]
cfwf/df ;hfo ug]{ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln]
P]gsf] bkmf %(-s_-@_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfo k|:tfj
u/L :ki6Ls/0f lnPsf] ljifo sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
sfd, sf/jfxL x'Fbf ;f] ljifonfO{ ljkIfLn]
cGoyf eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g .
;fy}, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( Pj+
lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] cwLgdf /xL cfjZostf
Pj+ pko'Qmtfsf cfwf/df ;jf ug]{ clVtof/L
k|fKt lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] s'g} klg lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lsf] ;jf ug{ ;Sg] g} x'Fbf ljkIfL

lgj] b snfO{ sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfaf6
nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ;jf ug{ g;Sg] eGg]
x'Fb}g . sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf ;d]tsf
lgsfoxdf /x]sf /f=k=ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] b/aGbL
h'g;'s} sf/0fn] l/Qm eP klg To:tf] b/aGbL
vf/]h ug]{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6
d=k=a}=;+ !^.)^& ldlt @)^&.#.@* df lg0f{o
ePsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ To:tf lgsfoxdf
xfn sfo{/t\ ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/L sfo{/t\
/x];Dd To:tf lgsfoxdf /x]sf] /f=k=ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] ;f] b/aGbL vf/]h geO{ sfod} /xg]
Joxf]/f ;d]t ;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{ cjut
u/fpFb5' . ;fy} :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf]
ldlt @)^^.(.@* sf] kqaf6 csf]{ cfb]z jf
Joj:yf geP;Dd ljkIfL lgj]bsnfO{ cfly{s,
k|zf;lgsnufotsf sfo{sf/L clws[tn] k|of]u
ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|of]u u/L sfdsfh ug{
lbPsf] eGg] k|Zg 5, tT;DaGwdf sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf kdf
cfgGb/fh kf]v/]nsf] lgo'lQm eO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf
csf]{ Joj:yf eP;Fu} ;f] kqsf] a}wflgstf
:jtM lgliqmo ePsf] x'Fbf tTkZrft\ klg
ljkIfLn] plNnlvt ldltsf] kqfg';f/sf] sfd,
sfh u/]df ljkIfLsf] ;f] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL x'g]
s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 . ctM l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpmF eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf d'Vo ;lrj dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
d lnlvthjfkmjfnf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]
;lrj sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf sfo{sf/L
clws[t kbdf ;jf e} pkl:yt ePkl5
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tsf]
x}l;otaf6 gu/ k|d'v, kl/ifb\n] k|of]u ug]{

1672

*(!^ u0f]z /fO{ lj=cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n ;d]t

;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ nufotsf] sfof{noljefuLo

k|dv
' e} d}n] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ xf] . dnfO{
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf sfo{sf/L clws[t
tf]skl5 ;f] kbn] ug]{ sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/
:jtM ddf cfpF5 . d sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf
pkl:yt ePkl5 ljkIfL u0f]z /fO{sf] lgldQ
sfo{sf/L clws[t kb :jtM ;dfKt x'G5 . d]/f]
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf ;jf ljkIfLsf] nflu
csf]{ Joj:yfcfb]z xf] .
ljkIfL ;x;lrj dfq ePsf] /
sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfsf] d sfo{ s f/L
clws[t ljlzi6 >]0fL, ;lrj lgheGbf dflyNnf]
kb ->]0fL_ sf] /x]sf] x'Fbf lghsf] ljefuLo
k|d'v d x'F . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf $! / $@ pNn+3g ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{
P]=P]gsf] bkmf %(-s_-@_, ^) cg'k ;fdfGo
;hfo lbg P] = P] g sf] bkmf ^@-@_ cg' ; f/
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 egL pNn]v ePsf]df
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod
!)^-@_ cg';f/ d ljefuLo k|d'v ePsf] x'Fbf
lghnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ug]{ clVtof/ ddf
x'Fbf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] ;f]
clwsf/ x'Fb}g .
ljkIfLnfO{ oy]i6 :ki6Ls/0fsf] df}sf
lbFbf klg af/Daf/ kq ga'g], ckzAb af]Ng],
cfkm" e Gbf dflysf / tnsf sd{ r f/Lk| l t
b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ u/]sf]n] ldlt @)^&.^.!* ut]
b}lgs uf]/vfkqdf ;kmfO -:ki6Ls/0f_ sf] ;"rgf
hf/L ug'{ kof] . ljkIfLnfO{ ;hfo ul/Psf]df
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ^( cg';f/ k|zf;sLo
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf
5 . a}slNks sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g eGg ldNb}g .
t;y{ ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg a}slNks sfg"g
Joj:yfsf] sf/0fn] ;d]t vf/]hefuL 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf !*-#_ cg';f/

/fhk+qflt k|yd >]0fLnfO{ cjlw tf]sL ;jf
ug'{ kb}{g . P]=P]gsf] bkmf !*-$_-v_ cg';f/
ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{ k/]df klg lghfdtL
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;jf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf pNn]v
5 . P]=P]gsf] bkmf !*-!@_ cg';f/ ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfnon] u/]sf] ;jf eP g]kfn
;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] /2 ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
ctM ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgjbgdf dfu
ul/Psf] ljefuLo ;hfo / ;jfsf] a}slNks
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf /x]sf], ljkIfLn] af/Daf/ kq
a'g gdfgL :ki6Ls/0f ga'em]sf] s'/f n'sfO{
;kmf xft gcfPsf], cbfntnfO{ 9fF6s
] f], ljefuLo
;hfo ug{] kbflwsf/Ln] g} :ki6Ls/0f dfu
u/]sf] tyf ;hfo ;d]t u/]sf] / ;jf klg
sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ljkIfL cfgGb/fh
kf] v /] n , sfo{ s f/L clws[ t , sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj] b snfO{ sf7df8f} F
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] cf=a= @)^&.)^* sf] ah]6
th{'df ;d]tsf sfd ug{ u/fpg clVtof/L
k| b fg ul/Psf] , lghsf] sfo{ s If
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] afub/af/ l:yt ejgleq
g} Joj:yf ePsf] d f /fli6 o ;efu[ x df
;dfgfGt/ sfof{no vf]nL a;]sf] tyf ;'lDkPsf]
sfd gu/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf $! adf]lhd ;do kfngf / lgoldttf
pNn+3g ug'{sf ;fy} P]=bkmf $@ adf]lhd
cg'zf;g / cf1fkfng gu/]sf] Pjd\ lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $^ adf]lhd ;/sf/L
sfdsfh;DaGwL ;dfrf/ clVtof/ gkfO{ k|rf/
k|;f/ ug{ gldNg]df cf=a= @)^&.)^* sf]
jflif{ s ah] 6 ldlt @)^&.$.#! df gu/

1673

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

kl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] :jLs[t u/]sf]df kqsf/

;Dd]ng u/L To;sf] lj/f]w u/]sf] s;"/ ;d]tdf
ldlt @)^&.%.! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ kq k|fKt
ePsf] tLg lbgleq :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ kq
n]lvPsf] cj:yf xf] . ldlt @)^&.%.! sf
lbg sfo{sf/L clws[t -cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n_
s} sfo{sIfdf kq a'lemlnO{ kq vf]nL k9L
ekf{Odf ;5L5fk gu/L ekf{O ;d]t RoftL
sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] 6]an / cg'xf/df kg]{
u/L kmfn]/ cfqmf]lzt d'b|fdf aflx/ uPsf]
egL v=6+sk|;fb a/fnsf] ldlt @)^&.%.@
sf] k|ltj]bg / @@ hgff/f x:tfIfl/t k[i7
$-rf/_ sf] 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf k]z
ePsf] cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf %( sf] v08-s_ sf] -@_ adf]lhdsf]
;hfo lsg gug] { egL ldlt @)^&.%.^
:ki6Ls/0f dfu ug] { lg0f{ o ePcg' ; f/
:ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ kq n]vL l/6 lgj]bssf]
3/, 7] u fgf nlntk' / lhNnf, ;' g fsf] 7 L
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ( df a'emfpg k7fpFbf e]6
gePsf] eGg' egL kq a'g OGsf/ u/]sf]
k|ltj]bg k|fKt x'g cfPsf] x'bF f ldlt @)^&.%.!)
sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf ^) sf] v08-3_,-_ / -r_ sf]
s;"/df P]=P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] v08 -s_ sf]
b]xfo -@_ adf]lhd b'O{ tna a[l4 /f]Ssf lsg
gug]{ egL :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf] kq klg
3/ 7]ufgfdf g} a'emfpg k7fpFbf kq ga'emL
3/df gePsf] egL lbg' eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltj]bg
k|fKt ePsf]n] ldlt @)^&.^.!* sf] uf]/vfkqdf
;a} Joxf]/f vf]nL lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf ^) sf] v08 -3_,-_ / -r_ sf]
s;"/df P]=P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] v08-s_ sf]
b]xfo -@_ adf]lhd b'O{ tna a[l4 /f]Ssf lsg

gug] { egL ;kmfO k] z ug] { df} s f k| b fg

ul/Psf]df lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^&.^.!) df
:ki6Ls/0f k] z u/] s f] . t/, k] z ePsf]
:ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]n] lghfdtL
;] j f P] g , @)$( sf] bkmf ^* adf] l hd
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{sf nflu n]vL uPsf]
/ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.@.@* sf]
kqfg';f/ k|:tfljt ljefuLo ;hfo ug{sf
nflu ;xdlt k|fKt ePsf]n] ldlt @)^&.(.@!
sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf ^) sf] v08 -3_,-_ / -r_ sf]
s;"/df P]=P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] v08 -s_ sf]
b]xfo -@_ adf]lhd b'O{ tna a[l4 /f]Ssf ul/Psf]
xf] . ljefuLo ;hfo ug]{ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog
eO{ ;s]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ;fy} P]=sf ;lrj
s[i0f 1jfnLsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn / clwjQmfx
sfzLk|;fb l3ld/] Pj+ cdLtf bLlIftn] lgj]bs
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fL:t/sf]
;x;lrj kbdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L ePsf] /
lghnfO{ sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L
clws[tn] ug]{ cfly{s k|zf;lgsnufotsf
;Dk" 0 f{ sfo{ ug' { eGg] dGqL:t/Lo ldlt
@)^^(@* sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ cfk"mn] ;f]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ub}{ cfPsf]df ljkIfL cfgGb/fh
kf]v/]n ToxfF ;jf eO{ cfP klg lghnfO{
;f] sfo{ ug]{ s'g} clVtof/L lbOPsf] lyPg .
t/, lghn] cfk"mv';L sfo{sf/L clws[tsf]
sfo{ u/]sf] / lgj]bsn] ;f] ug{ /f]Sbf k"jf{u|xL
lsl;dn] lgj]bsnfO{ ;'gjfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t

1674

*(!^ u0f]z /fO{ lj=cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n ;d]t

k|bfg gu/L hj/\h:tL lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,

@)$( sf] bkmf %( -s_-@_ adf]lhd ljefuLo
;hfo ug{ uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ /
cGoq ;jf ug]{ u/L ljkIfLxaf6 ePsf]
sfd sf/jfxL u}/sfg"gL ePsf] / To;af6
lgj]bssf] df}lns xsdf cf3ft kg'{sf ;fy}
j[ l Q ljsf;df ;d] t c;/ k/] s f] x' F b f
ljkIfLxsf pQm sfo{x pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .
To;} u/L ljkIfLxsf tkm{af6 ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf ljgf]b kf]v/]nn] lgj]bsnfO{
csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tn] ug]{ sfo{
ug{ clwsf/ lbPsf], t/ ;f] sfof{nodf ljlzi6
>]0fLsf] clws[t cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n ;jf e}
cfPkl5 sfo{sf/L clws[tn] ug{ kfpg] ;Dk"0f{
sfo{ lgh ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] clws[tn] g} ug{
kfpg]df ljjfb 5}g . lgj]bsn] cfgf] kbLo
cfr/0f gu/]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo
ul/Psf] / To;df lrQ ga'em] k|zf;sLo
cbfntdf k' g /fj] b g ug{ ;Sg] j} s lNks
pkrf/sf] dfu{ /x]sf] x'Fbf l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug{
ldNb}g . lgj]bssf] ;jf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g
Pj+ lgodfjnLcg';f/ g} ePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL
ax; ug'{eof] .
dfly plNnlvt ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxn] ug'{ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{
xf], xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
lgj]bsn] cfk"m g]kfn ;/sf/ lghfdtL
;]jfcGtu{t k|zf;g ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd

>] 0 fL ;x;lrj kbdf :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfnocGtu{sf] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf
sfo{ / t\ /x] s f] / ldlt @)^^(@* sf]
dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{ o adf] l hd sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tn] ug]{
;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] lyPF . :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnoaf6 @)^& h]i7df ljkIfL cfgGb/fh
kf] v /] n nfO{ sf7df8f} + dxfgu/kflnsfsf]
sfo{sf/L clws[tdf lgo'lQm u/]sf] eP klg
lghnfO{ gu/ k|d'v / gu/ kl/ifb\n] k|of]u ug]{
clwsf/ k| b fg ul/Psf] lyPg t/ lghn]
cfk"mv'zL sfo{sf/L clws[tn] ug]{ clwsf/ k|of]u
u/]sf]n] ldlt @)^&$#! sf] gu/ kl/ifb\sf]
a}7sdf lgj]bsn] c;xdlt hgfPsf] sf/0f
dk|lt k"jf{u|xL eO{ dnfO{ ;'gjfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t
k|bfg gu/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf %(-s_-@_, ^) sf] -3_,-_,-r_ adf]lhd
;hfosf] k| : tfj u/L uf] / vfkqdf ;" r gf
k| s flzt ug] { / dnfO{ sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsfaf6 nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ;jf
ug]{ k|:tfj ;d]t u/]sf] eGg] ;'Ggdf cfPsf]n]
ljkIfLxaf6 dpk/ ePsf] ;hfo Pj+
tt\ ; DaGwL ;Dk" 0 f{ lg0f{ o x pTk] | i f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ ;fljs kbdf
oyfjt axfn /fVg' eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t
ljkIfLxsf gfddf hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo
lgj]bg dfu bfjL b]lvG5 . lgj]bsnfO{ csf]{
cfb]z jf Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu cfly{s,
k|zf;lgsnufotsf sfo{sf/L clws[tn] k|of]u
ug{ kfpg] u/L clwsf/ lbPsf], t/ :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnon] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf
/fhkqf+ l st ljlzi6 >] 0 fLsf cfgGb/fh
kf]v/]nnfO{ lgo'Qm u/L k7fPkl5 sfo{sf/L
clwsf/ lgj]bsn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] b]lvFb}g .

1675

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lgj]bsn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] kfng ug'{kg]{

cfr/0f kfngf gu/]sf] / :ki6Ls/0f ;f]w]sf]
kq a'emfpFbf kq k9]/ sfof{no k|d'vsf] d'vdf
RoftL kmfn] s f] / lghsf] 3/ 7] u fgfdf
:ki6Ls/0fsf] kq k7fpFbf klg a'g gdfg]sf]
x'Fbf uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] xf] .
lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f lrQ ga'bf]
ePsf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf %(-s_-@_ / bkmf ^) sf] -3_,-_,-r_
adf]lhd ljefuLo ;hfo ug]{ ul/Psf] k|:tfj
sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf] / lghsf] ;jf ;d]t
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !* cg';f/
g} ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn]
cfk" m nfO{ lghfdtL ;] j f P] g , @)$( sf]
bkmf %(-s_-@_ / bkmf ^) sf] -3_,-_,-r_
adf]lhd ;hfosf] k|:tfj ug]{ / sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsfaf6 nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ;jf
ug]{ ljkIfLxsf] k|:tfj ;d]t u}/sfg"gL
x'Fbf pk/f]Qm ;hfo tyf ;jfsf] k|:tfj
tyf tt\;DaGwL lg0f{ox pTk]|if0ff/f ab/
u/L lgj]bsnfO{ ;fljs kbdf oyfjt axfn
/fVg k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bgdf
bfjL lnPsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bsnfO{ sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{ n of/f lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $! cg';f/sf]
;dokfng / lgoldttf tyf bkmf $@
cg';f/sf] cg'zf;g / cf1fkfng;DaGwL
cfgf] ;]jf / kbcg';f/sf] cfr/0f kfngf
gu/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^)
sf] -3_,-_,-r_ cg';f/sf] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf]
b]lvFbf P]gsf] bkmf %(-s_-@_ sf] ;hfo lsg
gug]{ egL uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L

:ki6Ls/0f dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn]

cfk"mnfO{ b'/fu|x /fvL :ki6Ls/0f;DaGwL kq
ga'emfO{ uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]
eg] klg ;f]xL ;"rgfdf :ki6Ls/0f;DaGwL
kq a'emfpg hfg] sd{rf/L;F6 e]6 eP/ klg
kq ga'em]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v 5 . o;/L
lgj]bsnfO{ ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0fdf tf]lsPsf]
Dofbleq} lgj] b sn] dxfgu/kflnsfdf
:ki6Ls/0f a'emfPsf] tYo lgj]bsn] cfgf]
lgj]bgdf g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5, t/
lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f lrQa'bf]
gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df lghnfO{ lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^) sf] -3_,-_ /
-r_ cg';f/sf] kbLo bfloTj lgjf{x gug'{
ePsf]n] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf %( sf] v08 -s_
sf] b]xfo -@_ adf]lhd b'O{ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf
ul/Psf] egL g]kfn ;/sf/ -;lrj:t/_ sf]
ldlt @)^&(@! sf] lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pQm
lg0f{o pk/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf ^( cg' ; f/ k| z f;sLo cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] j}slNks pkrf/sf]
dfu{ sfg"gn] u/]sf] / ;f]xLcg';f/ k|zf;sLo
cbfntdf lgj] b sn] k' g /fj] b g ;d] t
ul/;s]sf] egL ax;sf l;nl;nfdf lghsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLn]
eGg'ePsf]n] o; ljjfbsf] lgk0f ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 x'g] g} x'G5 . t;y{ oL lgj]bsnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %(-s_
-@_ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ -;lrj:t/_ af6
ePsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf ;DaGwdf o;
cbfntn] cfgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q k|of]u
u/L k| : t' t l/6sf] dfWodf/f ljjfbsf]
lgk0f ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf pQm ljefuLo ;hfo

1676

*(!^ u0f]z /fO{ lj=cfgGb/fh kf]v/]n ;d]t

pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]

lgj]bssf] dfu bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg .
#=
lgj] b snfO{
sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsfaf6 nf]s;]jf cfof]udf ;jf
ug]{ ljkIfLxsf] k|:tfj ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf bfjL lnPsf] eP klg
lgj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/ lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{tsf]
k|zf;g ;d"xsf] k|yd >]0fL ;x;lrj kbdf
axfn /x]sf sd{rf/L ePsf]n] lghfdtL ;]jf
P] g , @)$( sf] bkmf !*-#_ cg' ; f/
/fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ cjlw
tf]sL ;jf ug'{kg]{ afWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf
b]lvFb}g . s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] s'g}
cd's sfof{nodf dfq /xL ;]jf ug{ kfpg'k5{
egL bfjL ug{ klg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . lghfdtL
sd{ r f/LnfO{ clVtof/jfnfn] lghsf]
;]jf;DaGwL P]g, lgodfjnLsf] cwLgdf /xL
;jf ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . oL lgj]bsnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !*,
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod
#^ tyf g] k fn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ;Dkfbg_
lgodfjnL, @)^$ cg';f/sf] sfg"gL k|lqmof
k'ofP/ ;jf ul/Psf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
lnlvt hjfkm b] l vG5 . tL P] g
lgodfjnLljk/Lt ;jf ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg
bfjL klg gePsf] cj:yfdf Pp6f s' g }
sfof{nodf axfn /xL ;w}F sfo{/t\ /xg kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg bfjL sfg"gcg's"n gx'g'sf ;fy}
cf}lrTo Pj+ ts{k"0f{ klg b]lvFb}g . lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !* sf] pkbkmf
-!@_ df o; bkmf ljk/Lt ;jf ug] {
kbflwsf/LnfO{ clVtof/jfnfn] ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf] ;jf ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfnon] /2 ug{ ;Sg] / ;fdfGo

k|zf;g dGqfnon] u/]sf] ;jf eP g]kfn

;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] /2 ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
;f]cg';f/ cfgf] ;jfdf lrQ ga'em]sf] eP
oL lgj]bsn] ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph"/ ug{;Sg]
g} b]lvG5 . To;/L ph"/L u/]sf] jf To:tf]
ph"/L ug]{ pkrf/sf] dfu{ lgj]bsn] cjnDag
u/]sf] kfOb}g . csf]{tkm{ oL lgj]bssf] xfn
;jf ;d]t eO;s]sf] egL lgj]bssf sfg"g
Joj;foLn] ax;sf] qmddf pNn]v ug'{ePsf]
/ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg"gsf]
k| l qmof k' ofO{ pxL juL{ s [ t If] q sf] Ps
sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;jf ub{}df
lghsf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs xgg\ x'g
hfg] eGg klg ldNb}g .
$= ctM lgj]bsnfO{ ul/Psf] ljefuLo
;hfosf] af/]df ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 lg/f]k0f
x' g ;Sg] g} b] l vPsf] / sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{noaf6 lgj]bssf] xfn
cGoq ;jf ;d]t e} ;s]sf] kl/k|I] odf lgj]bg
bfjL cf} l rToxLg b] l vPsf] n ] lgj] b ssf]
dfuadf] l hdsf cfb] z hf/L ul//xg kg] {
b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ld;Ln lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM k'ik/fh yklnof

1677

&

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lg0f{o g+=

t/ lgodfjnLcGtu{tsf] cg';"rLdf
plNnlvt ljj/0f tyf Joj:yfn] P]gsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rLdf l;kmfl/z
b:t"/sf] b/ tf]Sb}df ;f] b:t"/ jf s/
p7fpg] clwsf/ :jtM k|fKt ePsf] dfGg
gldNg] .
;/sf/n] P]g sfof{Gjog ug{ agfPsf]
pkljwfogsf] clwsf/cGtu{ t s/
nufpg kfpg] cyjf P]gn] clVtof/L
glbPsf] s/sf] b/ cg';"rLdf pNn]v
u/]s} sf/0faf6 ;f] s/ b:t"/ cflb
p7fpg] clVtof/L k|fKt ePsf] dfGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
/fHo jf s'g} cGo lgsfosf] tkm{af6
lnOg] s/ sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s nufpg
/ p7fpg g;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6
:yfgLo txdf lng] / p7fpg] l;kmfl/z
b:t"/ ;d]t sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s lng
p7fpg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_

*(!&

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
@)^$CI!)@#
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.@%.@
d'2f M lgif]wf1f .
k'g/fjb]s ljkIfLM lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt af/fsf]
tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt P]=sf :yfgLo
ljsf; clwsf/L e/taxfb'/ 9'fgf
lj4
k| T oyL{ lgj] b sM lhNnf jf/f cdn] v u~h
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= & l:yt hob'uf{ s+lqm6
pBf]u ;d]t
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M
df=Gof=>L gGb/fh clwsf/L
df=Gof=>L uf}/Laxfb'/ sfsL{
d"n P]gdf g} lng kfpg] egL pNn]v
gePsf] s/ cg';"rLdf pNn]v x'Fb}df
;f]cg';f/ l;kmfl/z b:t"/ c;"npk/
ug{ kfpg] eGg sfg"gt gldNg] .
P]gdf g} s/ b:t"/ cflb lng kfpg]
egL Joj:yf gePsf] ljifoj:t' /
s'/fnfO{ lgoddf b/ pNn]v u/]sf] dfq
cfwf/df ;f] s/ b:t"/ c;"n ug{
gldNg] .
P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ lgod / ;f]sf]
cg';"rLdf pNn]v u/L ;d]6\g ;S5 .

k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf s]bf/k|;fb

bfxfn
k| T oyL{ lgj] b s tkm{ a f6M ljfg clwjQmf
ljZjDe/s[i0f k/fh'nL
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf]
bkmf @!%, @!^, @!&, @!*
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] lgod @)&, @)*, @)(

1678

*(!& lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt jf/f lj=hob'uf{ slqm6 pBf]u ;d]t

km};nf
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxM Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ cg';f/ o; cbfntsf]
If]qflwsf/leq kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
Joxf]/f Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
xfdL lgj]bsx k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
btf{ eO{ /f]8f, 9'f kmf]g]{ sf6\g] d]lzg /fvL
/f]8f pTkfbg u/L ljb]z ef/tdf ;d]t lgsf;L
ug] { Joj;fo u/L cfPsf 5f} + . ljkIfLn]
cdfgtaf6} ljb] z lgsf;L b:t" / egL
?=!,))). / lgsf;L s/ ?=!.&% k};f k|lt
So" k mL6sf] sl/j ?=!%)).@))). ;+ n Ug
/l;bx lnO{ 5f]8]kl5 bf]xf]/f] b:t"/ s/ gltg]{
egL ljjfb e} cab]lv xfd|f] ;fdfg g5f]8\g]
ePaf6 ljkIfLn] cab]lv b'j} -lgsf;L s/ /
ljb]z lgsf;L s/ _ glnO{ ;fdfg 5f8\lbg
egL eg]sf] / ;fdfg g5f8\g] k|jn cfz+sf
ePsf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
*-@_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$*
sf] lgod ##, gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@
adf]lhd k|fKt clwsf/df cf3ft kg]{ k|jn
cfz+sf ePsf]n] jg sfof{non] ef/t lgsf;L
ug{ lbPsf] Ohfhtsf] ;fdfgx ljb]z lgsf;L
s/ b:t"/ egL s'g} klg /sd glng' egL
ljkIfLsf gfddf lgif]wf1f hf/L ul/kfpFm .
;fy} xfdL lgj]bssf] Joj;fo b}lgs lgsf;L
x'g] / lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] nfUg w]/} ;do nfUg]
x'Fbf ljkIfLn] pQm b'j} s/ glnO{ ;fdfg
g5f]8\g] k|jn cfz+sf ePsf]n] lgj]bssf] /sd
lnO{ jf ;fdfg /f]sL lbO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g
hfg] ePsf]n] ljkIfLsf] gfddf of] lgj]bgsf]
lsgf/f gnfu];Dd ljb]z lgsf;L s/ / b:t"/
glng' egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL,

