69 Kartik

OR5fljk/Lt /fHosf] zlQmf/f tf]lsg]
/ sfof{Gjog x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] :ki6

;}4flGts cfwf/ x'gk' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ls6fgL u/]sf k|dv
' b08
(Fundamental Penalty) jf ck/fwsf]
k|sl[ tcg';f/ d'Vo b08;Fu} cGo k|sf/sf
b08 klg lbg] egL sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f]] cltl/Qm
b08 (Additional Penalty) tyf k|dv
'
b08sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf k|dv
' b08nfO{
vf/]h gu/L ;zt{ ?kdf lgnDag u/L
o;sf] ljsNkdf ;xh vfnsf b08 tf]Sg]
j}slNks b08 (Alternative Penalty)
;DaGwL b[li6sf]0fx b08 k|0ffnLdf
cfTd;ft ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
ck/fwsf] k|sl[ t, cj:yf, c;/ / uDeL/tf
h:tf b08 lgwf{/0fsf ljljw tTjxnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL ;fgfltgf ck/fwsf] k'g/fj[lQ
gxf];\ / s;"/bf/n] klg ;'lw|g] df}sf kfO{
Pp6f c;n gful/s aGg ;sf];\ eGg]
p2]Zon] b08sf] ;'wf/fTds l;4fGt
(Reformative Theory) cjnDag u/L
Gofostf{n] pko'Qm b08 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]
u/L ePsf] sfg" g L Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgljk/Lt eGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
lg0f{o g+= **%$

;jf]R{ r cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
l/6 g+= )^&WS))&^
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!.@!.%
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f .
lgj]bsM u'NdL lhNnf, cvf{jf uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= * 3/ e} xfn sf=lh= sf=d=g=kf=
j8f g+=#$ j:g] k'0ok|;fb cof{n
lj?4
ljkIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] !!s g+= sf]
b]xfo @ sfg"gL Joj:yf klxnf] k6s tLg
jif{eGbf sd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ug]{
JolQmsf] xsdf s;"/bf/ 7x/ eP klg
ck/fwsf] k|sl[ tsf] cfwf/df c8\8fn] s}bdf
/fVg dgfl;j g7xofO{ km};nf u/]sf]
cj:yfdf dfq cfslif{t x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
b08 tf]Sbf jf lgwf{/0f ubf{ /fHon] b08sf]
k|of]u :jR5Gbtfk"js
{ ug{] geO{ /fHosf]
;Ifd lgsfo ljwflosfn] j}wflgs ?kdf
agfPsf] sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf ck/fw
egL kl/eflift u/L lgif]w u/]sf] dfgjLo
sfo{ s;}n] u/]df :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf]
sfo{ljlwxnfO{ kl/kfngf u/L ;Ifd
lgsfo jf cbfntn] dfq b08 lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;Sb5 . b08 :jefj}n] kL8fo'Qm
x'g], b08 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] JolQmsf]
lgj]bs tkm{af6M
ljkIfL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@-@_, !#, !)&-!_
d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] !!s, @
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $@
1021
g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs
cfb]z
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd bfo/
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] bkmf !!s sf]
b]xfo v08 @ df c8\8fn] s}bdf /fVg dgfl;j
g7x/fPdf eGg] jfSo / s}bdf g/fVg] u/L
c8\8fn] km};nf ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf /
P]= P]gsf] b]xfo v08 # df plNnlvt km};nf
ubf{ c8\8fn] eGg] jfSof+z g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-@_ sf] j}olQms
:jtGqtfdf jGb]h u/]sf], wf/f !# cg';f/sf]
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] 5 . wf/f
!#-!_ df ;j} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg
x'g5
] g\, sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fjf6 jl~rt ul/g]
5}g elgPsf]df pQm bkmfn] of] wf/f g} pNn+3g
u/L c;dfgtfsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5, ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @$ cg';f/ tf]lsP eGbf j9L ;hfo x'g]
5}g eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ c;/ kf/]sf] 5, sfg"gn]
;hfo gx'gd
] f s'g} JolQm ;hfosf] efuL gx'g]
cfzo, Joj:yfsf] k"0f{tM pNn+3g u/L of] wf/f;Fu
pQm sfg"gsf] Joj:yf jflemg uPsf] 5 o:tf]
bf]xf]/f] Joj:yfsf] cj;/ pQm wf/fn] lbPsf] 5}g
/ x'g klg x'bF g} . o:tf] Joj:yf x'g gkfpg]
Joj:yf wf/f ! n] u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, d'ns
' L P]g
b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] !!s g+= sf] b]xfo @ df
c8\8fn] s}bdf /fVg dgfl;j g7xofPdf b}lgs
?=@%. lnO{ y'gf d'Qm ug]{ / s;}nfO{ eg] y'gfdf
g} a:g'kg]{ ul/Psf] thljhL clwsf/jf6 ul/Psf]
c;dfg Jojxf/ Pj+ km};nf tyf ljgf sf/0fsf]
c;dfg km};nf / y'gfd'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_
adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bg bfjL .
o;df lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g' gkg]{ sf/0f eP af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ eGg] o;

cbfntsf] cfb]z .
ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t';uF s'g} ;DaGw g}+
g/x]sf] / ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gadf]lhd k"/f ug'k{ g]{
s] s'g bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] sf/0f dnfO{ k|ToyL{
jgfpg' k/]sf] xf] eGg] cfwf/e"t tYo g}+ :yflkt
x'g g;s]sf]n] lgj]bg k|yd b[li6df g}+ vf/]hefuL
x'bF f vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] k|wfgdGqLsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
P]g lgoddf ePsf] thljhL clwsf/
:jR5Gb Pj+ :jtGq xf]Og thljhL clwsf/
k|of]u ubf{ ts{k0" f{ x'gk' g]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lv+bf k|:t't l/6 lgjb]g vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
u[x dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / uDeL/tfcg';f/
Gofostf{n] pko'Qm b08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/L
ljwflosfn] :jR5 dg;fon] /fv]sf] pQm sfg"gL
k|fjwfg tf]8df]8 u/L ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf]
l;4fGt;Fu hf]8/] o; dGqfnonfO{ ;d]t ljkIfL
agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf
tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lgj]bg kq;lxtsf]
;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ tLg jif{ eGbf
36L s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s;"/df klxnf] k6s
s;"/bf/ 7x/L c8\8fn] s}bdf /fVg dgfl;j
g7xofPdf lbgsf] @% ?lkofFsf b/n] /sd
a'emfP s}bdf g/fVg] u/L km};nf ug{ ;Sg] eGg]
d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] !!s sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@
-@_ sf] j}olQms :jtGqtfdf aGb]h u/]sf] / wf/f
!# sf] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ;d]t pNn+3g u/]sf]n]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_
1022
**%$ - k'0ok|;fb cof{n lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
adf]lhd cdfGo 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] g} lgj]bssf]

d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= o;df lgj]bsn] k|:t't l/6 lgjb]g
btf{ u/fPkl5 tfl/vdf /xL ;'gj' fOsf] qmddf
cfjZos ;a"b k|df0f k]z u/L cbfntnfO{ d2t
ug'k{ g]d
{ f o; cbfntjf6 tf]sL kfPsf] ldlt
@)^*.!).!( sf] tfl/v u'hf/L yfDg] ydfpg]
cjlw ;d]t Joltt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2f
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ePsf] / sfg"gL k|Zgsf]
lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ k|sl[ tsf] ePsf]n] lgj]bsn] tfl/v
u'hf/] klg tfd]nLdf g/fvL ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $@ adf]lhd
sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
#= o;df tLg jif{ eGbf 36L s}bsf]
;hfo x'g] s;"/df klxnf] k6s s;"/bf/ 7x/L
c8\8fn] s}bdf /fVg dgfl;j g7xofPdf lbgsf]
@% ?k}ofFsf b/n] /sd a'emfP s}bdf g/fVg] u/L
km};nf ug{ ;Sg] eGg] d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf]
!!s sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|of]u Gofostf{jf6
c;dfg Pj+ xr'jfsf] cfwf/df x'g] vt/f /x]sf]
/ of] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] xsk|lts"n 5 eGg]
lgjb]ssf] d'Vo bfjL /x]sf]n] lgj]bsn] pNn]v
u/]sf] d'ns
' L P]g b08 ;hfosf] !!s g+= sf]
b]xfo @ df plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ tLg
jif{ eGbf sd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ug]{
JolQmnfO{ s}bsf] ;hfo u/L klxnf] k6s s;"/bf/
7x/L c8\8fn] s}bdf /fVg dfgl;j g7xofPdf
Pslbgsf] @% ?lkofFsf] b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd
tf]sL ;f] tf]lsPsf] /sd a'emfPdf s;"/bf/nfO{
s}bdf g/fVg] u/L c8\8fn] km};nf ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
==== s}bafktsf] ?lkofF a'emfpg kfpg] u/L km};nf
ubf{ c8\8fn] s;"/bf/;Fu km]l/ To; k|sf/sf]
s'g} ck/fw gu/L /fd|f] cfr/0f kfng ug]5
{ '
egL sfuh u/fpg] 5 / ;f] ldltn] tLg jif{leq
s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s'g} ck/fw u/]df ;f]
s;"/bf/nfO{ klxn]sf] km};nfadf]lhdsf] s}b ;d]t
ykL ;hfo ul/g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;jf6 pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf klxnf] k6s tLg

jif{ eGbf sd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ug]{ JolQmsf]
xsdf s;"/bf/ 7x/ eP klg ck/fwsf] k|sl[ tsf]
cfwf/df c8\8fn] s}bdf /fVg dgfl;j g7xofO{
km};nf u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 .
$= b08 tf]Sbf jf lgwf{/0f ubf{ /fHon]
b08sf] k|of]u :jR5Gbtfk"js
{ ug{] geO{ /fHosf]
;Ifd lgsfo ljwflosfn] j}wflgs ?kdf agfPsf]
sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf ck/fw egL kl/eflift u/L
lgif]w u/]sf] dfgjLo sfo{ s;}n] u/]df :jR5
;'gj' fOsf] sfo{ljlwxnfO{ kl/kfngf u/L ;Ifd
lgsfo jf cbfntn] dfq b08 lgwf{/0f ug{
;Sb5 . b08 :jefj}n] kL8fo'Qm x'g,] b08 lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] JolQmsf] OR5fljk/Lt /fHosf] zlQmf/f
tf]lsg] / sfof{Gjog x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] :ki6
;}4flGts cfwf/ x'gk' b{5 .
%= zflGt ;'/Iff /fHosf] k|fylds sfo{
ePsf]n] b08nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . b08
ck/fwsf] kl/0ffd xf] / o;sf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw
;dfh;Fu x'G5 . ;dfhdf ck/fw z"Gotfsf]
cj:yf c;Dej x'g] ePsf]n] b08xLg ;dfhsf]
kl/sNkgf klg c;Dej x'G5 . b08 sfg"gljk/Lt
Jojxf/ u/]afkt lbOG5 / b08 sfof{Gjog ug]{
JolQmn] /fHof/f sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/k|fKt
u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . b08sf cfkm\gf lglZrt\
p2]Zox x'G5g\ . oL p2]Zox k|fKt ug{sf
nflu g} /fHon] b08sf] Joj:yf u/L nfu" ub{5 .
b08sf p2]Zoxdf ;Defljt ck/fw /f]Sg',
ck/fw;Fu b08 hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eGg] b]vfpg' /
ck/fwLsf] ;'wf/ u/L Gofof]lrt\, ;'/lIft Pjd\
eo/lxt ;dfhsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ klg xf] .
^= b08sf ;DaGwdf cfcfkm\g} k|sf/sf
b[li6sf]0fx ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ / tL b[li6sf]0f
cGtu{t klg ljleGg l;4fGtx ljsl;t ePsf
5g\ . k|To]s l;4fGtxsf cfkm\g} k|sf/sf b08sf
:j?kx 5g\ . cfk/flws sfo{ u/]df d[To'b08,
hGds}b, cfjlws s}b, h/Ljfgf h:tf b08 x'g]
1023
egL kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ls6fgL u/]sf k|dv

' b08
(Fundamental Penalty) jf ck/fwsf] k|sl[ tcg';f/
d'Vo b08;Fu} cGo k|sf/sf b08 klg lbg] egL
sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f]] cltl/Qm b08 (Additional Penalty)
tyf k|dv
' b08sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf k|dv
' b08nfO{
vf/]h gu/L ;zt{ ?kdf lgnDag u/L o;sf]
ljsNkdf ;xh vfnsf b08 tf]Sg] j}slNks
b08 (Alternative Penalty) ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0fx
b08 k|0ffnLdf cfTd;ft ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 .
&= o;}u/L k|sl[ tsf] cfwf/df b08nfO{
cfly{s b08, zf/Ll/s b08 / ;'wf/fTds b08sf
?kdf ljefhg ug]{ ul/Psf] klg kfOG5 . b08sf]
;' w f/fTds l;4fGtn] ;hfosf] lgnDag
(Suspended Sentence) / ;fd'bflos ;hfo
(Community Sentence) ug]{ s'/fdf j9L hf]8
lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
*= b08sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/sf] af/]df
ljj]rgf ug]{ qmddf b08fTds b[li6sf]0f (Punitive
Approach), pkrf/fTds b[li6sf]0f (Therapeutic
Approach) / ;'/IffTds b[li6sf]0f (Preventive
Approach) h:tf l;4fGtxsf] ljsf; ePsf 5g\ .
b08fTds b[li6sf]0f (Punitive Approach) cGtu{t
k|ltzf]wfTds l;4fGt (Retributive Theory),
xtf]T;fxsf] l;4fGt (Deterrent Theory) / ;'/IffTds
l;4fGt (Incapacitation Theory) sf] ljsf; ePsf]
5 . k|ltzf]wfTds l;4fGt (Retributive Theory)
abnfdf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] o; l;4fGtdf abnfsf]
efjgfn] b08 lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . xtf]T;fxsf] l;4fGt
(Deterrent Theory) n] b08af6 pTkGg x'g] eo jf
qf;df ljZjf; ug]{ ePsf]n] ck/fwLnfO{ s8f
;hfo lbO{ cGo dflg;nfO{ ck/fw ug{ lg?T;flxt
ug]{ of] l;4fGtsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;'/IffTds
l;4fGt (Incapacitation Theory) n] ck/fwLnfO{
k'gM ck/fw ug{;Sg] cj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{
eGg] dfGotf /fVg] ePsf]n] ck/fwLnfO{ h'g;'s}
t/xn] xf];\ ;dfhaf6 6f9f /fVg' k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{
lgb]l{ zt ub{5 .
(= t/ pkrf/fTds b[ l i6sf] 0 f
(Therapeutic Approach) leq ;'wf/fTds l;4fGt
(Reformative Theory) ljsl;t ePsf]n] ck/fwL
;dfh s} pTkfbg xf], pm Ps k|sf/sf] /f]uL

;dfg ePsf]n] p;nfO{ pkrf/ u/]/ c;n
gful/sdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf o;
l;4fGtcGtu{t ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ck/fwdf
bf]ifL 7xl/Psf] JolQmnfO{ b08sf] dfWodaf6 abnf
lng], eo pTkGg ug]{ eGg] cl3Nnf l;4fGtx
eGbf km/s o;n] ck/fwLnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L ;dfhsf]
pkof]uL gful/s agfO{ ;dfhdf k'gM kmsf{pg]
ck]Iff ul/G5 . o; l;4fGtcGtu{t b08stf{n]
Kof/f]n, ;fd'bflos ;]jf, lgif]wf1f, h/Ljfgf,
Ifltk"lt{ cfb]z, ;zt{ b08af6 5"6 h:tf
;fd'bflos ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ;xh k|sl[ tsf b08
5fGg] ul/G5 . o;}u/L kl5Nnf] ;dodf b08 jf
pkrf/sf] af/]df ljrf/ ug]e
{ Gbf klg ck/fw g}
x'g glbg] b08sf] ;'/IffTds b[li6sf]0f (Preventive
Approach) ;d]t ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .
!)= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf
lgdf{0f ePsf jf ;+zf]wg ePsf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gx
tyf afnaflnsf, lszf]/, klxnf] k6s ck/fw ug]{
JolQmnfO{ Go"g ;hfo ug]{ h:tf ljifoxdf b08
l;kmfl/z ubf{ ;'wf/fTds l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{]
k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
!!= ck/fwL 3f]lift ug'{ (Conviction) /
b08 tf]Sg' (Sentencing) km/skm/s s'/f ePklg
xfd|f] sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf b08sf] nflu 5'6}[ ljrf/
ljdz{ / ;'gj' fO ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf / k/Dk/f
gePsf]n] sfg"gn] g} :jljj]ssf] 7fpF glbO{ ls6fg
u/]sf] h/Ljfgf jf s}bsf] xsdf afx]s ck/fw
ubf{sf] cj:yf, ck/fwsf] uDeL/tf, ck/fwLsf]
;dfhdf k'gM PsLs/0f / ;'wf/sf] ;Defjgf,
ck/fwLsf] ljut, p;sf] rl/q, pd]/, kfl/jfl/s
k[i7e"ld, /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf, ck/fwsf] k6s
cflb h:tf ljljw kIfxdf ljrf/ u/L b08
lgwf{/0f ug]{ k4lt /lxcfPsf] 5 .
1024
**%% - v];axfb'/ tfdf lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
!@= lgj]bsn] k|:t't d'2fdf p7fPsf] d'ns

' L
lg0f{o g+= **%%
P]g b08 ;hfosf] !!s sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
dg;fo s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] eGbf
klg ck/fwsf] k|sl[ tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L c8\8fn] s}bdf
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;
/fVg] jf g/fVg] u/L km};nf ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] /x]sf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
b]lvG5 . o;/L s}bdf g/fVg] u/L km};nf ubf{ klg
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
c8\8fn] s;"/bf/;Fu km]l/ To; k|sf/sf] s'g} ck/fw
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;
gu/L /fd|f] cfr/0f ug]{ egL sfuh u/fpg' kg]{ u/L
)^*WS)))$
k|dv
' b08sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf k|dv
' b08nfO{ vf/]h
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.#).%
gu/L ;zt{ ?kdf lgnDag u/L j}slNks b08
(Alternative Penalty) tf]Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] cj:yf
ljifo M pTk]i| f0f k/dfb]z ;d]t .
5 . olb o:tf] j}slNks b08 k|fKt ug]{ JolQmn] ;f]
ldltn] tLg jif{leq s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s'g} ck/fw lgj]bsM lh=g'jfsf]6, a't\ f\ uf=lj=;=j8f g+=
u/]df klxnfsf] km};nfadf]lhdsf] s}b ;d]t ykL
% 3/ eO{ xfn sf/fuf/ sfof{no
;hfo ul/g] Joj:yf b08 ;hfosf] !!s g+= sf]
sf7df8f}+ cGtu{t eb|aGbLu[xdf y'gfdf
b]xfo # df /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;jf6 ck/fwsf] k|sl[ t,
/x]sf] v];axfb'/ tfdf
cj:yf, c;/ / uDeL/tf h:tf b08 lgwf{/0fsf
lj?4
ljljw tTjxnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;fgfltgf ck/fwsf] ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
k'g/fj[lQ gxf];\ / s;"/bf/n] klg ;'lw|g] df}sf kfO{
;d]t
Pp6f c;n gful/s aGg ;sf];\ eGg] p2]Zon]
b08sf] ;'wf/fTds l;4fGt (Reformative Theory)
s'g} klg d'2fdf cbfntsf] lg0f{on] ;hfo
cjnDag u/L Gofostf{n] pko'Qm b08 lgwf{/0f
kfO{ s}b 7]lsPsf s}bLxn] ;fd'bflos
ug{ ;Sg] u/L ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
;]jf jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /xg] s'/fnfO{
;+ljwfgljk/Lt eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
cfkm\gf] j}olQms xs jf :jtGqtfsf]
!#= t;y{, lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] d'ns
' L
kdf bfjL ug{ g;Sg] .
P]g b08 ;hfosf] !!s g+= sf] b]xfo @ sf]
d'2fdf s}b 7]lsPsf] JolQmnfO{ cj:yf,
sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
cfjZostf / cf}lrTo x]/L ;fd'bflos
sf] wf/f !@, !#-!_ tyf wf/f @$-$_-%_ ;d]tsf]
;]jfdf k7fpg] jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg]
k|lts"n b]lvg gcfPsf]n] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd
eGg] ljifo sfo{kflnsfsf] cGt/\lgxLt
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvg
clwsf/ jf :jljj] s sf] ljifonfO{
cfPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
sfo{ k flnsfn] cfjZostfcg' ; f/
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg" .
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f} .
;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg ;Sg] jf v'nf
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn
sf/fuf/df /fVg ;Sg] eGg] sf/fuf/
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
P]gsf] bkmf !)s / !)v sf] Joj:yfnfO{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv @! ut] /f]h % z'ed\
g} P]gsf] bkmf !)u n] ckjflbt ub}{
Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L
vf;vf; k|sl[ tsf d'2fdf s}b ;hfo
1025
kfPsf JolQmnfO{ eg] ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf

cfwf/df /fHoaf6 e]befj ul/Psf]
k7fpg jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg ;lsg]
eGg] cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
5}g egL :ki6 u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] bkmf
-k|s/0f g+=$_
!)u :jtGq bkmf geO{ bkmf !)s /
;+jb] gzLn Pj+ uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf kmf}hbf/L
bkmf !)v ;Fu cGt/\;DalGwt /x]sf]n]
d'2fdf s}b ;hfo kfPsf JolQmnfO{ cGo
pQm bkmf !)u nfO{ lg/]kIf ?kdf x]g{
;fdfGo k|sl[ tsf d'2fsf s}bL eGbf leGg
gldnL ;f] bkmfnfO{ klg bkmf !)s /
cfwf/df s}b ;hfo e'Qmfg u/fpg ;Sg]
!)v sf] ;fk]Iftfdf g} lng' kg]{ ePsfn]
u/L /fHon] d'2fxsf] af]wuDo cfwf/
pQm bkmf !)u sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ dfq}
- Intelligible Differentia _ b] v fO{
x]/L ;f] k|fjwfgn] s'g} klg s}bLsf] lg/k]If
o' l Qm;+ u t juL{ s /0f - Reasonable
xsnfO{ aGb]h nufPsf] egL cy{ ug{
Classification_ ug{ ;Sg] .
gldNg] .
;dfgtfsf] s'/f lg/k]If kdf nfu" x'g
-k|s/0f g+=#_
;Sg] ljifo g} xf]Og . ;fy} lg/k]If
sf/fuf/d} /fVg], ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf
;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df h'g;'s} s'/fdf
k7fpg] jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg] eGg]
a/fa/L xs ;'ljwfsf] bfjL ug{ klg
ljifo d'2fsf] uDeL/tf, To:tf] jf/bftaf6
ldNb}g / ;dfgtfsf] s'/fnfO{ To; kdf
;dfhdf kg]{ cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg
JofVof ug{' klg cGttM ;dfgtfs}
k|efj / ;f] d'2fsf s}bLn] kfPsf] b08
k|lts"n s'/f x'g hfg] .
e'Qmfg u/fpg] k|lqmofaf6 csf]{ To:t}
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k|sl[ tsf] s;"/ 36fpg yk k|fT] ;fxg
Pp6} ju{ jf k|sl[ tsf] d'2fsf s}bLx
k'U5 ls lgT;flxt ub{5 eGg] h:tf
aLrdf g} s}b 5f]6o\ fpg ldNg] / gldNg]
ofjt\ kIfxnfO{ cfsng u/L /fHon]
egL c;dfg Joj:yf u/]sf] eP To:tf]
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fsf s}bLxnfO{
Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n
lgoldt sf/fuf/df g} /fVg] u/L / ;fdfGo
x'g'sf ;fy} P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/sf]
k|sl[ tsf d'2fsf s}bLnfO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jf
kl/lwleq /xL vf;vf; k|sf/sf] d'2fdf
jf v'nf sf/fuf/d} /fvL nfu]sf] s}b
s}b ;hfo kfPsf JolQmsf] s}b 5f]6o\ fpg
e'Qmfg u/fpg ;Sg] .
;lsg] 5}g egL d'2fsf] uDeL/tf / k|sl[ t
sfg"gn] cGoyf Joj:Yff u/]df afx]s
x]/L To:tf d'2fnfO{ s}b 5f]6o\ fpg g;lsg]
s;" / sf] uDeL/tf / k| s [ l tnfO{
;d"xleq /fVg ldNg] .
juL{s/0f ug{ kfpg] sfo{kflnsfsf]
-k|s/0f g+=&_
cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/ /x]sf] / ;+ljwfg
/ sfg"gadf]lhd ck/fw / ;hfosf] lgj] b ssf] tkm{ a f6M ljfg clwjQmfx
dfqf, ck/fwsf] ;dfhdf kg]{ b"/ufdL
lbj;k|;fb v8\uL, gj/fh ltldN;]gf,
k| e fj, kl/0ffd / c;/ ;d] t nfO{
/fd]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf / /ljGb| e/fO{
ljrf/ u/L vf; k| s f/sf d' 2 fsf ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8n
]
s}bLnfO{ cGo k|sf/sf d'2fsf s}bL cjnlDat ghL/M
eGbf a]Un} k|sf/n] s}b e'Qmfg u/fPs}
g]sfk @)^@, lg=g+= &%^! k[i7 &(%
1026
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f &@
wf/f !#
sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)s, v / u
sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod
@( -!s_
cfb]z
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd o;
cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYo
Pj+ lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
d nfu" cf}ifw d'2fdf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nfcg';f/ s}b aif{ @) / h/Ljfgf ?=cf7nfv
x'g] 7x/L ;f]afkt s}b e'Qmfg ug{ xfn sf/fuf/df
s}bdf /x]sf] 5' . sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( df s}bLsf]
:jf:Yo, cfly{s pGglt jf ;'wf/sf nflu
;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg], v'Nnf sf/fuf/df
/fVg] / s}bLn] c;n rfnrng u/]df krf;
k|ltzt;Dd s}b ldgfxf ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . t/
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !)u / sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL,
@)@) sf] lgod @(-!s_ n] nfu" cf}ifwnufotsf
d'2fdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jf jf v'Nnf
sf/fuf/df gk7fOg] / km};nfn] nfu]sf] s}b
ldgfxf ;d]t lbg gkfOg] u/L k|ltaGw nufPsf]
5 . o;/L d'2fsf] gfdsf] cfwf/df dfq s}bL
s}bLaLr g} klg c;dfg Jojxf/ / lje]b ug]{
u/L ePsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# tyf gful/s tyf
/fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o cg'aGwsf]
wf/f @-!_, wf/f !)-!_,-#_ tyf ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf]
dxf;eff/f kf/Lt aGbLnfO{ ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/e"t
l;4fGtsf] bkmf @ ;d]tsf] lj4 5 . s}bL
s}bLsf aLrdf g} km/skm/s Jojxf/ l;h{gf
ug]{ vfnsf] sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( / lgodfjnL,
@)@) sf] pQm Joj:yfaf6 cGo d'2fsf s}bLsf]

rfnrng / Jojxf/df ;'wf/ x'g ;Sg], t/ nfu"
cf}ifw d'2fsf s}bL] eg] slxNo} c;n aGg /
;dfhdf k'gM :yflkt x'g g;Sg] k|sl[ tsf x'g\
eGg] cy{ nfUg] u/L /fHosf] sfg"gn] e]befjhGo
Joj:yf u/L nfu" cf}ifw d'2fsf s}bLsf] xsdf
;fd'bflos ;]jf jf v'Nnf sf/fuf/df k7fpg
gkfOg] / cbfntaf6 7]lsPsf] dWo] krf; k|ltzt
s}b ldgfxf lbg klg gldNg] u/L ePsf] Joj:yf
ab/efuL 5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ;'wf/fTds b08
k|0ffnLs} l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 . t;y{, sf/fuf/
P] g , @)!( sf] bkmf !)u tyf sf/fuf/
lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @(-!s_ df ePsf]
Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt eO{ aflemPsf]
x'bF f k|f/Deb]lv g} ab/ 3f]lift u/L ;a} k|sf/sf
d'2fdf s}b 7]lsPsf s}bLxdWo] c;n rfngrng
ePsf / Odfgbf/Lk"js
{ s}b e'Qmfg ul//x]sf
s}bLxnfO{ krf; k|ltzt;Dd s}b dfkmL lbg' /
;fd'bflos ;]jf jf v'Nnf sf/fuf/nufot ;'wf/sf
cGo a}slNks Joj:yf ;d]t ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfpFdf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^*.$.!^ sf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ cfwf/ sf/0f eP ;f] ;d]t
v'nfO{ lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfpFdf ;"rgf k7fpg' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)^*.$.!& sf] cfb]z .
c;dfgx aLr km/s Jojxf/ ug]{ u/L
sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfgn] k|ltaGw nufPsf]
5}g . lgj]bsn] bfjL ug'{ ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf
s'g} e]befj /x]sf] 5}g . sd uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf
kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf k|ltjfbLxnfO{ nfu]sf] s}b
cjlw ldgfxf u/L s}b d'Qm ug{] u/L ePsf]
sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] Joj:yf;Fu ;f] P]gsf]
bkmf !)u ;d]t c;dfg / lae]bhGo eof] eGg
1027
ldNb}g . /fHon] kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] uDeL/tf x]/L

nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/, dfgj a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/, hj/\h:tL s/0fL, e|i6frf/ h:tf
d'2fsf k|ltjfbLxnfO{ nfu]sf] s}b ldgfxf gx'g]
u/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'bF f ;f] sfg"gL Joj:Yffdf
s'g} e]befj b]lvFbg} . ts{;u+ t juL{s/0f u/L
km/skm/s Jojxf/ ug{ ;lsg] u/L ePsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# n] g} ;'/lIft
ul//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] lgj]bsn] cfTdut cfwf/df
sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u / sf/fuf/
lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @(-!s_ sf] Joj:yf
c;dfg eof] egL lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg cfwf/xLg
x'bF f vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] ldlt @)^*.$.@& sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
nfu" cf}ifwnufotsf s]xL d'2fsf s}bLnfO{
s}b 5f]6o\ fpg ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg / v'nf
sf/fuf/df n}hfg /f]Sg] u/L sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!(
sf] bkmf !)u df ePsf] Joj:Yff ljwflosL
a'l4dQfaf6 lg0f{o ul/Psf] x'bF f To:tf] ljifosf]
cf}lrTodf x]g{ gldNg] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] ldlt @)^*.%.@
sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u df
plNnlvt d'2fx s7f]/ bfloTj -Strict Liability_
cGtu{tsf d'2fx x'g\ . To:tf d'2fsf s}bLnfO{
nfu]sf] s}b ldgfxf gx'g] u/L ePsf] Joj:Yff
lje]bhGo x'g\ eGg gldNg] x'bF f cf}lrToxLg l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] sfg"g dGqfnosf]
tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] ldlt @)^*.%.! sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgj]bs cfO{t/fd af]6] ;d]t lj4
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
ePsf] l/6 g+= )^&WS))&# sf] lgj]bg;d]t
;fy} /fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^*.&.@$ sf]
cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{

k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6
ljfg clwjQmfx lbj;k|;fb v8\uL, gj/fh
ltldN;]gf, /fd]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf / /ljGb|
e/fO{n] sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u tyf
sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @(-!s_
n] s}bLx aLr klg lje]b ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . P]gsf] bkmf !)u n] juL{s/0f u/]sf d'2fdf
s}bLx slxNo} ;'wf/ g} gx'g] / c;n rfnrng
ug{ g;Sg] eGg] cy{ ul/Psf] 5 . d'2fsf] uDeL/tf
eGg] s'/f gfdaf6 lgwf{/0f x'g ;Qm}g . To;}n]
gfds} cfwf/df dfq s'g} d'2f a9L uDeL/ jf
sd uDeL/ eGg] geO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yf /
kl/l:yltsf cfwf/df s;"/sf] uDeL/tf lgwf{/0f
x'G5 . To:tf] uDeL/tfsf] lgwf{/0f sfo{kflnsf /
Joj:Yfflksfn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ geO{ Tof] ljz'4 Goflos
;'ema'emaf6 lgwf{/0f x'g] xf] . To;}n] sf/fuf/
P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u n] ;fd'bflos ;]jf jf
v'Nnf sf/fuf/df k7fpg gldNg] egL d'2fsf]
juL{s/0f u/L lgif]w ug]{ u/]sf] Joj:yf Pj+
sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @(-!s_
n] To:tf d'2fdf nfu]sf] s}bdWo] krf; k|ltzt
s}b ldgfxf gx'g] u/L nufPsf] k|ltaGwfTds
Joj:yf ;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt
eO{ ab/efuL 5 . t;y{, dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
ls/0f kf}8n
] n] lgj]bsn] ab/ ul/kfpFm egL dfu
u/]sf] sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u sf]
Joj:yf ldlt @)^@.^.!^ sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt
ePsf] sf/fuf/ P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ cWofb]z,
@)^@ adf]lhd yk ePsf] xf] . ;f] cWofb]zsf]
Joj:yf / sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod
@(-!s_ sf] Joj:Yffpk/ g} l/6 lgj]bg k/L
ldlt @)^@.&.!) df ;f] l/6 vf/]h ePsf] 5 .
cWofb]zsf] ;f]xL k|fjwfgnfO{ sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!(
1028
df ePsf] ldlt @)^$.$.#@ sf] bf];f| ] ;+zf]wgn] -!_

sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u
h:tfsf] t:t} pxL kdf /fv]sf] xf] . To;}n]
;fd'bflos ;]jf jf v'nf sf/fuf/df
Ps k6s k/LIf0f eO;s]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
gk7fOg] bkmf !)s / !)v df h'g;'s}
lagf cfwf/ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemof] egL l/6 lbFbd
} f
s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf] d'2fdf
cbfntn] k6sk6s k/LIf0f ug'k{ g]{ s'g} cf}lrTo
s;"/bf/ 7xl/PsfnfO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jf
;d]t 5}g . t;y{, cfwf/xLg lgj]bg vf/]h
jf v'Nnf sf/fuf/df k7fOg] 5}gM
x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] pko'Q
{ m
-s_ dfgj a] r lavg tyf cf] ; f/k;f/
ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L ljrf/ ubf{
-lgoGq0f_,
k|:t't ljjfbdf d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f
-v_ hj/\h:tL s/0fL,
ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 M
-u_ s}baf6 efu] eufPsf],
-3_ eG;f/ rf]/L lgsf;L k}7f/L,
s= sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u tyf
-_ nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]jf/,
sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @(
-r_ e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL,
sf] pklgod -!s_ sf] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf]
-5_ hf;";L ;DaGwL,
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# f/f
-h_ ;+/lIft jGoh:t' ;DaGwL d'2f,
k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n
-em_ k'/ftflTjs j:t' ;DaGwL .
5 , 5}g <
v= lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod
x'gk' g]{ xf], xf]Og <
@( c;n rfnrng ePsf s}bLsf] s}bsf] ;hfo
5f]6o\ fpg]] -!_ c;n rfnrng ePsf s}bLnfO{
@= ;j{k|yd, klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ tf] l sPsf] s} b sf] ;hfodf a9Ldf krf;
ubf{ "nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/ nufotsf d'2fdf k|ltzt;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo 5f]6o\ fpg ;lsg]5 .
cbfntaf6 s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf k|ltjfbLnfO{ cGo
d'2fsf k|ltjfbL ;/x ;fd'bflos ;]jf jf v'Nnf -!s_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
sf/fuf/df k7fOg] 5}g" egL sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!(
eP tfklg b]xfosf] d'2fdf s}b ;hfo
sf] bkmf !)u df ePsf] Joj:yf tyf sf/fuf/
kfPsf] JolQmsf] s}b 5f]6o\ fpg ;lsg]
lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @( sf] pklgod
5}g M
-!s_ df plNnlvt "nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/ ;d]tsf
-s_ hLpdf:g] a]Rg],
d'2fdf s}bsf] ;hfo 5f]6o\ fpg g;lsg]" egL
-v_ hj/\h:tL s/0fL,
ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 s}bL s}bLsf aLr c;dfg
-u_ s}baf6 efu] eufPsf],
Jojxf/ ePsf] x'bF f pQm b'a} Joj:yfx cdfGo
-3_ eG;f/ rf]/L lgsf;L k}7f/L,
/ ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t dfu u/L
-_ nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf/f]af/,
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ul/Psf] b]lvof] . To;}n]
-r_ e|i6frf/;DaGwL,
lgj]bsn] ab/ 3f]lift ug{ dfu u/]sf] pQm b'j}
-5_ hf;";L;DaGwL,
sfg"gL Joj:yfx s] s:tf] 5 egL oxfF pNn]v
-h_ ;+/lIft jGohGt';DaGwL,
ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g cfPsf] 5 M
-em_ k'/ftflTjs j:t';DaGwL d'2f .
1029
#= dfly plNnlvt sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!(

sf] bkmf !)u sf] Joj:yf ;f] P]gdf ldlt
@)^$.$.#@ df ePsf] bf];f| ] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf]
/ bkmf !)u yk ul/Fbf bkmf !)s / !)v ;d]t
;f]xL ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] b]lvG5 . pko'Q{ m
bkmf !)s n] ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg ;Sg]
ljifodf / bkmf !)v n] v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg
;Sg] ljifodf sfg"gL k|fjwfg yk u/]sf] / bkmf
!)u n] eg] cl3Nnf] b'a} bkmfxdf Jojl:yt
k|fjwfgnfO{ ckjflbt ub}{ k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zaf6
t/ b]xfosf d'2fdf s;"/bf/ 7xl/PsfnfO{ ;fd'bflos
;]jfdf jf v'nf sf/fuf/df k7fOg] 5}g egL b]xfo
-s_ b]lv -em_ ;Dd ljleGg d'2fx pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f]xL b]xfo -s_ b]lv -em_ ;Dd
pNn]v ePsf d'2fxnfO{ g} sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL,
@)@) df ePsf] bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f lgod @( sf]
pklgod -!s_ yk u/L "To:tf d'2fdf s}b ;hfo
kfPsf] JolQmsf] s}b 5f]6o\ fpg ;lsg] 5}g" egL
ckjfbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sf/fuf/ P]gsf]
bf];f| ] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf] bkmf !)s, !)v /
!)u sf Joj:yfx ldlt @)^$.$.#@ df Ps}
k6s nfu" ePsf b]lvG5g\ . ;f] bkmf !)u n]
nfu" cf}ifw sf/f]af/nufotsf ljleGg d'2fxdf
s}b ;hfo kfPsf s}bLxnfO{ bkmf !)s / !)v
df pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg
jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg gkfOg] u/L 5'} kdf
juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ bkmf !)s / !)v
sf sfg"gL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bssf]
c;xdlt geO{ bkmf !)u sf] ;DaGwdf dfq
;+ljwfgk|lts"n egL k|:t't l/6 k/]sf] 5 . bkmf
!)s df k|oQ' m ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg ;Sg]
eGg] jfSof+z / bkmf !)v df k|oQ' m v'nf sf/fuf/df
/fVg ;Sg] eGg] jfSof+z x]bf{ tL bkmfxdf ePsf]
Joj:yfn] s'g} klg d'2fdf cbfntsf] lg0f{on]
;hfo kfO{ s}b 7]lsPsf s}bLxn] ;fd'bflos
;]jf jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /xg] s'/fnfO{ cfkm\gf]
j}olQms xs jf :jtGqtfsf] kdf bfjL ug{
;Sg] eGg] b]lvFbg} . d'2fdf s}b 7]lsPsf] JolQmnfO{

cj:yf, cfjZostf / cf}lrTo x]/L ;fd'bflos
;]jfdf k7fpg] jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg] eGg]
ljifo sfo{kflnsfsf] cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/ jf
:jljj]ssf] ljifo x'G5 . o:tf] ljifonfO{
sfo{kflnsfn] cfjZostfcg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug{
;Qm5 . ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg ;Sg] jf v'nf
sf/fuf/df /fVg ;Sg] eGg] sf/fuf/ P]gsf] bkmf
!)s / !)v sf] plNnlvt Joj:yfnfO{ g} P]gsf]
bkmf !)u n] ckjflbt ub}{ vf;vf; k|sl[ tsf
d'2fdf s}b ;hfo kfPsf JolQmnfO{ eg] ;fd'bflos
;]jfdf k7fpg jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg ;lsg]
5}g egL :ki6 u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] bkmf !)u
:jtGq bkmf geO{ bkmf !)s / bkmf !)v ;Fu
cGt/\;DalGwt /x]sf]n] pQm bkmf !)u nfO{ lg/]kIf
?kdf x]g{ gldnL ;f] bkmfnfO{ klg bkmf !)s /
!)v sf] ;fk]Iftfdf g} lng' kg]{ x'G5 . ctM pQm
bkmf !)u sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ dfq} x]/L ;f] k|fjwfgn]
s'g} klg s}bLsf] lg/k]If xsnfO{ aGb]h nufPsf]
egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
$= s'g d'2fsf] s}bLnfO{ sf/fuf/d} /fVg]
/ s'g s}bLnfO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg] jf
v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg] eGg] ljifo d'2fsf] uDeL/tf,
To:tf] jf/bftaf6 ;dfhdf kg]{ cNksfnLg /
bL3{sfnLg k|efj / ;f] d'2fsf s}bLn] kfPsf]
b08 e'Qmfg u/fpg] k|lqmofaf6 csf]{ To:t} k|sl[ tsf]
s;"/ 36fpg yk k|fT] ;fxg k'U5 ls lgT;flxt
ub{5 eGg] h:tf ofjt\ kIfxnfO{ cfsng u/L
/fHon] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf d'2fsf s}bLxnfO{
lgoldt sf/fuf/df g} /fVg] u/L / ;fdfGo
k|sl[ tsf d'2fsf s}bLnfO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jf jf
v'nf sf/fuf/d} /fvL lghnfO{ nfu]sf] s}b e'Qmfg
u/fpg ;Qm5 . sfg"gn] cGoyf Joj:Yff u/]df
afx]s s;"/sf] uDeL/tf / k|sl[ tnfO{ juL{s/0f
ug{ kfpg] sfo{kflnsfsf] cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/
/x]sf] / ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd ck/fw /
;hfosf] dfqf, ck/fwsf] ;dfhdf kg]{ b"/ufdL
1030
k|efj, kl/0ffd / c;/ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L

vf; k|sf/sf d'2fsf s}bLnfO{ cGo k|sf/sf
d'2fsf s}bL eGbf a]Un} k|sf/n] s}b e'Qmfg u/fPs}
cfwf/df /fHoaf6 e]befj ul/Psf] eGg] cy{ ug{
klg ldNb}g .
%= sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u
sf] Joj:yfn] juL{s/0f u/]sf d'2fx x]b{} klg
ljz]if k|sl[ tsf / ;dfhnfO{ uDeL/ c;/ k'ofpg]
vfnsf b]lvG5g\ . ;f] bkmfdf al0f{t d'2fx
:jfefj}n] cGo ;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2fx
eGbf a9L ;+jb] gzLn Pj+ uDeL/ vfnsf eGg]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf ;+jb] gzLn Pj+ uDeL/
k|sl[ tsf kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf s}b ;hfo kfPsf
JolQmnfO{ cGo ;fdfGo k|sl[ tsf d'2fsf s}bL
eGbf leGg cfwf/df s}b ;hfo e'Qmfg u/fpg
;Sg] u/L /fHon] d'2fxsf] af]wuDo cfwf/
-Intelligible Differentia_ b]vfO{ o'lQm;+ut juL{s/0f
-Reasonable Classification_ ug{ ;Qm5 . lsgeg]
;dfgtfsf] s'/f lg/k]If kdf nfu" x'g ;Sg]
ljifo g} xf]Og . ;fy} lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df
h'g;'s} s'/fdf a/fa/L xs ;'ljwfsf] bfjL ug{
klg ldNb}g / ;dfgtfsf] s'/fnfO{ To; kdf
JofVof ug{' klg cGttM ;dfgtfs} k|lts"n s'/f
x'g hfG5 . o; ljifodf o; cbfntn] cg]sf}+
ljjfbxdf k6sk6s JofVof / ljZn]if0f
ul/;s]sf] x'bF f oxfF yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' kg]{
cfjZostf ;d]t 5}g .
^= sf/fuf/ P] g , @)!( df ldlt
@)^$.$.#@ df bf];f| ] ;+zf]wg x'gk' j" { tTsfnLg
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &@
cg';f/ @)^@.^.!^ df sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( nfO{
;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^@ hf/L ePsf]
/ ;f] cWofb]zn] ;d]t xfn bf]:f|f] ;+zf]wgaf6
yk ePsf bkmf !)s, !)v / !)u sf] o;}
Joj:yfnfO{ tt\ tt\ bkmfxdf /fv]sf]df ;f]
Joj:yfx ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt ePsf] eGb}
btf{ ePsf] @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ))%& lgj]bs
;Gtf]if eGg] l8saxfb'/ sfsL{ ;d]t lj4

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
ePsf] pTk|i] f0f ljifosf] l/6df o; cbfntsf]
ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.&.!) df ;f]
cWofb]zn] sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( df yk u/]sf]
bkmf !) s, !) v / !)u sf] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf]
xsljk/Lt gePsf] egL l/6 vf/]h x'g] 7x/
eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 -g]sfk @)^@, lg=g+= &%^!
k[=&(%_ . pQm cWofb]zn] yk u/]sf ;f]xL bkmf
!)s, !)v / !)u nfO{ bf];f| ] ;+zf]wgdfkm{t\
h:tfsf] To:t} /flvPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;/L
ldlt @)^@.^.!^ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt
ePsf] cWofb]zn] yk u/]sf bkmf !)s, !)v,
!)u sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] Ps k6s ;+jw} flgstf
k/LIf0f ul/;s]sf] ljifonfO{ o; Ohnf;n] k'gM
cGoyf JofVof ug'{kg]{ s'g} sf/0f, cfwf/ /
cf}lrTo ;d]t b]lvFbg} . t;y{, sf/fuf/ P]g,
@)!( sf] xfn ljBdfg bkmf !)u sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfaf6 lgj]bs s}bLpk/ e]befj u/]sf] jf
;f] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !# f/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] ;dfgtfsf]
xsk|lts"n /x]sf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
&= ca hxfF;Dd sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL,
@)@) sf] lgod @( sf] pklgod -!s_ df ePsf]
Joj:yf ;d]t ab/efuL 5 eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/
5, ;f] af/]df x]bf{ sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf
@& adf] l hdsf] k| T ofof] l ht ljwflosL
clwsf/cGtu{t pQm lgodfjnL g]kfn ;/sf/n]
agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!(
sf] bkmf @&-@_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfpFbf
b]xfosf s'/fxsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] 5 egL
b]xfo -s_ b]lv -8_ ;Dd ljleGg ljifox pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] bkmf @&-@_ sf] b]xfo -r_ df
y'gj' f / s}bLxsf] rfnrngsf] /]s8{ /fVg], c;n
rfnrng ePsfsf] ;hfo 5f]6o\ fpg] Joj:yf Pj+
clwsf/ ;d]tsf] ljifodf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg
1031
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . P]gsf] ;f]xL bkmf @& sf] clwsf/

k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f u/L nfu" u/]sf]
sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @( sf]
pklgod -!_ df c;n rfnrng ePsf s}bLnfO{
tf] l sPsf] s} b sf] ;hfodf a9Ldf krf;
k|ltzt;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo 5f]6o\ fpg ;lsg] 5
eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] pklgod -!s_ n]
pklgod -!_ nfO{ ckjflbt ub}{ b]xfosf] d'2fdf
s}b ;hfo kfPsf] JolQmsf] s}b ;hfo 5f]6o\ fpg
;lsg] 5}g egL lgj]bsn] s}b ;hfo kfPsf] nfu"
cf}ifw d'2f ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
lgod agfpg kfpg] clwsf/ lbg] sf/fuf/ P]g,
@)!( sf] bkmf @& n] g} s'g d'2fsf] s}bLnfO{ s]
s'g cj:yfdf s}b ;hfo 5f]o\ fO{ s}b d'Qm ug]{
eGg] ljifodf lgod agfpg ;Sg] u/L clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] s}b
5f]6o\ fpg ldNg] jf gldNg] k|sl[ tsf d'2fxsf]
af/]df d'2fsf] uDeL/tf / k|sl[ tsf cfwf/df
juL{s/0f u/L uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf d'2fdf s}b ;hfo
kfPsf] JolQmsf] s}b 5f]6\ofpg gldNg] u/L
lgodfjnLdf ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ afwf kg]{ b]lvFbg} .
pklgod -!s_ n] s'g} Pp6} k|sl[ tsf] d'2fdf
s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] JolQmdWo] s;}sf] xsdf s}b
;hfo 5f]6o\ fpg ldNg] / s'gs
} f] gldNg] u/L JolQm
JolQm aLrdf c;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
geO{ vf; k|sf/sf d'2fdf s}b ;hfo kfPsf ;a}
JolQmsf] s}b 5f]6o\ fpg gldNg] egL Joj:Yff u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . Pp6} ju{ jf k|sl[ tsf] d'2fsf s}bLx
aLrdf g} s}b 5f]6o\ fpg ldNg] / gldNg] egL
c;dfg Joj:yf u/]sf] eP To:tf] Joj:yf
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n x'G5 . t/ P]gn]
lbPsf] clwsf/sf] kl/lwleq /xL vf;vf; k|sf/sf]
d'2fdf s}b ;hfo kfPsf JolQmsf] s}b 5f]6o\ fpg
;lsg] 5}g egL d'2fsf] uDeL/tf / k|sl[ t x]/L
To:tf d'2fnfO{ s}b 5f]6o\ fpg g;lsg] ;d"xleq
/fVg ldNg] g} b]lvG5 .
*= sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod

@( sf] pklgod -!s_ sf] ;+/rgf x]bf{ ;f]
Joj:yf sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf !)u sf]
;fb[Zotfdf k|aGw ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . P]gsf]
bkmf !)u n] ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg / v'nf
sf/fuf/ k7fpg g;lsg] egL juL{s/0f u/]sf
d'2fxnfO{ g} lgodfjnLsf] lgod @( sf] pklgod
-!s_ n] "s}b 5f]6o\ fpg g;lsg]" d'2fxsf]
juL{s/0fleq /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 P]gsf]
bkmf !)u n] juL{s/0f u/]sf d'2fxnfO{
Joj:yflksfn] a9L uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf d'2f dfgL
To:tf d'2fdf s}b ;hfo kfPsf JolQmnfO{
;fd'bflos ;]jfdf k7fpg jf v'nf sf/fuf/df
/fVg gldNg] egL ;hfo e'QmfgLsf] nflu lgoldt
sf/fuf/d} /fVg' kg]{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg]
ltg} d'2fxdf nfu]sf] s}b 5f]6o\ fpg g;lsg]
egL g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] sf/fuf/
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @( sf] pklgod -!s_ df
klg Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 lgod @(
sf] pklgod -!s_ n] P]gsf] bkmf !)u sf]
efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L k|Tofof]lht ljwflosL
clwsf/sf] ;'ema'emk"0f{ Pj+ ;xL k|of]u / kfngf
ug{ vf]h]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . t;y{, k|Tofof]lht
ljwflosL clwsf/sf] kl/lwleq /xL hGdbft[
P]gsf] efjgf -Spirit_ nfO{ ;d]6L lgdf{0f ePsf]
pklgod -!s_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ e]befjk"0f{ jf
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt k|lts"n dfGg ;lsPg .
(= ca bf];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ sf/fuf/
P] g , @)!( sf] bkmf !)u tyf sf/fuf/
lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod @( sf] pklgod !s_ sf] k|fjwfgx d'2fsf] uDeL/tf / k|sl[ tnfO{
ljrf/ u/L af]wuDo cfwf/ -Intelligible Differentia_
b]vfO{ d'2fxsf] ts{;u+ t juL{s/0f -Reasonable
Classification_ ug{] u/L Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvPsf]
/ ;f] Joj:yfaf6 s'g} Pp6} k|sl[ tsf] d'2fsf
s}bLxsf] aLrdf g} c;dfg Jojxf/ jf e]befj
1032
**%^ - xl/gfy k|;fb lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
u/]sf] eGg] geO{ vf;vf; k|sl[ tsf d'2fdf s}b o; cl3 lg0f{o ug]M{
;hfo kfPsf ;a} JolQmnfO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;M
k7fpg jf v'nf sf/fuf/df /fVg gkfOg] /
df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=
To:tf] d'2fsf] s}b ;d]t 5f]6o\ fpg g;lsg] egL
df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|t] L
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] x'bF f sf/fuf/ P]gsf]
bkmf !)u tyf sf/fuf/ lgodfjnLsf] lgod @(
s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 k|x/L
sf] pklgod -!s_ ;d]t e]befjk"0f{ jf ;dfgtfsf]
P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #$ sf] v08 -u_
l;4fGtk|lts"n /x]sf] gx'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/L bkmf #$
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . k|:t't
adf]lhd h/Ljfgfsf] ;hfo ePsf]df pQm
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut
v08 -u_ df cfk"m dflysf] k|x/L
sf u/L ldl;n a'emfOlbg" .
sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf] sfg"gL pbL{ gdfg]df
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n] dflyNnf] txaf6
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
lbOPsf] cfb]z jf pbL{ gdfg]sf] sfo{nfO{
Gof=sdngf/fo0f bf;
g}lts ktg b]lvg] s;"/ dfGg ldNg] s'g}
;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t #) ut] /f]h % z'ed\
sfg"gL / ljj]s;Ddt cfwf/ gb]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k|x/L P]gcg';f/ s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf]
&
cj:yf leGg} xf] / g}lts ktg b]lvg]
s;" / df cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfPsf]
lg0f{o g+= **%^
cj:yf leGg} ePsfn] k|x/L P]gsf] s;"/df
s}b ;hfo kfPsf]nfO{ g}lts ktg b]lvg]
s;"/df ;hfo kfPsf] ;Demg gldNg] /
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
To;} u/L cbfntaf6 s' g } cGo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
P] g cGtu{ t sf] g} l ts ktg b] l vg]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
cleof]udf ;hfo kfPsf]nfO{ k|x/L
dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
P]gcGtu{t s}b ;hfo kfPsf] egL dfGg
k'=lg=g+=)^&NF))!!
gldNg] .
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.%.@!.%
-k|s/0f g+=^_
ljifo M k'g/fjnf]sg ul/kfpFm .
s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/
lnO{ gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o
d'2f M pTk|i] f0f ;d]t .
ePsf]df lg0f{odf cfwf/ lnOPsf] t/
pQm s}b ;hfo g} k'g/fj]bg txaf6
lgj]bsM /f}tx6 lhNnf csf]njf uf=lj=;=j8f
pN6L eO{ h/Ljfgf dfq x'g] 7x/ ePsf]
g+= % :yfoL 3/ eO{ jL/u~h pk=d=g=
cj:yfdf gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug{sf] nflu
kf=j8f g+=!& a:g] xl/gfy k|;fb
cjnDag ul/Psf] lg0f{ofwf/ vl08t
lj?4
x'g] .
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
-k|s/0f g+=&_
;d]t
1033
h/Ljfgfsf] dfq ;hfo ePsf] s'/fnfO{

g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ u/]sf]
dfgL ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf ;d]t k|bfg gu/L
;]jfaf6 avf{:t ubf{ sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo xl/k|;fb
pk|t] L / ;ltzs'df/ emf
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf lagf]b
kf]v/]n
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^* lg=g+=+ *^^#, k[i7 !@&^
;Da4 sfg"gM
k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !)-!_-v_,
#$ sf] v08 -u_ / -3_
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod **,
*(-@_ sf] v08 -s_
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ -v_ adf]lhd o;
cbfnt ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^^.#.!
sf] cfb]z k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]l/kfpFm egL lgj]bs
xl/gfyk|;fbsf] lgj]bg k/L lg:;f k|bfg eO{
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f
Pj+ cfb]z lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
lgj]bsnfO{ klZrdf~rn If]qLo k|x/L
ljz]if cbfntn] k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #$
sf] -u_ / -3_ cg';f/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/fO{
ldlt @)%*.#.@* df !% lbg s}b ;hfo x'g]
u/L km};nf u/L ;f] km};nfsf] cfwf/df k|x/L
dxflg/LIfsn] P]= P]gsf] bkmf !)-!_-v_ cg';f/
avf{:t u/]sf] hfgsf/L ldlt @)%*.%.!@ df
k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;f] lg0f{opk/ #% lbgleq}
s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljz]if cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]
/ gf]s/Laf6 jvf{:t ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L
k'gM kbdf jxfn ul/kfpFm egL tt\sfnLg >L %
sf] ;/sf/;dIf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] lyPF . s]Gb|Lo

k|x/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 klZrdf~rn If]qLo
k|x/L ljz]if cbfnt kf]v/fn] 7x/fPsf] !% lbg]
s}bsf] ;hfo pN6L u/L tLg dlxgfsf] vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] tna a/fa/sf] h/Ljfgf dfq x'g] u/L
ldlt @)^).(.$ df km};nf ePsf] 5 .
lgj]bs ca s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] JolQm
gePsf]n] gf]s/Laf6 jvf{:t ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/L ;fj{hlgs kbdf axfnL ul/kfpFm egL
u[xdGqL;dIf k6sk6s lgj]bg btf{ u/fO{
lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L dfu ubf{ cfhef]ln eGb}
6\UofpFb} cfO{ lgj]bs ;/xs} k|= gf= lg=
cgLns' d f/ kf} 8 ] n ;d] t sf %% hgfnfO{
gf]s/Laf6 x6fPsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L k'g/\jxfnL
x'g] 7x/fO{ lgo'lQm ;d]t k|bfg u/L b]vfb]vL
c;dfgtfsf] Jojxf/ u/]sf]n] ;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf]
l/=g+= )&@^ sf] k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bg kq bfo/
u/]sf] lyPF . ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 # dlxgfleqdf
sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ egL hf/L ePsf]
k/dfb]zsf] Dofb ;d]t Joltt u/L gf]s/Laf6
jvf{:t ug]{ u/L ePsf] ldlt @)%*.#.@* s}
lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ x'g] 7x/fO{ u[xdGqLaf6 ldlt
@)^$.!!.@^ df lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .
ctM ljkIfLxaf6 ePsf] plNnlvt ldlt
@)%*.#.@* / @)^$.!!.@^ sf] lg0f{o tyf ;f]
lg0f{o x'g'eGbf k"j{ tyf kZrft\sf ;Dk"0f{
sfdsf/jfxL, cfb]z kqfrf/ ;d]taf6 g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-@_, !#-!_@_, !( / k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !), !! tyf
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod *$ ;d]tf/f
k|bQ df}lns Pjd\ sfg"gL xs xgg\ ePsf]n] tL
lg0f{ox pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L d]/f] ;fljss}
kbdf ;]jfaf6 jvf{:t u/]s} ldltaf6 nfu" x'g]
u/L k'g/\jxfnL u/L sfg"gadf]lhdsf] tna, ;'ljwf,
eQf, u|8] ;d]t k|bfg ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
1034
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]

dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]zk|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy} /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lnlvt
hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd
k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bs xl/gfyk|;fb tTsfn k|x/L
gfoj lg/LIfs kbdf ;z:q k|x/L ;]gfd'v
tgx'Fdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] cj:yf ldlt @)%*.!.#
ut]af6 b+uf lgoGq0f k|x/L u0f jb{3f6df
;~rfng x'g] k|x/L sf/jfxL o'lQm cg'lzIf0f
tflnddf dgf]lgt eO{ ;x'lnot :j?k lbg &
ljbf 5fl8Psf]df lgh ;f] ljbf e'QmfgkZrft\
sfof{nodf xfhL/ x'g gcfPsf] / :yfoL 3/
7]ufgfdf vf]htnf; ubf{ u/fpFbf ;d]t km]nf
gk/]sf] / kl5 ldlt @)%*.!.!# ut] sfof{nodf
xfhL/ x'g cfPsf]df lghnfO{ k|x/L rf}sL
le/sf]6 tgx'Fdf uO{ sfdsfh ug]{ u/L v6fO{
k7fPsf]df vl6Psf] :yfgdf hfg /dfgfkq
a'emL xfhL/ x'g guO{ sfo/tfk"js
{ efuL lx8]sf]
;DaGwdf lghpk/ If]qLo k|x/L ljz]if cbfnt
kf]v/faf6 sf/jfxL x'Fbf k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf]
bkmf #$ adf]lhd !% lbg s}bsf] ;hfo
tf] l sPsf] n ] s} b sf] ;hfo kfPsf] k| x /L
sd{rf/LnfO{ k|x/L ;]jfdf /flv/xg] cj:yf
gePsf]n] lghnfO{ k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod ** sf] b]xfo -3_ sf] s;"/df P]
lgodfjnLsf] lgod *$ sf] b]xfo -h_ adf]lhd
eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ ;fdfGotM
cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 jvf{:t ug]{ egL
k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@* df
lg0f{o ePsf] xf] .
pQm lg0f{odf lrQ ga'emL lgj]bs

xl/gfyk|;fbn] k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nodfkm{t\ g]kfn
;/sf/df k'g/fj]bg ubf{ @)%*.#.@* df jvf{:t ug]{
u/L ePsf] lg0f{o s;"/sf] ufDeLo{tf Pjd\ k|sl[ t
;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ kof{Kt / sfg"g;Ddt b]lvPsf]n]
;f]xL lg0f{o ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ egL dlGq:t/af6 ldlt
@)^$.!!.@^ ut] lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .
t;y{ tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf d'ns
' Gsf]
rk]6fdf k/L zflGt ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;Dj]bgzLn
cj:yfdf lgh lgj]bs k|x/L sd{rf/L eP/
v6fOPsf] :yfgdf xfhL/ x'g guO{ sfo/tfk"js
{
efuL km/f/ ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf lghpk/ If]qLo
k|x/L ljz]if cbfnt kf]v/faf6 !% lbg s}b
;hfo x'g] 7x/L ePsf] km};nfsf] cfwf/df
lghnfO{ k|x/L ;]jfdf /flv/xg pko'Qm geO{
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( n] lglb{i6 u/]sf]
k|fjwfgadf]lhd gf]s/Laf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf] tyf
;f]pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg ;d]t vf/]h eO;s]sf]n]
ldlt @)%*.#.@* / ldlt @)^$.!!.@^ sf] lg0f{o
;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k'gM jxfnL
x'g kfpFm egL k/dfb]zsf] dfu u/L bfo/ u/]sf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|x/L
k|wfg sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] bfjL lnPadf]lhdsf] jvf{:t
ug]{ nufotsf s'g} klg sfdsf/jfxL o;
sfof{noaf6 eP u/]sf] 5}g . o; sfof{nosf] s]
s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs
clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] xf] To:sf] :ki6 lhsL/
glnO{ ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f c;DalGwt ljifodf
o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ k|ToyL{ agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLsf] bfjLsf] ;DaGwdf s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL g} gu/]sf] o; sfo{nonfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf] ldlt
@)^).(.$ / ldlt @)^$.!!.@^ sf] lg0f{opk/
lrQ ga'em] sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug]{ j}slNks
1035
dfu{ x'bF fx'bF } l/6 If]qdf unt lgotn] k|jz