@)$* sf] lgod ##-s_ adf]lhd cGtl/d

cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L
x'g' gkg]{ xf] < hf/L x'g' gkg]{ sf/0f / k|df0f
eP ;f] ;d]t ;fy} /fvL Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n
ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%-k|Gw_
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ xf]nf egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf of] cfb]z / lgj]bgsf]
k|ltlnkL ;fy} /fvL Dofb ;"rgf hf/L u/L
lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf ;f] kg]{ cjlw JotLt eP
kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
ldlt @)^$.$.#) ut] af/f lhNnfaf6
k;f{ lhNnfdf hfg] luLsf] b:t"/ c;dfg
ePsf] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
o; ljifodf ePsf] lg=b=g+= ^* sf] lgj]bgdf
:ki6 kdf nut;Dd /fvL /fVg] / xfn
ljb]z lgsf;L s/ b:t"/ pQm cjlw;DdnfO{
glng' lng gnufpg' egL cfb]z ePsf]df ;f]
cfb]znfO{ ldlt @)^$.$.!& df oyfjt /fvL
lbPsf]nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgj]bsx ;d]tnfO{
ljb]z lgsf;L s/ b:t"/ glnO{ nut /fvL
5f8g' kg]{df xfd|f] df]6/, ;fdfg /f]Sg] /
lg=b=g+= ^* sf] lgj]bsxnfO{ s/ b:t"/
glnO{ 5f]8\g] u/]af6 u|fxs / v/Lbstf{n]
xfd|f] ;fdfg ;jf/L ;fwg /f]Sg lglDt ljkIfL
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ eg]af6 klg ;a}
;fdfg ;jf/L ;fwg af6f]df cnkq k/L /x]sf]
x'Fbf tL ;fdfg ljb]z nfg gkfpg] cfz+sf
5 . b}lgs nfvf}+ ;fdfgsf] Joj;fo /f]lsPsf]
x'Fbf gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ n] lbPsf]
clwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug] k|jn ;Defjgf ePsfn]

1679

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lg=b=g+= ^* df ePsf] cfb]z ldlt @)^$.%.%

;Dd xfdLxsf] xsdf ;d]t nfu" x'g] u/L
ljkIfLsf] gfddf ljb]z lgsf;L b:t"/ glng'
egL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L lg=b=g++ &$ df
pNn]v ePadf]lhd lgif]wf1f ;f]xL lgj]bgaf6
hf/L u/L pQm lg=b=g+= &$ sf] lgj]bgsf]
k|:t't lgj]bg k"/s kdf dflgkfpFm eGg]
;d]t lgj]bsxsf] k'/s lgj]bg .
:yfgLo :JffoQ zf;g P]gsf] bkmf
@!& sf] -u_ df / P]=lgodfjnLsf] lgod
@)( df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] ljleGg
ljifodf l;kmfl/z u/]afkt b:t"/ lng ;lsg]
Joj:yf ub}{ P]=lgodfjnLsf] lgod @% n]
l;kmfl/z b:t"/df ljb]z lgsf;Lsf] nflu luL
/ afn'jfdf k|ltl6k ?=!,))).lng ;lsg]
Joj:yf u/]sfn] ;f] adf]lhd dfq pQm s/
lnOPsf] xf] . ;f] b:t"/nfO{ bf]xf]/f] s/sf]
;+ 1 f lbg ldNg] xf] O g . ;fy} lhNnf jg
sfof{ n osf] 5f] 8 k" h L{ lnOPs} cfwf/ /
pTklQsf] k|df0fkq lnPsf pBf]ux;Fu s'g}
lsl;dsf] :yfgLo s/ z'Ns cflb lng gkfOg]
egL slx st} pNn]v 5}g . lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt af/fsf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Laf6
ljkIfL lgj]bsxsf] s'g} gful/s clwsf/sf]
xgg\ ul/Psf] 5}g . lhNnf kl/ifb\ / /fhZj
k/fdz{ ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df dfq
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Ln] pQm l;kmfl/z
b:t"/ lng] lg0f{o ul/Psf]n] lnOPsf] xf] .
lgj]bsxsf] lglj{jfb xs xgg\ x'g] k|jn
cfz+sf ePdf dfq lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g] xf] . ljb]z lgsf;Lafktsf] l;kmfl/z b:t"/
lng kfOg] Joj:yf lglj{jfb ePsf] x'Fbf lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt af/fsf] :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/lsf] x} l ;otn] ;+ : yfut lg0f{ o sf

cfwf/df sfg"gadf]lhd g} sfo{ u/L cfO/x]sf]

cj:yfdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{
cj:yf gx'Fbf ljkIfLxsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt af/fsf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf] bkmf @!&
sf] -u_ df / P]=lgodfjnLsf] lgod @)( df
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] ljleGg ljifodf
l;kmfl/z u/]afkt b:t"/ lng ;lsg] Joj:yf
ub}{ P]=lgodfjnLsf] lgod @% n] l;kmfl/z
b:t"/df ljb]z lgsf;Lsf] nflu luL / afn'jfdf
k|ltl6k ?=!,))).lng ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sfn]
;f] adf]lhd dfq pQm s/ lnOPsf] xf] . ;f]
b:t"/nfO{ bf]xf]/f] s/sf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] xf]Og .
;fy} lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] 5f]8 k"hL{ lnOPs}
cfwf/ / pTklQsf] k| d f0fkq lnPsf
pBf]ux;Fu s'g} lsl;dsf] :yfgLo s/ z'Ns
cflb lng gkfOg] egL sxLFst} pNn]v 5}g .
lhNnf kl/ifb\ / /fhZj k/fdz{ ;ldltsf]
lg0f{ o sf] cfwf/df dfq :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/Ln] pQm l;kmfl/z b:t"/ lng] lg0f{o
ul/Psf]n] lnOPsf] xf] . t;y{ gful/s clwsf/
P]g, @)!@ / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$* sf] lgod ## ljk/Lt lgj]bg bfo/
ePsf] / ljb]z lgsf;Lafktsf] l;kmfl/z
b:t"/ lng kfOg] g} ePsf] x'Fbf lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt af/fn] sfg"gadf]lhd sfo{ u/L /x]sf]
cj:yfdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{
cj:yf gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
af/fsf] tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt P]=sf :yfgLo
ljsf; clwsf/L e/taxfb'/ 9'fgfsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .

1680

*(!& lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt jf/f lj=hob'uf{ slqm6 pBf]u ;d]t

o;df cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu tkm{

ljrf/ ubf{ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
/ P]= sf] lgodfjnL, @)%^ tyf jg P]g,
@)$( / P]=sf] lgodfjnL, @)%! df ePsf]
sfg"gL k|fjwfg ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ of]
lgj]bgsf] 6'u+ f] gnfu];Ddsf] nflu ljkIfL lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt af/fn] lgj]bs tkm{af6 lng]
u/]sf] ljb]z lgsf;L x'g] luLsf] nut ;Dd
sfod g} /fvL xfn ljb]z lgsf;L l;kmfl/z
b:t"/ glng', lng gnufpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfLnfO{ hgfp lbg"
eGg] ;d]t ldlt @)^$.%.@# sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] cGtl/d cfb]z .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% /
P]=sf] lgodfjnL, @)%^ df ljb]z lgsf;L x'g]
9'f, luL, afn'jf l;kmfl/z b:t"/ afkt
?=!,))).;Dd lng ;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
ePcg'k pQm b:t"/ lnOPsf]df k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zdf ;f] P]g ;DaGwdf
s'g} JofVof ePsf] 5}g . s] slt sf/0f /
cfwf/n] l;kmfl/z b:t"/ lng gkfOg] xf] . ;f]
af/]df ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ / cfwf/ sf/0f vf]Ng'
kg]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf]
lgod ##-v_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf]df pQm ldltsf]
cfb]zdf v'Ng g;s]sf]af6 pQm cfb]z sfg"gL
Joj:yf / l;4fGtljk/Lt eO{ ab/efuL x'Fbf
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt af/fsf lgldQ :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/Lsf] lgj]bg .
lgj] b s ljkIfL :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/Ln] ldlt @)^$.%.@! df cfkm" / lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt af/fsf] tkm{af6 lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ubf{ /d]zs'df/ ofbjnfO{ jf/]; d's//
u/]sf] / lghn] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 5nkmnsf]

k]zL ldlt @)^$.%.@# df x'g] s'/fsf] ;"rgf

;f]xL @! ut] lnlvt hjfkm btf{ u/fpFbf g}
yfxf kfPsf] tfl/v krf{af6 b]lvPsf]n] ;'gj' fOdf
;xefuL x'g oL lgj]bsn] yfxf gePsf] eGg]
gb]lvPsf]n] cGtl/d cfb]z /4 ug{ ldn]g .
sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
k|i6 sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefjdf cfgf]
If]q aflx/ ;d]t uO{ 9'f, /f]8f ;d]tsf]
ljb]z lgsf;Ldf lgj]bsxaf6 l;kmfl/z
b:t"/ glng', lng gnufpg' egL ljkIfL lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt af/f ;d]tsf gfddf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd
lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . k"j{ hf/L
cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd nut /fVg;d]t gkg]{
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}+8faf6 ePsf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8faf6 k|rlnt
sfg"g / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ghL/
l;4fGt ;d]tnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L ePsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L Gofo OG;fkm
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
o;df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] lgod @)( sf] cg';"rL @% df /f]8f,
luL, afn'jf cflb vlghhGo j:t' ljb]z
lgsf;Ldf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] l;kmfl/z
b:t"/ lng ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]af6 cfb]z hf/L
x'g] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf]
ldlt @)^%.@.! sf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg]
b]lv+bf ljkIfL lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .
lgodfg';f/ d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ldl;n
;+nUg sfuhft ;d]t cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs

1681

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

ljkIfL tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf >L s]bf/k|;fb

bfxfnn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] s/f]8f}+ /fhZj
p7fpg ;Sg] cj:yf cj?4 u/L eO{ /x]sf]
sfg" g L Joj:yfsf] ckAofVof u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . To;}n]
To:tf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf pN6L x'g' k5{ eGg] /
k|ToyL{ lgj]bsxsf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
ljZjDe/s[i0f k/fh'nLn] sfg"gdf lgsf;L b:t"/
lng kfpg] Joj:yf 5}g . sfg"gd} gePsf]
s'/fnfO{ k'g/fj]bs ljkIfLn] hj/\h:tL kdf
lng ldNg] x'Fb}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nf sfg"g;+ut g} /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f] km};nf
;b/ x'g' k5{ egL k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;'lgof] .
lgj]bsn] xfdLx sfg"gadf]lhd btf{
eO{ /f]8f, 9'f kmf]g]{ sf6\g] d]lzg /fvL /f]8f
pTkfbg u/L ljb]z ef/tdf lgsf;L ug]{ sfd
ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . ljkIfLn] lgsf;L b:t"/ egL
?=!,))). / lgsf;L s/ ?=!.&% k};f k|lt
So"kmL6sf] sl/j ?=!%,)). @,))). ;+nUg
/;Lbadf]lhd lnO{ 5f]8]kl5 bf]xf]/f] b:t"/ s/
gltg]{ egL ljjfb x'Fbf ljkIfLn] xfd|f] ;fdfg
lgsf;L s/ / ljb]z lgsf;L s/ glnO{ 5f8\lbg
egL eg]sfn] xfdLnfO{ gful/s clwsf/ P]gf/f
k|bQ xfd|f] clwsf/df cf3ft kg]{ k|jn cfz+sf
ePsf]n] jg sfof{non] ef/t lgsf;L ug{
Ohfht lbPsf] ;fdfgxdf ljb]z lgsf;L s/
b:t"/ egL s'g} /sd glng' egL ljkIfLsf
gfpFdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bg bfjL ePsf]df ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt af/f tyf P] = sf :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/Ln] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
sf] bkmf @!%, @!^, @!& / @!* tyf :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod

@)& / ;f]sf] cg';"rL @#, lgod @)*, @)( /

cg';"rL @% df tf]s]adf]lhdsf] b/df k|ltl6k
Ps xhf/ l;kmfl/z b:t"/ lnOPsf] xf] . lhNnf
kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ pQm b:t"/ lnPsf] /
To:tf] b:t"/ lng] clwsf/ /x]sfn] o:tf]
b:t"/nfO{ bf]xf]/f] s/sf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] x'Fbf
lgj]bg bfjLcg';f/ cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]Og .
lgj]bg bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lnlvt hjfkm ePsf] b]lvof] .
plNnlvt lgj]bg bfjL tyf lnlvt
hjfkm ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
x]6f}+8faf6 cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePkl5
;f]pk/ o; cbfntdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kg{
cfPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8faf6 ePsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/cg';f/ cfb]z x'g'kg]{ xf], xf]Og < ;f]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ oL lgj]bsx
jg sfof{no af/faf6 cg'dtL lnO{ v/Lb u/L
/f]8f, 9'fnufotsf] kbfy{ pTkfbg laqmL /
ljb]z lgsf;L ug]{ Ohfhtk|fKt kmd{ /x]sf]
5 . ljb]z lgsf;L u/]afkt sfg"gcg';f/
nfUg] s/ :yfgLo lgsfo lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
tyf uf=lj=;=nfO{ tyf eG;f/ s/ ;d]t
lt/L cfPsf] eGg] lgj]bsxsf] syg 5 .
;f]nfO{ oL k'g/fj]bsn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf]
b]lv+b}g . ;f] afx]s lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{no af/fn] ljb]zdf 9'f, /f]8f lgsf;L
ubf{ k|ltl6k ?=!,))). l;kmfl/z b:t"/ ;d]t
nfUg] eGb} sfg"gljk/Lt l;kmfl/z b:t"/ c;"n
u/]sfn] o:tf] b:t"/ glng' lng gnufpg'
eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljkIfL
k'g/fj]bsaf6 :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
sf] bkmf @!%, @!^, @!&, @!* tyf :yfgLo

1682

*(!& lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt jf/f lj=hob'uf{ slqm6 pBf]u ;d]t

:jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf] lgod

@)& cg';"rL @# lgod @)*, @)( / cg';"rL
@% adf]lhd tf]s]sf] b/df l;kmfl/z b:t"/
lnPsf] xf] . sfg"gadf]lhd l;kmfl/z b:t"/
lnOPsf] x'bF f lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] d'Vo lnlvt hjfkm Pj+ k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
;d]t /x]sf] kfOof] . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @!% df lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltn] lhNnf ljsf; If]qleq nufpg kfpg]
s/, bkmf @!^ df cfgf] If]qleq tf]lsPsf]
b/df ga9\g] u/L lhNnf kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t
b/df ;]jf z'Ns nufpg ;Sg] s'/f tyf bkmf
@!& df cfgf] If]qleq tf]lsPsf] b/df ga9\g]
u/L lhNnf kl/ifb\af6 tf]lsPsf] b/df b:t"/
nufpg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;f]cg';f/ lhNnf kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t b/df
ljleGg ljifox gbLxdf hn ljxf/ ug]{,
8'f tyf t'Og rnfpg] / df5f dfg]{ cg'dlt
tyf gjLs/0f b:t"/, kfgL 3f6sf] btf{ tyf
gjLs/0f b:t" / , l;kmfl/z b:t" / ,
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] cGo b:t"/ nufpg kfpg]
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} bkmf @!*
df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] cfgf] If]qleqsf
gbLgfnfsf] afn'jf luL, 9'f, :n]6, df6f],
bxQ/, axQ/ cflb tf]lsPadf]lhd laqmL
ug{;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 .
o:t} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^
sf] lgod @)& df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn]
nufpg ;Sg] s/sf] b/, lgod @)* df ;]jf
z'Nssf] b/ tyf lgod @)( df P]gsf] bkmf
@!& adf]lhd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] nufpg
;Sg] b:t"/sf] b/ cg';"rL @% df pNn]v
ePadf]lhd x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]

cg';"rL @% sf] qm=;= @ df ljb]z lgsf;Lsf

nflu luL afn' j fsf] k| l tl6 k ?=!,))).
l;kmfl/z b:t"/ egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% df ePsf]
pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfx x]bf{ lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltn] cfgf] If]q leq lhNnf kl/ifb\af6
kfl/t b/df s/ nufpg kfpFg], ;]jf z'Ns,
b:t"/ lng kfpg], luL , afn'jf, 9'f cflb
laqmL ug{ kfpg];Ddsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
To:t} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^
df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltn] nufpg ;Sg] s/sf] b/, ;]jf z'Nssf]
b/ tyf b:t"/sf] b/;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . t/ luL, afn'jf, 9'f cflb ljb]z
lgsf;L ubf{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z
cfjZos kg] { / ;f] l;kmfl/z lnPafkt
l;kmfl/z b:t"/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{
ltg'{kg]{ egL pQm P]gdf st} Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOb}g . sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ lng /
c;"n ug{ gkfOg] egL gful/s clwsf/ P]g,
@)!@ sf] bkmf * df sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . s/ eGgfn] afWofTds kdf s/ ;/x
ltg'{ kg]{ z'Ns, b:t"/ cflb ;d]tnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
lgod @)( cg';f/ P]gsf] bkmf @!& adf]lhd
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] nufpg kfpg] b:t"/sf]
b/ cg';"rL @% adf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] ;Dd
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . b:t"/sf] b/ pNn]v
ePsf] cfwf/df sfg"gdf ;f] b:t"/ lng kfpg]
egL :ki6 Joj:yf geP klg lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt af/fn] luL /f]8f ljb]z lgsf;L ubf{
k|ltl6k ?=!,))). l;kmfl/z b:t"/ egL s/
;/x lng] u/]sf] b]lvof] . :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]g, tyf lgodfjnLdf ePsf] s/,

1683

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

b:t" / ;DaGwL plNnlvt sfg" g L Joj:yf

cWoog ubf{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] cfgf]
If]q leq nufpg, p7fpg tyf c;"npk/
ug{ ;Sg] eGg] ljwflosf lgld{t sfg"gsf]
dg;fo b]lvG5 . s'g} Ps lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf] If]qaf6 lgsf;L x'g] luL, afn'jf
csf]{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] If]q kf/ u/L
ljb]z lgsf;L ubf{ To:tf] cfgf] If]qflwsf/
aflx/ lgsf;L x'g] luL, /f]8f, afn'jfdf slt
b:t"/ nfUg] xf], s'g b/df s/ nufpg /
p7fpg kfpg] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf klg :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf :ki6
pNn] v ePsf] kfOF b } g . ljBdfg sfg" g L
Joj:yfcg';f/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] lhNnf
kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ cfgf] If]qflwsf/ leq
dfq s/ b:t"/ nufpg / p7fpg kfpg]
Joj:yf ePsf]n] cfgf] If]q aflx/ To:tf]
b:t"/ p7fpg g;lsg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @!& df
plNnlvt ljleGg ljifox dWo] l;kmfl/z
b:t" / lgodfjnLsf] cg' ; " r Ldf pNn] v
ePadf]lhd x'g] eGg] b]lvG5 . d"n P]gdf
cfgf] If]q aflx/ lgsf;L ubf{ jf ljb]zdf
luL /f]8f lgsf;L ubf{ slt b:t"/ lng], Tof]
s/ jf b:t"/sf] kdf p7fpg] of l;kmfl/z
b:t"/sf] kdf lng] eGg] Joj:yf slxF b]lvFbg} .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL
@% df luL, afn'jf ljb]z lgsf;Lsf nflu
k|ltl6k l;kmfl/z b:t"/ ?=!,))). egL
pNn]v ePtf klg d"n P]gdf lng kfpg] egL
pNn]v gePsf] To:tf] s/ cg';"rLdf pNn]v
x'Fb}df ;f] cg';f/ ;f] l;kmfl/z b:t"/ c;"npk/
ug{ kfpg] eGg sfg"gt ldNg] x'Fb}g . d"n
P] g nfO{ sfof{ G jog ug{ lgod / ;f] s f]

cg';"rLsf] Joj:yfn] lgb]{lzt ug{ ;Sb5 .

t/ P]gdf g} s/ b:t"/ cflb lng kfpg] egL
Joj:yf gePsf] ljifoj:t' / s'/fnfO{ lgoddf
b/ pNn]v u/]sf] dfq cfwf/df ;f] s/ b:t"/
cflb c;"n ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . d"n P]gdf
ePsf] k|fjwfg cWoog ubf{ luL, /f]8f, afn'jf
cflb ljb]z lgsf;L ubf{ l;kmfl/z b:t"/
nfUg]5 eGg] / To:tf] l;kmfl/z lagf lgsf;L
ug{ kfOb}g eGg] klg b]lv+b}g . o;/L sfg"gdf
g} :ki6 kdf s/ b:t"/ cflb lng kfpg]
Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] s/ b:t"/ cflb
nufpg / c;" n ug{ ldNb} g . P] g sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ lgod / ;f]sf] cg';"rLdf pNn]v
u/L ;d]6g ;S5 t/ lgodfjnLcGtu{tsf]
cg';"rLdf plNnlvt ljj/0f tyf Joj:yfn]
P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;Sb}g .
To;}n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf]
bkmf @!& tyf P] lgodfjnLsf] lgod @)(
df :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] l;kmfl/z b:t"/
lng kfpg];DaGwL ljifo cg';"rLdf b/ pNn]v
ePs} cfwf/df luL /f]8f ljb]z lgsf;L ubf{
k|ltl6k ?=!,))). l;kmfl/z b:t"/ lng]
sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt dfGg ldNb}g .
#= ;f]sf] cnfjf ljb]z lgsf;L ubf{
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/z lng'kg]{
Joj:yf sfg"gdf g} Jojl:yt x'g'kb{5 /
To:tf] l;kmfl/z lng jf dfUg cfPdf ;f]
l;kmfl/z b:t" / lng] s' / f ;fGble{ s ,
cf}lrTok"0f{ Pj+ sfg"g;Ddt x'g ;S5 . k|:t't
;Gbe{df /f]8f, luL, afn'jf ljb]z lgsf;L
ubf{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z
lng'kg]{ egL :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g jf
s'g} cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOb} g . o:tf] k[ i 7e" l ddf lgodfjnLsf]

1684

*(!& lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt jf/f lj=hob'uf{ slqm6 pBf]u ;d]t

cg';"rLdf l;kmfl/z b:t"/sf] b/ tf]Sb}df

;f] b:t" / jf s/ p7fpg] clwsf/ :jtM
k|fKt ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g . s/ p7fpg] /
lng kfpg] Joj:yf ug] { s' / f ;j{ y f
ljwflosfsf] cwLg x' G 5 . ;/sf/n] P] g
sfof{ G jog ug{ agfPsf] pkljwfogsf]
clwsf/cGtu{t s/ nufpg kfpg] cyjf
P]gn] clVtof/L glbPsf] s/sf] b/ cg';"rLdf
pNn]v u/]s} sf/0faf6 ;f] s/ b:t"/ cflb
p7fpg] clVtof/L k|fKt ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g .
$= gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf]
bkmf * df sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg
gkfOg] egL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . /fHo jf s'g}
cGo lgsfosf] tkm{af6 lnOg] s/ sfg"gadf]lhd
afx]s nufpg / p7fpg g;lsg] pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yf ePaf6 :yfgLo txdf lng] / p7fpg]
l;kmfl/z b:t"/ ;d]t sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s
lng p7fpg ;lsg] x'Fb}g . /fHosf] ljwflosL
csf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP afx]s
cfkm"v'zL s/ b:t"/ cflb lng ldNg] klg
x'Fb}g .
%= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf] bkmf
@!& P] lgodfjnLsf] lgod @)( tyf cg';"rL
@% df pNn] v ePsf] Joj:yf / ljkIfL
k'g/fj]bsn] cfgf] lnlvt hjfkmdf lnPsf]
lhsL/ Pj+ k'g/fj]bgsf] cfwf/ x]bf{ lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt af/fn] lng] l;kmfl/z b:t"/
;f] l;kmfl/z ug'{ k/]afkt c;"n u/]sf] b:t"/
geO{ luL, /f]8f ljb]z lgsf;L u/]afkt lng]
b:t"/ xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . s;}n] l;kmfl/z
gdfu]sf] jf ljb]z lgsf;Lsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
glbPsf] cj:yfdf klg ;f] afktsf] b:t"/

c;"n ug{ / lng ldNg] sfg"g;Ddt x'g

;Sb}g .
^= o;/L lgsf;L b:t"/ lng kfpg]
egL sfg"gdf :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] cj:yfdf
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] lgodsf] cg';"rLdf
plNnlvt l;kmfl/z b:t"/sf] b/ pNn]v ePsf]
cfwf/df ;f] l;kmfl/z b:t"/ lng kfpg]
eGg] d"n P]gsf] Joj:yf dfgL /f]8f, luL
ljb] z lgsf;L ubf{ k| l tl6 k ?=!,))).
l;kmfl/z b:t"/ lnPsf] sfo{ sfg"gcg'k
/x] s f] dfGg g;lsbf k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
x]6f}+8faf6 luL, /f]8f ljb]z lgsf;L ubf{
lgj]bsxaf6 l;kmfl/z b:t"/ glng' lng
gnufpg' egL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt af/f
;d] t sf] gfpF d f hf/L ePsf] cfb] z
sfg" g cg' s " n g} /x] s f] b] l v+ b f k' g /fj] b s
ljkIfLsf] k' g /fj] b g lhsL/ Pj+ lghsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfsf] ax;
lhsL/ ;d]t;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
&= t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ faf6
ldlt @)^%.@.! df ePsf] km};nf dgfl;j b]lv+bf
;f] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ljkIfLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ld;Ln lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} @% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM bof/fd 9sfn