] u/L
lbPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ sfg"gf/f k|bQ
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 sfg"gadf]lhd g}
ljefuLo sf/jfxL e} ;hfo ePsf] x'bF f k'g/fj]bg
txaf6 ;d]t ;b/ ePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg Joxf]/fdf
s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ gePsf]n] vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u[x dGqfnosf] tkm{af6
k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf]
lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L dfggLo u[x dGqLaf6
ldlt @)^$.!!.@^ df u/] s f] ljefuLo
sf/jfxL;DaGwL lg0f{ o sf] ;Ssn kmfO{ n
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lemsfO{ k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bspk/ k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf
#$ sf] -u_ / -3_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg]
cf/f]kdf klZrdf~rn If]qLo k|x/L ljz]if
cbfntn] k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #$ cg';f/
!% lbg s}b ;hfo u/]sf] b]lvG5 . If]qLo k|x/L
ljz]if cbfntsf] lg0f{opk/ lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg
kbf{ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljz]if cbfntn]
k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #$ cg';f/ # dlxgfsf]
vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna a/fa/ ?=!$,&)).
h/Ljfgf dfq u/L !% lbg s}b gug]{ u/]sf]
b]lvof] . k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] kl/R5]b\ ^ sf]
ck/fw / ;hfosf] Joj:yf k|x/Lsf] rfnrng,
rl/q, Jojxf/ Odfgbf/Ltf;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt
Joj:yf xf] . ck/fwL egL cbfntaf6 3f]lift
JolQm g} k|x/L kbdf k'glg{oQ
' m x'b} hfg] xf] eg]
o;n] k|x/Lk|lt hgcf:yf gx'g] dfq xf]Og cGo
Law abiding Odfgbf/, cg'zfl;t, g}ltsjfg k|x/L
sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jnnfO{ ;d]t c;/ ub{5 . k|x/L
P]g, @)!@ sf] kl/R5]b\ ^-s_ zLif{s g} ck/fw
/ ;hfosf] xf] . kl/R5]b\ ^ sf ;a} bkmfxn]

k|ltjGw nufPsf] sfd ug'{ g} k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf]
nflu ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] kl/R5]b\ (
df ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lgod **-u_
df a/fa/ cg'zf;gxLgtfsf] sfd u/]df / -_
df cfgf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L cg';f/ cfr/0f gu/]df
gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] / jvf{:t ug]{ ;Ddsf] ;hfo
x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|x/L sd{rf/Ln]
P]gsf] kl/R5]b\ ^ sf] ck/fw ub{5 / ;Ifd
cbfntaf6 ;hfo kfpFb5 eg] To;/L ;hfo
kfpg] Convicted k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] cfgf] kbsf]
lhDdfcg';f/sf] cfr/0f gu/]sf] dflgG5 . o;/L
kl/R5]b\ ^ sf] ck/fwdf bf]ifL 7xl/g] ;hfo
kfPsf] lgj]bsn] lgod ** cg';f/ kbdf a:g
;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|x/L ljz]if cbfntaf6
s}b ;hfo gePsf] h/Ljfgf dfq ;hfo ePsf]n]
k'gj{xfnL x'gk' 5{ eGg] lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|x/L
P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !)-!_-v_ sf] Joj:yf k|x/L
ljz]if cbfnt jf cGo s'g} cbfntaf6 s}b jf
h/Ljfgf b'a} ;hfo x'g ;Sg] ck/fwdf s}b
;hfo gu/L h/Ljfgf dfq ;hfo ePsf]df ;hfo
gePsf] dfgL kbdf k'gj{xfnL x'g] eg]sf] xf]Og .
ctM l/6 lgj]bspk/ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln]
ljefuLo sf/jfxL u/L sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf
sfdsf/jfxLn] lghsf] xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg]
l:ylt gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.#.! df ePsf] cfb]z .
k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !) df k|x/L
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf] Pjd\ xssf] k|Tofe"lt
ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL bkmf !)-!_-v_ df s}bsf]
;hfo kfPsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ubf{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbg gkg]{ Joj:yf 5 . t/
;f] Joj:yfnfO{ h/Ljfgfsf] ;hfo kfPsf] cj:yfdf
;d]t ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbg gkg]{ cy{ jf AofVof
ug{ ldNb}g . If]qLo k|x/L ljz]if cbfntn] bkmf
1036
#$ sf] s;"/df !% lbgsf] s}b ;hfo u/]sf]n]

ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] qmddf k|x/L lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod ** -3_ sf] s;"/hGo ck/fw
7xofO{ P]gsf] bkmf !)-!_-v_ adf]lhdsf] cfwf/df
;]jfaf6 avf{:t u/]sf] xf] . s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nfn] z'?sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L
u/L s}bsf] ;hfoaf6 pGd'lQm lbg] ljlQs} ;]jf
avf{:tLsf] lgldQ canlDat lgod **-3_ /
bkmf !)-!_-v_ sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 .
h/Ljfgf dfq ePsf] s'/fnfO{ klg ;hfo dfgL
P]gsf] bkmf !)-!_-v_ adf]lhd ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf
glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ldNg] cy{ u/L l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h u/]sf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] cfb]z ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 o:t} k|sl[ tsf] ljifoj:t' lgxLt /x]sf]
lgj]bs k'/g s]j6 lj?4 k|x/L pk/LIfs,
lh=k|=sf=;'vt{] ;d]t ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%( ;fnsf]
l/6 g+=#)&# sf] lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^#.!.@& df
lg0f{o eO{ sfod ePsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n
ePsf] x'bF f Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!!-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df k|:t't d'2fsf] z'?, /]s8{ / eP
k|df0f ldl;n ;d]t lemsfO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z .
o;df lgj]bs lj?4 klZrdf~rn If]qLo
k|x/L ljz]if cbfnt kf]v/faf6 ldlt @)%*.@.#@
ut] ePsf] km};nf, k|x/L dxflg/LIfsaf6 ldlt
@)%*.#.@* df ePsf] lg0f{o cfb]z / u[x
dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^$.!!.@^ df ePsf
lg0f{ o xsf] ;Ssn ldl;n ;DalGwt
lgsfoxaf6 lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df k|x/L gfoa lg/LIfs cgLns'df/
kf}8n
] ;d]t %% hgf k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ gf]s/Laf6
x6fPsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L ldlt @)^#.#.#@ df
k'gj{xfnL x'g] 7x/ ePsf] elgPsf] lg0f{o ldl;n
;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{noaf6 lemsfO{ k]z ug'{

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df o; cbfntsf] ;+oQ' m Ohnf;af6
ldlt @)^^.#.! df ePsf] km};nfdf lgxLt ;+jt\
@)%( ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)&#, lgj]bs k'/g s]j6
lj?4 k|x/L pk/LIfs, lh=k|=sf=;'vt{] ;d]t ePsf]]
pTk|i] f0f lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^#.!.@& df ePsf]
lg0f{on] sfod u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGtk|lts"n
b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!!_sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f k'g/fjnf]sg
u/L x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^*.!.!^ df ePsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d' 2 fdf lgj] b s tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfo >L xl/k|;fb pk|t] L / >L ;ltzs'df/
emfn] l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf
#$ -u_ / -3_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] egL !%
lbg s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L klZrdf~rn k|x/L
ljz]if cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf]df s]Gb|Lo k|x/L
ljz]if cbfntn] ;f] lg0f{o pN6L u/L h/Ljfgfsf]
;hfo dfq 7x/ eof] . k|ydtM u}/xfhL/ /x]sf]
eGg] ljifodf k|x/L P]g, @)!@ cGtu{t d'2f
nufpg ldNb}g . To;dfly klg z'? lg0f{opk/
lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg u/L ljrf/fwLg /x]s} cj:yfdf
gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ul/of] . s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf]
sf/0f b]vfO{ P]gsf] bkmf !)-!_-v_ adf]lhd
;kmfOsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ avf{:t u/]sf]df
s}bsf] ;hfo pN6L ePkl5 gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t
u/]sf] lg0f{o :jtM q'l6k"0f{ x'g k'us
] f] 5 . To;}
u/L lgj]bsnfO{ avf{:t ubf{ k|x/L lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod **-3_ sf] cfwf/ lnPsf] 5 .
;f] Joj:yf g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf
;hfo kfPsf] cj:yfdf cfslif{t x'g] xf] .
h/Ljfgfsf] ;hfo kfPsf lgj]bssf] xsdf ;f]
cj:yf 5}g . To;}u/L lgj]bs ;/xsf JolQmnfO{
k|ToyL{ u[xdGqLsf] lg0f{on] k'gj{xfnL u/]sf]df
1037
lgj]bsnfO{ dfq c;dfg / e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/

u/L axfnL gul/Psf] q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;sf] cfb]z k'g/fjnf]sg u/L l/6 hf/L
x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L lagf]b kf]v/]nn] lgjb]s
v6fOPsf] :yfgdf guO{ kbLo bfloTj lgjf{x
gu/L efuL lx8]sf]n] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ;Ifd
cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/L s;"/bf/ 7x/ ePsf]
cfwf/df ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ul/Psf] xf] . ;f]
km};nfaf6 lgj]bsn] k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf
#$ -u_ / -3_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7xofPsf] 5 .
lgj]bsnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/L s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljz]if
cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;f] km};nf clGtd /x]sf] 5 .
ToxL km};nf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df lghpk/ ljefuLo
sf/jfxL eO{ gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ul/Psf] xf] .
k|x/L P]g cGtu{tsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/ ePsf]
k|x/L sd{rf/L kbdf /xg ;Sg] cj:yf x'bF g} .
k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] kl/R5]b\ ^ sf] s;"/df
;hfo x'g] / ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] k|s[lt /
cj:yf km/s km/s x'g\ . ctM l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h u/]sf] ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] cfb]zdf s'g} q'l6
gePsf]n] k'g/fjnf]sg x'gk' g]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg]
;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] .
kIf ljkIfsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ts{k0" f{ ax; dgg\ u/L
lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L
x]bf{ d'VotM b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M
!= k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #$ cGtu{tsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/L h/Ljfgfsf] ;hfo ePsf]
cfwf/df ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug'c
{ l3 ;DalGwt
k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
xf], xf]Og <
@= o; cbfntaf6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
u/L ePsf] cfb]z k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg]{
cj:yf ljBdfg 5 jf 5}g <
@= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] pk/f]Qm

klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs
xl/gfyk|;fbnfO{ k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #$
sf] v08 -u_ / -3_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] cf/f]kdf
klZrdf~rn If]qLo k|x/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 !%
lbg s}b x'g] 7x/L ldlt @)%*.@.#@ df km};nf
ePsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFbg} . ;f] km};nfpk/
lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljz]if
cbfntaf6 z'?sf] lg0f{o pN6L u/L k|x/L P]g,
@)!@ sf] bkmf #$ sf] v08 -u_ sf] s;"/df
tLg dlxgfsf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna a/fa/sf]
/sd h/Ljfgf x'g] 7xofO{ ldlt @)^).(.$ df
km};nf ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . z'?sf] lg0f{opk/
;DalGwt kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/L k'g/fj]bg txaf6
lg0f{o x'g gkfpFb} z'?af6} ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ clGtd
km};nf ;/x dfgL lgj]bsnfO{ k|x/L P]g, @)!@
sf] bkmf #$ adf]lhd !% lbg s}b ;hfo ePsf]
cfwf/df k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod **
sf] b]xfo v08 -3_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL lgod *$
sf] b]xfo v08 -h_ adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L
gf]s/Lsf] nflu ;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L
gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug]{ u/L ldlt @)%*.#.@* df
k|x/L dxflg/LIfsaf6 ljefuLo sf/jfxL ePsf]
b]lvG5 . s}bsf] ;hfo k'g/fj]bg txaf6 pN6L
eO{ h/Ljfgf dfq 7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf s}b
ePsf] egL gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t u/]sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{
ePsf]n] pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k"jj{ t\
;]jfdf axfn u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t lgj]bssf] o;
cbfnt;dIf lgj]bg k/]sf]df ;hfo ePsf] s'/fnfO{
k'g/fj]bg txaf6 klg ;b/} u/]sf] x'bF f k|x/L P]g,
@)!@ sf] bkmf !)-!_-v_ adf]lhd h/Ljfgf dfq
;hfo ePsf]nfO{ :jtM k'gj{xfnL x'g] Joj:yf
xf]Og eGg] ;d]t lg0f{ofwf/ u|x0f ub}{ ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;af6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
#= k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !) n]
k|x/L sd{rf/L dgdfgL avf{;L OToflbaf6 arfp
1038
;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bkmf !) sf]

pkbkmf -!_ n] k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ avf{:t ubf{,
;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf, bhf{ jf tna 36fpFbf b]xfo
v08xdf plNnlvt tLgj6f cj:yfdf afx]s
dgfl;j cjlw tf]sL ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt jf ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
pQm pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ g}lts
ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s;"/bf/ 7x/L
cbfntaf6 s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf], v08 -v_
adf]lhd k|x/L P]gcGtu{tsf] ck/fw 7x/L s}bsf]
;hfo kfPsf] / v08 -u_ cg';f/ ;kmfOsf]
df}sf lbg dgfl;j gkg]{ eO{ lg0f{ostf{n] ;f]xL
Joxf]/f vf]nL krf{ v8f u/]sf] ;d]tsf tLgj6f
k'jf{j:yfdf eg] ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbP klg x'g]
u/L afx]s u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} k|x/L lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod *( df klg ;hfo;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgod *( sf]
pklgod -@_ df cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm ljefuLo
sf/jfxL jf ;hfo ug'{cl3 sf/jfxL ug{
nfluPsf] Joxf]/f / x'g ;Sg] ;hfo ;d]t k|i6
pNn]v u/L lnlvt :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg' kg]{ s'/f
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ ;f]xL lgodsf]
k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] cj:yf / l:yltdf
eg] ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf glbg klg ;lsg] u/L
afx]s u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lgod *(-@_ sf]
v08 -s_ cg';f/ efuL kQf gnfu]sf] jf cGo
s'g} sf/0fn] ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ c;Dej ePsf]
k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf xsdf pQm lgodadf]lhdsf]
sfo{ljlw gk'ofP klg x'g] b]lvG5 . To:t} v08
-v_ cg';f/ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L
cleof] u df cbfntaf6 ck/fwL k| d fl0ft
eO;s]sf] cfwf/df s'g} k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo
lbg'kg]{ cj:yf eP lghnfO{ ug{ nfu]sf] ;hfosf]
;"rgf;Dd lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} ;kmfO k]z ug]{
df}sf lbO/xg dgfl;a gkg]{ ePdf ;f] s'/fsf]
krf{ v8f ug{ ;Sg] u/L v08 -u_ df Joj:yf
ePsf] kfOG5 .
$= k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL

/ ;hfo ug{sf] nflu ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf k|bfg ug{
gkg]{ u/L k|x/L P]g / lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf
pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfx :ki6 g} 5g\ . To;df
klg pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfs} ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/
lgj]bs /flhjl;+x lj?4 k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no
;d]t ePsf] @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=)))( sf]
d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] tLg ;b:oLo k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 -lg0f{o ldlt @)^$.*.!#_ tyf
lgj]bs jL/axfb'/ /fpt lj?4 u[x dGqfno
;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf kfFr ;b:oLo k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 lj:t[t JofVof eO{ pk/f]Qm cfwf/ /
cj:yf afx]s ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf k|bfg ug'{ clgjfo{
x'g] eGg] ;d]t -g]sfk @)^* lg=g+=+ *^^#, k[i7
!@&^_ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg eO{ Ps lglZrt\ Goflos
cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f e};s]sf] xFb' f ;f]xL ljifodf yk
AofVof / ljZn]if0f ul//xg cfjZos x'bF g} .
%= k|:t't d'2fsf lgj]bs xl/gfyk|;fbnfO{
k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #$ adf]lhd !% lbg
s}b ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod ** sf] b]xfo -3_ adf]lhd eljiodf
;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L avf{:t
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L k|x/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ug'{ cl3 lgj]bsnfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbOPsf]
jf ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbO/xg cfjZos gkg]{ s'/f
vf]nL 5'} krf{ v8f u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvg
cfpFbg} . lgj]bsnfO{ avf{:t ug{ cfwf/ lnOPsf]
pQm lgod ** sf] b]xfo -3_ df g}lts ktg
b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 ck/fwL
k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . k|ydtM lgj]bsnfO{ g}lts ktg b]lvg]
kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfo ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] ljifo g} ljrf/0fLo b]lvG5 . s]Gb|Lo k|x/L
ljz]if cbfntaf6 lgj]bsn] k|x/L P]g, @)!@
sf] bkmf #$ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/
u/]sf] 7x/L bkmf #$ adf]lhd h/Ljfgfsf] ;hfo
ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm v08 -u_ df cfk"m dflysf]
1039
k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf] sfg"gL pbL{ gdfg]df

eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOPsf]n] dflyNnf] txaf6
lbOPsf] cfb]z jf pbL{ gdfg]sf] sfo{nfO{ g}lts
ktg b]lvg] s;"/ dfGg ldNg] s'g} sfg"gL /
ljj]s;Ddt cfwf/ b]lvFbg} .
^= To;df klg P]gsf] bkmf !)-!_-s_
df g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf
s;"/bf/ 7x/L cbfntaf6 s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf]
/ ;f]xL bkmf !)-!_ sf] v08 -v_ df o; P]g
cGtu{tsf] ck/fw 7x/L s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf]
JolQmnfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf glbO{ avf{:t ug{
ldNg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm cj:yf
leGgfleGg} ePklg Pp6} lgisif{ lgsfNg] cj:yf
x'g\ . cyf{t\ oL b'a} cj:yfdf ;kmfOsf] df}sf
glbO{ k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ x6fpg ldNg] xf] . t/
pQm v08 -s_ / -v_ sf] Joj:yf leGgfleGg}
ePsf]n] b'an
} fO{ Ps csf{sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf
lng jf Ps csf{sf] :yfgdf /fVg ldNg] b]lvFbg} .
k|x/L P]gcg';f/ s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] cj:yf
leGg} xf] / g}lts ktg b]lvg] s;"/df cbfntaf6
;hfo kfPsf] cj:yf leGg} xf] . k|x/L P]gsf]
s;"/df s}b ;hfo kfPsf]nfO{ g}lts ktg b]lvg]
s;"/df ;hfo kfPsf] ;Demg gldNg] / To;}
u/L cbfntaf6 s'g} cGo P]gcGtu{tsf] g}lts
ktg b]lvg] cleof]udf ;hfo kfPsf]nfO{ k|x/L
P]gcGtu{t s}b ;hfo kfPsf] egL dfGg ldNb}g .
&= k|x/L P]gsf] bkmf !)-!_ sf] v08 v_ cfslif{t x'g ;f]xL P]gcGtu{tsf] s;"/df
s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] x'g'k5{ . To:tf] cj:yfdf
dfq ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg' gkg]{ Aoj:yf ePsf]
xf] . k|x/L P]gcGtu{tsf] s;"/df h/Ljfgfsf]
;hfo dfq kfPsf] cj:yfdf P]gsf] bkmf !)!_-v_ cfslif{ t x' g ;Sb} g . o; sfg" g L
Joj:yfcg';f/ h/Ljfgfsf] ;hfodfq ePsf
oL lgj]bsnfO{ ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf glbO{ ;]jfaf6
avf{:t u/]sf] k|ToIftM q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] cj:yfnfO{
cfwf/ lnO{ gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df

lg0f{odf cfwf/ lnOPsf] t/ pQm s}b ;hfo g}
k'g/fj]bg txaf6 pN6L eO{ h/Ljfgf dfq x'g]
7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug{sf]
nflu cjnDag ul/Psf] lg0f{ofwf/ g} vl08t
ePsf] 5 .
*= ca lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/L o;
cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z
k'g/fjnf]sg x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
x'g cfPsf] bf];f| ] tyf clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ dfly klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf]
sfg"gL AofVof / tYout ljZn]if0f tyf o;
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf ljj]lrt
cfwf/ sf/0faf6 lgj]bspk/ k|x/L P]gcGtu{tsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] egL bfo/ ul/Psf] d'2f k'g/fj]bg
txaf6 clGtd gx'bF } z'? txaf6 s}b ;hfo
ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ g} clGtd ;/x dfgL eljiodf
;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu ;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g]
u/L avf{:t u/]sf] /x]5 . k'g/fj]bg txsf] s]Gb|Lo
k|x/L ljz]if cbfntaf6 clGtd km};nf x'Fbf
z'?sf] lg0f{o pN6L eO{ h/Ljfgf dfqsf] ;hfo
7x/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . h/Ljfgfsf] dfq ;hfo
ePsf] s'/fnfO{ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L
s;"/ u/]sf] dfgL ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf ;d]t k|bfg
gu/L ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug{ ldNg] u/L k|x/L P]g
tyf lgodfjnLdf s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]
5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ug]{ u/L k|x/L dxflg/LIfsaf6 ldlt @)%*.#.@*
ut] ePsf] lg0f{o tyf ;f] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg
;'gL ;f]xL lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] k|ToyL{ u[xdGqLsf]
ldlt @)^$.!!.@^ sf] k'g/fj]bg txsf] lg0f{o
;d]t sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 . t;y{ oL l/6
lgj] b snfO{ k| x /L ;] j faf6 x6fpg] ldlt
@)%*.#.@* sf] z'? lg0f{o / To;nfO{ ;b/
u/]sf] ldlt @)^$.!!.@^ sf] k'g/fj]bg lg0f{o
;d]t sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ eO{ sfod /xg g;Sg] x'bF f
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca
1040
**%& - lrqb]j hf]zL lj=Gofo kl/ifb\ ;d]t
oL l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd tna ;'ljwf

;d]t k|bfg ug's
{ f ;fy} k"jj{ t\ ;]jfdf axfn
ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t
hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf]
o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^^.#.!
sf] lg0f{o ;f] xb;Dd q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;f]
lg0f{o sfod g/xg] u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf]
5 . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} @! ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L
&
lg0f{o g+= **%&

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
)^&WF))##
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.%.!$.%
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z ;d]t .
lgj]bsM lhNnf ndh', plbk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+=
$ 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf
j8f g+= #@ a:g] lrqb]j hf]zL
lj?4
ljkIfLM Gofo kl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t
:jR5 sf/jfxLsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of
Fair Trial) cGtu{t Goflos :jR5tfsf
;fy} k|lqmofut :jR5tf (Procedural
Fairness) klg cfjZos tTj x'G5 .
cyf{t\ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof /
1041
sfo{ljlw cjnDag u/]kl5 dfq k|df0fsf]

cfwf/df sf]xL JolQm bf]ifL xf], xf]Og
egL lg0f{o ug{ ;lsG5 . ljefuLo
sf/jfxLdf klg of] l;4fGt nfu" x'g]
x'bF f o;sf] a]jf:tf jf pk]Iff ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
kbd'Qm ug]{ ;hfo ubf{ sDtLdf klg
h'g cf/f]kdf x6fPsf] xf], ;f] cf/f]ksf]
;DaGwdf :ki6Ls/0f dfUg} kb{5 . kbd'Qm
ug]{ ;hfo ug{;Sg] Gofo kl/ifb\sf]
clwsf/cGtu{t ;DalGwt GofofwLznfO{
;'gj' fOsf] df}sf g} k|bfg gu/L, Pp6f
s;"/sf] ljifodf :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL cs}{
s;"/df kbd'Qm ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/nfO{
;xL dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
GofofwLznfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{
clGtd ;hfo ubf{ k|rlnt P]g lgoddf
plNnlvt sfo{ljlwsf] cIf/;M kfngf
jf cjnDag ul/Psf] x'gk' b{5 . o;df
clnslt klg ljrngsf] u'~hfo; 5}g .
k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] s'g} ?kn] /
n] ; dfq klg pNn+ 3 g u/L jf
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof kfngf gu/L
ul/Psf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df z"Go
x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@!_
;/sf/L sd{rf/L jf cGo ;fj{hlgs
kbflwsf/Lsf] ljefuLo sf/jfxL /
;hfosf] xsdf ;j{dfGo ?kn] :yflkt
eO;s]sf] ghL/ / sfg"gL l;4fGt nfu"
x'g] t/ hgtfnfO{ Gofo ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
af]ss
] f] GofofwLzsf] xsdf nfu" gx'g]
eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@#_
Gofo kl/ifb\ h:tf] pRr txsf] ;+jw} flgs
lgsfon] s'g} GofofwLzpk/ sf/jfxL
ubf{ dfkb08sf] a]jf:tf ug{ / ;+jw} flgs

k|lqmofsf] cjnDag gu/L cfkm"v'zL
(Doctrine of Pleasure) sf] cfwf/df
sf/jfxL ug{ jf kbd'Qm ug{ gldNg] .
Pp6f s;" / jf cf/f] k sf] ljifodf
sf/jfxL, hfFra'em / :ki6Ls/0f dfu
u/L csf]{ cfwf/ / s;"/df kbd'Qm ug]{
lg0f{ o lgM;Gb] x :jR5 ;' g ' j fOsf]
l;4fGtk| l ts" n , cfTdk/s Pj+
:j]R5frf/L lg0f{o x'g hfG5 . o:tf] lg0f{o
Gofok"0f{ gx'gs
' f] cltl/Qm GofofwLzxsf]
dfgl;stfdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ /
To;af6 ;Dk"0f{ Gofo Joj:yfdf 3fts
c;/ kg]{ s'/ftkm{ Gofokl/ifb\ ;hu /
;+jb] gzLn x'gk' g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=@%_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf /fdk|;fb
e08f/L / lgj]bs :jo+ lrqb]j hf]zL
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfx o'j/fh
;'jb] L / wd{/fh kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)$@, lg=g+= @@@^ k[= !&,
g]sfk @)$$ lg=g+= #!&^ k[i7 *#!
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f (!-#_
wf/f !)( sf] pkwf/f -!)_
Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s,
^-$_-3_
cfb]z
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM tTsfnLg g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **
-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfO{
;+oQ' m Ohnf;df k]z x'bF f ;f] Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofwLzxaLr dt}So x'g g;sL lgodfg';f/

o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bs g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /f=k=cg+
kbdf ldlt @)#*.@.$ df ;]jf k|jz
] u/]sf]df
ldlt @)$%.@.^ b]lv lhNnf GofofwLz kbdf
lgo'Qm e} ljleGg lhNnfdf /xL ;]jf ubf{ d]/f] s'n
;]jf cjlw @$ jif{ ( dlxgf @& lbg k'us
] f] 5 .
;]jfsf] qmddf @)^! ;fndf d lgj]bs
:of\hf lhNnf cbfntsf] lhNnf GofofwLz kbdf
sfo{/t\ /x]sf]df @)^! ;fn k'; @& ut] :of\hf
lhNnfdf cfof]lht /fli6o Pstf lbj; tyf
k[YjL hoGtLsf] cj;/df dnfO{ k|dv
' cltlysf]
kdf cfdGq0f u/L cfhsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6o
Pstf lbj;sf] dxTj ljifodf k|jrg ug{
elgPsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df d}n] ;fj{hlgs
kbdf /xL hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ kbflwsf/Lxn]
;]jfu|fxLxsf] lxtnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL sfd
ug'k{ g],{ uNtL sdhf]/LxnfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg'kg],{
/fHo Joj:yf / sfg"gk|lt cgf:yf km}nfpg]
sfdsf/jfxL ug{ gx'g], :j:y cfnf]rgfaf6
8/fpg gx'g,] unt sfd sfjf{xLxsf] 5fgaLg
u/L uNtL ug]{nfO{ bl08t ul/g'kg]{, ;'/Iff
lgsfosf
kbflwsf/Lxsf]
unt
sfdsf/jfxLxsf] ;d]t 5fgaLg u/L bl08t
ul/g'kg],{ cfly{s kf/blz{tf x'gk' g],{ unt sfo{nfO{
k|fT] ;fxg ul/g gx'g] cflb h:tf sfo{ ul/Pdf
/fli6o Pstf alnof] x'g] ePsf]n] ;a}sf] Wofg
To;tkm{ hfg h/L ePsf] / To;f] ug{ ;lsPdf
/fli6o Pstf dha"t x'g] cGoyf /fli6o Pstf
sdhf]/ x'g uO{ Gofo dg{ hfG5 eGg] cfzosf]
dGtJo lbPsf] lyPF .
plNnlvt ljrf/x cl8of] lel8of]
/]sl8{ ul/Psf]df unt p2]Zoaf6 5fF6sfF6
u/L cy{sf] cgy{ lgsfNg] dg;fon] k|;u+ a\UofO{
Gofo kl/ifb\df k7fOPsf] /x]5 . To;} qmddf
Gofo kl/ifb\af6 GofofwLzsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf,
1042
@)%% ljk/Lt ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbPsf]n]