&
1685

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

lg0f{o g+=

k|Zg p7]df lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bgaf6 xs

:jfldTjsf]] lg0f{o x'g g;Sg] .
s/f/adf]lhd cfkm"n] /fv]sf ;fdfgx
s/f/ ;dfKt ePkl5 p7fO{ nfg glbPdf
jf gf]S;fgL u/]sf] ePdf To:tf] ;fDklQs
clwsf/;DaGwL 5'} ljjfbsf] ljifo aGg
hfg] / To;df ;fdfGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_

*(!*

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
k'g/fj]bg gDj/ )^^CI)@^#
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!.#!.!
d'2f M lgif]wf1f .

k'g/fj]bs tk{maf6M ljfg clwjQmf clgns'df/

l;Gxf
k|ToyL{ ljkIfL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *&, *&-!_

k'g/fj]bs lgj]bsM ;'g;/L lhNnf, O6x/L

gu/kflnsf, j8f g+= % l:yt O/sg
OG6/g] z gn ln=sf] tk{ m af6 P] = sf
clwsf/k|fKt sfof{no k|dv
' kl/of]hgf
k|aGws P;=s]=;fj+t
lj?4
km};nf
k|ToyL{ ljkIfLM ;'g;/L lhNnf, g/l;+x uf=lj=;=,
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
j8f g+= ! a:g] /fjgLb]jL dxtf] ;d]t lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.@(sf] k}m;nfpk/
k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g,@)$*
z'? k}m;nf ug]M{
sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
df=Gof=>L xl/axfb'/ j:g]t
k/]sf]] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKtdf tYo / 7x/
df=Gof=>L hgfb{gjxfb'/ v8\sf
o;k|sf/ 5 M
lgj] b s O/sg OG6/g] z gn ln=n]
s/f/sf cfwf/e"t zt{sf] kl/kfngfsf ljkIfLdWo]sL /fjgLb]jL dxtf]sf] lhNnf ;'g;/L,
;DaGwdf s/f/ P]gn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd g/l;+x uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= @-s_ ls=g+= $$*
x' g ] / s/f/sf] zt{ c g' k s/f/ sf] hUuf ldlt @)^@.#.!& sf lbg tbg';f/
kl/kfngfsf] ;fy} s/f/sf] cjlw ;DkGg )!)&@))% df s/f/ e} lnhdf lnPsf]
ePkl5 s/f/cg';f/ /fv]sf cfgf] ;fdfg lyof] . ljkIfLn] PstkmL{ kdf s/f/ ;dflKtsf]
;DalGwt kIfn] lkmtf{ nfg gkfpg] eGg 3f]if0ff ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f]pk/ k'gM s/f/sf
gldNg] .
nflu k6sk6s cg'/f]w ubf{ ;d]t ;Dej
s/f/ ;dfKt e};s]kl5 s/f/cg';f/ gePsf]n] lg=g+= ))%^( sf] k'gM s/f/sf] cfb]z
/flvPsf ;fdfgxsf] :jfldTj ;DaGwdf hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ;DdfgLt cbfntdf lgj]bg
1686

*(!* O/sg OG6/g]zgn ln=lj=/fjgLb]jL dxtf] ;d]t

k/L ljrf/fwLg /xsf] lyof] . ljkIfLdWo]sf

c/ljGb|k|;fb d]xtfn] s/f/sf] s'g} klg zt{ /
sfg"gL ljifoeGbf km/s /xL j;L ;f] hUufsf]
sDkfp08leq u} rf}sLbf/ ;d]tnfO{ sAhfdf
lnO{ ;f] sDkfp08leq /x]sf] dfnj:t' ;fdu|Lx
n}hfg jf ckrng ug{ sJhf ug]{ k|jn ;Defjgf
ePsf] x'Fbf tTsfn To:tf] sfo{ gug'{ egL
cGtl/d cfb]z;lxtsf] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg dfu
bfjL .
o;df lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L gx'g' kg]{ eP Dofb tfd]n ePsf ldltn]
af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvthjfkm
k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf Dofb hf/L
ug' { . ;' l jwf / ;Gt' n gsf] b[ l i6sf] 0 fn]
lnlvthjfkm k/]kl5 k'glj{rf/ x'g] u/L lgj]bsn]
s/f/df lnPsf] hUufdf cjl:yt sDkgLsf
gfpFdf /x]sf ;DklQx ;f] 7fpFaf6 gx6fpg'
egL ljkIfLsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L
lbPsf] 5 eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z .
s/f/ ug]{ s'g} sfg"gL afWotfsf] ljifodf
s]xL pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf] / s/f/sf] bfloTj k"/f
ul/kfpFm eGg] ljifodf d}n] bfo/ u/]sf] d'2faf6
g} k'gM s/f/ hf/L ug{ gldNg] s'/fsf] :ki6 x'g]
g} x'bF f xfn hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
/lx/xg gx'g] u/L lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d] t Joxf] / fsf] ljkIfLxsf] ;+ o ' Q m
lnlvthjfkm .
lgj]bs / k|ToyL{aLr ePsf] s/f/sf]
cjlw JotLt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf ljBdfg
gx'bF f hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t lgliqmo
x'g] u/L vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.@( sf] cfb]z .

k'g/fj]bs sDkgL / g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

PlzofnL ljsf; a} + s ;d] t sf] ;xof] u df
;~rflnt kl/of]hgf cGtu{t k"j{klZrd
/fhdfu{ s f] ;8s ;' b [ 9 Ls/0f cfof] h gfsf]
a]naf/L rf]xjf{ ;8ssf] :t/a[l4 ug]{ ;DaGwdf
ePsf] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|ToyL{sf]
ls=g+= $$* sf] hUuf ef8fdf lng] ;Demf}tf
! h'nfO{ @))% df ;DkGg eO{ bf];|f] ;Demf}tf
)!.)&.@))& df ePsf] lyof] . bf] ; | f ]
;Demf}tfsf] cjlw #).)(.@))* -@)^%.%.!%_
;Dd sfod lyof] . s/f/sf] cjlw ;dfKt x'g'
cufl8 g} s/f/sf] ;do cjlw yk ug{
ljkIfLnfO{ k|:tfj k7fOPsf] lyof] . ljkIfLn]
To;df s'g} c;xdlt k|s6 gug'{ ePsf] /
pQm :yfgaf6 ;dfg p7fO{ nUg glbPsf]
cj:yfdf lgj]bs sDkgLsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfgx
k|ToyL{n] p7fO{ nu]df k'g/fj]bs sDkgLsf]
gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ n] k|bfg u/]sf]
clwsf/df cf3ft k'Ug hfg] :ki6 x'Fbf Goflos
dgsf] k|of]u u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf]
k}m;nf pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bssf] xs :jfldTjsf
;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L grnfpg' egL lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ldlt @)^^.^.@^ df o;
cbfntdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 btf{ ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/;lxtsf]
ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs tk{msf
ljfg clwjQmf clgns'df/ l;Gxfn] lgj]bs
sDkgLn] k" j { klZrd /fhdfu{ ;' b [ 9 Ls/0f
kl/of]hgfsf] 7]Ssf lnO{ k|ToyL{sf] hUufdf
;fdfgx /fVg] k|of]hgn] s/f/ u/]sf] xf] .
sf]zL gbLdf af9L cfPsf] sf/0f sfd ;DkGg
x'g g;s]sf]n] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf k|ToyL{n]

1687

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

;fdfg p7fO{ n}hfg kqfrf/ u/] klg ;fdfg

p7fO{ n}hfg ;lsg] cj:yf lyPg . xfn s/f/sf]
cjlw ;dfKt ePsf], tL ;fdfg klg n}hfg
glbPsf] / k'g/fj]bs sDkgLsf] xs :jfldTjsf]
;fdfgx lxgfldgf ug]{ k|jn cfz+sfsf]
cj:yfdf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'{kg]{df lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] OG;fkm ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t
ug'{ePsf] jx; ;'lgof] .
@= k'g/fj]bstk{msf ljfg clwjQmfsf]
jx; ;'gL ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut
u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf]
5 jf 5}g egL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf oL k'g/fj]bs / k|ToyL{aLr k|ToyL{sf]
hUufdf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L ;d]t /fVg kfpg] u/L
;Demf}tf ePsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g .
k'g/fj]bs / k|ToyL{aLr kl5Nnf] k6s ePsf]
s/f/cg';f/ s/f/sf] ;dofjlw @)^%.%.!%
-tbg';f/ #).)(.@))*_ ;Dd sfod /x]sf]
k'g/fj]bsn] g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm
s/f/sf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 k| T oyL{ n ]
s/f/cg'k lghsf] hUufdf /flvPsf sDkgLsf
;fdfgx p7fpg glbPsf]n] k|ToyL{n] tL
;fdfgx p7fO{ n}hfg], ckrng jf sAhf
ug]{ cfz+sf ePsf]n] To;f] gug'{, ;fdfg p7fO{
n}hfg cj/f]w gug'{ egL lgif]wf1f hf/L u/L
kfpg dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] lgj]bg bfjL g} vf/]h u/]sf] cj:yf
/x]5 .
#= k|:t't ljjfb s/fl/o k|s[ltsf]
ljifonfO{ lnP/ k/] s f] b] l vG5 . s/f/sf
cfwf/e"t zt{sf] kl/kfngfsf ;DaGwdf s/f/
P]gn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd x'g] / s/f/sf]
zt{cg'k s/f/ kl/kfngfsf] ;fy} s/f/sf]

cjlw ;DkGg ePkl5 s/f/cg';f/ /fv]sf cfgf]

;fdfg ;DalGwt kIfn] lkmtf{ nfg gkfpg]
eGg ldNb}g . To:t} s/f/ ;dfKt e};s]kl5
s/f/cg';f/ /flvPsf ;fdfgxsf] :jfldTj
;DaGwdf k|Zg p7]df lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bgaf6
o;sf] jf p;sf] egL xs :jfldTjsf]] lg0f{o
x'g ;Qm}g . s/f/adf]lhd cfkm"n] /fv]sf
;fdfgx s/f/ ;dfKt ePkl5 p7fO{ nfg
glbPdf jf gf]S;fgL u/]sf] ePdf Tof] ;fDklQs
clwsf/ ;DaGwL 5'} ljjfbsf] ljifo aGg hfg]
/ To;df ;fdfGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf
cfslif{t x'G5 . csf]{tkm{ oL k'g/fj]bsn] s/f/
P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *& adf]lhd pkrf/
k|flKtsf] bfjL lnPsf] lgj]bgaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
s/f/ P]gsf] bkmf *& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ s/f/sf] s'g} kIfn] ;f] s/f/sf]
k|s[ltcg';f/ ug{ gx'g] s'g} sfdsf/jfxL jf
Jojxf/ ug{ nfu] s f] sf/0faf6 s/f/sf]
kl/kfngf ;Dej gx' g ] ePdf To:tf]
sfdsf/jfxL jf Jojxf/af6 dsf{ kg]{ kIfn]
To:tf] sfdsf/jfxL jf Jojxf/ /f]sL kfpg
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ph"/L lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf
b]lvG5 . ;f] bkmf *& sf cGo pkbkmfx
cnUu} :jtGq cl:tTjsf geO{ pkbkmf -!_
;F u cGt/;DalGwt /x] s f] kfOF b f oL
k'g/fj]bsn] cfwf/ lnPsf] plNnlvt sfg"gL
Joj:yf s/f/sf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 cfslif{t
x'g] gb]lvO{ s/f/ kl/kfngfsf] ;DaGwdf
pTkGg ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] :ki6} 5 .
t/, k|:t't ljjfbsf] ljifo s/f/sf] cjlw
;dfKt e};s]kl5sf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm bkmf o;
d'2fsf] ljjfbsf] ljifodf cfslif{t x'g ;Sg]
b]lvg gcfpFbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf]
OG;fkm cGoyf b]lvg cfPg .

1688

*(!( O/sg OG6/g]zgn ln=lj=/fjgLb]jL dxtf] ;d]t

$= t;y{, dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ /

lj?4
sf/0fxaf6 lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd lgif]wf1fsf] k|ToyL{ ljkIfLM ;'g;/L lhNnf, g/l;+x uf=lj=;=,
cfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] 7xofO{ lgj]bg vf/]h
j8f g+= ! a:g] /fjgLb]jL dxtf]
ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt
@)^^.#.@( df ePsf] cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf z'? km};nf ug]{ M
;b/ x'G5 . k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
df=Gof=>L xl/axfb'/ a:g]t
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
df=Gof=>L hgfb{gaxfb'/ v8\sf
a'emfO{ lbg" .
s/f/ b'O{ kIfaLr k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5'
x'g] ;Demf}tf ePsfn] s/f/Lo ;Demf}tfsf
cfjZos tTjxdf kIfxsf] :jtGq
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
;xdlt dxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'bF f s/sfk jf
bjfjdf s/f/ u/fpg s'g} kIfnfO{ afWo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv #! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
ug{ g;lsg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn
s/f/ ug{ s'g} kIfn] csf]{ kIfpk/ k|:tfj
k7fPsf] cj:yfdf lghn] tt\;DaGwdf
&
s'g} hjfkm glbPs} cfwf/df csf]{ kIf
s/f/ ug{ ;xdt ePsf] eGg] cy{ ug{
lg0f{o g+= *(!(
gldNg] .
s/f/sf] k|:tfjpk/ csf]{ kIfn] :jLs[lt
;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
hgfPsf] jf k|:tfjcg'k s'g} s'/f u|x0f
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
u/]sf] jf :jLsf/ u/]sf] k'li6 ePdf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf & adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg gDj/ )^^-CI-)@^$
To:tf] cj:yfdf :jLs[lt hgfPsf] cy{
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!.#!.!
ug{ ;lsg] .
s/f/sf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 k'gM
d'2fM lnh s/f/adf]lhdsf] dfn j:t'
s/f/sf] cjlw a9fpg kqfrf/ u/] klg
gp7fpg] / k'gM s/f/sf] cfb]z .
To;pk/ s'g} rf;f] g/fv]sf] cj:yfdf
:jLs[lt k|bfg u/]sf] dfGg sfg"gtM
k'g/fj]bs lgj]bsM ;'g;/L lhNnf, O6x/L
gldNg] .
gu/kflnsf, j8f g+= % l:yt O/sg
kIfsf] :jtGq ;xdltlagf s/f/ ug{ jf
OG6/g]zgn ln=sf] tkm{af6 P]= sf
k'gM s/f/ ug{ cbfntn] afWo u/fpg
clwsf/k|fKt sfof{no k|dv
' kl/of]hgf
g;Sg] .
k|aGws P; s]=;fj+t
-k|s/0f g+=#_
1689

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf clgns'df/

l;Gxf
k|ToyL{ ljkIfL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf $, &
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
la/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.@( sf] km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /
7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5 M
lgj]bs O/sg OG6/g]zgn ln= ef/tLo
sDkgL xf] . g]kfndf /x]sf] k"j{ klZrd dx]Gb|
/fhdfu{sf] ;8s ;'b[9Ls/0f cfof]hgfcGtu{t
7]Ssf k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf a]naf/L rf]xjf{ ;8s
&*@!* sf] -:t/ a[l4_ ug]{ qmddf ;8ssf]
;+zfwg pTkfbg e08f/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{
ePaf6 cfof]hgfsf] sfd g;lssg Hofnf
hldgsf] cfjZostf ePsf] x'Fbf o; sDkgLn]
ljkIfL /fjgLb]jL dxtf]sf] gfd btf{sf] lhNnf
;'g;/L, g/l;+x uf=lj=;=, j8f g+= @-v_ ls=g+=
$$* hUuf kf -Lease_ df lng] lgwf] aGbf]a:t
eO{ ldlt @)^@.#.!& ut] tbg';f/ )!)&
@))% df sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 a'4b]j ;/sf/ /
hUufjfnf cfkmF} eO{ s/f/ u/L lnof}+ . ;f]
s/f/gfdfsf] sfuhsf] k|s/0f $% df lnh
kf cjlw a9fpg' k/]df jf k"0f{ kl/jt{g
ug'{k/]df ! dlxgf cufl8 g} ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ u/L
;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . t/ ;f] ;Demf}tf sfuhdf
hUufjfnfn] -lnh_ kf cjlw s6f}tL ug]{ jf
O/sg OG6/g]zgnn] pkof]u u?~h]n jf /xg

rfxFbf;Dd s/f/ ;+zf]wg eO/xg] s/f/sf] df}g

:jkcg';f/ kl5Nnf] kl/jlt{t cjlw #)
)(@))* ;Dd s/f/ eO{ clj5Gg kdf
xfdL b'j} kIfn] s/f/sf] bfloTj / zt{ kl/kfngf
u/L cfPsf lyof}+ . o;} aLrdf kl/of]hgfsf]
sfo{ afFsL /x]sf]n] sDkgLnfO{ c? a9L ;do
s/f/ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] cj:yfdf s/f/sf] cjlw
cGTo x'g'k"j{ g} ljkIfLnfO{ k6sk6s kqfrf/
ubf{ ;d]t s/f/ ug{ OGsf/ /xL ljkIfLn]
PstkmL{ kdf s/f/sf] cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0f
u/L ;f] hUufdf /x]sf] sDkgLsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L
sAhfdf lng] cj:yf ljBdfg b]lvPsf] x'Fbf
k'gM s/f/ ;+zf]wg ug'{ / sDkgLsf] dfnj:t'
lxgfldgf x'g] s'g} sfd gug'{ egL cfb]z hf/L
u/L k'gM s/f/ u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg dfu
bfjL .
o;df lgj]bg dfucg';f/sf] k'gM s/f/
hf/L ug{ ldNg] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf
af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq cfkm+} jf cfgf]
sfg"gL k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvthjfkm k]z ug'{
egL ljkIfLsf gfddf Dofb ;"rgf hf/L u/L
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
d;Fu ljkIfLn] bfjL u/]sf] hUuf )!
&@))% df @$ dlxgfsf] nflu #!)^@))&
;Ddsf nflu k|of]hgdf lng] lbg] zt{ eO{ u/]sf]
s/f/df s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf &( sf]
ljifodf st} s'g} s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . o;
s/f/df Tof] s'/fsf] s'g} ;DaGw g} g/x]sf] ;d]t
x'bF f lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ljkIfLsf] lnlvthjfkm .
b'O{ kIfaLr ePsf] s/f/sf] cjlw ;dfKt
ePdf kIfxs} d~h"/Laf6 k'gM s/f/ x'g ;Sg]
b]lvPsf] / kIfn] cfgf] d~h"/Ln] ug]{ jf gug]{

1690

*(!( O/sg OG6/g]zgn ln=lj=/fjgLb]jL dxtf] ;d]t

sfo{ cbfntn] kIfnfO{ afWo u/fO{ k'gM s/f/

ug{ jf gug{ egL cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
gb]lvFbf k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.@(
sf] cfb]z .
k'g/fj]bs sDkgL / g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
PlzofnL ljsf; a} + s ;d] t sf] ;xof] u df
;~rflnt kl/of]hgf cGtu{t k"j{ klZrd
/fhdfu{ s f] ;8s ;' b [ 9 Ls/0f cfof] h gfsf]
a]naf/L rf]xjf{ ;8ssf] :t/ a[l4 ug]{ ;DaGwdf
ePsf] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|ToyL{sf]
ls=g+= $$* sf] hUuf ef8fdf lng] ! h'nfO{
@))% df ;DkGg eO{ bf] ; | f ] ;Demf} t f
)!.)&.@))& df ePsf] lyof] . bf] ; | f ]
;Demf}tfsf] cjlw #).)(.@))* -@)^%.%.!%_
;Dd sfod lyof] . s/f/sf] cjlw ;dfKt x'g'
cufl8 g} ljkIfLnfO{ s/f/sf] ;do cjlw
yk ug{ k|:tfj k7fPsf] lyof] . ljkIfLn]
To;df s'g} c;xdlt k|s6 gug'{ ePsf] /
pQm :yfgaf6 ;dfg p7fO{ nUg glbPsf]
cj:yfdf s/f/sf] cjlw :jtM yk ePsf]
dfGg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . k'g/fj]bsn] lnlvts/0f
u/fpg dfq bfjL u/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfdf Goflos dgsf] cefj /x]sf] x'Fbf
pQm km};nf cfb]z pN6L u/L ;fljsb]lv
rlncfPsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ lnlka4 ug{
nufO{ kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntdf
@)^^.^.@^ df btf{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/;lxtsf]
ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L k' g /fj] b s
tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf clgns'df/ l;Gxfn]
k|ToyL{sf] hUufdf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L /fVg b'O{j6f
s/f/ ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof], sf]zL gbLdf

af9L cfPsf] sf/0f sfd ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf]

cj:yfdf k| T oyL{ n ] ;fdfg p7fO{ n} h fg
kqfrf/ u/] klg tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;dfg
p7fpg] cj:yf lyPg, xfn ;dfg p7fpg
glbPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf k'gM ;Demf}tf ug'{sf]
cGo ljsNk 5}g eGg] ;d]t ug'{ePsf] ax;
;'lgof] .
@= k'g/fj]bstkm{sf ljfg clwjQmsf]
ax; ;'gL ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut
u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] cfb]z ldn]sf]
5 jf 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf oL k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] k|ToyL{sf]
hUuf ef8fdf lng] u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] eGg]
tYodf ljjfb 5}g . k'g/fj]bs / k|ToyL{aLr
@)^@.#.!& -tbg';f/ )!.)&.@))%_ df klxnf]
;Demf}tf u/]sf] / ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] ;dofjlw
k'gM ;+zf]wg ;Demf}tf u/L a9fO{ @)^$.%.!%
-tbg';f/ #).)(.@))*_ ;Dd sfod ePsf]
eGg] k'g/fj]bs :jod\n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf
5 . k|ToyL{ hUufjfnfn] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ hUufdf
/x]sf ;fdfgx p7fO{ n}hfg glbPsf] x'Fbf
k|ToyL{;uF ePsf] s/f/ ;+zf]wg u/fO{ ;Demf}tfsf]
;dofjlw a;":9fO{ kfpg oL k'g/fj]bsn]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df ;f]
cbfntn] lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] cj:yf /x]5 .
#= j:t'tM s/f/ b'O{ kIfaLr k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] ;Demf}tf xf] . s/f/Lo
;Demf}tfsf cfjZos tTjxdf kIfxsf]
:jtGq ;xdlt dxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf s/sfk jf
bjfjdf s/f/ u/fpg s'g} kIfnfO{ afWo ug{
;lsg] x'Fb}g . s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf $ n]
s/f/sf kIfxnfO{ s/f/ P]g cg'k s/f/
ug{ :jtGqtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L s/f/
ug{ s'g} kIfn] csf]{kIfpk/ k|:tfj k7fPsf]

1691

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

cj:yfdf lghn] tt\;DaGwdf s'g} hjfkm

glbPs} cfwf/df csf]{ kIf s/f/ ug{ ;xdt
ePsf] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . t/, s/f/sf]
k|:tfjpk/ csf]{ kIfn] :jLs[lt hgfPsf] jf
k|:tfjcg'k s'g} s'/f u|x0f u/]sf] jf :jLsf/
u/]sf] k'li6 ePdf s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf &
adf]lhd To:tf] cj:yfdf :jLs[lt hgfPsf]
cy{ ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . o; d'2fdf s/f/sf]
cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 k'gM s/f/sf] cjlw
a9fpg oL k'g/fj]bsn] k|ToyL{pk/ kqfrf/
u/]sf] eg] klg To;pk/ k|ToyL{n] s'g} rf;f]
g/fv]sf] cj:yfdf :jLs[lt k|bfg u/]sf] dfGg
sfg" g tM ldNb} g . csf] { kIfsf] :jtGq
;xdltlagf s/f/ ug{ jf k'gM s/f/ ug{
cbfntn] afWo u/fpg g;Sg] ePsf] n ]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] OG;fkm cGoyf b]lvg
cfPg .
$= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
k'g/fj]bs / k|ToyL{aLr ePsf] s/f/ ;+zf]wg
ug{ cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] g} x'Fbf lgj]bg
vf/] h ug] { 7xofPsf] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.#.@( sf] cfb]z ldn]s}
b]lvPsf] ;b/ x'G5 . k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Qm} g . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .

lg0f{o g+=

*(@)

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
)^#CI- !@$*
km};nf ldltM @)^(.#.!(.#
d'2f M e/] af6f] sfod ul/kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM eQmk'/ lhNnf, eQmk'/
gu/kflnsf j8f g+ ! 3/ eO{ xfn
sf7df8f} F lhNnf sf7df8f} F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ #! jfujhf/
j:g] jif{ %& sf] rGb|dfg gf~h" ;d]t
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM eQmk'/ lhNnf eQmk'/ gu/fkflnsf
j8f g= ! ;"od
{ 9L 6f]n j:g] jif{ ^@ sf]
s[i0feQm vo/uf]nL ;d]t
z'? k}m;nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L k|d
] jxfb'/ s]=;L=
k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L xl//fd sf]O/fnf
df=Gof=>L xl/jxfb'/ j:g]t

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv #! ut] /f]h ! z'ed

Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn

&
1692

hUufsf] k|sl[ t jf If]qkmnaf6 ljjflbt

eof lnvtleqsf] b]lvg cfPtfklg
3/ hUufdf /x]sf] af6f]3f6f] eof lgsf;
b'j} kIfn] k|of]u u/L cfPsf] l:yltdf
To:tf] lgsf; af6f]nfO{ Ps kIfsf] dfq}
sfod u/]df ;DklQ pkef]uof]Uo gx'g]
x'G5 . b'j} kIfn] ;femf af6f]sf] kdf

*(@) rGb|dfg gf~h" ;d]t lj=s[i0feQm vo/uf]nL ;d]t

k|of]u u/L cfPsf] eofnfO{ Ps kIfn]

dfq} k| o f] u ug{ kfpg] eGgnfO{
;dGofosf] b[li6af6 gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
ljlwzf:qLo dfGotfdf :jfldTjsf] cefj
eP klg lgsf;sf] ;'ljwfsf] b[li6n]
lg/Gt/ kdf ef]u rng ul//x]sf]
af6f], eof cflbnfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/
-Servitude_ sf] kdf lnOg] x'bF f s'g}
j:t' Psfsf] :jfldTjdf ePklg lgsf;
cflbdf ;f] j:t'pk/ c?sf] sfod /x]sf]
ef]uflwsf/sf] xs ;'lglZrt\ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tk{maf6M ljfg clwjQmfo
ljZjk|sfz l;Ub]n / ;'/z
] s'df/ yfkf
k|ToyL{ jfbL tk{maf6M ljfg clwjQmf ljZjk|sfz
e08f/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^#.(.!&.@df ePsf] k}m;nf
pk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (
adf]lhd o; cbfnt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5 M
eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+ ! sf] ls=g+=
#$) sf] 3/ xfdL lkm/fbLdWo]sf s[i0feQmsf
gfpFdf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] 3/
xf] . h'g xfdLn] cljl5Gg ef]uL cfPsf 5f} .
;f] k"hf{sf] s}lkmotdf ls=g+= #$) sf] blIf0f
df]x8fdf klZrdtk{m k'=k=rf}8fO{ !=*), pQ/

blIf0f n= !*) t] ; | f ] tNnfdf lkm/fbL

ljs'axfb'/sf] efu k5{ . ;f] ls=g=sf] 3/sf]
rf]6f t];|f] tNnf jfx]s c? ;Dk"0f{ 3/ lkm/fbL
s[ i 0feQmn] / ;f] ls=g sf] rf] 6 f tNnf
ljs'axfb'/n] ef]uL cfPsf 5f} . lkm/fbL ;xf]b/
bfh'efO{ xf} . ls=g+= #$# sf] 3/ j'l4gf/fo0f
gfufh"sf gfpFdf btf{ sfod 5 . ljkIfL k|ltjfbL
rGb|dfgsf] ls=g+= #$! df j;]sf] 3/ ;j}
hf] l 8Psf ;femf af6f] / eof v08
lkm/fbL;d]tsf] ;femf e} cgj/t ef]u rng
u/L k|of]u u/L cfPsf] x'Fbf rf]6f;Dd hfg]
eof ;femf af6f] sfod geP;Dd gS;f kf;
/f] S sf u/L kfpg lkm/fbL s[ i 0feQm /
ljs'axfb'/sf] ph"/L k/L eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6
ljjflbt :yfg s] s;sf] xs :jfldTj sf] xf]
k|df0f d"Nofg gu/L lg0f{o lbg] clwsf/
e=g=kf= sf] gx'Fbf clwsf/k|fKt cbfntaf6
clGtd 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] u/L lkm/fb ug{ hfg'
egL ;'gfPsf]n] of] lkm/fb ug{ cfPsf] 5' .
ls=g+= #$! df /x]sf] af6f] ;femf sfod u/L
eof af6f] ;femf kd} pkef]u ug{ kfpFm .
;f] eof af6f] jfbL k|ltjfbLn] ;+o'Qm kdf
ef]uL cfPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbL j'4gf/fo0f, rGb|dfg
/ lty{gf/fo0faLr e=g=kf=df ldlt @)%&.!@.@^
df ldnfkqsf] nflu ;+o'Qm b/vf:t kb}{df
lkm/fbL ;d]tsf] ;femf eofaf6f] xs 5f]8\g
5f]8fpg kfO{g] xf]Og . ljkIfLn] xfdLnfO{ cGofo
u/]sf] lglj{jfb kdf k'li6 ePsf] 5 . xfdL
lkm/fbLsf] ls=g+= #$) df hfg ls=g+= #$! sf]
l5F8Lb]lv rf]6f;Ddsf] eof af6f]nfO{ ;femf
sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf]
lkm/fb bfjL .
ljkIfLsf] lkm/fb bfjL unt / lg/fwf/
xf] . ls=g+= #$# sf] 3/ hUuf d]/f] xs ef]usf]

1693

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . gfkLcg';f/

sfod ug{ ;xdlt ePs} x'Fbf cGoyf elg/xg
cfjZos 5}g . d}n] ljkIfLxsf] 3/df hfg
cfpg s'g} klg af6f] aGb u/]sf] 5}g eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL j'l4gf/fo0f gfufh'sf]
k|ltpQ/ kq .
ljkIfLxsf] ls=g+= #$) df hfg d]/f]
ls=g+= #$! 3/d'lgaf6 ! dL6/sf] af6f] /x]sf]
5 . ;f] s'/f # g+ gfkL uf]Zj/faf6 ldlt
@)$@.%.@@ df k|dfl0ft u/L lbPsf] :jjf;L 3/
huufsf] c:yfoL k|df0fkqdf pNn]v 5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf jfbLxsf] Dofbleq} lkm/fb kg{ ;s]sf]
5}g . d]/f] xs ef]u g} gePsf] ;DklQsf] ljifodf
dnfO{ ljkIfL jgfPsf] lkm/fb :jtM vf/]hefuL
5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL rGb|dfg gf~h"sf]
k|ltpQ/ kq .
eQmk'/ zx/L gfkLdf sfod ePsf]
e=g=kf= j8f g+= !, ls=g+= #$! sf] hUuf /
;f]df jg]sf] 3/ rGb|dfg gf~h" / rGb|dfof
gf~h"sf gfpFdf btf{ sfod /x]sf]df lgh
btf{jfnfxaf6 d}n] ;f] lsQfsf] 3/ hUuf
ldlt @)%*.#.!* df /fhLgfdff/f sfod e}
Psnf}6L kdf ef]u rng u/L cfPsf] 5' .
d]/f] ls=g+= #$! df k|j]z ug]{ / #$! sf] l58L
af6f] x'Fb} k'gM jfbLxsf] ls=g+= #$) df k|j]z
ug]{ gfkLdf sfod ePsf] ;femf l5F8L af6f]
;Dd 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] c=j= !#( g+=
adf]lhd j'lemPsf lty{gf/fo0f k|hfktLn] u/]sf]
aofg .
;femf eof af6f] ls=g+= #$! df /x]sf]
b]lvPsf] ;d]taf6 tYoo'Qm ;a"b k|df0fsf]
cefjdf jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t
z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!.!(
sf] k}m;nf .

z'? k}m;nfdf lrQ j'em] g . gfkL 6f]nLsf]

ldlt @)$).%.@^ sf] lg0f{oaf6 ls=g= #$! x'bF }
#$) / #$! df hfg] af6f] b]lvPsf]df ;femf
eof af6f] sfod gu/]sf] z'?sf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f pN6L u/L z'? lkm/fb bfjLcg';f/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fjb]g cbfnt
kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df z'? k}m;nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf
ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
cfb]z .
z' ? cbfntaf6 eO{ cfPsf] ldlt
@)^!.#.@! sf] gS;f ljj/0f x]bf{ jfbLsf] ls=g+
#$) / eof af6f] sfod ul/kfpFm elgPsf]
ls=g+ #$! sf] hUufsf] aLrdf af6f] /x]sf] /
af6f]af6 k"j{klZrd ls=g+= #$) / #$! sf] 3/
cnucnu /x]sf] b]lvG5 . gu/kflnsfsf]
:ynut lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg;d]taf6 ljjfb
b]vfOPsf] g=g+= !# sf] eof ls=g+= #$) /
#$! sf] 3/ hUufn] ;femf kdf k|of]u ePsf]
eGg] b]lv+bf z'? eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^@.!.!( sf] k}m;nf pN6L eO{ gS;f g+= !#
sf] eof af6f] ;femf sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
ldlt @)^#.(.!&.@ sf] k}m;nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nfdf d]/f] ls=g+=
#$! sf] 3/sf] eof ljgf sfuh k|df0f ;femf
kdf k|of]u u/]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
gu/kflnsfsf] lg0f{o krf{df ph"/ ug{ hfg' egL
;'gfOPsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLxsf] lkm/fb kg{
;s]sf] 5}g . @)$) ;fndf ePsf] gu/ gfkLsf
jvt ljkIfLxn] ls=g+= #$! df /x]sf] 3/sf]
eof lghxsf] ls=g+= #$)df /x] sf] 3/df
hfg k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] egL gfkL Joxf]/f n]vfpg

1694

*(@) rGb|dfg gf~h" ;d]t lj=s[i0feQm vo/uf]nL ;d]t

;s]sf 5}gg . ljkIfLxsf] 3/sf] pQ/ tk{m

/x]sf] k]6Lsf] af6f]af6 ljkIfLx cfgf] 3/df
cfjt hfjt ug]{ ub{5g . ;f] s'/fn] ljjflbt
eof af6f] ;femf eGg] s'/f vl08t eO{/x]sf]
5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf z'? sf] k}m;nf ;b/ ug''{
kg]{df pN6L u/L eof ;femf 7x/ u/]sf]
k'g/fjb]g cbfnt kf6gsf] k}m;nf tYo /
sfg"g;d]tsf] k|lts"n 5 . To;}n] pQm km};nf
jb/ u/L z'? cbfntsf] k}m;nfnfO{ ;b/ x'g]
u/L Gofo kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf]
tk{maf6 bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df @)^!.#.@! sf] gS;f d'rN' sfdf
ls=g+= #$) sf] 3/df hfg] 5'} af6f] egL g=g=
!# sf] pNn]v ePsf] tyf g=g+= !), !!, !@ df
;femf af6f] x'bF f x'b} g=g=!# sf] ;femf eof
egL u/]sf] lg0f{odf k|df0fsf] d"Nofg ;DaGwL
q'l6 eO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^#.(.!& sf] k}m;nf km/s kg]{ b]lvPsf]n]
ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw k'u]kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^^.$.@%.! sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfo
ljZjk| s fz l;Ub] n / ;' / ] z s' d f/ yfkfn]
k|ltjfbLsf] dfq} xs nfUg] hUufsf] eof
;femf x'g} ;Sb}g . !#( g+ adf]lhd j'e]msf]
sf/0fn] tLy{ gf/fo0fnfO{ c;/ ug]{ u/L lg0f{o
ug{ ldNb}g . 3/ k"j{ klZrd / af6f] pQ/
blIf0f eO{ aLrdf 5 . ls=g+ #$)sf] 3/df
hfg] 5'} af6f] 5 . jfbLsf] 3/nfO{ 5'} af6f]
x'FbfxF'b} gS;fdf gb]vfPsf] eGg] dfq} cfwf/df
ls=g+ #$! sf] eof af6f]nfO{ ;femf eGg
ldNb}g . gS;f jb/ tk{m ljkIfLxsf] ph"/

kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf z'?sf] k}m;nf

;b/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf jb/
x'g'k5{ egL jx; ug'{eof] . k|ToyL{ jfbLsf]
tk{maf6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg clwjQmf
>L ljZjk|sfz e08f/Ln] klxnf] / bf];f| ] tNnfdf
hfgsf] nflu ljjflbt ;femf eof jfx]s
csf]{ s'g} af6f] 5}g . t];|f] tNnfdf hfgsf]
nflu dfq cfcfg} eof 5 . To;} sf/0f
klxnf] / bf];|f] tNnfsf] nflu ljjflbt eof
g} ;femf kdf k|of]u eO{/x]sf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] k}m;nf Gofok"0f{ g} x'Fbf ;b/
x'g'k5{ egL jx; ug'{eof] .
plNnlvt jx; lhsL/ ;'Gg'sf ;fy}
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhxsf] cWoog ul/of] .
k|:t't d'2fdf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L ePsf] z'?sf]
k}m;nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjLsf] eof ;femf
sfod x'g] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < / k|ltjfbLxsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g < eGg]
;DaGwdf O{G;fkm lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
o;df k|ltjfbL rGb|dfgsf] ls=g+= #$!
sf] 3/ hUufdf /x]sf]] eof af6f] lkm/fbL;d]tn]
k|of]u u/L cfPsf] x'bF f ;femf sfod ul/kfpFm
eGg] jfbLsf] lkm/fb lhsL/ /x]sf] / ljkIfL jfbLsf]
ls=g+= #$) df hfg d]/f] ls=g+ #$! sf] 3/d'lgaf6
! dL6/sf] 5'} af6f] 5 . jfbLsf] nflu 5'} af6f]
x'bF f ls=g+ #$! sf] eof ;femf x'g} ;Sb}g eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLkIfsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/
ePsf]df z'?n] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf]
k}m;nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] pN6L u/L jfbL
bfjLsf] eofnfO{ ;femf sfod x'g] 7xofPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] OG;fkmdf lrQ j'em] g egL k|ltjfbL
kIfsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]
b]lvof] .

1695

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

@= O{G;fkmtk{m ljrf/ ubf{, z'? eQmk'/

lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.#.@! df ePsf]
gS;f d'r'Nsfsf] g=g+= !# df ls=g+ #$! sf]
eof b]vfO{ ;f]df ljjfb b]vfPsf] kfOG5 .
ls=g= #$) / #$! sf 3/sf] ef}lts cj:yf
x]bf{ b'j} 3/ k"j{ / klZrd eO{ aLrdf af6f]
b]lvG5 . eO{ cfPsf] gS;faf6 ls=g+= #$) sf]
3/sf] dflyNnf] tNnfdf hfgsf] nflu j}slNks
af6f] b] l vb} g . plNnlvt d' r ' N sfnfO{
k|ltjfbLxn] cGoyf x'g] u/L jb/ u/fpg
;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvb}g . ls=g+= #$) / #$! sf
;Flwof/ j'l4gf/fo0fn] ls=g+= #$# sf] hUufdf
3/ jgfpgsf] nflu eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf gS;f
kf;sf] lgj]bg lb+bf k|ltjfbL rGb|dfg;d]tn]
/f]Ssfsf] lhsL/ lnPsf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf eQmk'/
gu/kflnsfn] :ynut ;h{dLg u/L lbPsf]
k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t g=g= !# sf] ljjflbt eof
ls=g+ #$) / #$! sf] 3/ hUufn] ;femf
kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm gS;f d'r'Nsf Pj+ :ynut
;h{dLg k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df g=g+= !# sf]
ljjfbLt eof b'j} kIfn] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]
tYo k'li6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . hUufsf] k|s[lt jf
If]qkmnaf6 k'g/fj]bssf] lnvtleqsf] b]lvg
cfPtfklg ;f] 3/ hUufdf /x]sf] af6f]3f6f]
eof lgsf; jfbL;d]tn] k|of]u u/L cfPsf]
l:yltdf To:tf] lgsf; af6f]nfO{ k|ltjfbLsf]
dfq} sfod u/]df jfbLsf] ;DklQ pkef]uof]Uo
gx'g] x'G5 . b'j} kIfn] ;femf af6f]sf] kdf
k|of]u u/L cfPsf] eofnfO{ k'g/fj]bsn] dfq}
k|of]u ug{ kfpg] egL eGgnfO{ ;dGofosf]
b[li6af6 ;d]t ldNb}g .
#= ljlwzf:qLo dfGotfdf :jfldTjsf]
cefj eP klg lgsf;sf] ;'ljwfsf] b[li6n]

lg/Gt/kdf ef]u rng u/L /x]sf] af6f],

eof cflbnfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ -Servitude_ sf]
kdf lnOG5 . o:tf] ljz]ifflwsf/ -Servitude_
eg]s} s'g} j:t' Psfsf] :jfldTjdf ePklg lgsf;
cflbdf ;f] j:t' pk/ c?sf] sfod /x]sf]
ef]uflwsf/sf] xsnfO{ ;'lglZrt\ ug]{ eGg] xf] .
@)#& ;fndf k|ltjfbL tk{maf6 v/Lb u/]sf]
eg]klg ljjfbsf] eofsf] ljifodf k|ltjfbLsf]
lg/k]If xs /xg] u/L s'g} s'/f jf]ns
] f] b]lvFbg} .
jfbLsf] 3/;Dd hfgsf] nflu g=g+= !# sf] ljjflbt
eof jfx]s csf]{ eofsf] cl:tTj gS;faf6
b]lvb}g . g=g+=!), !! / !@ df 3/d'lgsf] af6f]
b]lvPsf] eP klg jfbLsf] 3/sf] dflyNnf] tNnfdf
hfgnfO{ TolQ af6f] dfq}n] ;Dej gx'g] eO{
ljjflbt eofsf] cfjZostf kg]{ b]lvG5 .
$= o;y{, jfbLsf] ls=g+ #$) sf] 3/sf]
dflyNnf] tNnfdf hfg] ljjflbt g=g+= !# sf]
eof jfx]s csf]{ j}slNks eof jf af6f] /x]
ePsf] tYo k|dfl0ft gePsf]n] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
ljjflbt g=g+= !# sf] eof ls=g+= #$) / #$!
sf] 3/ hUufsf] nflu ;femf sfod u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.(.!&.@ sf] OG;fkm
ldn]s} b]lvbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . o; cbfntsf]
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;af6 k|ToyL{nfO{ lemsfpg] egL
lnOPsf] /fodf ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . k'g/fjb]s
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
j'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ !( ut] /f]h # z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M afa'/fd ;'jb] L

1696

*(@! /fli6o hgdf]rf{ ;d]tsf] ;ft blno ;dGjo ;ldlt lj=lzIff dGqfno ;d]t

lg0f{o g+=

/fhgLlts JolQmxsf] eGbf :jtGq

JolQmxs} e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_

*(@!

;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
)^&-wo-)%(^
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.!@.#

lgj]bs tk{maf6M
ljkIfL tk{maf6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]jtL/fh
lqkf7L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM

ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM l;Gw'nL lhNnfleq sfo{/t /fli6o
hgdf]rf{ ;d]tsf] ;ft blno ;dGjo
;ldltsf] tk{ m af6 l;Gw' n L lhNnf
sdnfdfO{ g=kf= j8f g+ & j:g] nfndfg
d'Qmfgsf] gftL s[i0fdfg d'Qmfgsf] 5f]/f
P]=P]= j:g] jif{ $% sf] ;'/G] b|Zj/ d'Qmfg
lj?4
ljkIfLM lzIff dGqfno ;d]t
ljBfnox eg]sf 1fg cfh{g ug{] kljq
p2]Zon] :yflkt z}lIfs ;+:Yff ePsfn]
o:tf ;+:yfsf] /]vb]v Pj+ Joj:yfkg
lhNnfleqsf :jtGq Pj+ k| f l1s
JolQmxaf6 g} x'g plrt / ;fGble{s
x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
z}lIfs ;+:yfxnfO{ /fhgLlts If]qaf6
d'Qm /fvL /fhgLlts lqm8f:yn aGg
lbgaf6 d'Qm /fVg' kg]{ /fHosf] st{Jo
;d]t xf] . 1fg cfh{g ug]{ u/fpg] kljq
p2]Zon] :yflkt ljBfnoxsf] /]vb]v
/ Joj:yfkg ug{ u7g x'g] lhNnf lzIff
;ldltdf ;b:ox dgf] g Lt ubf{

cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !! adf]lhd
u7g x'g] lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf bkmf !!-@_
s b]lv ~f ;Ddsf ;b:o /xg] Joj:Yff ul/Psf]
5 . lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf ;b:o dgf]gLt
ubf{ lhNnfleq sfo{/t ;j} /fhgLltskf6L{sf]
;j{ b lno a} 7 s 8fsL /fhgLlts kf6L{ s f]
;xdltaf6 sfg"g;Ddt kdf lhNnf lzIff
;ldltsf] u7g x'g'kg]{df cGo /fhgLlts
kf6L{nfO{ j]jf:tf u/L tLg 7"nf /fhgLlts
kf6L{ P=g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbL, g]kfnL sfu|]; /
g]skf Pdfn]sf k|ltlglwdfq 8fsL ltgsf]
dfq ;Nnfx / a}7saf6 u7g ul/Psf] lhNnf
lzIff ;ldlt cj}w 5 . To:tf] lhNnf lzIff
;ldlt lj36g u/L k'gM lhNnfleq sfo{/t
;j} /fhgLlts kf6L{sf k|ltlglw ;d]t /fvL
lzIff P]gn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08leqsf ;b:ox
dgf]gLt u/L lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g
ug{ k6sk6s cg'/f]w ubf xfd|f] s'/fsf] s'g}

1697

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

;'gjfO ul/Pg . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlts}

k"j{ cWoIf g} g/x]sf JolQmnfO{ ;d]t ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfx dWo]af6 egL
;b:o dgf]gLt u/L sfg"gljk/Lt u7g ul/Psf]
lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] lj/f]wfTds lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no l;Gw'nLdf hgbjfjsf] nfuL
wgf{ sfo{qmd ;d]t /flvof] To;f] ubf{ lhNnf
lzIff ;ldltsf cWoIf lh=lj=;= l;Gw'nLsf
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ljbf lnP/ 3/lt/
a:g] u/]sf] / lgldQ lh=lz=c= / k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/Ln] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;sf/fTds ;f]r
g/fv]sfn] jfWo eO{ u}/sfg"gL kdf lhNnf
lzIff ;ldlt u7g ug]{ ljkIfLsf] lg0f{o jb/
ug{sf] nflu k|:t't l/6 lnO{ cfPsf 5f}+ .
k|rlnt lzIff P]gdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /
/fhgLlts ;xdltsf] ljk/Lt lhNnf lzIff
;ldlt l;Gw'nLdf ;b:o dgf]gLt ug]{ u/L
ePsf]] ldlt @)^&.&.@( sf] lg0f{o lzIff P]g,
@)@* sf] bkmf !!-@_-3_-r_ ;d]tsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfljk/Lt eO{ jb/efuL 5 . o;/L
u}/sfg"gL kdf lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt u7g
ug] { ljkIfLsf] sfo{ n ] g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-@_, #-s_-r_,
wf/f !# / wf/f !( adf]lhd s|dzM dnfO{
k|fKt :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / ;DklQ ;DaGwL]
df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL xsdf k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sfn]
pQm lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f jb/ u/L
k'gM k|rlnt sfg"gsf] ljk/Lt gx'g] u/L lhNnf
lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g ug' { u/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg
Joxf]/f .

ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dfu ug]{

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.(.!(.@ sf] cfb]z .
lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !! df
lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] Joj:yf, u7g, kbfjlw
tyf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;d]tsf] Joj:yf
ePsf] b]lvG5 . lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] u7gdf
dGqfnosf] clwsf/If]q / s'g} klg e"ldsf
x'bg} . of] dGqfnosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft k'Uf]sf] 5
egL lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ;d]t ug{
;s]sf] gb]lvPsf]af6 o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL ePsf]n]
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lzIff
dGqfnosf] tk{maf6 k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lhNnfleq sfo{/t /fhgLlts bnxsf]
;Nnfx / ;xdltaf6 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf]
u7g ug{k' g]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5}g . k|rlnt sfg"gL
Joj:yfadf]lhd g} lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g
ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] x'bf ;f] lg0f{on] lgj]bssf]
:jtGqtf,;dfgtf / ;DklQ;DaGwL xssf]
pNn+ 3 g gePsf] gxF ' b f tYo ljk/Lt /
sfg"gk|lts"n bfo/ ePsf] ljkIfsf] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL x'bf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] lzIff ljefusf] tk{maf6 k|:t't x'g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt l;Gw'nLsf] ldlt
@)^&.&.@( ut]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ lzIff P]g, @)@*
/ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd
sfg"g;+ut kdf g} cGo ;b:oxsf] dgf]gLt
ul/Psf] x'bF f lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg lhsL/ tYoxLg
/ cfwf/xLg b]lvPsf] x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]

1698

*(@! /fli6o hgdf]rf{ ;d]tsf] ;ft blno ;dGjo ;ldlt lj=lzIff dGqfno ;d]t

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,

l;Gw'nLsf] tk{maf6 k|:t't x'g cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ldlt @)^&.&.@( ut] ul7t lhNnf
lzIff ;ldlt k|rlnt lzIff P]g, @)@* adf]lhd
g} ePsf] 5 . lzIff P]g, @)@* df /fhgLlts
bnxsf] ;xdltdf lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g
ug'k{ g]{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:Yf 5}g . ldlt @)^&.&.@(
ut] j;]sf] a}7sn] sfg"gadf]lhd g} ;b:oxsf]
dgf]gLt u/]sf]n] o;df l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]Og .
k|:t't l/6 b'/f;ok"0f{ tl/sfn] x}/fgL lbg] lgotn]
btf{ ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf] sfof{no,l;Gw'nLsf] tk{maf6 k|:t't
x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ldlt @)^&.&.@( ut] a;]sf] lhNnf
lzIff ;ldlt l;Gw'nLsf] a}7sn] lzIff P]g,
@)@* sf] bkmf !! adf]lhd lhNnf lzIff
;ldltdf l/Qm ;b:ox dgf]gog ul/Psf]
xf] . /fhgLlts kf6L{xsf] ;xdltaf6 lhNnf
lzIff ;ldlt u7g ug'{kg]{ eGg] lzIff P]g tyf
lgoddf s'g} klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . lzIff
P]g, @)@* k|lts"n u7g ul/Psf] eGg] ljkIfL
l/6 lgj]bssf] egfO{df s'g} ;Totf / sfg"gL
cfwf/ 5}g . l/6 lgj]bsxn] o; sfof{no
;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no, l;Gw'nLsf] tk{maf6 k|:t't x'g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh
lqkf7Ln] lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{

;DaGwdf /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ug]{

eGg] Joj:yf ;DaGwL lzIff;DaGwL k|rlnt
sfg"gdf slxFst} gx'bF f ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bssf]
lgj]bg bfjL sfg"gdf cfwfl/t gePsf]n] vf/]h
ul/kfpFm egL jx; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt jx; lhsL/ ;'Gg'sf cltl/Qm
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhxsf] cWoog u/L
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;S5
;Sb}g ;f]xL ljifodf x]/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= o;df ljkIfLxn] tLg k| d ' v
/fhgLlts bn dfqsf] ;xeflutf / cGo
/fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwxnfO{ jfx]s u/L
Psnf} 6 L kdf lhNnfleq sfo{ / t ;a}
/fhgLlts bnxsf] ;xdlt j]u/ lhNnf lzIff
;ldltdf ;b:ox dgf]gLt ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
xF'bf sfg"gL Joj:yf ljk/Ltsf] pQm lg0f{o
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ u/L k|rlnt
sfg"gL Joj:yf k|lts"n gx'g] u/L k'gM lhNnf
lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g ug' { u/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bssf] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ b]lvG5 .
lzIff P]g, @)@* / lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd g} lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf
;b:ox dgf]gLt ul/Psf] x'bF f lgj]bssf] lgj]bg
lhsL/ em"7f xf] dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfLxsf]
tk{maf6 lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cj lgj]bssf] dfusf ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gL
Joj:yf x]bf{{ lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !! df
lhNnf leqsf ljBfnosf] /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg
ug]{ sfd ;d]tsf] nflu lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf]
u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf eO{/x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm
bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ df s:tf s:tf JolQmx
pQm ;ldltdf /xg ;S5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf

1699

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

;ldltsf ;b:oxsf] of]Uotf tf]lslbPsf]

b]lvG5 .
#= lhNnf lzIff ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf]
lnlvt hjfkmdf klg lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf]
u7g ug]{ ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts bnxsf] ;xdlt
/ s'g} e"ldsf /xg] eGg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf
:ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] / ul7t lhNnf lzIff
;ldltdf sfg"gadf]lhd g} ;b:ox dgf]gLt
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] ;f]
;ldltsf] u7g ubf{ lhNnfdf sfo{ / t
/fhgLlts bnxsf] ;j{blno a}7s 8fSg
kg]{ ;DaGwdf k|rlnt lzIff;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yfdf of] o:tf] Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]
Joj:yfsf] cg'z/0f ljkIfLxaf6 gul/Psf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf sfg"g ;d]t b]vfO{ :ki6;Fu
l/6 lgj]bgdf bfjL lng ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
k|rngdf /x]sf] lzIff;DaGwL P]g lgoddf
;d]t To:tf] lsl;dsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvb}g .
ljBfnox eg]sf 1fg cfh{g ug{] kljq
p2] Z on] :yflkt z} l Ifs ;+ : Yff x' g .
pko'Qmtfsf] b[li6 ;d]taf6 o:tf ;+:yfsf]
/]vb]v Pj+ Joj:yfkg lhNnf leqsf :jtGq
Pj+ k|fl1s JolQmxaf6 g} x'g plrt /
;fGble{s ;d]t x'G5 .
$= z}lIfs ;+:yfxnfO{ /fhgLlts
If]qaf6 d'Qm /fvL /fhgLlts lqm8f:yn aGg
lbgaf6 d'Qm /fVg' kg]{ /fHosf] st{Jo ;d]t
xf] . 1fg cfh{g ug]{ u/fpg] kljq p2]Zon]
:yflkt ljBfnoxsf] /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg
ug{ u7g x'g] lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf ;b:ox
dgf]gLt ubf{ /fhgLlts JolQmxsf] eGbf
:jtGq JolQmxs} e" l dsfnfO{ dxTjk" 0 f{
dflgG5 . ljkIfLaf6 lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf]
u7gsf] nflu ;b:ox dgf]gLt ubf{{ lhNnfleq

sfo{/t /fhgLlts bnxsf] ;j{blno a}7s

af]nfO{ /fhgLlts ;xdltsf cfwf/df lhNnf
lzIff ;ldltsf] u7g gu/] s f] sf/0faf6
cfkm" x sf] ;+ l jwfg k| b Q j} o lQms
:jtGqtfcGtu{ t ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf]
:jtGqtf,s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/
ug]{ :jtGqtfsf] ckx/0f x'gfsf] ;fy} ;dfgtf
/ ;DklQ ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xssf]
pNn+3g ePsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bg bfjL s'g}
sfg"gdf cfwfl/t geO{ s]jn /fhgLlts OR5f
k"lt{ ug]{ s'l07t clenfiff jfx]s c? s]xL
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvb}g .
%= ctM k|rlnt lzIff;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:Yffadf]lhd g} lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf
;b:ox dgf]gLt ul/Psf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b] l vPsf] / /fhgLlts
bnxsf] ;xdltdf dfq} lhNnf lzIff
;ldltsf ;b:ox dgf]gLt ug{'kg]{ sfg"gL
afWotf ;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm ;ldltsf
;b:ox dgf]gLt ug]{ u/L ljkIfLaf6 ePsf]
ldlt @)^&.)&.@( sf] lg0f{ o n] cfgf]
;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft k/]sf]
eGg] l/6 lgj]bssf] bfjL sfg"gdf cfwfl/t
geO{ lg/y{s xF'bf vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{
lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
;+jt @)^( ;fn ebf} !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ===
Ohnf; clws[t M jfj'/fd ;'jb] L

1700

&

*(@@ hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f=] klJns_ ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t

lg0f{o g+=

;+:yfxaf6 lg;[t x'g] kmf]x/ d}nfsf]

Joj:yfkgsf] bfloTj To:tf ;+:yfx
;d]t pk/ nufpg' kg]{ .
:jf:y ;+:yfaf6 lgisg] kmf]x/xnfO{
;+qmldt / c;+qmldt u/L b'O{ efudf
5'6o\ fO{ ;+qmldt kmf]xf]/ c6f]Sn]e d]l;gdf
/fv]/ lgd{nLs/0f u/L ls6f0f'/lxt
ePkl5 c? kmf]x/df ld;fO{ Nof08lkmn
;fO6df k7fpg] bfloTj To:tf
;+:yfxsf] x'G5 . cfkm"n] cfh{g u/]sf]
d'gfkmfsf] s]xL k|ltzt kmf]x/ d}nfsf]
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu clgjfo{kdf vr{
ug{ nufpg' ;d]t Gofof]lrt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_

*(@@

;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
@)^#WO)@!*
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.*.!@.#
ljifo M k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f=] klJns_ sf

tkm{af6 clwsf/k|fKt / cfgf] xsdf
;d]t sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !$
s'nZ] j/ a:g] clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{
;d]t
lgj]bsxsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
lj?4
/fh'k;
| fb rfkfufO{
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f
;d]t
kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
:jf:Yo ;+ : yfxaf6 pTkfbg x' g ] ;Da4 sfg"gM
xflgsf/s kmf]x/ / 3/ jf sfof{noxaf6
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfGo kmf]x/ Ps} 7fpFdf
wf/f @^-$_
e08f/0f tyf lj;h{g ugf{n] ;Dk"0f{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
kmf]xf]/ xflgsf/s x'g hfG5 / o;nfO{
wf/f !^-!_, #%-%_
Joj:yfkg ug{ emg} sl7g x'g hfG5 .
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
To;}n] :jf:Yo ;++:yfsf] kmf]x/d}nf
&, @$
Joj:yfkg ubf{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf]
;fdfGo / xflgsf/s kmf]x/d}nfnfO{ o;sf]
lgod #
pTkGg x'g] ;|ft] df g} 5'6o\ fO{ eidLs/0f
u/L Joj:yfkg ug'k{ g]{ .
cfb]z
-k|s/0f g+=*_
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM tTsfnLg g]kfn
c:ktfn, :jf:y s]Gb| Pj+ gl;{ xf]d clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#**
;d]tnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfO{ To:tf :jf:y -@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q
1701

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

cGtu{t kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt

tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
xfdL lgj] b s nufotsf g] k fnL
gful/ssf] :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg]
clwsf/sf] Jojxfl/s k|Tofe"lt x'g ;Sg]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'k{ g]{ st{Jo ePsf] ljkIfLaf6
;f] st{Josf] oyf]lrt\ kfngf x'g g;s]sf]af6
pQm df}lns clwsf/df g} ;+s6 kl//x]sf] 5 .
hg:jf:Yo Pj+ kof{ j /0fsf nflu cToGt
xflgsf/s dflgg] lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ (Medical
Westage) sf] Joj:yfkgsf] cefjdf :jR5
jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ g} vt/fdf
k5{ . lrlsT;fhGo / kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f lbg
k| l tlbg lrlsT;fhGo kmf] x /d} n fsf]
cJoj:yfkgsf] lzsf/ aGb} u} /x]sf] 5 eg]
lbgfg'lbg lrlsT;f ;+:yfx a[l4 x'Fb} u}/x]sf]
5 . csf]{tkm{ To:tf ;+:yfxaf6 pT;lh{t x'g]
kmf]x/sf] Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sbf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx
g} ck|ToIf kdf :jf:Yo ;d:of l;h{gf ug{
of]ubfg k'ofO{ /x]sf] oyfy{tf x'Fbf pkrf/sf]
qmddf of /f]u lgbfg ubf{ k|of]uzfnfaf6
pT;lh{t x'g] ls6f0f'o'Qm clt g} xflgsf/s
kmf]x/sf sf/0f ljleGg ;+qmfds /f]ux km}lng
;Sg] x'G5 . z/L/sf] s'g} efuaf6 lg:sg] /ut,
kLknufotsf kmf]x/x ;+qmfds kmf]x/df kg]{,
pkrf/sf] qmddf k|of]udf NofOg] ljleGg k|sf/sf
l;of], rSs', s}+rL, kQL Pj+ km'6]sf sfFr tyf
lzzfx wfl/nf kmf]x/cGtu{t kg]{, cf}iflw
k;n, c:ktfn tyf cf}iflw pBf]u ;d]taf6
pT;lh{t x'g] Dofb gf3]sf ljiffQm tyf k|of]u
gePsf, ld;fj6 ePsf cf}iflwx, EoflS;g
tyf cf}iflwhGo pTkfbgx cf}iflwhGo kmf]x/
cGtu{t kg]{, pkrf/ tyf /f]u lgbfgsf qmddf
ljleGg /f;folgs kbfy{xsf] k|of]usf qmddf

pT;lh{t x'g] emf]n tyf UofF;hGo /f;folgs

kbfy{ Pj+ hgf]6lS;s cf}iflw tyf /;fogx
/f;folgs kmf]x/cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
pkrf/sf] qmddf k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg
wft'hGo cf}hf/x, km'6]sf tyf efFlrPsf
rLhj:t' x , UofF ; l;ln08/ nufotsf
kmf]x/x wft'hGo kmf]x/ cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
ef/tsf] a}nf]/sf] Po/kmf];{sf] Command
Hospital df WHO n] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] kfOn6
k|fh
] S] 6sf] k|ltj]bgdf dfgj kmf]x/nfO{ eidLs/0f
oGqaf6 k|zf]wg ug'{kg]{ / cGo kmf]x/xsf]
xsdf ;+qmfds kmf]x/x dfOqmf]je
] xfO8fS] n]e
k|ljlwaf6, wfl/nf] kmf]x/ gi6 ug]{ oGq tyf
/f;folgs pkrf/ k|ljlwaf6 lj;h{g ug]{
a}slNks pkfoaf6 lj;lh{t ug]{ Joj:yfsf]
l;kmfl/z u/] s f] x' F b f o:tf lrlsT;fhGo
kmf]x/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] cefjdf ;fj{hlgs
xs lxt tyf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] ;+/If0f
gePsf]n] hg:jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf]
nflu cGo j} s lNks pkrf/sf] cefjdf
;DdfgLt cbfnt ;dIf k|:t't lgj]bg ;fy
pkl:yt ePsf 5f}+ .
ctM xflgsf/s lrlsT;fhGo
kmf]x/d}nfsf] jftfj/0fd}qL 9+uaf6 lj:yfkg
(Disposal) ug{sf nflu pko'Qm sd k|b"if0fhGo
;fljt ePsf] lglZrt\ k|ljlw tyf pkfo
lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf cfjZos
k|fljlws :t/ tyf dfkb08;d]t tf]sL nfu"
ul/kfpFm . jftfj/0f P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #
Pj+ jftfj/0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ adf]lhd
ug'k{ g]{ jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg gu/L :yflkt
ePsf lrlsT;f ;+:yfxsf] klxrfg u/L To:tf
;+:yfxnfO{ EIA ug{ nufO{ jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f
/f]Sg cfjZos kg]{ pkfox ;d]t cjnDag

1702

*(@@ hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f=] klJns_ ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t

ug{ nufpg' ;fy} sd u' 0 f:t/Lo

eidLs/0foGqsf] k|of]u tyf cfotdf t'?Gt
/f]s nufpg' Pj+ kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf]
a}slNks Joj:yf u/L xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf
k|b"if0fhGo eidLs/0foGqsf] k|of]u aGb ug{'
Pj+ sltko lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/d}nfsf nflu
eidLs/0f oGq g} pkof]uL x'g] ePtfklg
PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t lsl;daf6 jftfj/0fd}qL
tl/sfaf6 o;sf] pkof]u ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf
ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg
dfu bfjL .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g
gkg]{ xf] < af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf
k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^#.%.@* sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL lgj]bsxn] o; dGqfnosf] s]
s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lghxsf] s] s:tf] xs
xgg\ x'g uPsf] xf] < ;f]sf] pNn]v ug{ ;Sg'
ePsf] 5}g . o; dGqfnosf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] s'g} klg xs xgg\ gePsf]n] ljkIfL
lgj]bsxn] lbPsf] cfwf/xLg lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf]
xf] < To;sf] :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ /
sf/0f lgj]bsn] o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL
agfOPsf] b]lvG5 . lrlsT;fhGo xflgsf/s
kmf]x/d}nfsf] auL{s/0f, kmf]x/ Go"gLs/0f, ;ng

/ 9'jfgL k|zf]wg tyf lj;h{g;Fu ;DalGwt

sfo{ o; sfof{noaf6 ;Dkfbg gx'g] x'bF f o;
sfof{nonfO{ ;d]t ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; dGqfnosf] of] sfdsf/jfxL jf
lg0f{on] cfgf] xs lxtdf afwf kg{ uPsf]
egL k|i6 bfjL gul/Psf] / s]jn lagf cfwf/
k|df0f uf]nd6f]n kaf6 o; dGqfnonfO{
;d]t ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg clt;of]lQmk"0f{ b]lvG5 . lrlsT;fhGo
xflgsf/s kmf] x /d} n fsf] juL{ s /0f, kmf] x /
Go"gLs/0f, ;+sng / 9'jfgL k|zf]wg tyf
lj;h{g;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ o; dGqfnosf]
sfo{If]qleq gkg]{ x'Fbf o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ lbPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, pBf]u,
jfl0fHo tyf cfk" l t{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] o; dGqfnonfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f v'nfpg
;Sg' ePsf] 5} g . o; dGqfnosf] s' g
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfL lgj]bsxsf] xs
clwsf/df s] s:tf] cf3ft kg{ uPsf] xf] <
;f]sf] k'li6 ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . lrlsT;fhGo
kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf To:tf kmf]x/sf]
juL{s/0f, Go"gLs/0f, ;+ng, 9'jfgL / k|zf]wg
tyf lj;h{g Pj+ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff nufotsf
kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{x tyf xflgsf/s
lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ d}nfsf] jftfj/0fd}qL 9+uaf6
lj:yfkg ug{sf nflu sd k|b"if0fhGo k|ljlw
tyf pkfoxsf nflu dfkb08 lgb]{lzsf
agfpg d:of}bf tof/ e};s]sf] 5 . lgs6

1703

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

eljiodf To;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbO{ nfu" ug]{ of]hgf

o; dGqfnosf] /x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnoaf6
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg x'g] u/]sf] /
sfg"gadf]lhd jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg u/]sf]
gkfOPdf sf/jfxL ug]{tkm{ of] dGqfno k|lta4
/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
kl/lwleq /xL jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo k|lts"n
k|efj kfg]{ u/L hghLjg / hg:jf:Yosf nflu
vt/f x'g ;Sg] lsl;dn] k|b"if0f l;h{gf ug]{
sfo{df /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug]t{ km{ o; dGqfno
sfo{/t /x]sf]n] ljkIfLxn] lbPsf] lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
gu/If]qleqsf] kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg
ug]{ sfo{ o; sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfaf6
e} / x] s f] 5 . lgj] b sxn] eg] a df] l hd
lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ d}nfsf] k|ljlwo'Qm Joj:yfkg
ug{ xfn cfly{s, k|fljlws tyf hgzlQmsf]
sf/0fn] o; sfof{noaf6 dfq Joj:yfkg ug{
sfo{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . lgj]bsxn] p7fpg'
ePsf] lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkgsf]
;DaGwdf 5'} lgodfjnL / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ sfg" g n] o;
dxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ lbPsf] 5}g . gu/af;Lsf]
:jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0f ;+ / If0fsf nflu
dxfgu/kflnsfn] cfgf] ;fwg / ;| f ] t n]
EofP;Dd o; gu/kflnsfsf] jftfj/0f
ljefudfkm{t\ sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/L cfPsf] x'Fbf
ljkIfL lgj]bsxn] lbPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf] sf7df8f} +
dxfgu/kflnsfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
cg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfox ;Ifd / :jtq 5g .

o; dGqfnoaf6 :yfgLo lgsfoxnfO{ jftfj/0f

;/If0f ;DaGwdf lgb] { z g lbO{ k6sk6s
cg'udg / lg/LIf0f ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo
lgsfoxsf] ;';+~rfngsf] nflu gLlt lgb]{zg
lbg] sfo{ o; dGqfnon] u/L g} /x]sf] x'Fbf o;
dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn
;/sf/, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o;df lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ljifo
gful/sxsf] :jf:Yo;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /x]sf]
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . t/ g]kfn
;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfnoxaf6 k|fKt lnlvt
hjfkmdf lgj] b gdf p7fPsf s' / fxsf]
;DaGwdf :ki6 hjfkm lbPsf] b]lvPg . t;y{,
xfn c:ktfnaf6 pTkGg Medical Westage
c:ktfn Pj+ lghL gl;{ xf]dxn] s;/L
Disposal ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ < o;sf] oyfy{ tYo
kQf nufpg lrlsT;f la1fg /fli6o k|lti7fg
aL/ c:ktfnsf] cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] Ps ;ldlt u7g ug'{ egL
:jf:Yo dGqfnosf gfpFdf of] cfb]z hf/L
ul/Psf] 5 . cWoIfdf jL/ c:ktfn lrlsT;f
lj1fg /fli6o k|lti7fg / c? ;b:oxdf
:jf:Yo dGqfnosf al/i7 lrlsT;s, g]kfn
d]l8sn Pzf]l;Pzgsf k|ltlglw, lj1fg tyf
jftfj/0f dGqfnosf k| l tlglw, k| f Oe] 6
c:ktfnsf k|ltlglw / lgj]bs k|f]klJnssf
Pshgf k|ltlglw;d]tsf] ;ldlt u7g ug]{,
pQm ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs :jf:Yo dGqfnon]
ug]{, o;/L u7g x'g] ;ldltn] sfd z'? u/]sf]
ldltn] $ dlxgfleq b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ljifo
cWoog u/L ;'emfj ;d]t o; cbfntdf k]z
ug"{ M

1704

*(@@ hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f=] klJns_ ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t

cWoog ug]{ ljifox M

!
xfn pkTosf leqsf ;/sf/L c:ktfn
Pj+ lghL c:ktfn Pj+ gl;{ xf]dxn]
c:ktfnaf6 lg:s]sf] Medical Westage
sf] Disposal s;/L sxfF ug]{ u/]sf
5g\ <
@= c:ktfn :yfkgf ubf{ :jf:Yo dGqfnon]
Medical Westage sf] Disposal sf] af/]df
s'g} zt{ tf]Sg] u/]sf] 5, 5}g <
#= Medical Westage sf] Disposal ;DaGwdf
cGt/f{li6o dfGo k|rng / World Health
Organization n] s] s:tf] dfkb08 tf]ss
] f]
5<
$= cj g]kfndf Medical Westage Disposal
s;/L sxfF ug'{ k5{ <
%= o:tf c:ktfndf xfn s'g} Encilerator
d]lzg h8fg u/fPsf] eP To;sf] u'0f:t/
s:tf] 5 <
^= ;ldltn] cfjZos b]vs
] f] ;f] ;Fu ;Da4
cGo s'/f klg cWoog / cg';Gwfg ug{
;Sg]5 .
;ldltsf] ;'emfj ;lxtsf] cWoog
k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.#.@( sf] cfb]z .
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.#.@( sf]
cfb]zcg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfnof/f ul7t ;ldltn] ldlt
@)^(.!.#! df k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ldl;n ;fd]n
/x]sf] .
lgodadf]lhdf k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;
;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bsxsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf

>L /fh'k;
| fb rfkfufO{n] lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/
d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg gePsf] sf/0f hg:jf:Yo /
kof{j/0fLo ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ;DdfgLt
cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ul7t ;ldltn] lbPsf]
k|ltj]bg ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ lrlsT;fhGo
kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL 5'} lgodfjnL agfO{
nfu' ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jx;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o ;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f
kf}8]nn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg
;DaGwL /fli6o gLlt,@)%# tyf :jf:Yo
;+:yfhGo kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg lgb]l{ zsf, @)^%
lgdf{0f u/L nfu' e};s]sf] 5 . cbfntsf]
cfb]zfg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ hg;+Vof tyf :jf:Yo
dGqfnof/f ul7t ;ldltn] lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/
Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^(.!.#! df
lbPsf] ;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;/sf/ k|ltj4 /x]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug'e
{ Psf]
jx; ;'gL lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhft ;d]t cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] xf], xf]Og < ;f]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ hg:jf:Yo Pj+
kof{j/0fsf nflu cToGt xflgsf/s dflgg]
lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ (Medical waste) sf] plrt
Joj:yfkgsf] cefjdf :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg
kfpg] gful/ssf] clwsf/ vt/fdf k/]sf] cj:yf
5 . To;}n] lrlsT;fhGo xflgsf/s kmf]x/sf]

1705

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

juL{s/0f, kmf]x/ Go"gLs/0f, ;+sng / 9'jfgL,

k|zf]wg tyf lj;h{g Pj+ :jf:Yo ;'/Iff nufotsf
kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ ljifoxnfO{
;d]6g\ ] u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf @$ adf]lhd lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ d}nf
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL 5'} lgodfjnL agfO{ nfu"
ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]sf]
kfOG5 .
#= tTsfn axfn /x]sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ l jwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @^-$_ n]
hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf
a9fO{ ef}lts ljsf;;DaGwL lqmofsnfkxf/f
jftfj/0fdf kg{ hfg] k|lts"n c;/x kg{
glbg Pj+ jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ug{ /fHosf]
k|fyldstf lbg]5 . egL /fHosf] lgb]{zs
l;4fGtdf pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !^-!_ adf]lhd
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg]
xs x'g5
] . egL jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL
df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}
u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
#%-%_ cg';f/ /fHon] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg
cfjZos Joj:yf ug] { 5 . hg;fwf/0fdf
jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf a9fO{ ef}lts
ljsf;;DaGwL lqmofsnfkxf/f jftfj/0fdf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+ jftfj/0f tyf
b'n{e jGohGt'sf] ljz]if ;+/If0fdf /fHon]
k|fyldstf lbg]5 . jg / ag:klt tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, bLuf] pkof]u / To;af6
k|fKt nfedf ;dGoflos afF8kmfF8sf] Joj:yf
ug]5
{ . egL /fHosf] gLlt /xg] Joj:yf k|Tofe"t
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

$= plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs bfloTjnfO{

cfTd;ft\ ub}{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ug{ ag]sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
& df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf o; k|sf/ /x]sf]
5