;f] ;DaGwdf jf:tljs ljj/0f a'emfpg' x'g egL
kq k|fKt eP cg';f/ d}n] Gofo kl/ifb\df k|ltj]bg
k7fPsf] lyPF . o:t}df @)^! ;fn k'; @& ut]
k[YjL hoGtLsf] cj;/df kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt
pR5[+\vn dGtJo JoQm u/]sf] ;DaGwdf
/fo;lxtsf] k| l tj] b g k] z ug{ df=Gof=>L
dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t
;ldlt;dIf ;d]t d]/f] oyfy{ Joxf]/f lnlvt
aofgdf JoQm u/]sf] 5' .
To;} u /L ldlt @)^@.!).!! df
Gofokl/ifb\af6 Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf
$s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd
kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt ;fj{hlgs ;df/f]xdf clzi6
Jojxf/ u/L v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] / o;cl3
slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntdf sfo{/t\ /xFbf jfbL
>L % sf] ;/sf/ lj= hubDafnfn >Ljf:tj
ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf, kGb]xL lhNnf
cbfntdf sfo{/t\ x'bF f jfbL >L % sf] ;/sf/
lj4 /fdg/]z wf]jL ;d]t ePsf] nfu" cf}ifw
r/]z d'2fdf / jfbL >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj4
bLlnk lj=s= ePsf] nfu" cf}ifw ;]jg d'2fdf
sfg"gk|lts"n cfb]z u/]sf] ;Gbe{df @ k6s
;r]t u/fO{ ;lsPsf] b]lvPsf]n] tkfOFnfO{ ;]jfjf6
lsg d'Qm gug]{ < g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_ / Gofokl/ifb\
P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf * adf]lhd & lbgleq
:ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{' egL dnfO{ kqfrf/ ul/of] .
;f] ;DaGwdf dnfO{ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf] 5fgaLg
gu/L, :ki6Ls/0f g;f]wL dnfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{
df}sf g} glbO{ ;r]t u/fOPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf
dnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ cfwf/ gePsf] egL :ki6Ls/0f
lbPsf] lyPF .
tTkZrft\ Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd
;fj{hlgs :yn jf ;df/f]xdf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt
clzi6 Jojxf/ u/L v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf],
;f] ;DaGwdf ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0fsf] hjfkm

;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf], o;cl3 @ k6s ;r]t
u/fO{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf /x]sf]n] Gofokl/ifb\ P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08
-3_ adf]lhd sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjdf kbd'Qm
ul/Psf] egL ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^@.!@.^
df dnfO{ kbd'Qm ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] kq lbOof] .
o;/L k[YjL hoGtLsf cj;/df d}n]
lbPsf] cleJolQmsf] s'g zJb cfklQhgs xf]
ls6fg gu/L dnfO{ bf]ifL 7x/ ul/Psf] cj:yf
5 . d}n] ;df/f]xdf JoQm u/]sf] ljrf/nfO{ tf]8df]8
u/L l;nl;nf 6'6fO{ ;f]sf] cl8of], lel8of] Sof;]6
Gofokl/ifb\df pknJw u/fOPsf] / ;f] Sof;]6nfO{
cfwf/ dfgL sf/jfxL ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . o;cl3
ldlt @)%@.!.& sf] kqaf6 dnfO{ ;r]t u/fO{Psf]
kqdf Gofokl/ifb\n] s] s'g cf/f]kdf dnfO{ ;r]t
u/fPsf] xf], ;f] v'ns
] f] cj:yf 5}g . dnfO{
kbd'Qm ul/Psf] kqdf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj ePsf]
sf/0f bzf{O{ kbd'Qm ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . t/
dnfO{ kbd'Qm ug'k{ j" { p7fg ul/Psf] z' sf/jfxL
@)^!.(.@& sf] k[YjL hoGtLsf] cj;/df
;fj{hlgs ;df/f]xdf lbPsf] cleJolQm clzi6
/ pR5[v
\ n ePsf] eGg] cf/f]kdf 5fgaLg ;ldlt
u7g eO{ ;f] ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
dnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L x]bf{
z' sfjf{xLdf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjsf] k|;u+ gb]lvg'
/ kbd'Qm ubf{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL kbd'Qm ul/g' af6 g} sfg"gljk/Lt cf/f]k
kl/jt{g ul/Psf] k|i6 x'G5 . h'g Gofosf dfGo
l;4fGt, k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt, ;+ljwfg /
sfg"g ;d]tsf] k|lts"n 5 .
t;y{ dnfO{ nufO{Psf] cf/f]k, kbd'lQmsf
nflu ul/Psf] l;kmfl/z / kbd'Qm ul/Psf] sfo{
ljgf cfwf/, bjfa / k|efjsf sf/0f ePsf] eGg]
k|i6 5 . k|df0f / tYoaf6 k'li6 x'g g;s]sf]
s'/fnfO{ Ps kl5 csf]{ cf/f]k kl/jt{g ub}{
:jR5tfsf] cefjdf ul/Psf] kbd'lQm cfkm}d
F f
1043
sfg"gljk/Lt 5 . @)^! ;fnsf] k[YjL hoGtLsf]

cj;/df cfkm"n] GofofwLzsf] cfrf/;+lxtfljk/Lt
s'g} cleJolQm glbPsf], pQm ;df/f]xdf JoQm
ljrf/ Gofosf] d"No, dfGotf / /fli6o PstfnfO{
a9fjf lbg c;n lgotn] JoQm ljrf/x ePsf],
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj 7xl/g] vfnsf] cfkm"n] s'g}
sfd sfjf{xL gu/]sf] / ;f] s'/fsf] tYo / k|df0faf6
k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf d lj4sf] sf/jfxL
tfd]nLdf /flvg'kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/L lagf cfwf/
Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf
@sf] v08 -3_ / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f (!sf] pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd
dnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ u/L ljkIfLaf6 ePsf
sfdsf/jfxLn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_-@_, wf/f !@-!_-@_-s_,
-_ ;d]tf/f k|bQ d]/f] df}lns xs s'l07t x'g
uPsf]n] pQm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# / **-@_
adf]lhd k|:t't lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' . ctM d
lj4 ePsf] hfFra'em ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z /
Gofokl/ifb\n] dnfO{ kbd'Qm ug{] u/]sf] lg0f{o /
;f] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L dnfO{ kbdf axfn u/fpg'
egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z k|bfg
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6f]sf] Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy} /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfLx ;jf]R{ r cbfnt / Gofo kl/ifb\nfO{
;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' / lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5
jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . cGo
ljkIfLxjf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ /xg' k/]g
eGg] ;d]tsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^#.@.@ sf] cfb]z .
lgj]bs :of\hf lhNnf cbfntsf] lhNnf

GofofwLz kbdf sfo{/t\ /xFbf @)^! ;fn k';
@& ut] k[YjL hoGtL tyf /fli6o Pstf lbj;sf]
pknIodf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf dGtJo lbbf
kbLo dof{bfnfO{ Vofn u/L ;+oldt eO{ dGtJo
lbg'kg]{df ;f] gu/L l5d]sL sfof{no;Fusf]
;fgf]ltgf] ljjfbaf6 plAhPsf] c;dembf/Laf6
axlsP/ cdof{lbt / cfklQhgs dGtJo JoQm
u/]sf] b]lvPsf]] / ;f] sfo{ GofofwLzsf] kbLo
dof{bf / cfr/0fljk/Lt ePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf
l/6 lgj]bs;Fu ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0fsf] hjfkm
;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf], tt\ ;DaGwdf hfFra'em
ug{ ul7t hfFra'em ;ldltn] lghpk/ sfjf{xLsf
nflu k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg, lgj]bsnfO{ o;cl3
ldlt @)%@.!.& / @)^!.*.!* df @ k6s
;r]t u/fO{Psf] cj:yf /x]sf] / lghsf] sfd
sfjf{xL x]bf{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] b]lvg
cfPsf]n] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefjdf kbd'Qm ug{
:jLs[t e} cfPadf]lhd cfjZos sf/jfxLsf
nflu cg' / f] w ul/G5 egL Gofokl/ifb\
;lrjfnosf] r=g+= ##) ldlt @)^@.!@.$ sf]
kqaf6 n]vL cfPcg';f/ o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^@.!@.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt @)^@.!@.#
ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L r=g+= ##$( ldlt
@)^@.!@.^ sf] kqaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ePsf]
hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] xf] .
dfggLo GofofwLzxsf] lgo'lQm, ;jf,
a9'jf tyf sf/jfxLx Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfnon]
ug],{ sfo{ljlwut sfo{xdf dfq o; cbfntsf]
;+ n Ugtf /xg] ePsf] / Gofo kl/ifb\ a f6
lgj]bsnfO{ ldlt @)^@.!@.# ut]bl] v kbd'Qm
ug{] egL k|fKt kqsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)^@.!@.^
sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ePsf] kq
k7fOPsf] x'bF f o; cbfntsf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] df}lns xsdf s'g} c;/ gk/]sf] x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
1044
l/6 lgj]bsn] @)^! ;fn k'; @& ut]

k[YjL hoGtL tyf /fli6o Pstf lbj;sf]
pknIodf cfof]lht /fli6o Pstf / jt{dfg
kl/k|I] odf o;sf] ;fGble{stf ljifos ;fj{hlgs
;df/f] x df kbLo dof{ b fljk/Lt clzi6 /
pR5[+ v
\ n dGtJo JoQm u/]sf] egL pQm dGtJosf]
>Job[Zosf] /]s8{ -eL=;L=8L_ o; kl/ifb\df k|fKt
x'g cfPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf :ynut cWoog u/L
/fo;lxtsf] ljj/0f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf
d'Vo GofofwLzaf6 lng] egL ldlt @)^!.!).@%
df ePsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf
dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLzaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgdf
ljkIfL GofofwLzn] GofofwLzsf] kbLo dof{bf /
GofofwLzsf] cfrf/;+lxtfljk/Lt plNnlvt
;df/f]xdf cfklQhgs cleJolQm lbO{ kbLo
dof{bfnfO{ Vofn gu/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v e}
cfPsf]df pQm k|ltj]bg Gofo kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf
k]z x'Fbf ldlt @)^!.!@.@@ sf lg0f{ofg';f/
$-3_ sf] cf/f]kdf hfFra'em u/L /fo;lxtsf]
k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf df=Gof= >L
dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf Ps ;b:oLo
hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g e} ;f] ;ldltaf6 5fgaLg
x'bF f GofofwLz h:tf];s
' } ljifd kl/l:yltdf ;d]t
;+oldt eO{ dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gu/L
JolQmut Jojxf/ / l5d]sL sfof{no;Fusf]
c;dembf/Laf6 axlsP/ ;fj{hlgs ;df/f]xdf
cdof{lbt / cfklQhgs dGtJo JoQm u/]sf]
kfOPsf] / ;f] sfo{ kbLo dof{bfljk/Ltsf] cfr/0f
x'g] x'bF f o:tf] kl/l:yltdf g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (!-#_ adf]lhd
GofofwLznfO{ kbd'Qm ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
eGg] k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o; cl3 ljkIfLn] slknj:t' lhNnfdf
GofofwLz e} sfd ubf{ jfbL >L % sf] ;/sf/ /
k|ltjfbL hubDafnfn >Ljf:tj ePsf] st{Jo
Hofg d'2fdf ePsf] cfb]zpk/ ph"/L k/L ;f]
;DaGwdf ldlt @)%@.!.& df k|yd k6s /

kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf GofofwLz eO{ sfd
ubf{ jfbL >L % sf] ;/sf/ / k|ltjfbL /fdg/]z
wf]aL ;d]t ePsf] nfu" cf}ifw r/]z ;d]tsf
d'2fdf ul/Psf y'g5]s cfb]z sfg"gk|lts"n
b]lvPsf]n] uNtL ;Rofpg egL ldlt @)^!.*.!*
sf lg0f{ofg';f/ bf];f| ] k6s ;r]t u/fOPsf] cj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . Ps ;b:oLo hfFra'em ;ldltsf]
k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf Gofokl/ifb\af6 sf/jfxL x'bF f
;fj{hlgs ;df/f]xdf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6
/ pR5[+ vn dGtJo lbPsf] b]lvPsf], o; cl3
slknj:t' / kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf /xL ljleGg
d'2fdf y'g5]s cfb]z ubf{{ sfg"gk|lts"n / k|of]u
g} gx'g] sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L cfb]z u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n]
o; k"j{ @ k6s ;r]t u/fO{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf x'bF f
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjdf lghnfO{ lsg kb d'Qm
gug]{ egL g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f (!-#_ / Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf *
adf]lhd ljkIfL;Fu :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf]df lghsf]
:ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf] / lghsf]
sfdsf/jfxL x]bf{ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] ;d]t
b]lvg cfPsf] x'bF f Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd
sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefjdf kb d'Qm ug{ ldlt
@)^@.!).@# sf lg0f{ofg';f/ >L % df k]z ePsf]df
:jLs[t eO{ cfPcg';f/ lghnfO{ ldlt @)^@.!@.#
b]lv kbd'Qm ul/Psf] xf] .
o;/L ljkIfL GofofwLznfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{
sf/jfxL, l;kmfl/z / lg0f{o g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (!-#_, Gofokl/ifb\
P]g, @)$& / Gofokl/ifb\ sfo{ljlw lgodfjnL,
@)%^ n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] cfwf/, sf/0f /
k|lqmofadf]lhd ePsf] tyf o; ;lrjfnosf]
sfg"gcg'k ePsf] sfd sfjf{xLn] ljkIfLsf]
xsflwsf/df cf3ft k'us
] f] gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] Gofo kl/ifb\
;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
1045
lgj]bsnfO{ v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf]n] kbd'Qm

lsg gug]{ egL :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf] / ;f]xL
cfwf/ / cleof]udf kbd'Qm gu/L sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cefj b]vfO{ kbd'Qm ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ lg0f{o
u/]sf] Gofo kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 b]lvG5 . o;af6
h'g cleof]udf kbd'Qm ul/Psf] xf], ;f] cleof]usf
;DaGwdf cyf{t\ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefj ;DaGwdf
:ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf] b]lvFbg} . h'g cleof]udf
kbd'Qm ul/Psf] 5 ;f] cleof]usf ;DaGwdf
;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf glbO{ kbd'Qm ul/Pdf ;f]
sfo{ :jR5 ;'gj' fOsf] l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n Pj+
k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt x'g hfG5 .
;kmfOsf] ;d'lrt / kof{Kt df}sf glbO{ s;}sf]
lj4 lg0f{o ug{ Gofo ;+ut gx'g] dfq geO{ ;f]
lg0f{o cfTdk/s Pj+ :j]R5frf/L x'g hfG5 . s'g}
;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] s'g} /fi6 ;]jsnfO{ avf{:t
ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ h'g cleof]udf ;hfo ug{ nfluPsf]
xf], ;f] cleof]usf ;DaGwdf ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbO{
;f] ;DaGwdf :ki6Ls/0f dfuL lghn] lbPsf]
:ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs geP dfq avf{:t ug{
Gofo;+ut Pj+ o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fdf
k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGtcg's"n x'G5 . ;f]
geP gu/] cfTdlgi7, dgf]ut Pj+ :j]R5frf/L
lg0f{o x'g hfg] / o:tf] lg0f{o ab/efuL ;d]t
x'G5 . o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf]] d'2fdf
o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bs uf]kfns'df/ l;+x /fhk't
lj4 dWo If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ;d]t
ePsf] pTk|i] f0f d'2fdf -g]sfk @)$$, lg=g+=
#!&^ k[=*#!_ km};nf x'bF f :ki6Ls/0f dfu ubf{
nufOPsf] cleof]u / ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ubf{
lnOPsf] cfwf/ Pp6} gb]lvO{ a]Unfa]Un} b]lvPaf6
:ki6Ls/0fdf cleof]u g} gnufOPsf] ;DaGwdf
avf{:t ul/Psf] sfg"gljk/Lt x'g] / :ki6Ls/0f
gdfluPsf] cleof]udf avf{:t ug{ gldNg] egL
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 .
lgj]bs /fi6;j] snfO{ Gofo kl/ifb P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] -3_
cyf{t\ v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf] egL :ki6Ls/0f

dfu u/L ;f]xL cleof]udf kbd'Qm ug]{ l;kmfl/z
gu/L ;f]eGbf k[ys / :ki6Ls/0f g} gdfluPsf]
bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -@_ cyf{t\ sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cefj /x]sf] eGg] cleof]udf kbd'Qm ug]{ l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] Gofokl/ifb\sf] @)^@.!).@# sf] lg0f{oaf6
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj 5, 5}g
eGg] ;DaGwdf oL l/6 lgj]bsn] ;kmfO lbg
kfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . ;d'lrt / kof{Kt ;kmfOsf]
df}sf lbg gkfPsf] cj:yfdf lgh lj4 ul/Psf]
lg0f{o k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt eO{ q'l6k"0f{
/x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .
ctM Pp6f cleof]udf :ki6Ls/0f dfu
u/L csf]{ cleof]udf kbd'Qm ug]{ l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] / h'g cleof]udf kbd'Qm ug]{ l;kmfl/z
ul/Psf] 5, ;f] cleof]usf ;DaGwdf ;kmfOsf]
df}sf lbPsf] gb]lvPsf]n] lgh lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm
ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ cfwf/ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf]
l;4fGtk|lts"n Pj+ k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGtljk/Lt
eO{ ;f] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt Pj+ o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt Goflos l;4fGtcg'sn
" ;d]t gx'bF f
lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ u/L ldlt
@)^@.!).@# df Gofokl/ifb\af6 ePsf] lg0f{o /
tT;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo
GofofzLw >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfxsf] /fo .
oL l/6 lgj]bs tTsfn lhNnf cbfntsf]
GofofwLz /x]sf / Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g @)$& df
plNnlvt k|lqmof cjnDjg u/L tTsfn k|rlnt
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (!-#_ df
plNnlvt cfwf/df ;+ljwfg tyf Gofokl/ifb\
P]g, @)$& cg';f/ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfoaf6 oL
lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/Psf] cj:yfdf plNnlvt
;+ljwfg tyf Gofokl/ifb\ P]gsf] lgwf{l/t k|lqmof
cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f;Dd
ljz]if clwsf/If]qcGtu{t o; cbfntn] x]g{]
s'/f xf] . lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ af/]df eP
1046
ul/Psf sfdsf/jfxL;Fu ;DalGwt kmfOnx

dufO{ cWoog ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{
;DaGwdf eP u/]sf sf/jfxL tyf lg0f{odf tTsfn
k|rlnt ;+ljwfg tyf Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
df lgwf{l/t k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] kfOPsf] / oL
lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ubf{ ;'gjfO{sf] kof{Kt cj;/
glbPsf], sfg"gdf lgwf{l/t k|lqmof k"/f gu/]sf],
clwsf/ gePsf] lgsfoaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] jf
ab\lgot lrtfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{o tyf sf/jfxL
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf;Dd Gofokl/ifb\sf]
lg0f{osf] Goflos k/LIf0f o; cbfntaf6 x'g]
xf] . kbd'Qm ug]{ ;DaGwdf sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof
z' u/L l;kmfl/z ug],{ Gofokl/ifb\sf] kbflwsf/L
tyf ;b:ox tyf hfFra'emdf ;+nUg x'g]
GofofwLz tyf kbd'Qm ug]{ tTsfnLg >L % af6
oL lgj]bs;Fu s'g} b'/fu|x, b'lift efjgf / s'g}
l/;OjLsf] sf/0fn] lghnfO{ kbd'Qm ul/Psf]
eGg] s'g} ;a"b k|df0f ;d]t b]lvPg . o:tf]
cj:yfdf clwsf/k|fKt lgsfoaf6 sfg"gdf
lgwf{l/t k|lqmof cjnDag u/L lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm
ug]{ af/]df eP u/]sf] lg0f{o tyf sf/jfxLdf o;
cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ;d]t
b]lvPg . Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s=
sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] -3_ cg';f/ d'2fsf] sf/jfxL
jf lg0f{o ubf{ k|of]u g} x'g g;Sg] sfg"gsf]
k|of]u u/L jf sfg"gsf] :ki6 / c;+lbU3 JofVof
jf cy{nfO{ 5f]8/] ank"js
{ csf]{ JofVof jf cy{
u/L ;f] sf/jfxL jf lg0f{odf cg'lrt c;/
k'ofPdf sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] dflgg] eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] / lgj]bsn] sfg"gsf] k|lts"n x'g]
u/L / k|of]u g} gx'g] sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L cfb]z
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Gofokl/ifb\af6 @
k6s ;r]t ;d]t u/fO{ ;lsPsf] / o;/L ;r]t
u/fpg] lg0f{odf oL lgj]bsn] lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf]
cj:yf ;d]t b]lvFbf Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf @ sf] -3_ cg';f/ lgh
lgj]bsnfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjdf ul/Psf]
sf/jfxL sfg"g;+ut g} b]lvof] . t;y{, lgj]bsnfO{

kbd'Qm ug{ >L % df l;kmfl/z ug]{ u/L
Gofokl/ifb\af6 @)^@.!).@# df ePsf] lg0f{o /
;f] ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLxnfO{
cGoyf eGg ldn]g . t;y{ l/6 hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] eO{ l/6 vf/]h
x'g] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh
pk]t| Lsf] /fo .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{
k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6
lgj]bs lrqb]j hf]zLn] dnfO{ cjsfz lbg]
lg0f{o ubf{ dnfO{ klxnf b'O{ k6s ;r]t u/fPsf]
eGg] s'/f klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, t/ pQm b'j}
k6s d;Fu s]xL g;f]wL :ki6Ls/0fsf] df}sf klg
glbO{ Gofokl/ifb\n] ;f]em} ;r]t u/fPsf] kq
lbPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t :jod\ cfkm\gf] kIf k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] . lghs} tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
>L /fdk|;fb e08f/Ln] lgDgadf]lhd ax; ug'e{ of]M
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm
ul/Psf] egL a'emfPsf] ldlt @)^@.!@.^ sf]
kqdf Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf @ sf] v08 -3_ cg';f/ sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cefjdf kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] elgPsf] 5 .
;f] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf @-3_ sf] cf/f]k nufO{
lgj]bsaf6 :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPs} 5}g . h'g cf/f]k
nufO{ kbd'Qm ul/Psf] xf], ;f] cf/f]ksf] af/]df
v08g u/L ;kmfOsf] df}sf kfpg' lgj]bssf]
sfg"gL xs xf] . ctM Gofokl/ifb\sf] ldlt
@)^@.!).@# df ePsf] lg0f{o k|ydb[li6d} k|fs[lts
Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt e} ab/efuL 5 .
lgj]bsnfO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wbf ;fj{hlgs ;df/f]xdf
kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt cleJolQm lbPsf] eGb}
Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf
-$_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf]
5, t/ kbd'lQmsf] lg0f{o ubf{ bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ sf] cf/f]k nufO{
kbd'lQm ug]{ elgPsf]af6 lgj]bsk|lt ePsf]
1047
sf/jfxL / lg0f{o k|jQ

[ efjgf lnO{ hj/\h:tL
kdf ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
:ki6Ls/0f gdfluPsf] s;"/df ;hfo
u/]sf] lg0f{o o; cbfntaf6 l/6 g+= )^#WO
)&#^ lgj]bs ;'gLn sfsL{ lj4 dxfgu/Lo
k|x/L kl/;/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ePsf] pTk]i| f0f
k/dfb]z d'2fdf k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt 5 . kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{odf o; cl3 b'Ok{ 6s
;r]t u/fO;s]sf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/ lnPsf] 5 .
t/ h'g ljifodf ;r]t u/fOPsf] xf], ;f] ljifo
;r]t u/fpg] lg0f{o;Fu} 6'lO;s]kl5 To;nfO{
kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{ofwf/sf] kdf k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g .
Pp6} ljifodf b'O{ k6s sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug{
k|fGofosf] l;4fGtaf6 klg ldNb}g . t;y{, s'g}
cfwf/a]u/ k|ydb[li6d} sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]
lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ Gofokl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o ab/
u/L lgj]bsnfO{ k"jj{ t\ kdf axfn ug'{ cfjZos
ePsf]n] dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb
zfxaf6 JoQm /fo sfod x'gk' b{5 .
ljkIfL Gofokl/ifb\ ;d]tsf] tkm{af6
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfx >L o'j/fh ;'jb] L /
>L wd{/fh kf}8n
] n] lgDgadf]lhd ax; ug'e
{ of]M
lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug'{k"j{ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf 5fgaLg
;ldlt u7g eO{ lgj]bssf] aofg ;d]t lnO{ ;f]
;DaGwdf k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bg
;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ Gofokl/ifb\af6 :ki6Ls/0f
;f]lwPsf] / :ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]n]
kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] x'bF f ;f] lg0f{o ubf{
lgj]bsnfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf glbPsf] eGg ldNb}g .
kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{odf lgj]bsn] ;f] k"j{ slknj:t'
lhNnf cbfntdf / kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf
sfo{ / t\ /xF b fsf cj:yfdf u/] s f] q' l 6k" 0 f{
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ Gofokl/ifb\af6 b'O{ k6s
lgj]bsnfO{ ;r]t u/fOPsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{
cfwf/ lnO{ sfg"gL k|lqmofcg'k lg0f{o ul/Psf]
5 . pQm ;r] t kqxaf6 lgj] b sdf
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj b]lvPsf] egL :ki6 pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;r]t kqxsf] ;d]t a]jf:tf
u/L xfn lgj]bsn] kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6
/ pR5[v
\ n dGtJo lbPsf] eGg] 5fgaLg k|ltj]bg
;d]tn] b]vfPsf] 5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (!-#_ n] kbLo
cfr/0fljk/Lt Jojxf/ u/]df jf sfo{Iftf cefj
b]lvPdf oL b'j} jf tLdWo] s'g} Ps cj:yfdf
Gofo kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
GofofwLz jf lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{
kbd' Q m ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/] s f] lyof] .
;f]xLcg';f/ klxnf k6s k6s ;r]t u/fpFbf
klg k'gM kbLo dof{bfljk/Ltsf] sfo{ ug]{
lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ u/L Gofo kl/ifb\af6
ePsf] sf/jfxL / lg0f{odf s'g} q'l6 5}g .
GofofwLz c sd{rf/L h:tf] xf]Og . To;sf/0f
Ps s;"/df :ki6Ls/0f dfu ug]{ / csf]{ s;"/df
x6fpg gldNg] egL sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ghL/ GofofwLzsf] xsdf
nfu" x'g ;St}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf l/6 vf/]h x'g]
7xofPsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh
pk]t| Lsf] /fo sfod x'gk' 5{ .
b'j} tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'e
{ Psf] ax; ;'gL lgj]bs tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfn] k]z ug'e
{ Psf] ax;
gf]6 ;d]tsf] cWoog ul/of] . cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg]
tfl/v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d"ntM
b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfof]M
-!_ Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf]
egL :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
$s sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_
adf]lhdsf] s;"/df kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{o ug{
ldN5 jf ldNb}g <
-@_ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{
xf] jf xf]Og <
1048
@= lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf

ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs lrqb]j hf]zL :of\hf lhNnf
cbfntsf] lhNnf GofofwLz kbdf sfo{/t\ /xFbfsf]
cj:yfdf @)^! ;fnsf] k'; @& ut] k[YjL
hoGtL tyf /fli6o Pstf lbj;sf] pknIodf
cfof]hgf ePsf] sfo{qmddf lghn] kbLo
dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6 / pR5[v
\ n dGtJo lbPsf]
eGg] cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf lghpk/ 5fgaLg /
sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof k|f/De ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
qmddf Gofokl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^!.!).@% sf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf]v/fsf] d'Vo
GofofwLzsf] ;+of]hsTjdf 5fgaLg ;ldlt u7g
eO{ ;f] ;ldltn] @)^!.!!.$ ut] Gofokl/ifb\
;dIf cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . tTkZrft\
Gofokl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^!.!@.@@ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz >L
dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf Gofokl/ifb\
P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd Ps ;b:oLo
hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g eO{ ;f] ;ldltaf6
/fo;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .
tTkZrft\ pQm hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg,
>Job[Zo ;L=8L= / aofg sfuhftsf] cWoogaf6
;d]t Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s= sf]
pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs:yn
jf ;df/f]xdf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6 jf
pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/ u/L v/fa cfr/0f ePsf]
b]lvg cfPsf] / o; cl3 slknj:t' / kGb]xL
lhNnf cbfntdf sfo{/t\ /xFbf sfg"gsf] k|lts"n
x'g] u/L / k|of]u g} gx'g] sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L
cfb]z u/]sf]df ldlt @)%@.!.& / @)^!.*.!*
sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ b'O{ k6s ;r]t ;d]t u/fO{
;lsPsf]n] tkfOFnfO{ lsg kbd'Qm gug]{ egL
ldlt @)^@.!).!! sf] Gofokl/ifb\ s f]
lg0f{oadf]lhd :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] b]lvG5 .
#= /fli6o Pstf lbj;sf] dxTjsf] af/]df
dGtJo lbPsf], kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ jf
Jojxf/ gu/]sf] tyf v/fa cfr/0f ;d]t u/]sf]
xf]Og . ldlt @)%@.!.& / @)^!.*.!* df ;r]t

u/fpg' eGbf klxnf :ki6Ls/0f dfu gul/Psf]
x'bF f cfkm"nfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f gePsf]
egL lgj]bsn] Gofokl/ifb\ ;dIf :ki6Ls/0f k]z
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] :ki6Ls/0f k]z ePkl5
Gofokl/ifb\af6 lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^!.(.@& df
cfof]lht sfo{qmddf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6
jf pR5[v
\ n dGtJo JoQm u/]sf], GofofwLzn]
h:tf];'s} ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg cfkm"nfO{
;+oldt, cg'zfl;t / dof{bfsf] ;Ldfleq /x]/
sfo{ ug'{kg]{df JolQmut Jojxf/ / l5d]sL
sfof{no;Fusf] ;fgf]ltgf] ljjfbaf6 plAhPsf]
c;dembf/Laf6 axlsP/ ;fj{hlgs ;df/f]xdf
cdof{lbt / cfklQhgs dGtJo JoQm ug'{
GofofwLzsf] kbLo dof{bfljk/Ltsf] cfr/0f x'g]
eGg] Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd
ul7t hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvg
cfPsf]n] Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s
sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs
:yn jf ;df/f]xdf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6
jf pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/ u/L v/fa cfr/0f u/]sf]
b]lvg cfPsf]n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_ / Gofokl/ifb\ P]g,
@)$& sf] bkmf * adf]lhd ldlt @)^@.!).!!
sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0fsf] hjfkm
;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf]n] o; cl3 ldlt @)%@.!.&
/ @)^!.*.!* df u/L b'O{ k6s ;r]t ;d]t
u/fO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] / lghsf] sfdsf/jfxL
x]bf{ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefj ;d]t b]lvPsf]n]
-@_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjdf
kbd'Qm ug{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f (! sf] -#_ adf]lhd >L % df hfx]/ ug]{
egL ldlt @)^@.!).@# df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
tTkZrft\ Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfnosf] r=g+= ##)
ldlt @)^@.!@.$ sf] kqaf6 n]vL cfPcg';f/
o; cbfntsf] @)^@.!@.^ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ egL
1049
ldlt @)^@.!@.# b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L kbd'Qm ePsf]

hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 eGg] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf]
r=g+= ##$( ldlt @)^@.!@.^ sf] kqaf6
lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] b]lvg cfof] .
$= plNnlvt lg0f{osf] Joxf]/faf6
lgj]bsn] @)^!.(.@& df :of\hfdf cfof]lht
k[YjL hoGtL Pj+ /fli6o Pstf lbj; ;df/f]xsf]
cj;/df dGtJo JoQm u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
Ps ;b:oLo hfFra'em ;ldltn] 5fgaLg u/L
Gofokl/ifb\ ;dIf k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tnfO{
cfwf/ lnO{ lgj]bspk/ Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
sf] bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_
adf]lhd eGb} ldlt @)^@.!).!! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
:ki6Ls/0f dfluPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . lghnfO{
kbd' Q m ug] { eGg] ldlt @)^@.!).@# sf]
Gofokl/ifb\sf] lg0f{odf Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
sf] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_
adf]lhd kbd'Qm ug{ tTsfnLg >L % ;dIf
hfx]/ ug]{ egL lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf
lgj]bsnfO{ :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wg cjnDag ul/Psf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj+ kbd'Qm ul/Fbf cjnDag
ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yf b'js
} f] oxfF cjnf]sg
ug'k{ g]{ x'g cfof] .
%= lgj]bsnfO{ Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
sf] bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_
adf]lhd :ki6Ls/0f dfluPsf]n] pQm bkmf $s=
sf] pkbkmf -$_ x] b f{ b] x fosf] cj:yfdf
GofofwLzsf] v/fa cfr/0f ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg]
Joj:yf u/L b]xfo -s_ b]lv -em_ ;Dd ljleGg
cj:yfx /flvPsf] 5 . ;f]xL pkwf/f -$_ sf]
v08 -3_ df ;fj{hlgs:yn jf ;df/f]xdf kbLo
dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6 jf pR5[vn Jojxf/ ug]{
u/]df eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To:t}
lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{odf ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ sf]
cj:yf ePsf] egL pNn]v ePsf]n] pQm bkmf
$s sf] pkbkmf -@_ x]bf{ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf
GofofwLzdf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] dflgg]

5 eGg] Joj:yf eO{ b]xfo -s_ b]lv -em_ ;Dd
ljleGg cj:yfx pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL
v08 -3_ df d'2fsf] sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ubf{
k|of]u x'g} g;Sg] sfg"gsf] k|of]u u/L jf sfg"gsf]
:ki6 / c;+lbUw JofVof jf cy{nfO{ 5f]8]/
ank"js
{ csf]{ JofVof jf cy{ u/L ;f]sf] sf/jfxL
jf lg0f{odf cg'lrt c;/ k'ofPsf] eGg] cj:yf
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
^= o;k|sf/, pko'{Qm bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf -@_ n] GofofwLzdf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj
/xg] cj:yfx pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL bkmf
$s sf] pkbkmf -$_ n] GofofwLzdf v/fa
cfr/0f ePsf] dflgg] cj:yfx pNn]v u/]sf]
:ki6 b]lvg cfof] . lgj]bsnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] p7fg
ubf{, lgh pk/ 5fgaLg ubf{ / lgh;Fu :ki6Ls/0f
dfu ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf]
v08 -3_ sf] cfwf/df cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs :yn
jf ;df/f]xdf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6 jf
pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/ ug]{ u/]sf]n] v/fa cfr/0f
u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]ksf] ;DaGwdf sf/jfxL k|f/De
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . hfFra'em ;ldltn] k|ltj]bg
lbPkl5 Gofo kl/ifb\ P]gsf] bkmf * cg';f/
:ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf] b] l vG5 . ;f]
:ki6Ls/0f;DaGwL lg0f{o / kqdf lsg kbd'Qm
gug]{ egL cleof]u jf cf/f]k k|:tfj u/L P]gsf]
bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd
v/fa cfr/0fsf] cf/f]kdf :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf]
b]lvg cfpF5 .
&= o; ;DaGwdf Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
sf] bkmf * x]g{' ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5 . pQm
bkmfdf =====k]z ePsf] k|ltj]bg / ldl;n
sfuhftaf6 cf/f]k nfu]sf] GofofwLznfO{ ;+ljwfg
jf sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo x'gk' g]{ b]lvPdf kl/ifb\n]
cf/f]k nfu]sf] GofofwLznfO{ sf/0f / cfwf/
vf]nL :ki6Ls/0f k|:t't ug{ d'gfl;j ;do lbO{
;"rgf lbg'kg]5
{ ======= eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]
1050
kfOG5 . o;af6 s'g} GofofwLznfO{ s'g} ;hfo

ug'{ cl3 s'g cf/f]k jf cfwf/df ;hfo ug{
nfluPsf] xf], ;f] :ki6 v'nfO{ :ki6Ls/0f dfu
ug'k{ g]{ eGg] P]gn] afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
:jR5 sf/jfxLsf] l;4fGt (Doctrine of fair Trial)
cGtu{t Goflos :jR5tfsf ;fy} k|lqmofut
:jR5tf (Procedural Fairness) klg cfjZos
tTj x'G5 . cyf{t\ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof /
sfo{ljlw cjnDag u/]kl5 dfq k|df0fsf] cfwf/df
sf]xL JolQm bf]ifL xf], xf]Og egL lg0f{o ug{
;lsG5 . ljefuLo sf/jfxLdf klg of] l;4fGt
nfu" x'G5, o;sf] a]jf:tf jf pk]Iff ug{ ldNb}g .
*= Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf
$s n] GofofwLzsf] sfo{Ifdtf, Odfgbfl/tf /
kbLo cfr/0fsf] d"Nofg ug]{ cfwf/x pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . To;}sf] pkbkmf -@_ df GofofwLzdf
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj dflgg] cj:yfx, pkbkmf
-#_ df kbLo st{Josf] Odfgbf/Lk"js
{ kfng
gu/]sf] dflgg] cj:yfx / pkbkmf -$_ df
v/fa cfr/0f ePsf] dflgg] cj:yfxsf] 5'f5'}
cfwf/ / dfkb08x lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L P]gsf] pQm bkmf $s= sf] pkbkmf -@_,
-#_ / -$_ sf] ;+/rgf x]bf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)( sf] pkwf/f -!)_
tyf tTsfn k|rlnt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_ cg';f/
qmdzM sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f,
kbLo st{Josf] Odfgbf/Lk"j{s kfngf gu/]sf]
eGg] cf/f] k df sf/jfxL u/L kbd' Q m ug] {
k|of]hgsf nflu Gofo kl/ifb\ P]gsf] bkmf $s
n] pkbkmf -@_, -#_ / -$_ df 5'f5'} cf/f]kdf
sf/jfxL ug]{ ;DaGwdf k[ysk[ys cfwf/ /
cj:yfx pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To;}n]
GofofwLzdfly sf/jfxL ug'{ kbf{ cnucnu
cj:yfsf] nflu cnucnu cfwf/df sf/jfxL
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o;df s'g} c:ki6tf jf lljwfsf]
l:ylt 5}g .
(= lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug'{ eGbf cufl8

ldlt @)^@.!).!! r=g+= @(# sf] Gofo kl/ifb\sf]
kqaf6 :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwPsf] kfOG5 . ;f]
:ki6Ls/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{o / kqdf @)^!
;fnsf] k'; @& ut] :of\hf lhNnfdf cfof]lht
>L % k[YjL hoGtL tyf /fli6o Pstf lbj;sf]
sfo{qmddf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6 /
pR5[\vn dGtJo JoQm u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]ksf
;DaGwdf hfFra'em u/L /fo;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg
k]z ug{ Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ^
adf] l hd ul7t ;ldltsf] k| l tj] b gdf
GofofwLzn] h:tf];'s} ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg
cfkm"nfO{ ;+oldt, cg'zfl;t / dof{bfsf
;Ldfleq /fvL sfo{ ug'k{ g]d
{ f JolQmut Jojxf/
/ l5d]sL sfof{no;Fusf] ;fgf]ltgf] ljjfbaf6
plAhPsf] c;dembf/Laf6 axlsP/ ;fj{hlgs
;df/f]xdf cdof{lbt / cfklQhgs dGtJo
JoQm ug'{ GofofwLzsf] kbLo dof{bfljk/Ltsf]
cfr/0f / Jojxf/ x'g] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] /
;DalGwt ldl;n sfuhft ;d]tsf] cWoogaf6
b]lvg cfPsf]n] Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd
;fj{ h lgs :yn jf ;df/f] x df kbLo
dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6 / pR5[\vn Jojxf/
u/L v/fa cfr/0f ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] o;
cl3 slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntdf sfo{/t\ /xFbf
jfbL >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj4 hubDafnfn
>Ljf:tj ePsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2fdf tyf
kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntdf sfo{/t\ /xFbf jfbL
>L % sf] ;/sf/ lj4 lbnLk lj=s= ePsf]
nfu" cf}ifw ;]jg d'2fdf sfg"gsf] k|lts"n x'g]
u/L / k|of]u g} gx'g] sfg"gsf] ;d]t k|of]u u/L
cfb]z u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvO{ Gofo kl/ifb\sf] qmdzM
ldlt @)%@.!.& / @)^!.*.!* sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
@ k6s ;r]t ;d]t u/fO{ ;lsPsf]n] tkfO{nfO{
lsg kbd'Qm gug]{ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf]
b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f] :ki6Ls/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{o /
1051
kq ;d]tdf oL lgj]bsnfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj

/x]sf] cfwf/df lsg kbd'Qm gug]{ eGg] st},
s]xL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .
!)= lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ Gofo
kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^@.!).@# sf] lg0f{osf] Joxf]/f
x] b f{ ;fj{ h lgs ;df/f] x df cdof{ l bt /
cfklQhgs dGtJo JoQm u/L GofofwLzsf] kbLo
dof{bfljk/Ltsf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/ x'g] eGg]
Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd b]lvg cfPsf]n]
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (!
sf] pkwf/f -#_ / Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf * adf]lhd ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0fsf] hjfkm
;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf]n] o; cl3 ldlt @)%@.!.&
/ @)^!.*.!* df u/L b'O{ k6s ;r]t ;d]t
u/fOPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] / lghsf] sfdsf/jfxL
x]bf{ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefj ;d]t b]lvg cfPsf]n]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cefjdf kbd'Qm ug{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd >L
% dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/sf xh'/df hfx]/ ug]{
eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
!!= o;/L :ki6Ls/0f dfluPsf] lg0f{o
Pjd\ kqdf tyf kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{o Pjd\ kqdf
oL lgj]bsnfO{ @)%@ ;fndf / @)^! ;fndf
u/L b'O{ k6s ;r]t u/fOPsf] eGg] s'/f pNn]v
ul/Paf6 ;r]t u/fOPsf] cfwf/ / sf/0faf6}
kl5 kbd'Qm ug{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] egL dfGg
ldNg] jf cy{ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5}g . lsgeg] h'g
cfwf/df ;r]t u/fOPsf] 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf k'gM
Gofo kl/ifb\n] yk 5fgaLg jf sf/jfxL u/],
u/fPsf] 5}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/fsf] d'Vo
GofofwLzaf6 k|f/lDes hfFra'em u/fpFbf jf P]gsf]
bkmf ^ adf]lhd hfFra'em ;ldlt u7g ubf{
@)%@.!.& / @)^!.*.!* sf] ;r]t u/fPsf]
k[i7e"ld jf sf/0f af/] yk 5fgaLg jf hfFra'em
ug]{ u/L sfof{bz

] (Terms of Reference) lbPs}
5}g . To:t} l/6 lgj]bssf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj
5, 5}g eGg] af/] 5fgaLg jf hfFra'em ug{
Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ^ cg';f/ s'g}
;ldlt u7g ePs} 5}g . klxnf ;r]t u/fO;s]sf]
ljifosf] ;DaGwdf yk 5fgaLg ug'k{ g]{ eGg]
;DaGwdf Gofo kl/ifb\af6 s'g} lg0f{o klg ePsf]
5}g . o:tf] l:yltdf oL l/6 lgj]bssf] JolQmut
ljj/0f clen]vaf6 ;r]t u/fOPsf] s'/f b]lvg
cfPsf]n] k|;a; pNn]v u/]sf] ;Dd b]lvG5 .
klxnf ;r]t u/fPs} ljifonfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
;f] ;DaGwdf g :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf] 5, g
t ;f] cfwf/df kbd'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf
kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{odf klxnf ;r]t u/fOPsf]
s'/f pNn]v ul/P tfklg To;sf] s'g} lg0ff{os
dxTj b]lvFbg} / To;nfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{osf]
lg0f{ofwf/ agfpg ldNg] klg b]lvFbg} .
!@= ca oL lgj]bsn] k[YjL hoGtL Pj+
/fli6 o Pstf lbj;sf] lbg cyf{ t \ ldlt
@)^!.(.@& df :of\hfdf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf
lbPsf] cleJolQmsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ ;f] ljifodf
5fgaLg ug{ Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ^
adf]lhd ul7t ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf JolQmut
Jojxf/ / l5d]sL sfof{no;Fusf] ljjfbaf6
plAhPsf] c;dembf/Laf6 axlsP/ ;fj{hlgs
;df/f]xdf cdof{lbt / cfklQhgs dGtJo JoQm
ug'{ GofofwLzsf] kbLo dof{bfljk/Ltsf] cfr/0f
x'g] eP klg dGtJo JoQm ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt,
k[i7e"ld Pj+ cfkm"n] u/]sf] uNtLk|lt cfufdL
lbgdf xf]lzof/ /xg] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf]n] kbaf6
cjsfz glbO{ ;r]t u/fpg] jf o:t} cGo pko'Qm
sf/jfxL ug'{ dgfl;j b]lvG5 eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!#= ;f] ;ldltn] tTsfn :of\hf lhNnf
cbfntsf] lhNnf GofofwLzdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf oL
lgj]bs;Fu lnPsf] aofgsf] Joxf]/f klg k|ltj]bgdf
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf cbfnt;Fu hf]l8P/
1052
/x]sf] ;]gfsf] Jof/]ssf] k|dv

' tTsfnLg d]h/;Fu
/fd|f] JolQmut ;DaGw sfod x'g g;Sbf lhNnf
GofofwLz;Fu cg]s k|sf/sf] b'Jo{jxf/ ug's
{ f
cltl/Qm lhNnf cbfnt kl/;/df kmf]xf]/
kmfNg]nufotsf czf]egLo / cdof{lbt sfo{x
ePsf 5g\ . o; tYonfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf]v/fsf d'Vo GofofwLzsf] k|ltj]bg / Ps ;b:oLo
hfFra'em ;ldltsf cWoIf dfggLo GofofwLz
dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf] k|ltj]bgn] klg tYoxLg
jf cfwf/xLg jf lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 ;]gfk|lt
nufOPsf] em'f nf~5gf egL v08g u/]sf]
b]lvFb}g . Ps ;b:oLo ;ldltsf] hfFra'em
k|ltj]bgdf lhNnf GofofwLzn] k[YjLhoGtLsf]
;df/f]xdf JoQm u/]sf] ljrf/sf] cfwf/df tof/
ul/Psf] >Job[io ;'Gbf 7fpF 7fpFdf k|;u+ gldn]sf]
s]xL jfSox ck'/f] /x]af6 dGtJosf] s]xL c+z
x6fP/ 5f]6o\ fOPsf] h:tf] nfU5 egL k[= !@ df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm lhNnf
GofofwLzn] cleJoQm u/]sf] ljrf/x /fhgLlts
k"jf{ux| af6 jzLe"t eO{ cleJoQm u/]sf] gb]lvO{
;'/Iff lgsfoaf6 u/]sf] b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj/f]w k|s6
ug]{ clek|fon] cleJoQm u/]sf] / cfkm\gf] dgsf]
:jfefljs tLtf] kf]vs
] f] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 eGg]
;d]t dfggLo GofofwLz dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf]
Ps ;b:oLo 5fgaLg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf df=Gof=
lgj]bs lrqb]j hf]zL_ n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdaf6
cbfntk|ltsf] hgcf:yf g/fd|f] d}n} kfOg eGg]
;d] t k' g /fj] b g cbfnt, kf] v /fsf d' V o
GofofwLzsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!$= o;/L s'g} klg k|ltj]bgdf oL
lgj]bssf] sfo{Ifdtf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fPsf]
5}g . s'g} d'2fdf cfb]z jf km};nf ubf{ P]g
5f]8s
] f] jf Odfgbf/Lk"js
{ sfd gu/]sf] eGg] st}
pNn]v ePsf] kfOFbg} . tyflk h] h:tf] cj:yf
cfO{ k/] klg Pp6f GofofwLzn] h:tf];s
' } ljifd
kl/l:yltdf klg cfkm"nfO{ ;+oldt, cg'zfl;t
/ dof{bfsf ;Ldfleq /x]/ sfo{ ug'k{ g]d{ f gu/]sf]n]

lghnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] jf o:t} cGo pko'Qm
sf/jfxL ug'{ dgfl;j b]lvG5 eGg] ;Dd hfFra'em
;ldltsf] lgisif{ / ;'emfj /x]sf] kfOG5 . hfFra'em
;ldltn] ;r]t u/fpg] ;Ddsf] ;'emfj lbg'sf]
cfwf/ tkm{ x]bf{ Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ df
;fj{ h lgs :yn jf ;df/f] x df kbLo
dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6 jf pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/ ug]{
u/]df eGg] pNn]v 5 . ug]{ u/]df eGg]
zJbfjnL k|of]u ug's
{ f] cf;o s] xf] eg] ;DalGwt
GofofwLzn] Ps k6s eGbf a9L jf af/Daf/
clzi6 jf pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg]
To:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ GofofwLznfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{
eGg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] Joj:yf xf] . Ps
k6s dfq} clzi6 jf pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/ ug]{
GofofwLznfO{ klg kbd'Qm ug]{ u/L clGtd ;hfo
ug'{ kb{5 eGg] pQm wf/fsf] cf;o / Joj:yf
xf]Og . hals k|:t't ;Gbe{df oL l/6 lgj]bsn]
klxnf] k6s klg cf/f]lkt clzi6 jf pR5[v
\ n
Jojxf/ u/]s} xf] eGg] s'/f k"0f{ ?kn] :yflkt x'g
g;sL ljjflbt cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] 5 .
!%= hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf ;r]t
u/fpg] ;Dd ;'emfj pNn]v eP klg oL lgj]bsn]
@)^!.(.@& sf] ;df/f]xdf af]ns
] f] vf; s] s'/f
jf s] s] s'/f Gofokl/ifb\ P]gsf] bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ ljk/Lt clzi6 jf
pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/sf] >]0fLleq k/]sf 5g\ eGg]
;f] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . k|ltj]bgsf]
tYoleq k|jz
] u/L oxfF To;sf] lj:t[t ljj]rgf
ug'{ cfjZos / ;fGble{s geP klg ;f]
k|ltj]bgaf6 pQm bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf]
v08 -3_ sf] cj:yf /x]sf] egL lglZrt\ kn]
eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ b]lvFbg} . P]gsf] bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ tkm{ 5fgaLg jf
hfFra'em ePs} 5}g / ;f] s'/f k|ltj]bgaf6
1053
b]lvPsf] klg 5}g egL dflysf] k|s/0fxdf

pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
!^= o;/L lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug'k{ j" {
ePsf] 5fgaLg Pj+ Gofokl/ifb\af6 ;f]lwPsf]
:ki6Ls/0f ;d]t Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ cyf{t\
;fj{hlgs :yn jf ;df/f]xdf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt
clzi6 jf pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/ u/L v/fa cfr/0f
ePsf] eGg] cf/f]ksf ;DaGwdf dfq ;Lldt /xL
hfFra'em ePsf] / ;f]xL ljifodf :ki6Ls/0f
;f]lwPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/ lghnfO{ kbd'Qm
ug]{ Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^@.!).@# sf] lg0f{odf
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ cyf{t\ d'2fsf] sf/jfxL
jf lg0f{o ubf{ k|of]u x'g} g;Sg] sfg"gsf] k|of]u
u/L jf sfg"gsf] :ki6 / c;+lbUw JofVof jf
cy{nfO{ 5f]8/] ank"js
{ csf]{ JofVof jf cy{ u/L
;f] sf/jfxL jf lg0f{odf cg'lrt c;/ k'ofPsf]
sf/0f sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf
kbd'Qm ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] cf/f]ksf] v08g
ug{ jf ;f] cf/f]ksf] af/]df cfkm\gf] ;kmfO k]z
ug{ lgj]bsn] df}sf kfPsf] b]lvg cfpFbg} .
!&= Gofokl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^@.!).@#
sf] lg0f{osf] cGt/j:t' cjnf]sg ubf{ klg Gofo
kl/ifb\ P]gsf] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf]
v08 -3_ sf] s;"/ cyf{t v/fa cfr/0f /x]sf]
eGg] af/]df lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f
;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] eGb} P]gsf] bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ sf] s;"/ cyf{t\
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] eGg] cf/f]kaf6 kbd'Qm
ul/Psf] b]lvFbf Gofokl/ifb\sf] ;f] lg0f{odf Pp6f
cf/f]kdf sf/jfxL rnfO{ csf]{ a]Un} k|sl[ tsf]
cf/f]k nufO{ kbd'Qm ul/Psf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
h'g Gofokl/ifb P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf * ;d]t;Fu
ldNg] b]lvFbg} .
!*= ;+ljwfg / Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf] s'g} GofofwLzpk/
cg'zf;gfTds sf/jfxL Pj+ avf{:tL ;d]t ug{

;Sg] clwsf/ k|fKt Gofo kl/ifb\n] s'g} GofofwLz
pk/ ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL
ubf{ Gofokl/ifb\ P]gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] cj:yfdf
lglZrt / 7f]; cfwf/df cf/f]k nufpg], ;f]
;DaGwdf lghnfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] plrt / kof{Kt
df}sf lbg'kg]{ / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/, sf/0f v'nfO{
avf{;L jf kbd'Qm ug]{ ;Ddsf] sf/jfxL lg0f{o
ug{;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf xf] . o; s'/fdf ljjfb
5}g . t/ s'g} GofofwLznfO{ s'g} cf/f]k nufO{
kbaf6 d'Qm ug]{ ;Ddsf] pkNnf] xbsf] sf/jfxL
ubf{ ;+ljwfg / P]gcg'k Gofok"0f{ / ljj]s;Ddt
9+un] x'gk' 5{ . o;df klg ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
GofofwLznfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ ;hfo ubf{ sDtLdf
klg h'g cf/f]kdf x6fPsf] xf], ;f] cf/f]ksf] ;DaGwdf
:ki6Ls/0f dfUg} kb{5 . kbd'Qm ug]{ ;hfo ug{
;Sg] Gofo kl/ifb\sf] clwsf/cGtu{t ;DalGwt
GofofwLznfO{ ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf cyf{t\ :ki6Ls/0f
k]z ug]{ cj;/ g} k|bfg gu/L jf Pp6f s;"/sf]
ljifodf :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL cs}{ s;"/df kbd'Qm
ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ klg kb{5 egL dfGg ;lsFbg} .
!(= oL lgj]bssf] xsdf hfFra'em ug{
Gofokl/ifb\af6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dfggLo
GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf
ul7t hfFra'em ;ldltnfO{ lbOPsf] sfof{bz
] df
g} :ki6tM lgj]bspk/ Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$&
sf] bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] b]xfo -3_
cg';f/sf] s;"/ cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs :yn jf
;df/f]xdf kbLo dof{bfljk/Lt clzi6 jf
pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/ u/]sf] eGb} v/fa cfr/0f
u/]sf] dflgg] s;"/sf] ljifodf hfFra'em u/L
k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ u/L ;f] ;ldlt u7g ePsf]
eGg] b]lvG5 . pQm hfFra'em ;ldltn] oL lgj]bs
pk/ lghsf] cfr/0f v/fa ePsf] eGg] cf/f]ksf
;DaGwdf dfq hfFra'em u/L ;f]xL cf/f]ksf
ljifodf dfq ;Lldt e} cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg k]z
u/]sf] s'/f pQm k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6 b]lvPsf]
1054
egL dfly ljleGg k|s/0fxdf lj:t[t ljj]rgf

klg eO;s]sf] 5 .
@)= hfFra'em ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf
lgj]bsn] k[YjL hoGtL Pj+ /fli6o Pstf lbj;sf]
pknIodf :of\hf lhNnfdf ldlt @)^!.(.@& df
cfof]lht sfo{qmddf JoQm u/]sf ljrf/x s'g
kl/l:ylt kl/j]z / afWotfsf sf/0f JoQm u/]sf
x'g\ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f]
k|ltj]bgdf lgj]bssf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf]
eGg] Joxf]/f;Dd klg slxFst} k/]sf] 5}g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] pQm hfFra'em ;ldlt ;dIf
s]jn v/fa cfr/0f /x]sf] eGg] cf/f]ksf ljifodf
cfkm\gf] ;kmfO k]z ug{ kfPsf] xf] . sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cefj /x]sf] eGg] af/]df lghpk/ s'g} cf/f]k
nufOPsf] b]lvg cfpFbg} . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt
Gofo kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^@.!).@# sf] lg0f{odf
:ki6tM Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s sf]
pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ cyf{t\ sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cefj /x]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm
ug{ hfx]/ -l;kmfl/z_ ul/Psf] b]lvFbf ;f] lg0f{o
tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f (! sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] Joj:yfsf] dd{ /
efjgf ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
@!= GofofwLznfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{
h:tf] clGtd ;hfo ubf{ k|rlnt P]g lgoddf
plNnlvt sfo{ l jlwsf] cIf/;M kfngf jf
cjnDag ul/Psf] x'gk' b{5 . o;df clnslt
klg ljrngsf] u'~hfoz 5}g . k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGtsf] s'g} ?kn] / n]z dfq klg pNn+3g
u/L jf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof kfngf gu/L
ul/Psf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df z"Go x'G5 . o:t}
l;4fGt lgj]bs jL/axfb'/ /fpt clx/ lj4
g]kfn ;/sf/, u[x dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+=
)^%WF))!# sf] pTk]i| f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ljifosf]
l/6df o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k|ltkfbg
eO{ ldlt @)^*.%.* df lg0f{o eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}n] GofofwLzpk/ sf/jfxL ug{ clwsf/ k|fKt
Gofo kl/ifb\n] ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt

l;4fGt, sfg"gsf] Joj:yf / efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{
s'g} GofofwLzk|lt cGofo gxf];\ eGg] tkm{ k"0f{
;ts{ /xg'k5{ .
@@= s'g} /fi6;j] s pk/ Pp6f cf/f]ksf]
;DaGwdf :ki6Ls/0f ;f]wL csf]{ 5'} cf/f]k nufO{
kbd'Qm ul/Pdf To:tf] lg0f{o / sfdsf/jfxL
sfg"gk|lts"n x'g] egL o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bs
uf]kfns'df/ l;+x /fhk't lj4 dWoIf]qLo k|x/L
sfof{no sf7df8f}+ ;d]t ePsf] pTk]i| f0f ;d]tsf]
l/6 lgj]bgdf -g]sfk @)$$ lg=g+= #!&^ k[i7
*#!_ JofVof eO{ l;4fGt sfod eO/x]sf] 5 .
oxL l;4fGtadf]lhd l/6 g+= )^#WO&#^
lgj]bs ;'gLn sfsL{ lj4 dxfgu/Lo k|x/L
kl/;/ sf7df8f}+ ePsf] d'2fdf ldlt @)^&.#.&
df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L g]sfk @)$@,
lg=g+= @@@^ k[= !&, ;d]tdf o; l;4fGtnfO{
cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
@#= o;k|sf/ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf]
pNn+3g u/L jf sfg"gsf] k|lqmof kfngf gu/L
ul/Psf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df z"Go x'g],
/fi6;j] snfO{ Pp6f cf/f]ksf] af/]df :ki6Ls/0f
;f]wL csf]{ 5'} cf/f]kdf kbd'Qm ul/Pdf To:tf]
lg0f{o / sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gk|lts"n e} ab/ x'g]
eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ cg]s d'2fdf k6s k6s o;
cbfntn] ckgfpFg} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/L
jf cGo ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] ljefuLo sf/jfxL
/ ;hfosf] xsdf ;j{dfGo ?kn] :yflkt
eO;s]sf] pQm ghL/ / sfg"gL l;4fGt nfu" x'g]
t/ hgtfnfO{ Gofo ug]{ lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf]
GofofwLzsf] xsdf nfu" gx'g] eGg ldNb}g .
GofofwLz sd{rf/L gePsf]n] pQm ghL/ cfslif{t
gx'g] eGg] ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] ax; a'bF f s'g}
dfkb08 jf b[li6sf]0fn] plrt, ts{;u+ t / u|x0f
of]Uo 5}g .
@$= ;+ljwfg / P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf
ljk/Lt pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf] ts{ k|:t't ug'{ b'ef{Uok"0f{
1055
/x]sf] 5 . cfkm"kl| t / cbfntk|lt ul/Psf] 3f]/

b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ ;xg u/]/ a;]sf] lhNnf GofofwLzn]
;a}n] sfg"gadf]lhd rNg'k5{ eGg] nufotsf] s'/f
pNn]v u/L lbPsf] cleJolQm cfkm}dF f P]gn] u/]sf]
clzi6 jf pR5[v
\ n Jojxf/sf] kl/efiffleq gkbf{
klg GofofwLzn] h] h:tf] kl/l:yltdf klg
cfkm"nfO{ ;+oldt, cg'zfl;t / dof{bfsf] ;Ldfleq
/xg'kg]{ eGb} lgj]bssf] cleJolQmnfO{ clzi6 /
pR5[vn Jojxf/ b]Vg] Gofo kl/ifbn] ;f]xL
cfwf/df sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj b]Vg' csf]{ b'ef{Uok"0f{
s'/f xf] . o;sf] cltl/Qm lgj]bs lhNnf GofofwLzn]
af]ns
] f] sltko s'/fxnfO{ nf]k ul/Psf] / w]/}
h;f] gsf/fTds h:tf] b]lvg] cleJolQmsf] >Job[Zo
-;L=8L=_ lsg tof/ ul/Psf] xf] < lgj]bsn] af]ns
] f]
c s'/f s;n], s] k|of]hgn] nf]k u/]sf] xf] <
To;tkm{ Gofo kl/ifb\n] Wofg lbPsf] kfOPg .
dfggLo GofofwLz dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLsf]
k|ltj]bgdf ;f] s'/f pNn]v ul/P tfklg pQm
;L=8L= / lgj]bsn] lbPsf] cleJolQmsf] k[i7e"ld
/ hfFra'em ;ldltn] lbPsf] /fo;lxtsf] k|ltj]bgsf]
j:t'lgi7 ?kdf d"Nofg u/L oL lgj]bs Pjd\
cbfntk|lt b'Jo{jxf/ ul/Psf] lyof] jf lyPg eGg]
s'/f / lgj]bs pk/ b'Jo{jxf/ ul/Psf] eP ;f] ug]{
dfly sf/jfxL ug'{ u/fpg' kg]d{ f To;tkm{ Gofo
kl/ifb\ / ;jf]R{ r cbftnn] klg Wofg} glbP/
PstkmL{ 9+un] lgj]bs lhNnf GofofwLz pk/
sf/jfxL ug]{ tkm{ dfq nfu]sf] b]lvPaf6 oL
lgj]bssf] xsdf Gofokl/ifb\sf] sfdsf/jfxL
k"jf{ux| /lxt, Gofok"0f{ / sfg"gadf]lhd b]lvg cfPg .
@%= k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ubf{ / k|zf;lgs
jf cGo sd{rf/Lx pk/ sf/jfxL ubf{ Go"gtd\
dfkb08 / sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw cjnDag
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . gul/P To:tf] sf/jfxL ab/efuL
x'G5 . Gofo kl/ifb\ h:tf] pRr txsf] ;+jw} flgs
lgsfon] s'g} GofofwLzpk/ sf/jfxL ubf{ To:tf
dfkb08sf] a]jf:tf ug{ / ;+jw} flgs k|lqmofsf]
cjnDag gu/L cfkm"vz
' L (Doctrine of Pleasure)
sf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL ug{ jf kbd'Qm ug{ ldNb}g .

oL ;du| kIfaf6 x]bf{ oL l/6 lgj]bssf] xsdf
ul/Psf] lg0f{oaf6 Gofo kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o Ifdtf /
ljZj;gLotf (Credibility) dfly uDeL/ k|Zg lrGx
v8f ePsf] 5 . cfufdL lbgxdf Gofokl/ifb\n]
o;tkm{ uDeL/tfk"js
{ / ;+jb] gzLn eP/ kof{Kt
Wofg lbg] 5 eGg] s'/fdf of] Ohnf; ljZj:t 5 .
lsgeg] Pp6f s;"/ jf cf/f]ksf] ljifodf sf/jfxL,
hfFra'em / :ki6Ls/0f dfu u/L csf]{ cfwf/ /
s;"/df kbd'Qm ug]{ lg0f{o lgM;Gb]x :jR5 ;'gj' fOsf]
l;4fGtk|lts"n, cfTdk/s Pj+ :j]R5frf/L lg0f{o
x'g hfG5 . o:tf] lg0f{o Gofok"0f{ gx'gs
' f] cltl/Qm
GofofwLzxsf] dfgl;stfdf o;n] gsf/fTds
k|efj kfg]{ / To;af6 ;Dk"0f{ Gofo Joj:yfdf
3fts c;/ kg]{ s'/ftkm{ Gofokl/ifb\ ;hu /
;+jb] gzLn x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 .
@^= ctM dfly ljleGg k|s/0fxdf
ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/ sf/0fxaf6 l/6 lgj]bs
lrqb]j hf]zLnfO{ lhNnf GofofwLzsf] kbaf6
d'Qm ug{ tTsfnLg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;dIf
hfx]/ -l;kmfl/z_ ug]{ u/L Gofokl/ifb\af6 ldlt
@)^@.!).@# df ePsf] lg0f{o tTsfn k|rlnt
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f (!
sf] pkwf/f -#_ / Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf $, $s, %, ^, / bkmf * sf] ljk/Lt Pjd\
:jR5 ;'gj' fOsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] a]jf:tf u/L
eP u/]sf] b]lvFbf pQm lg0f{o / sfdsf/jfxL
q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfof] .
@&= ca lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og < eGg] bf];f| ] k|Zgtkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ Gofokl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf $s
sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] v08 -3_ cyf{t\ v/fa
cfr/0f u/]sf] egL lgj]bspk/ hfFra'em
;ldltdfkm{t\ hfFra'em u/fO{ ;f]xL ljifodf
lgh;Fu :ki6Ls/0f dfu ul/Psf] t/ oL lgj]bssf]
:ki6Ls/0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] eGb} ;f] P]gsf]
bkmf $s sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ cyf{t\
1056
**%* - g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=Hof]lt /fO{
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] eGg] cf/f]k ;d]t

lg0f{o g+= **%*
nufO{ l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ kbd'Qm ug]{ Gofo kl/ifb\sf]
ldlt @)^@.!).@# sf] lg0f{o sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{
/x]sf] egL dflysf k|s/0fxdf ;lj:tf/ ljj]rgf
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
@*= lgj]bsnfO{ lhNnf GofofwLzsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk]t| L
kbaf6 kbd'Qm ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^@.!).@# df
kmf}=k'=g+= )^*CR)&**
ePsf] Gofo kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df kbd'Qm
km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.!#.$
ul/Psf] egL ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 lgj]bsnfO{
ldlt @)^@.!@.^ sf] kq lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
d'2f M dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ .
dflysf k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/ Gofo
kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^@.!).@# sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt k'g/fj]bs jfbLM s s'df/Lsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
gePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o / ;f]xLcg';f/ lbOPsf]
;/sf/
@)^@.!@.^ sf] kq sfod /xg g;Sg] u/L
lj?4
cl:tTjxLg eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Gofo k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM pbok'/ lhNnf /fdk'/ 7f]lS;nf
kl/ifb\sf] pQm ldltsf] lg0f{o / ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf]
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ a:g] Hof]lt /fO{
pQm ldltsf] kqnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o /
sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ eO{ ab/efuL ePsfn]
;jf] { R r cbfntsf] k' g /fj] b sLo
pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ug]{ u/L o; cbfnt
If]qflwsf/nfO{ qmdzM xn'sf ub}{ n}hfg]
;+oQ' m Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/
ljwflosfsf] dg;fo /x]sf] tYo ljwflosL
k|;fb zfxn] JoQm ug'{ ePsf] /fo dgfl;j
Oltxf;af6 :ki6} b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
b]lvFbf ;f]xL /fo sfod x'G5 .
ljwflosfsf] pQm dg;foljk/Lt x'g]
@(= ca lgj]bsnfO{ Gofokl/ifb\sf] ldlt
u/L Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
@)^@.!).@#sf] lg0f{oaf6 s'g} k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{
( sf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ug{ gldNg] .
u/L ;;Ddfg / oyfzLw| GofofwLz kbdf k'gj{xfnL
-k|s/0f g+=^_
ug'{ u/fpg' egL Gofo kl/ifb\, Gofokl/ifb\ ;lrjfno
Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{
/ ;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;d]tsf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t
;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^& f/f
hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t ;fy}
;+zf]lwt Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
/fvL o;sf] hfgsf/L / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;jf]R{ r
bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ sf]
cbfntsf] /lhi6f/, Gofokl/ifb\ / Gofokl/ifb\
sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ z'? cbfnt,
;lrjfnonfO{ n]vL k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
lgsfo jf clwsf/Laf6 tLg jif{eGbf
ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" .
sd ;hfo u/]sf] / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
;f] ;hfo pN6L jf s]xL pN6L u/]sf]
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] pQm
km};nfpk/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
nfUg g;Sg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
-k|s/0f g+=&_
1057
k' g /fj] b g cbfntaf6 jfbL /

k| l tjfbLxdWo] hh;sf] xsdf
Ps}k6s km};nf ePsf] 5 ;f] cfwf/df
Ps}rf]l6 km};nf ePsfsf] xsdf o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / gnfUg]
lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 eGg] Gofo k|zf;g
P]g @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] dg;fo
ePsfn] eljiodf s] s:tf] xf]nf eGg]
cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df cd's k|sf/sf] lgisif{
lgsfNg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
ls/0f kf}8n
]
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (
-!_-v_, -u_ / -@_
Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
!#-!_-s_, -v_ / -%_-s_
dfgj a] r lavg tyf cf] ; f/k;f/
lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $-@_-v_,
!%-!_-r_
c=a+=+ !() g+=
-ljz]if k|sl[ tsf d'2fxsf] sf/jfxLdf kIfsf]

uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg] ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw lgb]l{ zsf,
@)^$ adf]lhd k|:t't d'2fsf hfx]/jfnf
kLl8tsf] jf:tljs gfd kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 .
lghsf] jf:tljs gfd / 7]ufgf;lxtsf] oyfy{
ljj/0f l;naGbL u/L 5'} vfddf ldl;n;fy
/flvPsf] 5 ._
km};nf
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
d 3/df a;L cfkm\gf] 3/fo;L sfd

ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{ lghsf]
dfdfsf] 3/df cfPsf] a]nf d;Fu lrghfg eO{
ltdLx oxfF o;/L a:g'eGbf ljb]zdf Hofb}
vfFrf] 5, s]xL sfd u/]/ a:g'k5{ . d;Fu ljb]z
k7fpg] dfG5] 5 . d ltdLnfO{ ljb]z k7fOlbG5'
egL /fxbfgL;d]t lgh k|ltjfbLn] g} k};f nufO{
agfO{ lbO{ dnfO{ ljleGg k|nf]eg b]vfO{ lgh
k|ltjfbLn] g} dnfO{ emfkfsf] sfFs8lef;Dd
k'ofO{ ToxfFaf6 ckl/lrt dflg;xsf] lhDdf
nufO{ lgh kmls{cfPsf] / tL dflg;xn] ef/tsf]
aDaO{ x'Fb} ljb]z k7fpg] l;nl;nfdf dnfO{
hj/\h:tL of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ u/]sf] / dlxgf
d/]kl5 k};f dfUbf tFnfO{ d}n] g]kfnaf6 lsg]/
NofPsf] eg]sf]n] dnfO{ a]rs
] f] /x]5 eGg] s'/f
yfxfkfO{ d ToxfFaf6 efUg pDsg ;kmn eO{
g]kfn cfO{ of] hfx]/L b/vf:t k]z ug{ cfPsL
5' . lgh Hof]lt /fO{pk/ sf/jfxL xf];\ eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] s s'df/Lsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
d cfkm\gf] 3/df 3/fo;L sfd u/L a:t}
cfPsLdf k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{;uF lrghfg eof] .
lrghfg eO{ s'/fsfgL ub}{ hfFbf k|ltjfbLn] d
dfG5] ljb]z k7fpg] sfd u5'{ . Ph]06 x'F ltdL
h:tf] w]/} dlxnfnfO{ ljb]z k7fO{ ;s]sL 5'
eg]sL / tkfO{nfO{ klg b'Mv g} /x]5 /fxbfgL
agfpg'xf];\ d ljb]z k7fOlbG5' eg]sLn] d;Fu
/fxbfgL agfpg] k};f 5}g egL d}n] eg+] . To;kl5
/fxbfgL klg d cfkm\gf] vr{ nufO{ agfOlbG5'
egL dnfO{ ?=%,))). ;d]t lghn] g} nufO{
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 /fxbfgL;d]t agfO{
lbO{ emfkfsf] sfFs8leQf;Dd k'ofO{ ToxfFaf6
dnfO{ k]d
| clwsf/Ln] e]6L ToxfFaf6 dnfO{ /ftL
g} d}n] glrg]sf] ckl/lrt @ hgf s]6fxnfO{
lhDdf nufO{ lghxn] dnfO{ ef/tsf] aDaO{df
nuL ToxfF s]xL lbg /fvL ToxfFaf6 eL;f cfof]
egL dnfO{ ToxfFaf6 Kn]gdf r9fO{ ljb]z s'jt]
k7fO{ lbP . s'jt] df klg d}n] ljleGg b'Mv ef]Ug'
1058
kof] . dnfO{ ToxfF ljb]zL s]6fxn] hj/\h:tL

of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ uy]{ . gdfGbf tFnfO{ df5f}+{
eGg] uy]{ . o:t}df lbg latfpFb} dlxgf d/L
;s]kl5 ;fx";uF tna dfUbf tnfO{ d}n] g]kfnaf6
lsg]/ NofPsf] x'F egL eg]sf]n] d oxfF a]lrP/
cfPsL /x]5' eGg] s'/f yfxf kfO{ d ToxfFaf6
efUg pDsg ;kmn eO{ g]kfn cfPsL x'F . o;/L
lgh k|ltjfbLn] dnfO{ ljqmL u/L ljb]z k7fPsL
x'g\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kLl8t s s'df/Lsf] aofg .
lhNnf pbok'/, lq=g=kf= jf8{ g+= @
l:yt k" j { d f lkknrf} s , klZrddf cUgL
oftfoftsf] sfp06/ ePsf] 3/ pQ/df tLy{
>]i7sf] xf]6n 3/, blIf0fdf ldng xf]6n olt
rf/lsNnfleq ePsf] ;8sdf Hof]lt /fO{ lxFl8/x]sf]
cj:yfdf k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L lghsf] z/L/ tnf;L
ubf{ Airtel n]lvPsf] *((%!))))))^!$()#*
/ !*((!(@)*!)!%^$^#* g+= ePsf] @ j6f
;Ldsf8{ %@@(#.$)%% g+= sf] Hof]lt /fO{sf]
gful/stf k|df0fkq @#^($^# g+= sf] /fxbfgL
a's / aflx/ Person alplanma n]lvPsf] k"/f
kfgf %^ ePsf] cfwf kfgf ^ j6f ePsf] nDafO{
& O{~r rf}8fO{ # O{~r @ ;'tf ePsf] kmf]g 8fo/L
;d]t a/fdb ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] a/fdbL
d'rN' sf .
d cfkm\gf] ;fg'aj' f tyf ;fgLcfdfsf]
3/df e]63f6 ug{ uPsf] cj:yfdf ;fgLcfdfn]
lrghfg u/fO{ aflx/ ljb]zaf6 cfPsL xf] eg]sLn]
lgh s s'df/L;Fu lrghfg ePsf] xf] . To;kl5
lghn] dnfO{ af/Daf/ e]6 u/L dnfO{ klg
/f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]z h;/L eP klg k7fOlbg'
3/df cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 eg]sLn] d}n]
kf;kf]6{ rflxG5 eg]+ . lghn] k};f 5}g kf;kf]6{
agfpg] eg]sf]n] d}n] kf;kf]6{ agfpg ?=%,))).
lbPsL x'F . d}n] s'jt] df dfl;s !),))). g]kfnL
x'G5 eGbf lghn] h;/L eP klg dnfO{ k7fOlbg'
eg]sLn] lgh hfx]/jfnLsf] cg'/f]wdf lgh ldlt
@)^%.!@.!$ ut] d]/f] 3/ cfPsLn] ldlt
@)^%.!@.!% ut] emfkfsf] sfFs8le6[f x'bF } ef/tsf]

d'DaO{ nuL ToxfFaf6 !@.!# lbgkl5 lgh
hfx]/jfnLnfO{ Kn]gdf r9fO{ ljb]z s'jt] k7fPsL
x'F . lghsf] eL;f cfp~h]n ef/tsf] aDj}sf]
sf]7fdf /fvL eL;f cfPkl5 d}n] g} Kn]gsf]
l6s6 sf6L lgh hfx]/jfnLnfO{ s'jt] k7fO{ d
g]kfn cfPsL x'F . kl5 hfx]/jfnL cfkm\gf] sf/0fn]
@)^^ ;fn cfiff9 dlxgfdf s'jt] af6 kmsL{
cfPsL x'g\ . lghnfO{ d}n] s'g} klg sf/0fn]
ljqmL u/]sf] xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL Hof]lt
/fO{sf] aofg .
hfx]/jfnL ljb]z hfg'eGbf cufl8 lgh
ljb]z hfFbl} 5g\ eGg] s'/f xfdLnfO{ s]xL yfxf
ePg . kl5 lgh hfx]/jfnL ljb]z hfg egL
ufpFaf6 uO;s]kl5 ljb]z s'jt] uPsL l5g\
eGg] s'/f ufpF 3/df xNnf ePkl5 yfxf kfPsf]
xf] . @.# dlxgfkl5 hfx]/jfnL ljb]zaf6 kmsL{
cfPkl5 lgh;Fu a'em\bf dnfO{ k|ltjfbL Hof]lt
/fO{n] g} k};f nufO{ /fxbfgL agfO{ lbO{ ljb]z
hfpF k};f sldG5 egL lghn] g} dnfO{ emfkfsf]
sfFs8le6[f k'ofO{ lgh k|ltjfbL kmls{cfPsL /
ToxfFaf6 lghn] dnfO{ ckl/lrt s]6fxnfO{
lhDdf nufO{ k7fPsLdf lghxn] dnfO{ ef/tsf]
aDjO{sf] af6f] s'g} ljb]z s'jt] uPsLdf ToxfF
dnfO{ ljb]zL s]6fxsf] hj/\h:tL of}g b'Jo{jxf/
ug]{ u/]sf], ug{ glbP tFnfO{ df5f}{+ egL ljleGg
wfs wDsL lbP/ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ afWo agfpg],
dlxgf d/]kl5 ;fx";uF k};f dfUbf;d]t tFnfO{
d}n] lsgL NofPsf] x'F eg]kl5 d a]lrP/ cfPsL
/x]5' eGg] s'/f yfxf kfO{ ToxfFaf6 efUg pDsg
;kmn eO{ g]kfn cfPsL x'F egL hfx]/jfnLn]
;'gfPkl5 yfxf kfPsf xf}+ . olb lgh hfx]/jfnfn]
o:tf] Jojxf/ ;xg' ef]Ug' gk/]sf] eP cfkm\gf]
OHhtdf bfu nfUg] s'/f cfkm}+ ug]{ lyOgg\ xf]nf .
To;sf/0fn] lgh k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnLnfO{ ljqmL
u/L ljb]z k7fPsf]df ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sf .
1059
hfx]/jfnL ljb]z hfFbf xfdLnfO{ s]xL

yfxf ePg . ljb]z k7fpFbf s; s;n] k7fP
yfxf ePg . @.# dlxgfkl5 hfx]/jfnL 3/ kmsL{
cfPkl5 36gf ;DaGwdf a'em\bf k|ltjfbLxn]
hfx]/jfnLnfO{ ljb]z hfpmF k};f sldG5 egL
k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{n] /fxbfgL;d]t cfkm\g} k};f
nufO{ agfO{ lbO{ lgh Hof] l t /fO{ n ] g}
sfFs8leQf;Dd k'ofO{ ToxfF k|ltjfbL k]|d
clwsf/LnfO{ e]6L lghxn] @ hgf ckl/lrt
s]6fxsf] lhDdf nufP, To;kl5 d ef/tsf]
af6f] x'bF } ljb]z s'jt] uPsf]df ToxfF cg}lts
of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ef]Ug' k/]sf] / ;fx";uF k};f dfUbf
tFnfO{ d}n] lsg]/ NofPsf] egL eg]kl5 cg]s
t/xn] efUg pDsg ;kmn eO{ kmsL{ cfPsL x'F
egL hfx]/jfnLn] eg]kl5 ;'gL yfxf kfPsf xf}+ .
lgh hfx]/jfnLn] ljb]zdf To:tf] Jojxf/ ef]Ug'
gk/]sf] eP cfkm\gf] OHhtdf bfu nfUg] s'/f ug]{
lyOgg\ . k|ltjfbLxn] hfx]/jfnLnfO{ k|nf]eg
b]vfO{ ljb]z k7fO{ ljqmL u/]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf;
nfU5 eGg] k|foM Ps} ldnfgsf] bLk;]/ /fO{;d]t
hgf # n] ul/lbPsf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL
Hof]lt /fO{ / k]d| clwsf/Ln] ldn]dtf] / ;+nUgtfdf
hfx]/jfnLnfO{ ljb]z k7fO{ lbg] egL 3/af6
lxF8fO{ sfFs8leQfaf6 aDaO{ ef/tsf] af6f] x'bF }
s'jt] ;Dd nuL ljqmL u/]sf] tYo k|i6 ePsf]n]
lgh k|ltjfbLx Hof]lt /fO{ / k]d
| clwsf/LnfO{
dfgj j]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g,
@)^$ sf] bkmf # ljk/Ltsf] s;"/ ck/fwdf P]
P]gsf] bkmf !%-!_-s_ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpg
/ P]= P]gsf] bkmf !& adf]lhd kLl8t s s'df/LnfO{
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ kfpg ;d]tsf] dfu bfjL lnO{
k|:t't ePsf] cleof]u kq .
s s'df/L d]/f] 3/df cfO{ ljb]z hfFbf
s:tf] x'G5 egL dnfO{ ;f]lwg\ . /fd|f] x'G5 eg]
dnfO{ klg k7fOlbg' elgg\ . sG6\ofS6 u/fO{
lbg' eg]sLn] d}n] s'jt] df g]kfns} klZrdlt/sf]
df]xg bfO{ eGg];uF kmf]gdf sG6ofS6 u/fOlbPsL

x'F . df]xg eGg]sf] osLg gfd, y/, jtg yfxf
ePg . d klg klxnf s'j]t uO{ sfd u/L
cfO;s]sL x'bF f s'jt] d} sfd ubf{ lrghfg ePsf
efph" eGg] n]l8h s]6L dfG5] klg 5'Ldf 3/
cfPsL x'bF f pgL;Fu} ;fy nufP/ hfx]/jfnLnfO{
sfFs8le6[faf6 k7fOlbPsL x'F . k]d
| clwsf/L;Fu
s'g} ldn]dtf] 5}g . aDaO{ / s'jt] df hfx]/jfnf;Fu
s] s:tf] Jojxf/ eof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d klg
o;/L g} ljb]z uPsL lyPF . d;Fu s'g} To:tf]
36gf ePg . d]/f] alxgL /f]df klg ljb]z cf]dgdf
l5g\ . d} n ] hfx] / jfnLnfO{ a] r ljvg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ ;d]t s]xL u/]sf] 5}g . cleof]u
bfjL em"7f xf] . s;sf] egfOdf nfuL hfx]/L lbP
dnfO{ yfxf ePg . hfx]/jfnL cfkm+} cfP/ s/
nufPsLn] d}n] sG6\ofS6;Dd ul/lbPsL x'bF f
cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'g] xf]Og eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{n] ldlt @)^&.!.@*
df cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{n] hfx]/jfnL kLl8t
s s'df/LnfO{ ljb]zdf /f]huf/ nufOlbG5' egL
k|nf]egdf kf/L lghnfO{ a;]sf] 7fpF pbok'/ rf}b08L
uf=lj=;=af6 emfkfsf] sfFs8le6[f;Dd k'ofO{
ef/tsf] af6f] x'bF } ljb]z s'jt] ;Dd n}hfg c?nfO{
lhDdf nufPsf] b]lvPsf] t/ lghn] kLl8tnfO{
olt kmfObf lnO{ ljqmL u/]sf] tYo s'/f v'Ng
gcfPsf] cj:yf x' F b f lghnfO{ cleof] u
dfubfjLadf]lhd g} s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] eGg
;lsg] cj:yf /x]g . k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{n] dfgj
a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf @ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd
s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf
!% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -r_ adf]lhd b'O{ jif{
s}b ;hfo x'g] 7x5{ . km/f/ /x]sf csf{ k|ltjfbL
k]d| clwsf/Lsf] xsdf d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= !() g+=
adf]lhd d'ntjL /fvL lbg] 7x5{ eGg] z'? pbok'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.(.!@ ut]sf] km};nf .
1060
z'?df hfx]/jfnL s s'df/LnfO{ d}n] s'g}

sf/0fn] ljqmL u/]sf];d]t xf]Og . lgh cfkm\gf]
:j]R5fn] /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z s'jt] uPsL
x'g\ eGg] s'/f cg';Gwfg tyf cbfntdf ePsf
sfuhftn] ;/f;/ k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . ca
hfx]/jfnL s s'df/Ln] cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt
eO{ ldlt @)^&.&.* ut] askq ubf{ k|ltjfbL
lgbf]i{ f /x]sf 5g\, hfx]/L Joxf]/f d]/f] xf]Og,
k|ltjfbL /fd|f] rl/q ePsL dflg; x'g\ egL
ls6fgL?kdf n]vfOlbPsf] cj:yf 5 . h;nfO{
kLl8t elgPsf] xf] ;f] kLl8tn] g} k|ltjfbL
lgbf]i{ f /x]sf] egL cbfntdf :j]R5fk"js
{ n]lvlbPsf]
askqnfO{ k|:t't d'2fdf e/kbf]{ k|df0fsf] ?kdf
d"Nofg ul/g' jf~5gLo x'G5 . To:t} cg';Gwfgs}
qmddf e}cfPsf] j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sfdf /x]sf nIdL
/fO{, gGbs'df/L /fO{, zld{nf /fO{, ;'/G] b| /fO{n]
klg cbfntdf pkl:yt e} askq ubf{ k|ltjfbLn]
dfgj a]rljvg cf];f/k;f/ ;d]t u/]sf xf]Ogg\,
lgbf]i{ f 5g\ . k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u bfjLaf6 km';b{
kfpg' kg]{ xf] eGg] Joxf]/f ls6fgL?kdf n]vfOlbPsf]
cj:yf x'bF f z'?af6 cgfo;} dfgj zf]if0f ug]{
p2]Zon] d}n] s;"/ u/]sf] 7xofO{ @ jif{ s}b
;hfo x'g] 7xofO{ ePsf] ldlt @)^&.(.!@ sf]
km};nf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt Pj+ kmf}hbf/L
Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf]n] pQm km};nf
ab/ u/L d]/f k|df0fxnfO{ a'emL ;xL d"Nofg
u/L z'?sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L ;kmfO kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{sf]
k'g/fj]bgkq .
k|:t't d'2fdf z'? cbfntsf] km};nfn]
jf/bftsf] ;Totf / k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{
c:jLsf/ gu/]sf] x'gfn] jf/bft k|dfl0ft ug]{
;Gbe{df k|df0fsf] yk lhsL/ lnO/xg' kg]{ cj:yf
5}g . kLl8t hfx]/jfnLn] df}sfdf lbPsf] hfx]/L
/ ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] aofgdf
k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{;Fu lrghfg ePkl5 d
dflg; ljb]z k7fpg] sfd u5',{ ltdL h:t} w]/}
dlxnfnfO{ ljb]z k7fO;s]sf] 5', ltdL;Fu /fxbfgL