1706

&= k|bi" f0fsf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0fM -!_ s;}n]

klg jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo k|lts"n k|efj
kfg]{ u/L jf hghLjg / hg:jf:Yosf
nflu vt/f x'g ;Sg] lsl;dn] k|bi" f0f
l;h{gf ug{ jf tf]lsPsf] dfkb08ljk/Lt
s'g} oflGqs ;fwg, cf}Bf]lus, k|lti7fg
jf cGo 7fpFaf6 Wjlg, tfk, /]l8of]wdL{
ljsL/0f tyf kmf]x/ d}nf lgisfzg ug{,
u/fpg x'bF g} .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ ljk/Lt s;}n] s'g} sfo{
u/L jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo k|lts"n
k| e fj kf/] s f] b] l vPdf ;DalGwt
lgsfon] tt\ ; DaGwdf cfjZos
zt{x tf]Sg jf To:tf] sfo{ ug{
gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufpg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ s'g} lsl;dsf] kbfy{, OGwg, cf}hf/
jf ;+oGqsf] k|of]uaf6 jftfj/0fdf
pNn]vgLo k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] jf
kg] { b] l vPdf dGqfnon] g] k fn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L To:tf]
kbfy{, OGwg, cf}hf/ jf ;+oGqsf]
k|of]udf aGb]h nufpg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ k|bi" f0fsf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f;DaGwL
cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g5
] eGg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

*(@@ hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f=] klJns_ ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t

plNnlvt ;+ j } w flgs tyf sfg" g L

Joj:yfaf6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf hg:jf:Yok|lt
/fHo ;+ab] gzLn /xg'kg]{ s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFbg} .
%= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf @$ cg';f/ ag]sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod # ;Fu ;DalGwt
cg';r
" L @ sf] v08 -P]_ b]xfo $-u_ adf]lhd
sDtLdf @% z}of ePsf] :jf:Yo s]Gb| jf c:ktfn
jf gl;{ xf]daf6 lg:sg] h}ljs 3fts kbfy{xsf]
clGtd lgisfzg Joj:yfkg ug]{ u/L jftfj/0f
k|efj d"Nofg ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf;d]t ePsf]
kfOG5 .
^= plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd
c:ktfn, :jf:y s]Gb| tyf gl;{ xf]dxaf6
lg;[t x'g] xflgsf/s lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ d}nfsf]
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu sd k|b"if0fo'Qm k|ljlw
tyf pkfox cjnDag u/L s8fO{sf ;fy
nfu" u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvb}g . g]kfn ;/sf/,
:jf:y tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnon] c:ktfn,
:jf:y s]Gb| tyf gl;{ xf]dx :yfkgf ug{
:jLs[t lbg'k"j{ k|f/lDes kdf jftfj/0f
k|efj d"Nofg u/L btf{sf] :jLs[lt lbg] /
;f] adf]lhdsf] dfkb08 k"/f gu/]sf :jf:Yo
;+:yfxsf] gjLs/0f gug]{ tyf xflgsf/s
lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ d}nfsf] Joj:yfkgdf
nfk/jfxL ug]{ / ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f u/L nfu"
u/]sf] lgodfjnL Pj+ gLlt, lgb]{zgsf] kfngf
eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cg' u dg tyf
d"Nofg;d]t ePsf] cj:yf b]lvb}+g . g]kfn
;/sf/, :jf:y tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm ;d]taf6 plNnlvt sfg"gL
Joj:yf adf]lhd :jf:y ;+:yfaf6 lgisfzg
x'g] kmf]x/d}nfaf6 hg:jf:y tyf jftfj/0fdf
kg{ ;Sg] k| e fjsf] plrt d" N ofg /

Go"gLs/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] eg] pNn]v

ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvb}g .
&= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n]
:jf:Yo ;+:yf, gl;{ xf]d, lzIf0f Pj+ k|lzIf0f
;+:yf / k|of]uzfnf h:tf Joj;foxnfO{ ;]jf
pBf]usf] kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o:tf
pBf]uxsf] btf{ P+j To:tf ;+:yfxnfO{
;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;'lawfxsf] ;DaGwdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]gn] cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g
af]8s
{ f] u7gsf] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
af]8n
{ fO{ jftfj/0f / hg:jf:Yodf c;/ x'g
glbg hf]8 lbO{ jftfj/0f k|bi" f0fnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug]{ pkfo Pj+ Joj:yf c+lusf/ ug{ nufpg]
sfo{ ;d]t ;l'DkPsf] kfOG5 .
*= ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfn] ax;sf] s|ddf g]kfn
;/sf/n] kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL /fli6o
gLlt, @)%# tyf :jf:y ;+:yfhGo kmf]x/d}nf
Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^% ;d]t lgdf{0f u/L
nfu" u/]sf] 5 egL lhsL/ lnPtfklg :jf:y
;+:yfhGo kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu pQm
gLlt, lgb]{lzsf k|of{Kt / k|efjsf/L kdf
sfo{fGogdf cfPsf] b]lvb}g . ;fdfGotof :jf:Yo
;+:yfxaf6 pTkfbg x'g] xflgsf/s kmf]x/ /
3/ jf sfof{noxaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfGo
kmf]x/ Ps} 7fpFdf e08f/0f tyf lj;h{g ugf{n]
;Dk"0f{ kmf]xf]/ xflgsf/s x'g hfG5 / o;nfO{
Joj:yfkg ug{ emg} sl7g x'g hfG5 . To;}n]
:jf:Yo ;++:yfsf] kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg ubf{
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ;fdfGo / xflgsf/s
kmf]x/d}nfnfO{ o;sf] pTkGg x'g] ;|f]tdf g}
5'6o\ fO{ eidLs/0f u/L Joj:yfkg ug'{ cfjZos
x'G5 .

1707

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

(= :jf:Yo ;+ : yfxaf6 lg:sg]

kmf]x/j:t'xdf la/fdLsf] /ut, lkk, z/L/sf
c+unufotsf kmf]x/xsf] ;fy} ljiffQm tyf
Dofb gf3] s f cf} i flwx, EoflS;g tyf
/;folgs kbfy{ cflb ;+qmfds kmf]x/cGtu{t
kb{5g\ . o:tf kmf]x/x hg:jf:ysf] nflu
clt g} xflgsf/s dflgG5g . o:tf kmf]x/
j:t'xaf6 c:ktfndf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx,
kmf]x/df ;+nUg x'g] sfdbf/xdf ;+qmfds
/f]u ;g{ ;Sg] x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf ;d'bfo
;b}j hf]lvddf /x]sf x'G5g . Ps k6s k|of]u
u/L kmflnPsf l;l/Ghx kmf]x/af6 ;+sNg
u/]/ k'gM k|of]u ug]{ ;Defjgf klg x'G5 .
h;n] ubf{ x]kf6fOl6;, Pr=cfO{=eL= l66fg;
h:tf k|f0f3fts ;?jf /f]ux ;g]{ / km}ng]
;+ e fjgf klg Tolts} /x] s f] 5 . :jf:y
;+:yfxaf6 pT;{lht x'g] o:tf xflgsf/s
kmf]x/d}nfsf] oyf]lrt Joj:yfkg gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf hg:jf:y Pj+ jftfj/0fdf ;d]t
k| l ts" n c;/ kg{ hfG5 . b] z sf d' V o
zx/xdf hyfefjL vf] l nPsf c:ktfn,
:jf:y s] G b| P+ j gl;{ xf] d xn] To:tf
kmf]x/xsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg gu/L c:ktfn
kl/;/ Pj+ gu/kflnsfsf] kmf] x / kmfNg]
sG6]g/xdf g} hyfefjL kmfNg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
h;sf] sf/0f ;fdfGo kmf]x/ klg xflgsf/s
kmf] x /df kl/0ft x' g uO{ hg:jf:y P+ j
jftfj/0fdf g} k|ToIf c;/ k'Ug uPsf] kfOG5 .
!)= ctM hg:jf:Yo Pj+ kof{j/0fsf
nflu cToGt xflgsf/s dflgg] lrlsT;fhGo
kmf] x / (Medical waste) sf] Joj:yfkgsf]
;DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;d]t ;r]t
u/fpg' clt cfjZos 5 . To;} u/L c:ktfn,

:jf:y s]Gb| Pj+ gl;{ xf]d ;d]tnfO{ lhDd]jf/

agfO{ To:tf :jf:y ;+:yfxaf6 lg;[t x'g]
kmf]x/ d}nfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] bfloTj To:tf
;+:yfx ;d]t pk/ nufpg' kb{5 . cfkm\gf]
:jf:y ;+:yfaf6 lgisg] kmf]x/xnfO{ ;+qmldt
/ c;+qmldt u/L b'O{ efudf 5'6\ofO{ ;+qmldt
kmf]xf]/ c6f]Sn]e d]l;gdf /fv]/ lgd{nLs/0f
u/L ls6f0f'/lxt ePkl5 c? kmf]x/df ld;fO{
Nof08lkmn ;fO6df k7fpg] bfloTj To:tf
;+:yfxsf] x'G5 . cfkm"n] cfh{g u/]sf] d'gfkmfsf]
s]xL k|ltzt kmf]x/ d}nfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
clgjfo{kdf vr{ ug{ nufpg' ;d]t Gofof]lrt
x'G5 .
!!= o; ;DaGwdf o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.#.@( ut]sf] cfb]zfg';f/ lrlsT;fhGo
kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ul7t ;ldltn]
@)^(.!.#! df g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno dfkm{t\ a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgdf
lgDg lnlvt l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
!=

@=

1708

!)) z}ofeGbf dflysf] c:ktfnxn]

kmf]x/sf] ;|ft] df g} kmf]x/ k[ysLs/0f k|0ffnL
nfu" u/L kmf]x/sf] k|sf/cg';f/sf] WHO
sf] dfkb08cg';f/sf] Autoclave k|0ffnLaf6
pkrf/ u/L kmf]x/sf] lj;h{g ug'k{ g]{ .
demf}nf / ;fgf :jf:Yo ;+:yfxsf] xsdf
;|f]tdf g} kmf]x/sf] k[ysLs/0f u/L
hf] l vdo' Q m ;+ q mldt kmf] x /sf] nflu
dxfgu/, pkdxfgu/ / gu/kflnsfxdf
Ps s]Gb|Lo kmf]x/ pkrf/ Pj+ Joj:yfkg
s] G b| (Central Waste Treatment and
Management Center) :yfkgf u/L ;f]xL
s]Gb|df ;Mz'Ns kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg ug]{

*(@@ hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f=] klJns_ ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t

#=

Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ / pQm s]Gb|n] WHO

sf] ;a} dfkb08cg';f/ Joj:yfkg ug'k{ g]{ .
xfn tTsfn} sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leq Pp6f
s]Gb|Lo kmf]x/ pkrf/ Pj+ Joj:yfkg s]Gb|
(Central Waste Treatment Management

tTsfn :yfkgf u/L pkTosf

leqsf ;fgf demf}nf :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6
-c:ktfn, lSnlgsx_ k|fKt kmf]x/xnfO{
;+sng u/L s]Gb|Lo kmf]x/ pkrf/ Pj+
Joj:yfkg s]Gb|df Joj:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg' kg]{ .
$= :yfkgf x'g] s]Gb|sf] ;~rfngsf] nflu
;+:yfut e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'gfn]
o;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfox :jf:Yo dGqfno, :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfno, jftfj/0f dGqfno,
lj1fg tyf k| l jlw dGqfno, pBf] u
dGqfno, lzIff dGqfno, kmf]x/ d}nf
Joj:yfkg k| f ljlws ;xof] u s] G b| ,
dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf
nufotsf :yfgLo lgsfoxsf]
;+nUgtfdf o;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ gLlt
lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog / o;sf] cg'udg
tyf d"Nofg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf]
g]tT[ jbfjL e"ldsf / cGo lgsfox;Fusf]
;dGjofTds lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfO{ c:ktfnhGo kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg
ug'{kg]{ bfloTj :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof
dGqfnosf] x'g' kg]{ .
%= xfn ljleGg c:ktfnxdf eidLs/0f
oGqsf] k|of]u u/L kmf]x/ afNg] ul/cfPsf]df
;f]af6 hg:jf:Yodf k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ ePsf]
x'gfn] ;f] eidLs/0f oGqnfO{ qmlds kdf
Center)

^=

&=

*=

(=

1709

aGb u/L g]kfndf eidLs/0f oGqsf]

k|of]unfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ / e}/x]sf]
eidLs/0f oGqsf] k|of]u ug'{ k/]df ;f]sf]
u'0f:t/ sfod u/]/ dfq ;~rfngdf
Nofpg' kg]{5 . ;f] eidLs/0f oGqsf]
abnfdf WHO af6 cg'df]lbt jftfj/0fLo
d}qL u'0f:t/Lo c6f]Sn]e k|ljlwaf6 kmf]x/
pkrf/ ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yfnfO{ qmdzM ;a}
:jf:Yo ;+:yfxdf nfu" ub}{ hfg'kg]{ .
c:ktfnaf6 pTkfbg x'g] dfgj c+u k|To+u
tyf dfgj t+tx' nfO{ a}1flgs tl/sfaf6
hnfpg] jf uf8\g] Joj:yf ldnfpg pko'Qm
Joj:yfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:Yo
tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnoaf6 cfjZos gLlt
lgdf{ 0 f u/L tTsfn nfu" ug' { k g] { .
tTsfnnfO{ o; k|sf/sf] kmf]x/x lgliqmo
agfO{ uf9\g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
:jf:YohGo kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf
k| T o] s :jf:Yo ;+ : yfdf jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL hgzlQm Pj+ zfvfsf]
clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ .
lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/ p7fpg], 9'jfgL ug]{
Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug] { sfdbf/ tyf
sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu cfjZos ;'/IffTds
;fwgx pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ bfloTj
;DalGwt :jf:Yo ;+:yfxsf] x'g' kb{5 .
;fy} sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lxsf] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu ;DalGwt :jf:Yo ;+:yfn]
aLdf u/fpg' kg]5
{ .
t/n, /]l8of]wdL{, x]eL d]6n Pj+ cf}iflwhGo
kmf]x/sf] Joj:yfkg pko'Qm jftfj/0fd}qL
k|ljlwf/f x'gk' g]{ .

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

!)= h]gf]6f]lS;s;fO{6f]6f]lS;s kmf]x/x :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;dIf ldlt

pT;h{ g ubf{ lgliqmo u/fP/ dfq @)^(.!.#! df lbPsf] k| l tj] b g ;lxtsf]
jftfj/0fd}qL tl/sfn] lj;h{g ug'k{ g]{ . plNnlvt ;'emfjx hgtfsf] :jf:Yo;Fu
k|ToIfkn] ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvFbf oyf;Dej
!@= pQm k| l tj] b gnfO{ x] b f{ o; rfF8} 5'} lgodfjnL agfO{ nfu" ug'{ egL
cbfntaf6 ul7t ;ldltdf ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn ljkIfLdWo]sf g]kfn ;/sf/, jftfj/0f tyf
;/sf/, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno / g]kfn k|ljlw dGqfno / g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:y tyf
;/sf/ jftfj/0f tyf k|ljlw dGqfno ;d]tsf] hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]
tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj eO{ plNnlvt l;kmfl/z cfb] z hf/L x' g ] 7x5{ . k| : t' t cfb] z sf]
k] z u/] s f] x' F b f xflgsf/s lrlsT;fhGo hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
kmf]x/d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx / o; cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog
ljkIfLxsf] ;d]t c;xdlt /x]sf] kfOb}g . lgb]{zgfno ;d]tnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf
:jR5 Pj+ :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfFpg] u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO lbg" .
gful/ssf] df}lns xs ;+/If0f Pj+ hgtfsf]
hLp Hofgsf] ;'/Iff u/L nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
:yfkgf ug]{ k|dv
' bfloTj ;/sf/sf] /x]sf]df
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
klg ljjfb b]lvFbg} .
!#= t;y{, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !^-!_ cg';f/ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed
:jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg] xs x'g]5 egL df}lns Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O/fnf
xssf] kdf k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] x'gfn] Psk6s
&
k| o f] u df cfPsf l;l/Gh, Kof8, cfOeL
lg0f{o g+= *(@#
;]6nufot /utsf] ;+qmd0f k/]sf kmf]x/hGo
j:t' c6f]Sn]e d]lzgdf /fv]/ lgd{nLs/0f
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
u/]kl5 dfq ls6f0f'/lxt x'g] x'Fbf hg:jf:Yo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
Pj+ kof{j/0fsf nflu cToGt xflgsf/s dflgg]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L a}Bgfy pkfWofo
lrlsT;fhGo kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] ;+sng, 9'jfgL,
)^%-CR-^)^
juL{ s /0f, kmf] x / Go" g Ls/0f, lgd{ n Ls/0f,
km};nf ldltM @)^(.^.!^.#
lj;h{g tyf :jf:Yo ;'/Iffnufot kmf]x/
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dxTjk" 0 f{ ljifoxnfO{
d'2f M nfu" cf}ifw .
;d]6\g] u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf @$ adf]lhd lrlsT;fhGo kmf]x/d}nf
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL o; cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bs jfbLM Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no, O6x/Lsf
k|=gf=lg=;'efif /fO{sf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn
cfb]zfg'd;f/ ul7t ;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/
;/sf/
1710

*(@# g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/

lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNNff ;'g;/L xfF;kf];f cjnlDat ghL/M
uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ a:g] ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] ;Da4 sfg"gM
hLtaxfb'/ vqL
nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f P]g, @)## sf]
bkmf $-3_, -_, !$-!_-em_
z'? km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L nLnfk|;fb uf}td
km};nf
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofoM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
df=Gof=>L bLkss'df/ sfsL{
@)$* sf] bkmf ( cg';f/ o;} cbfntsf]
df=Gof=>L s]bf/k|;fb rfnL;]
If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
;]jg k|of]hgnfO{ vl/b ug]{ / ljqmL
lhNnf ;'g;/L xfF;kf];f uf=lj=;=j8f
lat/0f ug]{nfO{ vl/b x'g] cj:yf g+=@ l:yt k"jd
{ f af6f], klZrddf vfnL hUuf,
5'6\ofpg nfu" cf}ifwsf] kl/df0fnfO{ pQ/ blIf0f af6f] otL $ lsNnfleq k|ltjfbL
x]l/g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;]jg k|of]hgsf] nflu ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/ vqLsf] ;fyaf6
Ps b'O{ 8f]h;Ddsf] nflu vl/b x'g] x'bF f nfu" cf}ifw gfO6fh
] g 6\ofjn]6 yfg !@), sf]/S] ;
a/fdb nfu" cf}ifw cToflws dfqfdf & af]tn / :ofdf] k|fS] ;Leg SofK;"n yfg *
b]lvPsf]n] ;]jg;Ddsf] nflu vl/b u/]sf] a/fdb ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a/fdbL
xf] eGg gldNg] .
d'rN' sf .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
ldlt @)^#.!).!& ut] laxfg * ah]sf]
s'g} rLh j:t' ;Fu ;fydf km]nf kg'{ jf ;dodf xfF;kf];f uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ df ch'g{
;f] rLhj:t' s;};uF /x]sf] s'/f :yflkt ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/ vqLn] nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf/f]jf/
x'g' tYout k|Zg xf], ;a} tYout ljifo u/]sf] 5 eGg] uf]Ko ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df d]/f]
s;"/ jf ck/fw x'g g;Sg] .
sdf08df v6L uPsf] u:tL k|x/L 6f]nLn] lghnfO{
s'g} k|ltalGwt j:t' s;}sf] ;fyaf6 nfu" cf}ifw af]sL /x]sf] cj:yfdf lgoGq0fdf
km]nf kg'{ g} cfk/flws sfo{ -Corpus lnO{ a/fdbL d'rN' sf;fy k]z u/]sf] 5' . cfjZos
delicti_ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] dflgg] sf/jfxL ul/kfpF m eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fsf]
k|sl[ tsf ck/fw h;nfO{ Possessory k|=gf=lg=;'efif /fO{sf] k|ltj]bg .
crime elgG5, To:tf ck/fwdf
ldlt @)^#.!).!& ut] dnfO{ k|x/Ln]
cfk/flws sfo{ :yflkt ePkl5 lgbf]l{ iftf kqmfp u/L a/fdbL d'rN' sfdf plNnlvt kl/0ffdsf]
k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ k|ltjfbLsf] x'g] .
nfu" cf}ifw d]/f] ;fyaf6 a/fdb u/]sf] xf] . pQm
-k|s/0f g+=^_ nfu" cf}ifwx dWo] sf]/S] ;sf] ef/tdf ?=().
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf oxfF ?=!%). b]lv ?=@)). ;Dd / gfO6f]h
g
/]jtL/fh lqkf7L
6\ofjn]6 / :ofdf]kf| S] ;Leg ef/tdf ?=#. oxfF
1711

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

?=%. sf] b/n] ljqmL ub{5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

k|ltjfbL ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/ vqLsf]
k|x/L ;dIf ePsf] aofg sfuh .
k|ltjfbL hLtaxfb'/ vqL ef8fdf a:g]
u/]sf] 3/sf] sf]7f vfgtnf;L ubf{ nfu" cf}ifw
d'2fsf] k|df0fdf nfUg] s'g} klg lrhj:t' km]nf
gk/]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 3/ vfgtnf;L
d'rN' sf .
ldlt @)^#.!).!& ut]sf lbg ljxfg
* ah]sf] ;dodf xfF;kf];f j8f g+=@ df ch'g{
ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/ vqLnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp
u/L lghsf] z/L/ tnf;L lnFbf gfO{6f h
] g 6\ofjn]6
!@), sf]/S] ; & af]tn / :ofdf]kf| S] ;Leg Sofk;"n
* yfg a/fdb u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
:yfgLo JolQm w'j| tfdf, hf]luGb| lnDa" / lbg]z
u'?n] n]vfO{ lbPsf] j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sf .
a/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf plNnlvt nfu"
cf}ifw;fy k|ltjfbL ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/
vqL kqmfpF k/]sf] eGg] s'/f ;'gs
] f] x'F . lghn]
;f] nfu" cf}ifw cfkm} klg ;]jg ug]{ u/]sf] ;'gs
] L
x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsL JolQm xl/dfof
agsf] sfuh .
d]/f] :yfoL jtg 5}g . d]/f] hDdf ef]hk'/
;fnjf uf=lj=;=j8f $ cGtu{t ePsf] xf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ch'{g ef]6] eGg]
hLtaxfb'/ vqLsf] aofg sfuh .
;+slnt ;a"b k|df0fxaf6 lj?4 v08df
plNnlvt k|ltjfbL ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/
vqLsf ;fyaf6 ldlt @)^#.!).!& ut]sf lbg
lhNnf ;'g;/L xfF;kf];f uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@
cGtu{t k|x/L u:tL 6f]nLn] lgh k|ltjfbLsf]
z/L/ vfgtnf;L ubf{ lgif]lwt nfu" cf}ifw
gfO{6f h
] g 6\ofjn]6 !@) yfg sf]/S] ; & af]tn
/ :ofdf]kf| S] ;Leg & SofK;"n a/fdb ePsf]n] ;f]

nfu" cf}ifw sdfpg] p2]Zon] lgh k|ltjfbLn]

ef/tsf] hf]uagLaf6 vl/b u/L xfF;kf];fdf k}7f/L
u/L ljqmL ljt/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs rf]sdf
a;]sf] cj:yfdf kqmfp k/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf]
x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] sfo{ nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f
P]g, @)## sf] bkmf $-3_ / -_ sf] lgif]lwt
s;"/ x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
!$-!_-em_ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u bfjL .
d lj/f6gu/sf] hubLzsf] df] 6 /
Uof/]hdf sfd ug]{ x'Fbf ldlt @)^#.!).!& ut]
Uof/]hdf sfd u/L kms]{/ 8]/ftkm{ xfF;kf];f @
df hfFb} ubf{ k|x/Ln] dnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] xf] .
a/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf plNnlvt nfu" cf}ifwx
k|x/Ln] daf6 a/fdb u/]sf] xf]Og . k|x/Ln] s]
sxfFaf6 NofP dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . klxn] d]/f]
5ftL ;DjGwL lj/fdL x'Fbf ef/t l;nu'8Lsf]
8fS6/n] vfg' eg]sf] x'Fbf vfg] ub{yf] . lajfx
u/]kl5 ;f] bafO{ klg vfg 5f]8s
] f] 5' . gfO6fh
] g
/ :kfef]k|f]S;Leg vfg] u/]sf] 5}g . k|x/L ;dIf
ePsf] d]/f] aofg Joxf]/f dnfO{ k9L g;'gfO{
s'6kL6 u/L kl5 ;xL u/fPsf] xf] . d nfu"
kbfy{ ljqmL ulb{g . j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfdf a:g]
JolQmxsf] Joxf]/f em"7f xf] . xl/dfof jg
;d]tsf] sfuh Joxf]/f em"7f xf] . d nfu" cf}ifw
;]jg cf];f/k;f/ / ljqmL ;d]t ulb{g . d
pk/sf] cleof]u bfjL em"7f xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ch'{g ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/
vqLsf] cbfnt ;dIf ePsf] aofg .
oL k|ltjfbLn] z'? cbfnt;dIf OGsf/L
aofg u/]sf] eP tfklg ldl;n ;+nUg a/fdbL
d'rN' sf, clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] s;"/
ck/fwnfO{ :jLsf/L u/]sf] lghsf] aofg sfuh
Pj+ j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sfdf a:g] JolQmsf] Joxf]/f

1712

*(@# g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/

;d]taf6 xfn oL k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf]Ogg\ eGg

;lsg] cj:yf gb]lvFbf kl5 k|df0f a'em\b} hfFbf
7x/]adf]lhd x'g] u/L xfn oL k|ltjfbL ch'g{
ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/ vqLnfO{ c=j+=!!* -@_
tyf ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf & -s_
adf]lhd d'2f k"kI{ f lgldQ y'gfdf /fVg" eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfb]zfg';f/ lgh k|ltjfbL
sf/fuf/ zfvf, df]/df y'gfdf /x]sf] .
a/fdbL nfu" cf}ifw sf]/S] ;df sf]l8g
km:km]8, :ofef]kf| S] ;Leg SofK;"ndf gf/sf]l6s /
gfO6fh
] g 6\ofAn]6df gfO6fh
] k] fdsf] tTj kfOPsf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljlwlj1fg
k|of]uzfnf, sf7df8f}s
F f lrlsT;sn] ul/lbPsf]
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .
cfb]zfg';f/ jfbLsf] ;fIfL k|ltj]bs ;'efif
/fO{ / k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL s'zfg tfdfsf] askq
e} ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
oL k|ltjfbLn] nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g,
@)## sf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -5_ sf] ;]jg
;Ddsf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] x'bF f
P]=P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-h_ adf]lhd @-b'O_{ dlxgf
s}b / ?=@))).-b'Ox{ hf/_ h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{
eGg] z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.*.^ sf] km};nf .
k|ltjfbLn] hf]uagLaf6 vl/b u/L ;fydf
/fv]sf] cj:yfdf lghaf6 a/fdb nfu" cf}ifw
ljqmL ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu hfFb} ubf{ k|ltjfbLsf
;fyaf6 kqmfp k/L cleof]u dfu bfjL adf]lhd
k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ u/]sf] s'/f k'i6L eO{/x]sf] ljBdfg
cj:yfdf s]jn ;]jg dfq 7x/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
sd ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] z'? cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .

k|ltjfbLjf6 a/fdb nfu" cf}ifwsf] k|sl[ t

cg';f/sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ 7"nf] dfqf dfGg ;lsg]
cj:yf b]lvPg . k|ltjfbLaf6 a/fdb x'bF d
} f nfu"
cf}ifwsf] ljqmL ljt/0f ;d]t u/]sf] eGg klg
ldNb}g . nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf/f]jf/ ug],{ ;+u7g jf
lu/f]x ePsf] klg 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfu" cf}ifwsf] ;]jg;Ddsf] s;"/bf/
7xofO{ ePsf] ldlt @)^(.*.^ sf] z'? ;'g;/L
lhNnf cbfntsf] lg0f{o dgfl;j g} b]lvbf
;b/ x'G5 . jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^%.!).!@ ut]sf] km};nf .
cbfntdf aofg ubf{ a/fdb ePsf] nfu"
cf}ifw cfkm"af6 a/fdb ePsf] 5}g eg] klg
;f]sf] k|df0f k|ltjfbLn] k'ofpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g
. lghaf6 a/fdb ePsf] nfu" cf}ifwnfO{ Go"g
dfqfsf] eGg ldNb}g . lghaf6 ljleGg lsl;dsf]
nfu" cf}ifw a/fdb ePsf] / ;]jgdf lghn]
lhsL/ g} glnPsf] cj:yfdf lg0f{ostf{n]
cfTdlgi7 cfwf/df ;]jg u/]sf] elg 7x/ u/]sf]
km};nf ldl;n ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f sfuhsf]
k|lts"n e} q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] nfu" cf}ifw ljqmL ub}5g\
eGg] ;"rgf kfPsf] sf/0fn] kqmfp ug{ uPsf]
x'F egL k|ltj]bs ;'efif /fO{n] cbfntdf jskq
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] nfu" cf}ifw vl/b
u/L ljqmL ug]{ u/]sf] k|ltj]bssf] k|ltj]bg,
jskq, k| l tjfbLsf] ;fljtL, j:t' l :ylt
d'r'Nsfsf JolQmx / xf;kf];f uf=lj=;= sf
$& hgf 6f]njf;L gful/ssf] egfOaf6 k'i6L
e} / x] s f] b] l vbfF nfUg} g;Sg] nfu" cf} i fw
-lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf !$-!_ -h_
k|of]u u/L u/]sf] km};nfdf sfg"gL q'l6 ePsf]n]
pQm km};nf ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u

1713

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm . ctM k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfdf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_ sf] cj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf]n] z'? cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd
u/L kfpg ;DdfgLt cbfnt ;dIf ;fb/
cg'/f]w ul/G5 eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
o; cbfntdf k/]sf] d'2f bf]xfofO{ x]l/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg .
o;df k|ltjfbLn] df}sfdf ljqmL ug{sf
nflu NofPsf] egL /fv]sf] / cbfntdf ;d]t
;]jg ug{ NofPsf] eGg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
lghnfO{ a/fdb nfu" cf}ifwtkm{ ;]jg ;Dd
u/]sf] egL bfjL eGbf 36L ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf nfu" cf}ifw P]g,
@)## sf] bkmf !$-!_ -em_ sf] JofVofTds q'l6
Pj+ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$, c=j+=!*$
-s_ cg';f/ k|df0fsf] d"Nofg ePsf] gb]lvFbf
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_
cg';f/ d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ul/lbPsf]
5 . z'?, /]s{8 / eP k|df0f ldl;n ;d]t
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 ;fy} /fvL lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!.#! sf]
cfb]zfg';f/ k|:t't d'2f k'g/fj]bgsf] kdf
btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
sfuhftx cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7Ln] k|:t't
d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g
@)## sf] bkmf $ sf] b]xfo -3_ / -_ cg';f/sf]
s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !$ -!_ -em_ adf]lhd
;hfosf] dfubfjL lnO{ z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf

cbfntdf cleof]u k|:t't ul/Psf]df pQm

cbfntaf6 k|ltjfbLxn] P]= P]gsf] bkmf
$-5_ adf]lhd ;]jg ;Ddsf] s;"/ ck/fw
u/]sf] egL ;hfo 7x/ ePsf]df ;f] km};nfpk/
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/ ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf]df pQm
cbfntaf6 z'? km};nfnfO{ g} ;b/ u/]sf]
gldn]sf] x'Fbf pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u
bfjLcg';f/ ;hfo kfpg' k5{ egL ax; k|:t't
ug'{eof] .
pk/f]Qm ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] ax;
;d]t ;'gL OG;fkmtkm{ larf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] xf] / jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] g;Sg] s] xf] eGg] ;DjGwdf
7x/ lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL ch'g{
ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/ vqLaf6 gfO6fh
] g 6\ofjn]6
!@) yfg, sf]/]S; & af]tn / :ofdf]k|f]S;Leg
SofK;"n * j6f a/fdb ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvb}g .
a/fdb ePsf] pQm nfu" cf}ifw k|ltjfbLn] ;]jg
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu NofPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf]
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvb}g . clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L
;dIf aofg ubf{ a/fdb ePsf] nfu" cf}ifw
ljqmL ug]{ p2]Zon] NofPsf] / ;f] eGbf cufl8
klg ljqmL ug]{ u/]sf] lyP egL v'nfPsf]
b]lvG5 .
#= cg';Gwfgdf a'lemPsf j:t'l:ylt
d'rN' sfdf ;a} JolQmxn] k|ltjfbLn] nfu" cf}ifw
w/fg;Dd nu]/ ljqmL ug]{ egL n]vfO{ lbPsf]
kfOG5 eg] xfF;kf];f uf=lj=;=sf $& hgf
6f]naf;L gful/s ;dfhsf] a}7s a;L nfu"
cf}ifw a]rlavg ug]{ lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ s8f

1714

*(@# g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/

sf/jfxL ul/g' kg]{ eGg] lg0f{o ;d]t ePsf]

b]lvG5 .
$= cbfntdf aofg ubf{ a/fdb ePsf]
nfu" cf}ifw cfkm"af6 a/fdb ePsf] 5}g eg]
klg ;f] a/fdbL d'r'Nsf cGoyf k|dfl0ft x'g
;s]sf] b]lvb}g . lghaf6 a/fdb ePsf] eg]sf]
nfu" cf}ifwnfO{ Go"g dfqfsf] egL ;]jgtkm{
7x/ ePsf]df gfO6f]hg 6\ofjn]6 !@) yfg,
sf]/]S; & af]tn / :ofdf]k|f]S;Leg SofK;"n
* j6fnfO{ Go"g dfqfsf] eGg ldNb}g . ;]jg
k|of]hgnfO{ vl/b ug]{ / ljqmL lat/0f ug]{nfO{
vl/b x'g] cj:yf 5'6\ofpg nfu" cf}ifwsf]
kl/df0fnfO{ klg x] l /g' k g] { x' G 5 . ;] j g
k|of]hgsf] nflu Ps b'O{ 8f]h;Ddsf] nflu
vl/b x'g] xf] . t/ k|ltjfbLaf6 a/fdb nfu"
cf} i fw cToflws dfqfdf b] l vPsf] n ]
;]jg;Ddsf] nflu vl/b u/]sf] xf] eGg ldNg]
cj:yf b]lvb}g . lghaf6 ljleGg lsl;dsf]
nfu" cf}ifw a/fdb ePsf] / ;]jgdf lghn]
lhsL/ g} glnPsf] cj:yfdf k' g /fj] b g
cbfntaf6 ;]jg u/]sf] egL 7x/ u/]sf] km};nf
ldn]sf] b]lvg cfPg .
%= k|df0fsf] ef/;DjGwL l;4fGt lg/k]If
x'Fb}g . s'g ck/fwdf k|df0fsf] ef/ s;df /fVg]
eGg] s'/f ljwflosL gLltsf] s'/f xf] . ck/fwsf]
k| s [ l t, o;df ;+ n Ug kIfxsf] k| s [ l t /
ck/flws sfo{z}nL cflbsf] cfwf/df /fHon]
k|df0fsf] ef/;DjGwL Joj:yfnfO{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
x'G5 . ;fdfGo k/Dk/fut ck/fwxdf k|df0fsf]
ef/ jfbLdf /xG5 eg] sltko d'2fxdf
ljifout ck/fwsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L
sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] j:t' k|ltjfbLaf6 a/fdb
ePdf ;f] tYonfO{ s;"/ dfGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg

eO{ ;f] cfk/flws sfo{ -Corpus delicti_ :yflkt

ePkl5 lgbf]{liftf k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ k|ltjfbLdf
/fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
^= s'g} rLh j:t' ;Fu;fydf km]nf
kg' { jf ;f] rLhj:t' s;} ; F u /x] s f] s' / f
:yflkt x'g' tYout k|Zg xf], ;a} tYout
ljifo s;"/ jf ck/fw x'b}gg\ . t/, s'g}
k|ltalGwt j:t' s;}sf] ;fyaf6 km]nf kg'{
g} cfk/flws sfo{ -Corpus delicti_ u/]sf]
k| d fl0ft ePsf] dflgg] k| s [ l tsf ck/fw
h;nfO{ Possessory crime elgG5, To:tf
ck/fwdf cfk/flws sfo{ :yflkt ePkl5
lgbf]{liftf k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ k|ltjfbLsf] x'G5 .
nfu" cf} i fw ck/fw Possessory crime
ePsf] n ] ;f] d f s;" / k| d fl0ft ug] { ef/
k|ltjfbLsf] x'G5 eGg] ePsf]n] k|ltjfbLsf]
;fyaf6 nfu" cf}ifw abfdb ePsf] k'li6
ePkl5 cfkm\gf] lgbf]{liftf k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/
o; d'2fdf nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f P]g_ @)##
sf] bkmf !@ n] k|ltjfbLdf /x]sf] s'/fdf
ljjfb /x]g . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn] o;
P]g cg'k ;hfo x'g] ck/fw u/]sf] x'g\
egL nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f P]g_, @)## sf]
bkmf !@ cg'k dfGg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
&= k|ltjfbLn] nfu" cf}ifw ljqmL ub}{5g\
eGg] ;"rgf kfPsf] sf/0fn] kqmfp ug{ uPsf]
x'F egL k|ltj]bs ;'efif /fO{n] cbfntdf askq
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] nfu" cf}ifw ;]jg
ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] egfO{ ts{af6 k'i6L x'g] ljifo
xf]Og . nfu" cf}ifw vl/b u/L ljqmL ug]{
u/]sf] tYo k|ltj]bssf] k|ltj]bg, askq,
k|ltjfbLsf] ;fljlt, j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfsf
JolQmx / xfF;kf];f uf=lj=;=sf $& hgf

1715

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

6f]naf;L gful/ssf] egfOaf6 k'li6 e}/x]sf]

b]lvFbf nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)## sf]
bkmf !$-!_-h_ k|of]u u/L ;]jg;Ddsf] 7x/
/ ;hfo u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt la/f6gu/sf]
ldlt @)^%.!).!@ sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n]
pQm km};nf pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u
dfubfjL cg';f/ nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f P]g,
@)## sf] bkmf $-3_ / -_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/
sfod eO{ P]=sf] bkmf !$-!_-em_ cg';f/ @
jif{ s}b / ?=!,)),))). -Ps nfv_ h/Ljfgf
x'g] 7x5{ . c?df tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"{ .

lg0f{o g+=

*(@$

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
)^&WO)%)$
km};nf ldltM @)^(.^.!!.%
d'2f M pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]z .

lgj] b sM n' l DagL c~rn, ?kGb] x L lhNnf

tk;Ln
l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ^
zf/bfky a:g] kxnl;Fx j/fOnL
dfly OG;fkm v08df pNn]v ePadf]lhd
lj?4
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] km};nf ljkIfLM lutfs'df/L kf08] ;d]t
pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbL ch'g{ ef]6] eGg] hLtaxfb'/
vqLnfO{ @ jif{ s}b / ! nfv h/Ljfgf x'g]
Ps JolQmn] w]/} JolQmnfO{ z]ifkl5sf]
7x/]sf]n] lgh a]?h' b]lvFbf kqmfp u/L ;f] s}b
as;kq lbPsf] cj:yfdf z]ifkl5sf]
h/Ljfgf c;"npk/ ug'{ egL z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf
as;kq kfpg]dWo] s'g} Pssf] d[To'
cbfntdf n]vL k7fOlbg' !
bftfsf] eGbf cl3 ePdf ;Dk"0f{ lnvtsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
cl:tTj ;dfKt geO{ d[tssf xsdf
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' @
;Dd ;dfKt eO{ lgliqmo x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
klt gftf ePsf sf/0fn] ;DklQdf xs
k|fKt ug'{, t/ kltn] lnPsf] C0fsf]
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
bfloTj ;f] ;DklQaf6 Joxf]g{ OGsf/ ug'{
Gofof]lrt gx'g] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h !^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
-k|s/0f g+=&_
Ohnf; clws[tM k/z'/fd e/fO{
ck'tfnL gvfPsf] cj:yf x'gsf nflu
d[tssf xsdf /x]sf] s'g} klg ;DklQ
cfkm\gf gfpFdf xs x:tfGt/0f u/L
glnPsf] jf d[tssf] xsdf s'g} ;DklQ
&
gePsf] cj:yf x'gk' g]{ .
1716

*(@$ kxnl;+x j/fOnL lj=lutfs'df/L kf08] ;d]t

kltsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v

u/L hUuf cGo JolQmsf gfpFdf btf{
ug{ d~h"/' L lbO{ cfkm\gf 5f]/f a'xf/Lsf
gfddf hUuf btf{ ;d]t u/fPsf] l:yltdf
kltsf] ck'tfnL glnPsf] gvfPsf] eGg]
cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
leGg ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq lnPsf]
C0fsf] bfloTj Joxf]g{' gkg]{ eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxn, lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL h:tf sfg"gx?n]
cbfntnfO{ km};nf sfof{Gjgsf] lhDd]jf/L
tf]lslbPsf] x'gfn] cbfntn] g} km};nf
sfof{Gjgsf nflu ljz]if ;lqmotf b]vfpg'
kg]{ .
kTgL, 5f]/f, a'xf/L ;d]tsf] gfddf ;DklQ
e]l6Pg eGg] cfwf/df cbfntsf] clGtd
km};nf cfkm}F lgliqmo t'Nofpg gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf uf]kfnk|;fb
zdf{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M jl/i7 clwjQmf j;Gt/fd
e08f/L
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)$#, c *, lg=g+= @()(, k[= &$%

;Da4 sfg"gM
bfg js;sf] @ g+=
ck'tfnLsf] @ g+=
cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /
lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5 M

jfbL d lgj]bs kxnl;Fx a/fOnL /

k|ltjfbL rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08] ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^!
;fnsf] b]=g+= !$!$ sf] n]gb]g d'2fdf jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd td;'sL ;fFjf ? !,^%,))). /
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Jofh sf]6k{ mL tyf cGo b:t"/
;d]t k|ltjfbLaf6 jfbLn] el/kfpg] 7x5{ egL
ljkIfL ?kGb] x L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^!.(.!* df km};nf eof] . ;f] km};nf clGtd
x'g uPsf]n] km};nfadf]lhd ljuf] e/fO{ kfpg
k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf s'g} h]yf gb]lvFbf lghsf]
Psf;uf]nsf >LdtL ljkIfL uLtfs'df/L kf08]sf]
gfdsf] h]yf b]vfO{ km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
b/vf:t lbO{ sf/jfxL rNb} hfFbf 5'6[L leGg eO{
a;]sL kTgLsf] ;DklQaf6 nf]Ug]n] vfPsf] ljuf]
e/fpg ldn]g egL ljkIfL ?kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntsf txl;nbf/af6 ldlt @)^$.#.@*
df cfb]z eof] .
tTkZrft\ k| l tjfbL rlGb| s fk| ; fb
kf08]sf] Psf3/sf] cfdf ;'/t k8fOgsf] h]yfaf6
ljuf] c;"npk/ ul/kfpFm egL d]/f] b/vf:t
k/L sf/jfxL x'Fb} hfFbf @)!^ ;fndf 5'6[L
leGg ePsL cfdf ;'/t k8fOgsf] h]yfaf6
ljuf] e/fpg gldNg] egL ldlt @)^%.@.!# df
k'gM txl;nbf/af6 cfb]z eof] . o;kl5
k|ltjfbL rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf] xssf] h]yf
vf]Hb} hfFbf k|ltjfbL rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08] ;d]t
hgf kfFrn] cfdf ;'/t k8fOgaf6 z]ifkl5sf]
as;kqaf6 k| f Kt u/L ;' / t k8fOgsf]
d[ T o' k Zrft\ xs x' g cfO{ k| l tjfbL
rlGb|sfk|;fbsf] ;d]t d[To' eO{ lghsf] xs
;d] t lghsf] Ps dfq >LdtL ljkIfL
uLtfs'df/L kf08]sf] d~h"/Laf6 xfn ljkIfLx?
ljdnfs' d f/L kf08] , czf] s s' d f/ kf08] /
ljgf]bs'df/ kf08]sf gfddf ;+o'Qm gfd;f/L

1717

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

eO{ cnu cnu hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t

k|fKt ul/;s]sf hUuf -h]yf_ af6 ljuf] c;"npk/
ul/kfpFm egL ldlt @)^%.!!.@! df ljkIfL
?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf b/vf:t lbPsf]df
@)!^ ;fndf 5'6[L leGg ePsL ;'/t k8fOgn]
cfkm\ g f] ;DklQ z] i fkl5 vfg' egL ldlt
@)%(.!@.!# df lbPsf] as;kqcg';f/ bflvn
vf/]h gfd;f/L u/L k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQ b]lvFbf
To:tf] ;DklQaf6 @)^) ;fndf rlGb|sfk|;fb
kf08]n] lnPsf] C0f lgj]lbsf ljdnfs'df/L kf08]
;d]tn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;DklQaf6 e/fpg Gofosf]
/f]xaf6 ldNg] b]lvPg . t;y{ jfbLnfO{ csf]{
h]yf lnO{ cfpg' egL tfl/v tf]sL lgodfg';f/
ug' { egL ?kGb] x L lhNnf cbfntsf
txl;nbf/af6 ldlt @)^^.$.@@ df cfb]z
eof] .
;f] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL b08
;hfosf] dxnsf] ^! g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg lbO{
;f] lgj] b g Ohnf;;;dIf k] z x' F b f
txl;nbf/n] ldlt @)^^.$.@@ df u/]sf] cfb]z
ldn]s} b]lvFbf kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]g, sfg"gadf]lhd
ug'{ egL lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 ldlt @)^^.&.@&
df cfb]z eof] . ;f] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
a'6jndf lgj]bg lbPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
a'6jnaf6 txl;nbf/sf] cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf]
To; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@& sf] cfb]z
ldn]s} b]lvFbf kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]g, sfg"gadf]lhd
ug'{ xf]nf egL ldlt @)^^.!@.% df cfb]z
eof] .
pQm cfb]z ab/ ug]{ cGo s'g} j}slNks
pkrf/sf] dfu{ gePsfn] pQm u}/sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{
cfb]z tyf sfdsf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L d}n} ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf lbPsf]

lgj]bgdf plNnlvt h]yfaf6 ljuf] c;"npk/

u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]z;lxt hf] rflxg] pko'Qm
cf1f, cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
k|:t't lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' . n]gb]g d'2fsf
k| l tjfbL :j= rlGb| s fk| ; fb kf08] s f afa'
b'lgofdfg kf08]sf] cl3 g} d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 .
rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08];lxt lghsL cfdf ;'/t
k8fOg, bfh' /fdrGb| kf08] / efO{ rGb|z]v/
kf08] u/L hDdf rf/ c+lzof/x? eO{ lghx?
@)!^ ;fndf 5'6[L leGg eO{ cnu a;]sf
5g\ . rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf cfkm\g} ;Gtfgx?df
b'O{ >LdtLdWo] h]7Lsf] klxn] g} d[To' eO;s]sf],
lghsf] sf]vaf6 tLg 5f]/fx?sf] hfohGd
ePsf]df h]7f ljkIfL ljdnfs'df/Lsf klt
ljhos'df/ kf08], dfOnf ljkIfL czf]ss'df/
kf08] / sfG5f ljkIfL ljgf]bs'df/ kf08] x'g
eg] lgh rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sL sfG5L >LdtL
ljkIfL uLtfs'df/L kf08] x'g\ . lghtkm{sf
Psdfq 5f]/f lk|G;s'df/ kf08]sf] klg d[To'
eO;s]sf] 5 . rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sL cfdf ;'/t
k8fOgn] cfkm\gf] gfd tyf xsdf /x]sf] ?kGb]xL
lhNnf e'hf}nL ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= $
-s_ ls=g+= @& sf] If]qkmn @!@!^ dWo] )
!&!@ P]=P]= ls=g+= !$) sf] If]qkmn ))*,
P]=P]= ls=g+= @&# sf] If]qkmn )#!! / P]=P]=
ls=g+= %** sf] If]qkmn )#) u/L hDdf
If]qkmn !$!! -Ps ljufxf rf/ s7\7f /
P3f/ w'/_ hUuf 5f]/f rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08],
gfltgL a' x f/L ljdnfs' d f/L kf08] , gflt
czf]ss'df/ kf08], gflt ljgf]bs'df/ kf08] /
gflt lk|G;s'df/ kf08]n] a/fa/L ?kdf vfg
kfpg] u/L ldlt @)%(.!@.!# df /=g+=!)$^$
af6 z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfl/t ul/lbg' ePsf]df

1718

*(@$ kxnl;+x j/fOnL lj=lutfs'df/L kf08] ;d]t

lgh ;'/t k8fOgsf] ldlt @)^$.!@.@( df

d[To' ePkZrft\ pQm z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf]
lnvt lqmofzLn eO{ pQm lnvtdf plNnlvt
hUufdWo] % efusf] ! efu hUuf z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq kfpg] rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf] xs x'g
cfPsf] / pQm hUuf ljkIfLx?n] ck'tfnL xs
sfod u/L gfd;f/L ul/lng' ePsf] 5 .
rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf] cufl8 g} ldlt
@)^!.&.!! -ljkIfLn] ldlt @)^!.&.! df d[To'
ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]_ df d[To' ePtfklg
lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf]
lnvtsf] xs z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg] JolQmn]
cfkm\gf] d[To' cufl8 ab/ gu/]sf]n] lghsf]
d[To'kZrft\ ;Dk"0f{ lnvt g} lqmofzLn eO{
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg] 5f]/f :j=rlGb|sfk|;fb
kf08]sf] xs pQm ;DklQaf6 nf]k x'g] geO{
lghsf] xs lx:;f sfod} /xG5 . pQm n]gb]g
d'2fsf k|ltjfbL rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf] ldlt
@)^!.&.!! df d[To' ePkZrft\ lghsf] glhssf]
c+ l zof/ xsjfnf lghsf] >LdtL ljkIfL
uLtfs'df/L kf08]n] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg]
cfkm"tkm{sf 5f]/f lk|G;s'df/ kf08]sf] ;d]t
ldlt @)^$.!.!! df d[To' eO;s]sf]n] lghsf]
xs tyf cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\ :j= rlGb|sfk|;fb
kf08]sf] xssf] ;f;" ;'/t k8fOgaf6 k|fKt
z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] lnvtadf]lhdsf] hUuf
;d]t ljkIfL ljdnfs'df/L kf08], czf]ss'df/
kf08], ljgf]bs'df/ kf08] ;d]tsf] gfddf ;+o'Qm
gfd;f/L eO{ uPdf d]/f] d~h"/L 5 egL ldlt
@)^%.!).@! ut]sf lbg dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
lgj]bg btf{ u/L ;f]xL ldltdf lgj]bg ;gfvt
;d]t u/L cfkm"nfO{ >Ldfg\ rlGb|sfk|;fb
kf08]sf] xssf] ;DklQ ck'tfnLaf6 k|fKt
plNnlvt nueu % s7\7f hUuf uLtfs'df/L

kf08] afx]ssf ljkIfLx?sf gfddf bflvn vf/]h

u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no ?kGb]xLaf6 ePsf] lg0f{osf
cfwf/df j08fkq ;d]t u/L xfn ls=g+=!)$%
sf] hUuf ljdnfs'df/L kf08]sf] gfddf, ls= g+=
@&# / %** sf] hUuf ljgf]bs'df/ kf08]sf]
gfddf tyf ls=g+= !$) / !)$$ sf hUuf
czf]ss'df/ kf08]sf gfddf btf{ eO{ lghx?sf
gfddf hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt eO;s]sf]
5.
o;/L plNnlvt n]gb]g d'2fsf k|ltjfbL
rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf] xssf] hUuf ljkIfLx?n]
ck'tfnL xs sfod u/L lnP vfPsf] cj:yfdf
ck'tfnL vfg] xsjfnfn] ;fx"sf] C0f ltg'{kg]{
bfloTj x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xL hUufaf6 ljuf] c;"npk/
u/fOkfpF m egL b/vf:t lbPkl5 n] g b] g
Jojxf/sf] @@ g+= ;d]tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
sf/jfxL u/L ljuf] c;"npk/ u/fpg'kg]{df
pQm hUufaf6 ljuf] c;"npk/ u/fpg ldn]g
eGg] txl;nbf/sf] cfb]z tyf ;f] cfb]znfO{
;dy{g u/]sf] lhNnf cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt ;d]tsf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ 5 . t;y{,
d}n] ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf btf{ u/]sf]
km};nfadf]lhdsf] ljuf] e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ljifosf]
b/vf:tdf plNnlvt ljkIfLx?sf gfddf btf{
/x]sf] hUufx?af6 d]/f] ljuf] c;"npk/ u/fO{
lbg'kg]{df ;f] gu/L pQm hUufaf6 c;"npk/
x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf csf]{ h]yf k]z ug'{ egL ?kGb]xL
lhNnf cbfntsf txl;nbf/af6 ldlt
@)^^.$.@@ df ePsf] cfb]z, ;f]nfO{ ;dy{g
u/]sf] lhNnf GofofwLzsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@&
sf] cfb]z tyf ;f] b'j} cfb]znfO{ ;dy{g u/L
ldlt @)^^.!@.% df ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
a'6jnsf] cfb]z u}/sfg"gL tyf a]/Ltsf] eO{
;f] cfb]zx?sf sf/0fn] d]/f] ;DklQ;DaGwL

1719

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

;+jw} flgs df}lns xs;d]tdf cf3ft k'Ug uPsf]

x'Fbf pQm cfb]zx? pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
u/L ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt @)^%.!!.@!
df k]z ePsf] b/vf:tdf plNnlvt h]yfaf6
ljuf] c;"npk/ u/fpg] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg'
egL ljkIfL ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntsf gfddf
k/dfb]znufot pko'Qm cfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L gx'g' kg]{ xf],
hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f]sf] sf/0f /
cfwf/ v'nfO{ lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{ Dofb hf/L
u/L lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^&.*.!^ sf] cfb]z .
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@& sf]
cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL jfbL -lgj]bs_
kxnl;F x a/fO{ n Lsf] ldlt @)^^.*.* df
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jndf c=j+= !& g+=
adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntaf6 s}lkmot
k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/Psf]df txl;nbf/sf] cfb]z
;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] To; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@&
sf] cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]g,
sfg" g adf] l hd ug' { xf] n f egL k' g /fj] b g
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.% df cfb]z ePsf]n]
lgj]bssf] xslxtdf s'g} k|lts"n c;/ kg]{
sfd o; cbfntaf6 gePsf] x' F b f o;
cbfntpk/sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfLsf c;fdL rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08] /
xfdLx? ldlt @)%&.#.@) df /lhi6]zg kf;
u/L 5'6[L leGg ePsf 5f}+ . uLtfs'df/L kf08] /
lghsf 5f]/f lk|G;s'df/ kf08]aLr cl3 g} c+z

d'2f k/L 5'6[L leGg ePsf JolQm x'g\ . To:t}

xfd|L ah} ;'/t k8fOg klg 5f]/fx?;d]t;Fu
ldlt @)!^.@.@% df 3/;f/df c+za08f lnvt
v8f u/L ldlt @)!^.&.@ df /lhi6]zg kf/Lt
u/L 5'6[L a:g' ePsf] lyof] . lgj]bsn] cf;fdL
rlGb|sfk|;fbnfO{ ldlt @)^).!).& df skfnL
td;'s u/L xfdL ;a} 5'6[L ;s]kl5 shf{
lbg'ePsf] / 5'6[L leGg ePsf] JolQmsf] s'g}
;DklQ gePsf] tyf xfdLx? s;}n] klg pxfFsf]
ck'tfnL gvfPsf] x'Fbf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] @@
g+= n] xfdLnfO{ kqmg kfOg] xf]Og . lgj]bsn]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ug'{ ePsf hUufx?
rlGb|sfk|;fbaf6 ck'tfnL cfPsf xf]Ogg\ . ;f;"
ah} ;'/t k8fOgsf] ldlt @)^$.!@.@( df,
lgj] b ssf cf;fdL rlGb| s fk| ; fbsf] ldlt
@)^!.&.! -lgj]bsn] @)^!.&.!! d[To' ePsf]
eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]_ df / d uLtfs'df/Lsf] 5f]/f
lk|G;s'df/sf] ldlt @)^$.!.!! df dTo' ePsf]
xf] . ;f;" ah} ;'/t k8fOgn] ldlt @)%(.!@.!#
df z]ifkl5sf] as;kq rlGb|sfk|;fb ;d]tnfO{
lbPsf] ePtfklg lgh rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf]
d[To' bftfsf] eGbf cl3 g} ldlt @)^!.&.! df
ePsf]n] lghsf] xsdf ;f] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
z"Go eO{ ;f;" ah}sf] ldlt @)^$.!@.@( df
d[To' ePkZrft\ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg] xfdL
hLljt JolQmx?sf] xs x'g] / cl3 g} d[To'
x'g]sf] xs z"Go eO{ bftfd} lgxLt eO{ pxfFsf]
ck'tfnL xfdLn] kfpg] ePsf]n] xfdLn] ;f;"
ah} s f] ;DklQ dfq vfP kfPsf] x' F b f of]
;DklQaf6 ljkIfLn] c;"npk/ ug{ kfpg] xf]Og .
t;y{, lhNnf cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6
ePsf] cfb]zdf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 gx'bF f ljkIfLsf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
ljkIfLx? uLtfs'df/L kf08], ljdnfs'df/L kf08],

1720

*(@$ kxnl;+x j/fOnL lj=lutfs'df/L kf08] ;d]t

czf]ss'df/ kf08] / ljgf]bs'df/ kf08]sf] ;+oQ

' m
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bs kxnl;Fx a/fOnL / ljkIfL
ljdnfs'df/L kf08] ePsf] ljuf] sf]6k{ mL ;d]t
e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= !&
g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg k/L ;f]df k|fKt s}lkmot
k|ltj]bg Ohnf;;;dIf k]z x'Fbf o;df
txl;nbf/sf] cfb]z ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] ?kGb]xL
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.&.@& sf] cfb]z
ldn]s} b]lvFbf kl/jt{g ug'{ k/]g, sfg"gadf]lhd
ug' { x f] n f egL ldlt @)^^.!@.% df o;
cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf] b]lvPsf], o; cbfntaf6
ePsf] pQm cfb]z sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] /
lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gk|bQ xs clwsf/
xgg\ x'g] sfo{ o; cbfntaf6 gePsf] x'bF f
ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]/
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{af6
plk:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L uf]kfnk|;fb
zdf{n] lgj]bs kxnl;Fx a/fOnLn] rlGb|sfk|;fb
kf08]af6 ;fFjf ?= !,^%,))). tyf ;f]sf]
Jofh, sf]6{kmL ;d]t e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/L ?kGb]xL
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf clGtd ePsf]
/ rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf] cGo h]yf gePsf]n]
lghn] cfdf ;' / t k8fOgaf6 z] i fkl5sf]
as;kqaf6 k| f Kt u/] s f] hUuf xfn oL
ljkIfLx?sf gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] x'bF f pQm hUufaf6
ljuf] e/fpg gldNg] u/L ePsf cfb] z
sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf]n] tL cfb]zx? pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb] z f/f ab/ u/L lgj] b gdf plNnlvt
;DklQaf6 ljuf] e/fpg];DaGwL sf/jfxL cufl8
a9fpg' eGgf] k/dfb]z hf/L x'g'k5{ egL ax;

ug'{eof] . o:t} ljkIfLx?sf tkm{af6 pl:yt

ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L j;Gt/fd e08f/Ln]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg] ;'/t k8fOgsf] ldlt
@)^$.!@.@( df / z] i fkl5sf] as;kq
kfpg] < rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf] ldlt @)^!.&.!!
df d[To' ePsf]n] rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]n] k|fKt
u/]sf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq z"Go eO;s]sf] x'Fbf
rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]n] z]ifkl5sf] as;kq k|fKt
u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . ljkIfLx? ;a} 5'6[L leGg
ePsf / cf;fdL rlGb|sfk|;fb ;d]t 5'6[L
leGg ePsf x'gfn] rlGb|sfk|;fbn] lnPsf] C0fsf]
bfloTj c? ljkIfLx?n] Joxf]g{' kb}g{ . To;sf/0f
lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ax;
ug'{eof] .
ca, lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og eGg]] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ oL
lgj]bs jfbL / rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08] k|ltjfbL eO{
rn]sf] n]gb]g d'2fdf ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^!.(.!* df ?=!,^%,))). ;f+jf tyf
;f]sf] Jofh, sf]6k{ mL / cGo b:t"/ ;d]t jfbLn]
k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]
s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
@= ?kGb]xL lhNnf e'hf}nL ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= $ s ls=g+= @& xfn lsQfaf6
eO{ sfod ePsf] ls=g+= !)#( sf] h=lj= !
!%$ dWo] )!&!@, ls=g+= !$) sf] ))
*, ls=g+= @&# sf] )#!! / ls=g+= %** sf]
)#) ;d]tsf hUuf ljkIfLx?sL ;f;" tyf
xh' / cfdf gftfsL ;' / t k8fOgn] ldlt
@)%(.!@.!# df rlGb| s fk| ; fb kf08] ,
ljdnfs' d f/L kf08] , czf] s s' d f/ kf08] ,
ljgf]bs'df/ kf08] / lk|G; kf08] ;d]tsf kfFr
hgfnfO{ z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] lnvt kf/Lt
ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

1721

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

#= z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbg] JolQm ;'/t

k8fOgsf] @)^$.!@.@( df d[To' x'ge
' Gbf cl3 g}
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq k|fKt ug]d{ Wo]sf rlGb|sfk|;fb
kf08]sf] @)^!.&.!! / lk|G;s'df/ kf08]sf]
@)^$.!.!! df d[To' ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf klg
ljjfb blvFb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf z]ifkl5sf]
as;kqaf6 k|fKt hUufaf6 ljuf] el/kfpg] gkfpg]
;DjGwdf ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] b]lvFbf z]ifkl5sf]
js;kqsf jf/]df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf
;DjGwdf ljj]rgf ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvg cfof] .
$= d'ns
' L P]g bfg as;sf] dxnsf] @
g+= df lbg]sf] z]ifkl5 vfg kfpg] s'/fsf] lnvt
u/L lbPsf]df ;f] lnvt ul/lbg]sf] lrQ ga'L
ab/ u5'{ eG5 eg] hlxn];s
' } ab/ ug{ kfpF5 .
;f] lnvt ab/ ug{nfO{ lnvt /lhi6z
] g ePsf]
jf cfkm\gf Onfsfsf] /lhi6z
] g ug]{ c8\8fdf u}
b/vf:t lbO{ jb/ u/fpg' k5{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ljz]if
lsl;dsf] as;kq xf] . of] bftfsf] d[To' ePkl5
dfq sfof{Gjog x'G5 . o:t} bftfn] cfkm\gf]
hLjgsfndf hlxn];'s} ab/ u/fpg ;S5 .
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq k|fKt ug]s
{ f] d[To' z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq lbg] -bftf_ sf] eGbf cufl8 ePsf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] z]ifkl5sf] as;kqsf] cl:tTj
lgh d[tssf xsdf ;dfKt eO{ lgliqmo x'G5 .
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg] JolQm d/]df ;f]
as;kq :jtM lgliqmo x'G5 egL o; cbfntsf]
k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ;Gt'dfof >]i7 lj?4 b]jdfof
>]i7 ePsf] btf{ jb/ d'2f -g]sfk @)$#, d+l;/,
lg= g+= @()(, k[= &$%_ df l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtsf] kl/k|]Iodf x]bf{ Ps JolQmn] w]/}
JolQmnfO{ z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbPsf] cj:yfdf
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg]dWo] s'g} Pssf] d[To'

bftfsf] eGbf cl3 ePdf ;Dk"0f{ lnvtsf] cl:tTj

;dfKt geO{ d[tssf xsdf ;Dd ;dfKt eO{
lgliqmo x'G5 .
%= k|:t't d'2fdf z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
lbg] ;'/t k8fOgn] lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ljleGg
lsTtfsf h= lj= !$!! hUufx? kfFr hgfnfO{
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbPsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf
;Dk"0f{ lnvtsf] cl:tTj z"Go x'g] geO{ kfFr
efusf] b'O{ efu cyf{t\ @)^!.&.!! df b]xfGt
x'g] rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08] / @)^$.!.!! df b]xfGt
x'g] lk|G;s'df/ kf08]n] k|fKt u/]sf] z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq;Ddsf] cl:tTj z"Go x'g] / ;f] kfFr
efusf] b'O{ efu z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lbPsf]
hUufsf] xs :jfldTj bftf ;'/t k8fOgs} gfpFdf
k"jj{ t\ sfod x'g cfpg] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLn] lhsL/
lnP h:tf] ;Dk"0f{ hUuf z]ifkl5sf] as;kq
kfpg] afFsL hLljt /x]sf JolQmx?sf] xs sfod
x'G5 eGg ldNb}g .
^= ca, ;'/t k8fOgsf gfpFdf sfod
x'g cfPsf] h= lj= !$!! dWo] kfFr efusf]
b'O{ efu cyf{t\ h=lj= )(!^@% hUufaf6
lgj]bssf] ljuf] e/L e/fp ug{ ldNg] xf], xf]Og
eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ ;'/t k8fOgsf klt
b'lgofdfg kf08]sf] cl3 g} d[To' eO{ ;s]sf] /
tLg 5f]/fx? /fdrGb| kf08], rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]
/ rGb|zv
] / kf08] /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . d'ns
' L P]g,
ck'tfnLsf] dxnsf] @ g+= df ck'tfnL kbf{
dg]s
{ f] nf]Ug] :jf:gL, 5f]/f, cljjflxtf 5f]/L,
5f]/fsf 5f]/f jf lghsf] cljjflxtf 5f]/L eP;Dd
c?n] ck'tfnL kfpg ;Sb}gg\, dg]s
{ f] 5f]/f geO{
ljwjf a'xf/L ePdf lghn] 5f]/f ;/x ck'tfnL
kfp5g\ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n] d[ts
;'/t k8fOgsf] d[To'kZrft\ lghn] cfkm\gf]
hLjgsfndf of] ;DklQ s;}nfO{ n]vL lbPsf]

1722

*(@$ kxnl;+x j/fOnL lj=lutfs'df/L kf08] ;d]t

gkfOPaf6 lghsf gfp+sf] ;DklQ 5f]/fx? /fdrGb|

kf08], rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08] / rGb|zv
] / kf08]sf]
xsdf cfpg] eO{ tLg efusf] Ps efu cyf{t\
;'/t k8fOgsf gfpFdf k"jj{ t sfod ePsf] h=
lj= )(!^@% dWo] tLg efusf] Ps efu
hUufdf rlGb|sfk|;fbsf] xs /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
&= ljkIfLdWo]sL uLtfs'df/L d[ts
rlGb|sfk|;fbsL >LdtL gftfsL ePsL x'Fbf
rlGb|sfk|;fbsf] d[To'kZrft\ lghsf xsdf cfpg]
hUufdf uLtfs'df/Lsf] xs sfod x'g' :jfefljs
/ sfg"g;Ddt ;d]t b]lvg cfpF5 . klt gftf
ePsf sf/0fn] ;DklQdf xs k|fKt ug'{ t/
kltn] lnPsf] C0fsf] bfloTj ;f] ;DklQaf6
Joxf]g{ OGsf/ ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'bg} . uLtfs'df/Lsf
gfpFdf pQm hUuf cGo sf/0fn] k|fKt ePsf]
geO{ rlGb|sfk|;fbsL >LdtL gftfsL ePsf
sf/0fn] k|fKt x'g cfpg] xf] . o;}n] ;'/t k8fOgsf
gfpFdf k"jj{ t sfod ePsf] h= lj= )(!*@ /
% dWo] tLg efusf] Ps efu hUufdf
uLtfs'df/Lsf] xs /xg] b]lvg cfof] .
*= JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] xssf] ;DklQ
ef]u ug],{ laqmL ug],{ bfg jf js; lbg], jxfndf
lbg] h:tf xsx? /x]sf] x'G5 . ;DklQ h;sf]
gfddf /xg] xf] p;}sf] dfq x'g] xf]Og . ;f]
;DklQsf sfg"gadf]lhdsf xsjfnf xsbf/x?sf]
klg ;f] ;DklQdf cGt/e"t clwsf/ /x]sf]
x'G5 . t/ of] cGt/e"t clwsf/ ;'if'Kt ?kdf
cGo JolQmdf /lx/x] klg of] xs klg ;fDklQs
xs g} xf] . To;}n] s'g} JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf
lghsf] xsef]udf /x]sf] ;DklQ z"Godf g/xL
cGo JolQmsf gfpFdf x:tfGt/0f x'g hfG5 .
tyflk s;sf gfp+df s] s'g k|lqmofaf6 xs
x:tfGt/0f x'g] eGg] s'/f sfg"gn]n] lgwf{/0f
ug]{ ljifo xf] .

(= ;' / t k8fOgn] lbPsf] xfn} s f]

as;kqdf plNnlvt hUufx? uLtfs'df/L kf08]n]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfpg]dWo]sf ljdnfs'df/L
kf08], ljgf]bs'df/ / czf]ss'df/ kf08] ;d]t
tLg hgfsf gfpFdf ;+oQ' m bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/L
ug{ d~h"/L 5 egL dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg
lbO{ ;gfvt ;d]t ul/lbPcg';f/ pQm hUufx?
ljgf] b s' d f/ kf08] , czf] s s' d f/ kf08] /
ljdnfs'df/L kf08] ;d]tsf gfpFdf bflvn vf/]h
x'g] u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no, ?kGb]xLaf6 ldlt
@)^%.!).@! df lg0f{o eO{ ljgf]bs'df/ kf08]sf
gfp+df ls= g+= !)#( sf] )!&!@, czf]ss'df/
kf08]sf gfp+df ls= g+= !)$) sf] ))* /
ljdnfs'df/L kf08]sf gfp+df ls= g+= @&# sf]
)#!! / ls= g+= %** sf] )#) hUuf btf{
ePsf] / tLg} hUufx? dWo] ls=g+= !)$% sf] )
!@) hUuf ljdnfs'df/L kf08]sf gfpFdf, ls=g+=
@&# sf] )#!! / ls=g+= %** sf] )#)
hUuf ljgf]bs'df/ kf08]sf gfpFdf tyf ls=g+=
!$) sf] ))* / ls=g= !)$$ sf] )%!@
hUuf czf]ss'df/ kf08]sf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf]
eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/nfO{ ljkIfLx?n] cGoyf
eGg ;s]sf] b]lvPg .
!)= o;/L dfly pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;'/t
k8fOgn] rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]nfO{ z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq lbPsf] hUufdf tLg efusf] Ps efu
ljkIfL uLtfs'df/L kf08]sf] xs sfod x'g cfPsf]
b]lvPsf] / rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08]sf] d[To'kZrft\
uLtfs'df/L kf08]n] cfkm\gf] nf]Ug] rlGb|sfk|;fbn]
z]ifkl5sf] as;kq kfPsf] hUuf z]ifkl5sf]
as;kq kfpg] hLljt cGo JolQmx?sf gfpFdf
bflvn vf/]h gfd;f/L ug{ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
lgj]bg lbO{ ;gfvt ;d]t ul/lbPcg';f/
ljkIfLx?sf gfpFdf hUuf btf{ ;d]t eO;s]kl5

1723

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

^(, kmfu'g
@)^(,

xfn cfP/ rlGb|sfk|;fbsf] ck'tfnL gvfPsf]

sf/0fn] lghn] lnPsf] C0f ltg{ gkg]{ elgPsf]
tYon] klg Gofo lg/f]k0fdf ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 .
!!= ck'tfnL gvfPsf] cj:yf x'gsf
nflu d[tssf xsdf /x]sf] s'g} klg ;DklQ
cfkm\gf gfpFdf xs x:tfGt/0f u/L glnPsf] jf
d[tssf] xsdf s'g} ;DklQ gePsf] cj:yf
x'gk' b{5 . t/, k|:t't d'2fdf kltsf] d[To' ePsf]
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L pQm hUuf cGo JolQmsf
gfpFdf btf{ ug{ d~h"/' L lbO{ cfkm\gf 5f]/f a'xf/Lsf
gfddf hUuf btf{ ;d]t u/fPsf] l:ylt b]lvg
cfPsf]n] kltsf] ck'tfnL glnPsf] gvfPsf] eGg]
cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . To;sf/0f leGg ePsf] eGg]
cfwf/df dfq rlGb|sfk|;fbn] lnPsf] C0fsf]
bfloTj oL ljkIfLx?n] Joxf]g{' gkg]{ eGg ldn]g .
!@= cbfntaf6 ePsf km} ; nf
sfof{Gjog x'G5g\ eGg] j}w ck]Iff /flvPsf] x'G5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjog gx'g] xf] eg] To:tf] km};nfsf]
s'g} cy{ /xb}g . d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxn,
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL h:tf sfg"gx?n]
cbfntnfO{ km};nf sfof{Gjgsf] lhDd]jf/L
tf]lslbPsf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf cbfntn] km};nf
sfof{Gjgsf nflu ljz]if ;lqmotf b]vfpg' kb{5 .
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg"gsf] ;sf/fTds
JofVof / k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 . n]gb]g d'2fsf
k|ltjfbL :j=rlGb|sfk|;fb ;DklQljxLg JolQm
xf]Ogg\ . n]gb]g d'2fdf jfbL cyf{t\ k|:t't lgj]bsn]
clGtddf lhltkfPsf] cj:yf 5 . :j=
rlGb|sfk|;fbsf kTgL, 5f]/f, a'xf/L ;d]tsf] kl/jf/
klg 5 . t/ lghsf] gfddf ;DklQ e]l6Pg eGg]
cfwf/df cbfntsf] clGtd km};nf cfkm}F lgliqmo
t'Nofpg x'bF g} .
!#= dfly pNn] v ePcg' ; f/
rlGb|sfk|;fbn] lgj]bs kxndfgl;Fx a/fO{nL;Fu

lnPsf] C0fsf] bfloTj oL leGg kfFr hgfnfO{

z]ifkl5sf] js;kq lbg] bftf ;'/t k8fOgsf]
d[To'eGbf cufj} d[To' x'g] b'O{ hgfsf] ;'/t k8fOgdf
g} kms]s
{ f] ;DklQdWo] kfFr efusf] b'O{ efudWo]
;'/tsf tLg 5f]/f eO{ ;f] ;DklQdf tLg efusf]
Ps efu cGt/e"t ;fDklQs xs /x]sf uLtfs'df/L
kf08] ;d]tsf] lx:;f sfod u/L ;f]af6 oL ljkIfL
uLtfs'df/L kf08] ;d]tn] Joxf]g{' kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf]n]
?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntsf txl;nbf/af6 ldlt
@)^^.$.@@ df ePsf] cfb]z tyf ;f] cfb]znfO{
;dy{g ug]{ u/L ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.&.@& df / k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6
ldlt @)^^.!@.% df ePsf cfb]z ;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca lgj]bsn]
ljuf] e/fOkfpFm egL ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf
ldlt @)^%.!!.@! df lbPsf] b/vf:tdf plNnlvt
h]yfdWo] rlGb|sfk|;fb kf08] / lk|G;s'df/ kf08]sf]
;' / t k8fOgdf kms] { s f] lx:;f hUufdWo]
:j=rlGb|sfk|;fbsL kTgL, 5f]/f, a'xf/L ;d]tsf]
gftfaf6 ljkIfL uLtfs'df/L kf08] ;d]tnfO{ k|fKt
tLg efusf] Ps efu hUuf;Ddaf6 lgj]bssf]
ljuf] e/L e/fp;DaGwL sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg'
egL ljkIfLx?sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/lbPsf] 5 .cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx?nfO{
lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s6\6f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'fO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t M lszf]/ l3ld/]

1724

&

1725