agfpg] k};f 5}g eg] d cfkm+} xfnL lbpFnf egL
ljleGg k|nf]eg lbO{ /fxbfgL lghs} k};fdf agfO{
g]kfnsf] sfFs8le6[f x'bF } aDa} -ef/t_ k'ofO{
ToxfF ;d]t of}g zf]if0f eO{ s'jt] k'us
] f]df ToxfFsf
dflns nufotsf ljb]zL s]6fxn] hj/\h:tL
of}g zf]if0f u/]sf k};f dfUbf tFnfO{ g]kfnaf6
lsg]/ NofPsf] xf] egL eGg] u/]sf]n] cfkm" a]lrPsf]
kSsf eO{ efUg pDsg ;kmn eO{ g]kfn cfPsf]
xf] egL k|ltjfbLpk/ ls6fgL ?kn] cfkm" a]lrPsf]
tYo v'nfO{ n]vfOlbPsf] ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fnfO{
z'? cbfntn] cgb]vf u/L of}g zf]if0fdf dfq
;hfo ug{ ldNg] l:ylt 5}g . s] slt /sddf
kLl8tnfO{ a]lrPsf] xf] . kLl8tn] v'nfpg ;Sg]
klg xf]Og . t;y{ plNnlvt cfwf/df dfq
k|ltjfbLnfO{ sd ;hfo ug{ ldNb}g . k|ltjfbLn]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] aofg / cbfntdf
ePsf] aofgdf kLl8tnfO{ ljb]z k7fOlbPsf] xf]
egL :jLsf/ u/]sL, a]Rg] p2]Zo geP ljgf
sf/0f pgfp JolQmnfO{ ?=%,))). vr{ u/L
kf;kf]6{ agfO{ ljb]z gk7fOg] / cfkm"nfO{ k};f
sdfpg] dfWod agfpg] k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfkm"
ga]lrPsf] cj:yfdf dfgj a]rljvgsf] s;"/df
sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg ug]{ eGg] tYo
dfgjLo :jefjljk/Lt klg /x]sf] k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf &-u_ cg';f/ tsf]l{ rt ?kn]
cg'dfg ug'k{ g]{ :jfefljs jf:tljstfnfO{ ;d]t
cgb]vf u/L efjgfTds / sfNklgs ljj/0f
pNn]v u/L ePsf] z'? km};nf k|df0f d"Nofg
;d]taf6 q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L cleof]u
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
kLl8t hfx]/jfnL s s'df/Ln] ldlt
@)^&.&.* df cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt eO{ askq
ubf{ lgh k|ltjfbL lgbf]i{ f x'g\ k|ltjfbL lgbf]i{ f
ePsf]n] ;hfo x'gk' g]{ xf]Og, hfx]/L b/vf:tdf
ePsf] ;lx5fk d]/f] xf], Joxf]/f d]/f] xf]Og eGg];d]t
1061
Joxf]/fsf] askq ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf

kLl8t Pjd\ hfx]/jfnf Ps} JolQm ePsf] / lghsf]
hfx]/L b/vf:t Joxf]/fsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df g} k|:t't d'2f
rn]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] cbfnt;dIf ePsf]
askqnfO{ k|:t't d'2fdf k|ToIf k|df0f dfGg'kg]{
b]lvG5 . lghsf] pQm askq ldl;n ;+nUg cGo
sfuhft Pjd\ k|ltjfbLsf] aofg ;d]tn] ;dy{g
u/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;y{ plNnlvt cfwf/
sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbLnfO{ dfgj a]rljvg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf !%
sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -r_ adf]lhd b'O{ jif{ s}b
;hfo x'g] 7xofO{ z'? pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^&.(.!@ df ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf
pN6L e} k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{n] ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ .
k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf hfx]/jfnL s s'df/Ln]
em"7f kf]n ph"/ u/L hfx]/L lbPsf] cj:yf;d]t
ljBdfg /x] ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08
-s_ adf]lhd lghnfO{ ?=#,))). h/Ljfgf;d]t
x'g] 7x5{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)^*.@.!! sf] km};nf .
hfx]/jfnf -kLl8t_ n] cbfntdf cfkm\gf]
hfx]/Lljk/Lt Hostile eO{ askq u/]sf] dfq
cfwf/df k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO
lbg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
ePsf]n] ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{
;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^& n] Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08
-u_ df u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg'k k|ltjfbLnfO{
z'?n] @ jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo u/]pk/ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ;kmfO lbPsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg gx'bF f
k|:t't k'g/fj]bgkq ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL,

@)$( sf] lgod @& Pj+ c=j+= @& g+= adf]lhd
b/kL7 ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf
;x/lhi6f/sf] ldlt @)^*.*.@* sf] cfb]z .
;x/lhi6f/af6 ePsf] b/kL7 cfb]z ab/
u/L k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgj]bgkq .
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] ;+zf]lwt
bkmf -!_-s_ n] tLg jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L s}bsf]
;hfo ===== x'g] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nfsf] l6kf]6 v08df k|ltjfbLx
Hof]lt /fO{ / k]d
| clwsf/L b'j} hgfnfO{ dfgj
a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$
sf] bkmf !%-!_-s_ sf] ;hfo dfu ul/Psf]
kfOG5 .
pQm bkmfdf @) jif{;Dd s}b x'g] Joj:yf
5 . k|ltjfbL k]d
| clwsf/L km/f/ /x]af6 lghsf]
xsdf d'ntjL /xL k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{nfO{ @
jif{ s}b ;hfo ePsf] z'?sf] lg0f{o k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] pN6L u/L ;kmfO lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;f]
km};nfpk/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 bfo/
x'gcfPsf] k'g/fj]bg o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] s}bsf]
;hfonfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] egL
b/kL7 ePsf] kfOof] . t/ pQm P]gsf] bkmf
(-!_-u_ df ljlwstf{n] km};nf gegL d'2f
egL zJb k|of]u u/]sf] 5 . Pp6} d'2fsf csf{
k|ltjfbL k]d
| clwsf/LnfO{ tLg jif{eGbf a9L s}b
eof] eg] lghsf xsdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / oL
k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{sf xsdf bf]xf]ofO{ kfpg
lgj]bg nfUg] p2]Zo ljlwstf{sf] x'g;St}g .
Hofg;DaGwL dxndf 36Ldf tLg dlxgf / a9Ldf
hGds}b cyf{t\ @) jif{;Dd s}b x'g] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . Pp6} d'2fdf ljljw dfu;lxt /
a]Unfa]Un} s}b ;hfosf] dfu ub}{ Pp6} d'2f bfo/
x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ul/Psf] s}bnfO{
dfkb08 agfO{ s'g} k|ltjfbLsf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf
1062
k'g/fj]bg / s'gs
} f] bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg
nfUg] cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf u/L ljlwstf{n] ldlt
@)^&.!@.!% df pQm bkmfdf ;+zf]wg u/L gofF
k|aGw u/]sf] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . o:tf] JofVofn]
Goflos k|lqmofdf hl6ntf;d]t Nofpg]5 .
cleof]usf] k|sl[ taf6 ;fgfltgf d'2fdf ;jf]R{ r
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg gnfuf];\ eGg] ljlwstf{sf]
dg;fonfO{ cbfntn] ug]{ ;hfo;Fu ufF;/] x]g{
ldNb}g . ;du| d'2fsf] k|sl[ t x]bf{ # jif{ jf
;f]eGbf a9L ;hfo, ?=@%,))). jf ;f]eGbf
a9L h/Ljfgf, ?=%),))). jf ;f]eGbf a9L
ljuf] ePsf] jf ljuf] gv'ns
] f] d'2fdf z'? cbfnt,
lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg
;'Gg] cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf lg0f{o ubf{
s]xL jf k"/} pN6L ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] o; k|sl[ tsf
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg g} nfUg] ePaf6 o; cbfntsf
;x/lhi6f/sf] pQm cfb]z ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^*.(.@& sf] cfb]z .
o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
ePsf] pk/f]Qm cfb]zadf]lhd k|:t't k'g/fj]bgkq
btf{ eO{ lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'gcfPsf] /x]5 .
k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg\ ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8n
] n]
Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg
ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^& f/f ;+zf]lwt Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ sf] v08 -u_ sf]
k|fjwfgcg';f/ k|:t't d'2fdf ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg g} nfUg] xf] . b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
k|ltjfbL ePsf] Ps} d'2fdf k|ltjfbLxnfO{
leGgfleGg} ;hfo x' g ;Sg] x' F b f dftxt
cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;hfonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL Pp6}
d'2fdf s;}sf] k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / s;}sf] k'g/fj]bg
gnfuL bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg nfUg] egL
pQm ;+zf]lwt Joj:yfsf] cy{ ubf{ To;n] Goflos
k|lqmofdf hl6ntf pTkGg x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf
hfx]/jfnf -kLl8t_ n] cfkm\gf] hfx]/Lljk/Lt
cbfntdf u/]sf] Hostile askq dfqsf] cfwf/df

k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg]
7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
ePsf]n] ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
cleof]u dfubfjLcg';f/ ;hfo x'gk' b{5 egL
ax; ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL ;j{k|yd
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6
ePsf] km};nfpk/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg
;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ljifo g} lg/f]k0f ug'k{ g]{
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf
clGtd cfb]zpk/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] cj:yfxsf] af/]df Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( df Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .
;f] bkmfdf /x]sf] k|fjwfg lgDgfg';f/ 5M
;jf]R{ r cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]M -!_ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd
cfb]zpk/ b]xfosf d'2fxdf ;jf]R{ r
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]5M
-s_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] z'? sf/jfxL /
lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2f,
-v_ bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo
ePsf] d'2f, /
-u_ tLg jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L s}bsf]
;hfo, kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF jf
;f]eGbf a9L h/Ljfgf, krf; xhf/
?k}ofF jf ;f]eGbf a9L lauf] ePsf]
jf lauf] gv'ns
] f] d'2fdf z'? cbfnt,
lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/] s f]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf lg0f{o ubf{ s]xL
jf k"/} pN6L ePsf] d'2f .
-@_ ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf ;fws hfx]/ ePsf]
d'2fdf klg k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg]5 .
1063
@= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf

( df jl0f{t pk/f]Qm Joj:yfxdWo] v08
-v_ / -u_ tyf pkbkmf -@_ df k|o'Qm ePsf]
/ u/]sf] eGg] zJbxsf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;f] ePsf] jf u/]sf]
eGg] zJbn] cbfntaf6 ePsf] eGg] cy{
;"lrt ug]{ x'bF f v08 -v_ sf] ;Gbe{df k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L s}bsf]
;hfo u/]sf] cj:yfdf / v08 -u_ sf]
;Gbe{df z'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln]
tLg jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L s}bsf] ;hfo u/]sf]
jf kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF jf ;f]eGbf a9L h/Ljfgf
u/]sf] jf krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF jf ;f]eGbf
a9L lauf] ePsf] jf lauf] gv'n]sf] d'2fdf
k'g/fj]g cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL lg0f{o ubf{
z'? txsf] lg0f{o s]xL pN6L jf k"/} pN6L
u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
lg0f{ o pk/ ;jf] { R r cbfntdf k' g /fj] b g
nfUg;Sg] b]lvG5 .
o; ;Gbe{df ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] cj:yfxsf] af/]df ljutb]lv x'bF c
} fPsf
ljleGg sfg"gL Joj:yfxsf] t'ngfTds cWoog
ub}{ ljwflosL Oltxf;;d]tsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm
lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ b]lvgcfPsf] 5 .
#= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
(-!_-u_ df xfn /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf Gofo
k|zf;g;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{
ag]sf] P]g, @)^& -g]kfn /fhkq, v08 ^)
ldlt @)^&.!@.!% cltl/Qmf #& df k|sflzt_
n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* df ;+zf]wg u/L
pQm P]gsf] bkmf (-!_-u_ df ePsf] Joj:yfsf]
;f u/]sf] gofF Joj:yf xf] . of] ;+zf]wgf/f
k|lt:yflkt pQm P]gsf] bkmf (-!_-u_ df z'?
cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf lg0f{o
ubf{ s]xL jf k"/} pN6L ePsf] d'2f eGg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] lyof] .
$= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* nfu"

x'ge
' Gbf cl3 k|rngdf /x]sf] Gofo k|zf;g
;'wf/ P]g, @)#! df ePsf] o;;DaGwL s]xL
Joj:yfxsf] pNn]vg / To;af/] ljrf/ ug'{
klg k|f;+lus x'g] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
cj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf pQm P]gsf] bkmf !# sf]
pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ -v_ tyf pkbkmf -%_
sf] v08 -s_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf]
kfOG5 M
k'g/fj]bgM -!_ bkmf ( cGtu{t lhNnf cbfntn]
u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zpk/
b]xfosf d'2fdf b]xfosf cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg]5 M
-s_ emu8f k/]sf] jf bfjf u/]sf] ljifosf]
df]n lauf] krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd ePsf]
d'2f jf kfFr jif{;Dd s}b jf kfFr
xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g] d'2f jf
bkmf !! cGtu{t ;hfo ePsf] d'2fdf
c~rn cbfntdf,
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvPeGbf a9L df]n
lauf] ePsf] d'2f jf a9L s}b jf h/Ljfgf
x'g] d'2f jf ljifosf] k|s[ltn] lauf]
v'Ng g;Sg] ;fd"lxs s'nf] kfgL, ;lGw
;k{g, uf}r/;DaGwL d'2f jf tfobftL
gcfPsf] c+z d'2f jf gftf ;DaGw
sfod u/fO{ dfUg] ljifosf] d'2fdf If]qLo
cbfntdf .
-%_
1064
If]qLo cbfntaf6 km};nf jf clGtd

cfb]z ePsf] d'2fdWo] b]xfosf d'2fdf
dfq ;jf] { R r cbfntdf k' g /fj] b g
nfUg]5M
-s_ d[To'b08, ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b jf
hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] d'2f .
%= k'g/fj]bgsf] ljifodf Gofo k|zf;g

;'wf/ P]g, @)#! sf pk/f]Qm Joj:yfx cWoog
ubf{ xfn k|rlnt Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* n]
u/]sf] eGbf km/s Joj:yfx ;fljssf] pQm
P]gn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf pk/f]Qm
Joj:yfxdf ====x'g] d'2f / ====ePsf] d'2f
eGg] zJbfjnLx 7fpF 7fpFdf k|of]u ePsf
b]lvG5g\ . ePsf] zJbn] cbfntaf6 ePsf]
eGg] cy{ hgfPh:t} x'g] zJbn] sfg"gn] x'g;Sg]
cy{af]w x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu pQm P]gsf] bkmf
!#-!_ sf] -s_ / bkmf !#-%_-s_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{
lng ;lsG5 . bkmf !#-!_-s_ df ===== kfFr
jif{;Dd s}b jf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g]
d'2f jfSofFzsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvFbf kfFr jif{;Dd
s}b jf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g;Sg]
egL sfg"gdf n]lvPsf] /x]5 eg] cbfntaf6
;f]xLadf]lhd ;hfo ePsf] eP klg jf sd
;hfo ePsf] eP klg jf ;hfo gu/L ;kmfO
lbPsf] eP klg km};nfn] ePsf] ;hfonfO{ cfwf/
gdfgL x'g;Sg] ;hfonfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL k'g/fj]bg
ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 k'g/fj]bg
ug]{ ;Gbe{df jt{dfg Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* /
k"jj{ tL{ Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! n] u/]sf
Joj:yfxdf ;f/e"t cGt/ /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! n] sfg"gn]
x'g;Sg] ;hfo sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]sf]
cfwf/df dflyNnf] cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] jt{dfg Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* n] x'g;Sg] ;hfo sf] cfwf/df
geO{ cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf -;hfo_ nfO{
dfkb08 agfO{ ;f]sf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg nfUg]
gofF Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= x'g;Sg] ;hfo nfO{ dfbk08 agfO{
k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] ;fljs Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/
P]g, @)#! sf] Joj:yf cfkm}d+ f Jofks / dflyNnf]
txsf] k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/nfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg]
k|sl[ tsf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt tNnf]
cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;hfo nfO{ dfkb08 agfO{

k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] jt{dfg Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] Joj:yfaf6 dflyNnf]
cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ t'ngfTds ?kdf
;+sl' rt jf sd x'g] b]lvG5 . Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/
P]g, @)#! nfO{ Gofo k|zf;g P]g @)$* n]
k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] xf] . cyf{t\ ljwflosfn] Gofo
k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! nfO{ vf/]h u/L Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* hf/L u/]sf] xf] . k'g/fj]bg ug]{
;DaGwdf ;fljs Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf !# df k|oQ' m x'g] zJbnfO{ gofF P]gn]
lg/Gt/tf glbO{ ePsf] zJb dfq gofF P]gdf
k|oQ' m ePsf] b]lvFbf ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bsLo
If]qflwsf/nfO{ xn'sf jf sd ug]{ / k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;'b9[ / k|efjsf/L t'NofpFb}
;fgfltgf d'2fxdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] lg0f{onfO{
g} clGtd agfpg] p2]Zo Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] /x]sf] eGg] :ki6} b]lvG5 . o;} u/L Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ sf] v08 -v_ df
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 bz jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
s}bsf] ;hfo ePsf] d'2f / v08 -u_ df z'?
cbfnt lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o pN6L jf s]xL
pN6L ePsf ;a} d'2fxdf ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf /x]sf]df Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL
s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^&
n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ df
;+zf]wg u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] pN6L jf s]xL
pN6L u/]sf d'2fxdf klg ;a}df ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg g;Sg] u/]sf] b]lvPaf6 ;jf]R{ r
cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ 36fpg] / k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;'b9[ ub}{ ;fgfltgf
d'2fxdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ g} clGtd
agfpFb} n}hfg] ljwflosfsf] dg;fo /x]sf] eGg] cem}
:ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf]
k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/nfO{ qmdzM xn'sf ub}{ n}hfg]
ljwflosfsf] dg;fo /x]sf] tYo ljwflosL Oltxf;af6
:ki6} b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ljwflosfsf] pQm
1065
dg;foljk/Lt x'g] u/L Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*

sf] bkmf ( sf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g .
&= k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo x]bf{ k|ltjfbLx
Hof]lt /fO{ / k|d] clwsf/Ln] dfgj a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $-!_s_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f lghxnfO{ P]=P]gsf] bkmf
!%-!_-s_ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] cleof]u
dfubfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . z'? pbok'/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.(.!@ df km};nf x'bF f
k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{nfO{ dfgj a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $-@_
-v_ sf] s;"/df P]=sf] bkmf !% -!_-r_ adf]lhd
b'O{ jif{ s}b ug]{ / csf{ km/f/ k|ltjfbL k|d]
clwsf/Lsf xsdf d'2f c=a+=+ !()g+= adf]lhd
d'ntaL /fVg] u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm
km};nfpk/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ / k|ltjfbL Hof]lt
/fO{ b'as
} f] bf]xf]/f] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 z'? km};nf pN6L u/L
k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{n] cleof]u dfubfjLaf6 ;kmfO
kfpg] u/L ldlt @)^*.@.!! df km};nf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] pQm km};nfpk/
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bgkq k/]sf]
/ k'g/fj]bgkqsf] k|s/0f -^_ df Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf
dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fcg';f/ Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL
s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)^&
f/f ;+zf]lwt Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ z'? cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Laf6
tLg jif{eGbf sd ;hfo u/]sf] / k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] ;f] ;hfo pN6L jf s]xL pN6L u/]sf]
cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] pQm km};nfpk/
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] b]lvg cfpFbg} .
*= Pshgf k|ltjfbLsf] xsdf d'2f d'ntaLdf
/x]sf] x'bF f k|:t't k'g/fj]bgkq btf{ gePsf] cj:yfdf
kl5 lghsf] xsdf d'2f d'ntaLaf6 hfuL km};nf
ePkl5 klg k'g/fj]bg ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|lqmofut

hl6ntf pTkGg x'G5 eGg] ljfg ;/sf/L jsLnsf]
lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] ;DaGwL Gofo k|zf;g
P]g @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] Joj:yf Pp6f d'2fdf
ePsf / Ps} k6s km} ; nf gePsf ;a}
k|ltjfbLxsf xsdf lg/k]If?kdf cfslif{t x'g]
Joj:yf xf]Og . s'g} d'2fdf /x]sf k|ltjfbLx dWo]
km};nf x'g afFsL k|ltjfbLsf xsdf kl5 km};nf x'bF f
;f] bkmfadf]lhd o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg;Sg]
g;Sg] hf] l:ylt b]lvg cfpF5 ;f]xLadf]lhd x'g] g}
x'G5 . k/Gt' k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 jfbL /
k|ltjfbLxdWo] hh;sf] xsdf Ps}k6s km};nf
ePsf] 5 ;f] cfwf/df Ps}rf]l6 km};nf ePsfsf]
xsdf o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / gnfUg]
lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 eGg] pQm bkmfsf] dg;fo xf] .
eljiodf s] s:tf] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df
cd's k|sf/sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg ldNb}g . t;y{ k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df klg d'ntaL /x]sf] k|ltjfbLsf xsdf
kl5 km};nf ePsf cj:yfdf 7x/]adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
nfUg] jf gnfUg] cj:yfsf] lgSof}n{ p;}an] f x'g] g}
ePsf]n] k|lqmofut hl6ntf pTkGg x'G5 eGg] ljfg
;/sf/L jsLnsf] ax;;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
(= ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fcg';f/
z'? cbfntn] b'O{ jif{ s}b ;hfo u/]sf] / k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] z'? km};nf pN6L u/L ;kmfO lbg]
7xofPsf] oL k|ltjfbL Hof]lt /fO{sf xsdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;f] km};nfpk/ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ sf] ;+zf]lwt
Joj:yfcg';f/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n]
k|:t't k'g/fj]bgkq vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} dlxgf !# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
1066
**%( - g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/ ;d]t
lg0f{o g+= **%(

;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
@)^&-CR-!@*(
km};nf ldltM @)^(.!.!@.#
d'2f M e|i6frf/ .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf cg';Gwfg clws[t l8NnL/d0f
cfrfo{sf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf#!,
ljgfosdfu{ sdnfbL 3/ e} xfn g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIf kbdf
sfo{/t\ ;+3/Tg s+;fsf/sf] gflt b]j/Tg
s+;fsf/sf] 5f]/f ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/ ;d]t
z'? km};nf ug]{ M
cWoIf df=Gof=>L uf}/Laxfb'/ sfsL{
;b:o df=Gof=>L cf]dk|sfz ld>
;b:o df=Gof=>L s]bf/k|;fb rfln;]
;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg sfof{non]
lgudn] e'QmfgL lbg'kj" { P]g;Fu aflemg]
ljlgodsf] Joj:yfsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf]
ge} e'QmfgL lbPsf] dlxgf lbgkl5
k7fPsf] lgb]z
{ gn] e};s]sf] e'QmfgLnfO{
;xof]u ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ clek|fon] g} /sd k7fPsf]df
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] v/Lb k|lqmof /4
u/]sf] eGg] sf/0fn] / k|lqmof cl3 a9\g
gkfPsf] eGg] cleof]u ePkl5 hxfh v/Lb
ug{ Nofpg jf k7fPsf] /sd lkmtf{ k|fKt
ug]{ s'/fdf ;d]t lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] .
1067
k|ltjfbLsf] sf/0fn] v/Lb k|lqmof /2

ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo sf/0fn]
ePsf] cj/f] w sf] ;DaGwdf hxfh
v/Lb;DaGwL Joj:yfkgdf ;+ n Ug
JolQmnfO{ s'g} ?kdf lhDd]jf/ agfpg'
o'lQm;+ut b]lvg ; :gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgud sfg"gadf]lhd u7g
ePsf] :jfoQ ;+:yf ePsf]n] p;n] cfgf]
Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ubf{
sfg"gadf]lhd ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf] Jofj;flos
sf/f]jf/nfO{ /f]Ssf ug{ gldNg] .
:jfoQ ;+:yfn] sfg"gadf]lhd s/f/ ub{5
eg] To:tf] s/f/sf] zt{x lgwf{/0f ug{,
;f] kl/kfngf ug{ / s'g} kIfn] ;f] s/f/sf]
kl/kfngf gu/]df ;f]pk/ cfjZos pkfo
cjnDag ug'{ To:tf] sfg"gadf]lhd
;+:yflkt ;+:yfsf] :jfefljs sfg"gL
clwsf/ x'G5 . To:tf] ;+:yfn] cGo s'g}
Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg;Fu Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/
ub{5 eg] jf s'g} s/f/Lo cg'jGwdf
;fd]n x'G5 eg] Tof] p;sf] clwsf/sf]
ljifo aGg] .
s:tf] s/f/ ug]{ jf s/f/sf] zt{x
s:tf] x'gk' 5{ egL jfx\o hutn] jf
s/f/sf] kIf g} g/x]sf] j];/f]sf/jfnf
cGo ;+:yfn] x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
hxfh v/Lb ug]{ elg;s]kl5 s/f/sf
x/]s zt{sf ;DaGwdf jftf{ ug{ / :jLs[t
zt{adf]lhd ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o
u/fpg' k5{ eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
Jofkfl/s k|sl[ tsf] sfddf nufpg] t/
;/sf/L gf]s/;fxL k|sl[ tsf] lg0f{o k|lqmof
cjnDag ug{ nufpg] xf] eg] Jofkfl/s
lgk"0ftf cfpFg} g;Sg] .
lgud ;fj{hlgs rl/q ePsf] ;+:yf eP

v/fj lgot, jb\lgotn] clek|l] /t e}
klg To;sf] k|of]hg Jofkfl/s k|sl[ tsf]
cfkm"nfO{ nfe / ;/sf/L lgsfo jf
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ePsf] / tb\g?' k Jofkf/
;/sf/nfO{ gf]S;fgL x'g] u/L e|i6frf/df
k|jw{g ug'k{ g]{ x'gfn] lgudsf] nflu Pshgf
;+nUg ePsf] x'g j:t'tYon] k|dfl0ft
;fj{hlgs pBdsf] Joj:yfksnfO{ hf]
x'gk' b{5 . cGoyf b]lvg cfPdf afx]s
rflxg] clVtof/ / nrstf;lxtsf] lg0f{o
kIfxsf aLrdf x' g ] sf/f] j f/sf]
ug]{ k|fjwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To:tf]
ljifonfO{ lnP/ ePsf] ;Demf}tf / ;f]
lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/Ln] lnPsf]
;Demf}tfsf] kfngf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{
lg0f{oxsf] kl/0ffd cfpg glbO{ cu|Ld
ljlw / k|lqmofcGtu{tsf] s/f/Lo zt{
?kdf cGo ;+:yf jf lgsfoaf6 cj/f]w
kfngfsf] ljifoj:t' e|i6frf/sf] ljifoj:t'
ug]{ xf] eg] ;DalGwt lgudsf] sfddf
aGg g;Sg] .
ul/g] ;Lwf x:tIf]k cg'lrt dfq} xf]Og
v/fa lgot / e|i6frf/df ;+nUg ePsf]
ls cfklQhgs ;d]t x'g] .
eGgnfO{ j:t'tYon] cGoyf b]lvg cfPdf
-k|s/0f g+=!^_
afx]s x/]s s/f/Lo zt{df e|i6frf/sf]
ls6fgL ;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL Joj:yf ePdf
cf/f]k nufpg gx'g] .
afx]s Joj:yflksfsf] ;+u7gleq tf]lsPsf
-k|s/0f g+=@&_
;ldltxn] cfgf] sfo{fb]zadf]lhd sfo{
ts{;u+ t ;dfwfg ;DalGwt lgsfon]
ubf{ sfo{kflnsf txsf cxdf ;Lwf
df}sfdf lbg ;Sg' kb{5 . cGoyf Pp6f
x:tIf]k x'g] u/L cfb]z lg0f{o ug]{ ge}
:yflkt k/Dk/f jf Joj;fosf] ;Ldfleq
Joj:yflksf cdfkm{t\ g} s'g} s'/fsf]
lnOPsf] s'g} lg0f{osf] ;DaGwdf kof{Kt
lgb]z
{ k7fpg'kg]{ .
/ e/kbf]{ cfwf/j]u/ unt lgots} cf/f]k
-k|s/0f g+=!(_
nufpg] xf] eg] To:tf] kbflwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o
s;}sf] lghL k|fyldstf jf cle?rLsf]
Ifdtf tyf hf]lvd lng] Ifdtf 36\g
lg0f{oxaf6 ul/g] x:tIf]kdf k|ltljlDjt
hfG5 h;af6 cGttM ;+u7g / ;dfhn]
eof] eg] c?sf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] kfngfsf]
g} gsf/fTds kl/0ffd ef]Ug'kg]{ .
;'lglZrttf vf]Hg] ;fj{hlgs n]vf
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L jf lgsfoxn]
;ldlt h:tf] ul/dfdo ;+:yfsf]] nflu
xd];f sfg"g;+ut / Jofj;flos lx;fjn]
;'xfpFbf] x'g g;Sg] .
;xL lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ cfdck]Iff eP klg
-k|s/0f g+=@!_
sf]xL s;}sf] s'g} lg0f{odf s'g} k|zf;lgs
s/f/sf] sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf l;h{gf
jf xf]lzof/L;DaGwL s'g} q'l6 cf}Nofpg]
x'g] x/]s sfdsf] nflu kmf}hbf/L bfloTj
ljlQs} To;nfO{ cfk/fwLs/0f ug'{ jf
axg ug]{ u/L JolQmut pQ/bfloTj jxg
To:tf] ug]{ ;f]rn] a9fjf kfof] eg] cGttM
x'g] ljifo agfpg x'bF g} / To;f] ubf{
;xL g]tT[ j lng] JolQmsf] knfog x'g]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ x/]s Joj:yfkssf]
vt/f a9]/ hfg] .
Joj:yfkgsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf g}
-k|s/0f g+=@*_
k|efljt x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@#_
s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
1068
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M

cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f %*
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g @)%( sf] bkmf
#-!_-em_, !&
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #,
@^-@_, &%-@_
cfly{s ljlgodfjnL, @)^% sf] bkmf
@#^-!_-3_
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] ljlgodsf]
ljlgod @#^-!_-v_ / -u_
;+ljwfg;ef -Jo:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfo{
;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod
!!), !!%, !!%-@_
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >] i 7M ljz] i f cbfnt
sf7df8f} F a f6 ldlt @)^*.!.^ df ePsf]
km};nfpk/ ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
!& adf]lhd jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 o;
cbfnt;dIf kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudn] v/Lb ug{ nfu]sf]
Narrow body / Wide Body sf hxfhx oxfFsf]
ljBdfg ahf/sf] lx;fan] a9L vlr{nf] x'g],
sfg"gL lx;fan] b'O{ sDkgLsf] ljdfg /fVg gx'g]
/ af]nkqdf q'l6 x'g] d"Nosf] lx;fjn] a9L d"No
ltg'k{ g]{ b]lvPsf]n] hxfh v/Lb gu/L lghL If]qsf
hxfhx;Fu ;fem]bf/L u/L sfd rnfpg' kg]{
egL k/]sf a]gfd] ph"/L / ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
5fgaLg ul//x]s} a]nf g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudn]
o'/f]kl:yt Airbus / Boeing Company ;Fu
Agreement u/L a}gf k7fPsf] / a}gf k7fpg'kj
" {
o;nfO{ ltg{ cfjZos kg]{ ?=!# s/f]8 cd]l/sL
8n/sf] aGbf]j:t ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f]sf] hdfgL ;/sf/
ga:b}, sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if tof/L gx'Fbfs}

cj:yfdf Boeing Company ;Fu k|lt:kwf{ u/]/
Airbus ;Fu gu/L 5gf}6 u/L Agreement u/L
a}gf ;d]t k7fPsf]n] cy{ dGqfnoaf6 hdfgL
k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg g;lsg] k|ltlqmof ePsf]
/ k7fPsf] k};f km:g] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] egL
sflGtk'/df k|sflzt n]vsf] cfwf/df clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lj:t[t cg';Gwfg
u/L d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]] .
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudn] v/Lb ug{
nfu]sf] ljdfg g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] cfly{s
ljlgodfjnL, ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^#
cg';f/ u/] u/fPsf] x'Fbf sfg"gL q'l6 5}g .
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudnfO{ rflxPsf] hxfh
v/Lbsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ Busines Plan, strategic
Plan tyf RFP (Request for proposal) Document
xnfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t u/fPkl5
dfq 6]08/ k|lqmof z'? ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfn
;/sf/n] cf=j=)^%.^^ sf] ah]6 jQmJosf]
a'Fbf g+=!)@ df lgudnfO{ @ 7"nf hxfh v/Lb
ug{ ljQLo ;|f]tsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgL
a:g] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] / ;~rosf]if C0f lbg
/ cy{ dGqfno hdfgL a:g tof/L e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf hxfh v/Lbsf] 6]08/ :jLs[t ul/Psf]
xf] . l56f]sf] nflu v/Lb k|lqmof / hdfgL
k|lqmofnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} nu]sf]n] ah]6sf] Joj:yf
gul/sg 6]08/ :jLs[t u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g .
v/Lb ug{ nfu]sf] hxfhsf] nflu @)^# ;fndf
g} Fleet Planning and Policy A 15 year Vision
sf] u'?of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . ;fdfg v/Lb
k|lqmof / ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmof cnu 5 .
ljZjel/g} ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmof cs}{ 5, o;}
sf/0fn] @)^%.!@.@@ sf lbg k'/fgf] ljlgodfjnL
;+zf]wg u/L s'g} k|lt:kwf{ ;d]t gu/fO{ ;f]em}
sDkgL;Fu jftf{ u/L contract Agreement ug{
;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . RFP (Request for
proposal) sf] dfWodaf6 lzN8 k|:tfj k|fKt
1069
u/L k|lt:kwf{ u/fOPsf]n] k|lqmofut q'l6 5}g .

lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 hxfh v/Lb ug{] lg0f{o ePkl5
Lock up Money k7fpg' kg]{ k|fjwfg adf]lhd
Lock up Money k7fOPsf] xf] . lgod ljk/Lt
Lock up Money k7fPsf] xf] O g . ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 Airbus Company sf] k|:tfj :jLs[t
ePsf] 5 . Airbus company sf] k|:tfjdf
&,%),))). cd]l/sL 8n/ Lock up Money
afkt k7fpg' kg]{ / MOU (Memorandum of
Understanding) ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{ zt{ /x]sf] 5 .
Airbus sf] k|:tfjsf] Page No 5 sf] clauses No
3.1.3 df ljdfg 8]lne/Lsf] ;do tflnsf clause
No. 10 k"/f eP dfq valid x'g] Joxf]/f pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . clauses No 10 df Lock up Money j}gf /sd_ pQm sDkgLn] k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;dodf g} Lock up
Money k7fPsfn] lgudnfO{ %* s/f]8 kmfObf
ePsf] 5 . sDkgLn] hgj/L @)!) df d"Noj[l4
u/] s f] 5 . Wide Body sf] xsdf ;d] t
cGt/f{li6o:t/sf] af]nkq cfjXjfg u/L ljlwjt\
9+un] d"Nofg ul/;s]kl5 d"No sfod ul/Psf]
/ ;f]nfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltn] v/Lbsf] nflu
lg0f{o u/]sf]n] af]nkqdf kl5 d"No /fv]sf]
xf]Og . 7"nf] ljdfg / ;fgf] ljdfgsf] k|lt;L6
d"No 36La];L x'g] ;DaGwdf xjfO{ Jofkf/df
To:tf] km/s gkg]{ x'G5 . 7"nf] hxfhn] w]/}
306f p8fg eg{ kg]{ x'Fbf ;'ljwfx w]/} /fVg'
kg]{ / ;fgf]n] sd 306f p8fg eg'{kg]{ x'Fbf
;'ljwf sd /fv] k'Ug] x'bF f k|lt;L6 d"No 3l6a];L
x'Fb}g . a? cem a9L x'g ;Sg] x'G5 . o'/f]ktkm{
p8fg ebf{ lgudnfO{ 3f6f knf{ ls eGg]tkm{
ljrf/ u/]/} cfufdL % jif{leq gofF ^ j6f
ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf]n] lgudsf] ljBdfg
;+/rgfnfO{ ;'wfb}{ hfg] / ^) ca{ Jofkf/df
lgudn] clxn] $ cj{dfq lnPsf]df ;f] b/nfO{
a9fp+b} n}hfg] nIo /x]sf] 5 .
xjfO{ oftfoftsf] pBf]udf 7"nf7"nf

sDkgLn] klg Ps} rf]6L Ps} lbgdf @)@% j6f
ljdfg Delivery lnP/ rnfp+bg} . lgudsf] vision
jf of]hgfdf klxnf] r/0fsf] b'Oj{ 6f ljdfg 8]nLe/L
e};s]kl5 o"/f]klt/sf] p8fg ;~rfngdf Nofpg]
/ o"/f]klt/sf] p8fg ;~rfngdf cfO;s]kl5 (
dlxgfb]lv ! aif{sf] cGt/ kl5 csf]{ Wide Body
sf] hxfh Nofpg] 5 . o"/f]k / hfkfgsf] p8fg
sector af6 lgudnfO{ j9L nfe x'G5 . ljdfg
v/Lbsf] nflu Financial Closure gu/L Lock up
Money k7fPsf] xf]Og . Financial Closure ljQLo
k|jGw ;DaGwdf sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if, ko{6g
dGqfno / cy{ dGqfnodf sl/j !^ dlxgfb]lv
kqfrf/ e}/x]sf] lyof] . sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn]
shf{ :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 egL
n]vs
] f] kq lguddf k|fKt ePsf], ko{6g dGqfnosf]
:d[ltkqdf klg sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn] /sd
pknAw u/fpg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . cy{
dGqfnon] sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifaf6 g]kfn
;/sf/n] lbg'kg]{ hdfgtsf] 9fFrf ;d]t dfu
u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L k|lqmofx cufl8 jl9/x]sf]
;d]tsf] cfwf/af6 Lock up Money k7fPsf] xf] .
g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgL ga:g] eGg] lg0f{o ePsf]
5}g . ca v/Lb k|lqmof /2 u/L Lock up Money
lkmtf{ lng lgb]z
{ g ePdf kxn ug{ d tof/ 5' .
lkmtf{ gePdf lgudsf] gfddf j]?h' x'g' kb{5 .
lgudsf] %@ aif{sf] Oltxf;df lgud leqsf]
cfGtl/s ;|ft] af6 hxfh v/Lb u/]sf] s'g} pbfx/0f
5}g . lgudsf] cf=j= @)^^)^& sf] jh]6df
cfg} cfGtl/s ;|ft] af6 b'Oj{ 6f ljdfg v/Lbsf]
nflu rflxg] Lock up Money sf] ah]6 5'6o\ fOPsf]
x'bF f Lock up Money k7fPsf] xf] . ljdfg lgdf{tf
sDkgLxn] Lock up Money gk7fP;Dd Delivery
Date osLg ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] @)!) ;Dddf
Pp6f ePklg hxfh Nofpg] p2]Zon] xtf/ xtf/
sfd u/]sf] xf] . t/ Lock up Money k7fpg]
sfo{df d]/f] jb\lgot 5}g . Letter of Intend /
1070

Lock up Money k7fpg]
sfd ;~rfns ;ldltsf]

geO{ Joj:yfkgsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
lbOPsf lgb]z
{ gxn] ;j} sfd cy{ dGqfnonfO{
ug{ eg]sf] / cy{ dGqfnon] nfdf] ;do;Dd
s]xL gaf]ns
] f]n] lgudnfO{ s] ug]{ s] gug]{ eGg]
cGof}n ePsf] cj:yfdf cfgf] wf/0ff ko{6g
dGqfnodfkm{t\ k7fOPsf] xf] . cy{ dGqfnon]
hdfgL ga:g] egL xft lemSgfn] ljdfg v/Lb
k|lqmof cndndf k/]sf] cj:yf xf] . Wide Body
hxfhsf] RFP Technical Specification ;Fu b'j}
sDkgL Airbus tyf Boeing ;Fu ldn]sf] eP tfklg
b'a} k|:tfjnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf s]nfP/ k|lta]bg
tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6
@)^^.^.@ df ( a'bF ] lgb]z
{ g hf/L ePsf] /
;f]pk/ cfgf] wf/0ff k|:t't ;d]t u/]sf], t/
tfxfFaf6 xfn;Dd ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmof :ylut
ug'{ jf aGb ug'{ eGg] vfnsf] lgb]z
{ g glbPsf]n]
ljdfg v/Lb sfo{qmdnfO{ b|t' ultn] cl3 a9fPsf]
xf] . o;df d]/f] s'g} JolQmut :jfy{ jf jb\lgot
5}g . xfn;Dd ePsf ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmof,
k|zf;lgs, cfly{s lqmofsnfkx d]/} lgb]z
{ g/
hfgsf/Ldf e}/x]sf] x'Fbf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{oxsf]
ztk|ltzt lhDdf lng cfkm" tof/ 5' .
d}n] ljdfg v/Lbsf] k|lqmof @)^%.*.@%
df lguds} sf=d'= gfoj dxfk|jGws u0f]z
7fs'/sf] ;+of]hsTjdf gf} ;b:oLo Preliminary
consultation Committee u7g u/L z'?jft u/]sf]
xf] . RFP Boeing / Airbus nfO{ Presentation
u/fP/ Jofks 5nkmn u/L k|fljlws kIf tyf
tYofsf] cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . lghL
xjfO{;j] f sDkgLxn] klg ljdfg v/Lb ubf{
o;/L g} j}gf /sd -Commitment Fee_ sf] ?kdf
e'QmfgL lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . % dlxgf ;Dd
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lgb]z
{ g cy{ dGqfnoaf6
lguddf k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . kl5 lgudsf] /fo,
wf/0ff / k|lqmof pknAw u/fpg ko{6g dGqfnosf]
kq k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd
@) s/f]8;Ddsf] sf/f]jf/df clGtd lg0f{o ug]{

clwsf/ d}n] kfPsf] 5' . t/ Lock up Money
o; clwsf/cGtu{t k7fPsf] xf]Og . of] ;~rfns
;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6 k7fPsf] xf] . Wide Body
ljdfgsf] d"No ;DaGwdf yk jftf{ u/L d"No
36fpg' jfG5gLo x'g] s'/f CAPA sf] k|ltj]bgdf
ePsf] x'bF f ;f] ;DaGwdf jftf{ ug{ ;d]t ;~rfns
;ldltn] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] xf] . ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 hxfh v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{o ePkl5 Lock
up Money k7fpg k'gM ;~rfns ;ldltaf6
lg0f{o u/fpg' kg]{ h:tf] nfUb}g . To;df klg
lgudsf] ljlgodfjnLsf] lgod !** sf] -v_
cg';f/ hlt;'s} /sdsf] dfn;fdfg v/Lb ePklg
;Demf}tf d"Nosf] !% k|ltzt;Ddsf] Variation
Order sfo{sf/L k|dv
' n] :jLs[t ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
o;af6 !) ca{sf] ljdfg v/Lbdf !=% ca{
;Ddsf] yk e'QmfgL lbg ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
:jLs[lt grflxg] b]lvG5 . Lock up Money afkt
k7fPsf] /sd )=%% k|ltzt dfq xf] . ( gf]eD] j/
@))( df Joj:yfkgsf] tkm{af6 ;~rfns
;ldlt;dIf nluPsf] k|:tfjdf Lock up Money
k7fpg clwsf/ dfu ul/Psf]df ;f]pk/ # gf]eD] j/
@))( df ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 5nkmn x'bF f
jftf{ ug{ dfq clwsf/ lbO{Psf]df ljgf clwsf/
Lock up Money k7fPsf] eGg] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
Joj:yfkgaf6 Lock up Money k7fpg :jLs[lt
dfu]s} xf] . t/ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7ssf]
5nkmndf lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] ljlgod @#^-!_-3_ adf]lhd ;f]em} Lock up
Money k7fpg] clwsf/ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ePsf]n]
o; ;DaGwdf ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o gu/]sf]
xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fn] k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf]
aofg .
d g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] cy{ ljefu
cGtu{t kmfO{gflG;on Knfflg sG6fn
] df sfo{/t\
5' . lgudn] xfn v/Lb ug{ nfu]sf] ljdfgsf]
1071
;DaGwdf d]/f] ljefusf] s'g} ;+nUgtf 5}g .

hxfh v/Lb;DaGwL ef}r/df d]/f] b:tvt 5}g .
To; ;dodf sf=d'=cy{ lgb]{zs dfl0fsdfg
ah|frfo{ a}s
+ s hfg' ePsf] lyof] . a}s
+ s hfg]
;dodf lghsf] ljefu klg x]/L lbg' eg]sf]n]
To; ljefusf] klg sfd x]g{] u/]sf] lyof] . hxfh
v/Lb;DaGwL s'g} lj|lkm ug'{ ePsf] lyPg . d}n]
Lock up Money e'QmfgL ug{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] 5}g .
cfjZos sfo{ ug{ egL tf]s nufPsf];Dd xf] .
e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd kSsf ug]{ sfd vr{
dxfzfvfsf sfo{jfxs cy{ lgb]z
{ s dfl0fsdfg
ah|frfo{sf] xf] . hxfh v/Lb ;DaGwL lg0f{o
ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
cy{ dGqfnoaf6 :jLs[lt klg ePsf] 5}g . ;fy}
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf]
5}g . /sd lbg] ;DaGwdf lxdfnog a}+sn]
;~rosf] i fsf] hdfgt dfu] s f] lyof] eg]
;~rosf]ifn] cy{ dGqfnosf] hdfgt dfu]sf]
hfgsf/L dnfO{ lyof] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fn] k|ltjfbL
do"/ zdz]/ /f0ffn] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf
u/]sf] aofg .
d g] k fn jfo' ; ] j f lgudsf] vr{
dxfzfvfdf sf=d'=pklgb]z
{ s kbdf sfo{/t\ 5' .
Lock up Money k7fpFbfsf] ef}r/df k/]sf] b:tvt
d]/f] xf] . pQm b:tvt lgudsf sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf]
cfb]zn] u/]sf] xf] . ;fy} /sd k7fpg] sfuhftdf
gfoj dxfk|jGws /fh'axfb'/ s]=;L=n] sfo{sf/L
cWoIfsf] lgb]z
{ g sfof{Gjog ug'{ egL / do"/
zdz]/ /f0ffn] cfjZos sfo{ ug'{ egL lnlvt
lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] cfwf/df Airbus sDkgLnfO{ Lock
up Money k7fpg] ljifosf] 4th November 2009
sf] kqdf Head of contracts Adm sf] tkm{af6
b:tvt ug]{ / 20 Nov. 2009 sf] kqdf Contracts
adm Director sf] tkm{af6 b:tvt ug]{ JolQm
Pp6} x'g\ . ljdfg v/Lb ug{ ;~rfns ;ldltn]
3 Nov. 2009 df lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ;~rfns
;ldltn] ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{o u/]kl5
v/Lb;DaGwL O{R5fkq -letter of Intend_ hf/L

u/L Lock up Money e'QmfgL ul/g]5 eGg] s'/f
lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnLsf] lgod @#^-!_
-3_ df Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df Lock up Money afktsf] /sd
k7fPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh zdf{n] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf
u/]sf] aofg .
d g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] sf=d'=cy{
lgb]z
{ s kbdf sfo{/t\ 5' . dnfO{ RFP ( Request
for proposal) cg';f/ d"Nofg u/L ;f]sf] t'ngfTds
ljj/0f tof/ kfg{ ul7t pk;ldltsf] ;b:o
agfO{Psf] lyof] . pQm pk;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf]
RFP sf] cfwf/df hxfh v/Lb ug]{ k|:tfj k]z
ePsf] lyof] . d]/f] e"ldsf olt dfq xf] . Lock
up Money d}n] k7fPsf] xf]Og . t/ k7fPsf]
/sd cfly{s ljlgodfjnLadf]lhd k7fP h:tf]
nfU5 . To;avt d sfd ljz]ifn] a}s
+ s uPsf]
x'F . ljdfg v/Lb ubf{ !) ca{ /sd sd{rf/L
;~rosf]ifaf6 C0f k|fKt ug]{ s'/f lyof] .
dxfk|jGws eGbf sfo{sf/L cWoIf dfly xf] .
dxfk|jGwsn] k7fpg x'Gg eg]sf] eP klg sfo{sf/L
cWoIfn] eg]sfn] /sd k7fPsf] x'g ;S5 eGg]
;d] t Joxf] / fsf] dfl0fsdfg ah| f rfo{ n ]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
g] k fn jfo' ; ] j f lgudsf] cfly{ s
ljlgodfjnLadf]lhd Lock up Money k7fPsf]
h:tf] nfU5 . /sd k7fpFbf d]/f] ;+nUgtf 5}g .
/sd lgudsf] cfly{s ljefuaf6 k7fPsf] xf],
;+:yfut ljefuaf6 xf]Og . Nov 3.-2009 df
lgudsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] hxfh v/Lb ug]{
l;kmfl/znfO{ :jLs[t u/]sf] 5 . ;~rfns
;ldltdf k|:tfj k7fpFbf d klg ;+nUg lyPF
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL 1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfnn]
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ Lock up Money
k7fOPsf] xf] . lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL,
1072
@)^% sf] ljlgod @#^ sf] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd

lgud tyf ljdfg lgdf{tf sDkgLaLr ldlt 5
Nov.2009 df ePsf] MOU sf] bkmf %=$ cg';f/
Commitment Fee ;Dd k7fOPsf] xf] . pQm /sd
km;fpg ge} hxfh v/Lb ug{ k7fOPsf] xf] .
k|:t't /sd k7fpbf ah]6sf] Joj:yf eP gePsf]
eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf g} l;h{gf
ePg . Lock up Money ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf] cfb]zn]
k7fPsf] xf] .
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o Pj+ lgudsf]
cfly{s ljlgodfjnLdf k|i6;Fu n]lvPsf] ljifodf
d]/f] ;Nnfx / ;xof]usf] s'g} cy{ /x+bg} . Lock
up Money afkt k7fOPsf] /sd Purchage
Agreemeet x'b
F fsf jvt ldnfO{g] eg]sf] 5 .
ljdfg v/Lb gePdf of] /sd lkmtf{ x'bF g} .
MOU kIfxsf aLr mutual Understanding df
x'g] ;Demf}tf xf] . o;/L x'g] ;Demf}tfdf Pp6f
kIfsf] xft dfly / csf]{ kIfsf] xft tn kg]{
x'bF g} . d"No tf]sL v/Lb ug{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu
5gf}6 ePsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] 3, Nov-2009
sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk o; cfof]udf k]z e};s]sf]
5 . MOU ug{ / Lock up Money k7fpg] sfo{df
d]/f] s'g} ;xeflutf 5}g . g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf]
;~rfns ;ldltsf] @)^^.&.!& sf] lg0f{on]
ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ljdfg v/Lb
ug]{ lg0f{o e};s]kl5 Lock up Money k7fpg
k'gM lg0f{o u/L /xg'kg]{ b]lv+bg} . MOU :jLs[t
ePkl5 Lock up Money k7fpg] af6f] v'N5 .
To;sf] nflu cfly{s ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod
@#^ sf] ! -3_ n] k|i6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 1 Nov.
2009 sf] k|:tfjdf Joj:yfkgn] jftf{ u/L 6'u
+ f]df
k'uL e'QmfgL lbg Joj:yfkgnfO{ clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg ug]{ eGg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]
k|:tfj :jLs[t ug]{ egL ;~rfns ;ldltn]
lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljlgodfjnLsf]
ljlgod @#^=-!_-3_ df ;~rfns ;ldltn]
ljleGg v/Lb;DaGwL O{R5fkq hf/L u/L Lock

up Money Joj:yfkgsf] tkm{ a f6 sfo{ s f/L
cWoIfHo"sf] cfb]zn] k7fPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh'axfb'/ s]=;L=n] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
d g] k fn jfo' ; ] j f lgudsf] gfoj
dxfk|jGws -k|f=_ kbdf sfo{/t\ 5' . hxfh v/Lb
k|lqmofdf ul7t ljleGg r/0fsf ;ldltdf
;+of]hs Pj+ ;b:o ;d]t eO{ sfd u/]sf] 5' .
hxfh v/Lb ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j=@)^%.)^^
sf] ah]6df hdfgL a:g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .
pQm hdfgL a:g] elgPsf] sfo{ Joj:yflksf
;+;baf6 cg'df]bg e};s]sf] 5 . To;} cg'k
hxfh v/Lb ug],{ C0f /sd ;~rosf]ifn] lbg]
lg0f{o klg e};s]sf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnosf cy{dGqL
/ ;lrj tyf ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og
dGqfnosf dGqL / ;lrjHo" aLr ljleGg r/0fdf
a}7s eO{ ;xdlt e};s]sf]n] ah]6sf] Joj:yf
gePsf] eGg ldNb}g . ko{6g jif{ @)!! ;d]tnfO{
Wofg lbO{ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[ltn]
;DalGwt ljefun] Lock up Money k7fPsf] xf] .
Lock up Money s;}sf] k|efjdf k/L k7fPsf]
xf]Og . k|efj kf/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
of]hgfn] ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . ljut @#
aif{;Dd hxfh v/Lb k|lqmof cfpg ;s]sf] lyPg .
clxn]sf] v/Lb k|lqmof cf=j= @)^%.)^^ sf]
jh]6n] NofPsf] sfo{qmd xf] . Lock up Money
k7fpFbf xfdLn] s'g} uNtL u/]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/L
of]hgfsf] cfwf/df k};f k7fPsf] x'bF f of] /sd
c;"n gePdf ;/sf/n] g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{
lbg' kb{5 . @)^^.&.!& df ;~rfns ;ldltn]
Joj:yfkgnfO{ Further Process sf] nflu clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg ePsf]n] k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf]
;Ldfleq /xL MOU ljlwjt\ ?kdf tof/ kf/L
x:tfIf/ ePsf] 5 . Air Bus Company sf]
k|:tfjdf klg Lock up Money sf] Joj:yf ePsf]n]
;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt lng' kb}g{ eGg]
1073
;d] t Joxf] / fsf] k| l tjfbL u0f] z 7fs' / n]

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] hxfh v/Lb
;DaGwdf @)^^.^.@@ ut] lgudn] tof/ kf/]sf]
"xfnsf] kl/jlt{t ko{6sLo jftfj/0fdf lgudsf]
;]jfdf jfO8 a8L -Wide Body_ ljdfgn] ug]{
p8fgsf] Jofkfl/s pkfb]otf cWoog k|ltj]bg,
@)^^" ;a} lgb]{zsxnfO{ ljt/0f u/L cf
cfgf] /fo k]z ug]{ elgPsf] kl/k|I] odf cfgf]
/fo k]z u/]sf] x'F . /fo cfkm\gf] cg'ej / CAPA
sf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df k]z u/]sf] xf] . klxn]
hf]8f hxfhsf] cjwf/0ffdf hfg' kb{5 . bf];f| ]
lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnLdf k|i6\ofP em}
;DalGwt ljdfg sDkgLx;Fu Negotiation ug'{
kb{5 . Negotiation u/] gu/]sf] af/] dnfO{ 1fg
ePg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fn] uf]j4{g v8\sfn]
lgudsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] @)^^.&.!%
-cf/f]kkqdf @)^&.&.!% pNn]v ePsf]_ sf]
a}7sdf k|:tfj k]z x'bF f :jLs[t ePsf] k|:tfjsn]
k|:tfj u/]sf] d"Nodf ga9fO{ ;DalGwt kIf;Fu
aftf{ u/L v/Lb ;Demf}tf ug{ Joj:yfkgn]
clwsf/ dfu u/]sf]df ;f] df 5nkmn x'bF f ":jLs[t
k|:tfjdf plNnlvt d"Nodf ga9fO{ ;DalGwt
kIf;F u jftf{ n fk ug] { " ;Ddsf] clwsf/
Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] xf] . ;f] eGbf a9L
clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . ljdfg v/Lb ug]{
k|:tfjsf] nflu to ePsf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/
k|:tfjdf pNn]v ePsf] ljdfgsf] d"No ;d]tsf]
cfwf/df ljdfg v/Lbsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{
eGg] pk;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df ljdfg
v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf] xf] . d ;~rfns
;ldltdf k|:tfj cfXjfg u/]sf] ^ dlxgfkl5
dfq lgo'Qm ePsf] / d"Nofg k|lqmof z'?
eO;s]sf]n] To; af/]df s'g} k|Zg p7fOg . k|:tfj
;~rfns ;ldltaf6 :jLs[ t ePsf] xf] .
Joj:yfkgn] To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df Lock
up Money k7fPsf]
x'g ;S5 . Lock up Money

k7fpg] ljifo ljlgodfjnL d} :ki6 ePsf] Joj:yf
xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fn] /~hgs[i0f cof{nn]
ldlt @)^^.&.( (26 Oct.2009_ df
;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sn] ;fj{hlgs v/Lb
P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @& sf] pkbkmf ! adf]lhd
:jLs[ltsf nflu 5gf}6 ug]{ dfq lg0f{o ePsf]
xf] . Joj:yfkgsf] ! gf]eD] a/ @))( sf] k|:tfjdf
pNn]v ePsf] Lock up Money e'QmfgL lbg
Joj:yfkgnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ k|:tfj
;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z ePsf] t/ ;~rfns
;ldltn] Tof] k|:tfjdf s'g} lg0f{o u/]sf] 5}g .
;~rfns ;ldltn] ljdfg v/Lbsf] nflu cfjZos
Joj:yfsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hdfgtsf]
nflu cfjZos kxn tyf tfs]tf ug]{ ;~rfns
;ldltsf] # gf]eD] j/ @))( df lg0f{o ePsf]n]
Lock up Money Joj:yfkgn] k7fpg ldNb}g eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fn] ;'vrGb| emfn] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .
;~rfns ;ldltn] Po/j; v/Lb ug{
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @& sf]
pk bkmf ! adf]lhd :jLs[ltsf nflu 5gf}6
ug] { ;Dd lg0f{ o ePsf] xf] . lgudsf]
ljlgodfjnLdf Lock up Money k7fpgsf] nflu
5'} Joj:yf 5 . To;df ;~rfns ;ldltn]
k|j]z u/]sf 5}g . cfly{s ljlgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] ljlgod @#^ -!_sf] ^ adf]lhd ljQLo
Joj:yfsf] osLg u/]kl5 dfq ;ldltn] lg0f{o
ug]{ xf] . d]/f] ljrf/df ?=bz cj{sf] /sdsf]
Lock up Money Pp6f kf6{ ePsf]n] ;ldltaf6
lg0f{o u/L k7fpg' kg]{ xf] . cWoIf ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] hj/h:tL Lock up Money k7fpg
nufPsf] egL dxfk|jGws s]=lj= lnDa"n] pNn]v
u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf s]xL yfxf 5}g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fsf] gfu] Z j/ /fon] clwsf/k| f Kt
1074
;~rfns ;ldltn] Po/j; v/Lb ug{

;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @& sf]
pkbkmf ! adf]lhd :jLs[ltsf nflu 5gf}6 ug];
{ Dd
lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf 5}gf} . !
gf]eD] j/ @))( df Lock up Money sf] k|:tfj
cfPsf] xf] . t/ ;~rfns ;ldltn] o; ljifodf
s'g} lg0f{o u/]sf] 5}g . ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o
ljgf Lock up Money k7fpg ldNb}g . ljQLo
Joj:yfsf] nflu sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if tyf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] hdfgtsf] nflu jf/Djf/ kqfrf/ ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy} cf=j=@)^%.)^^ sf] ah]6 jQmJosf]
j'bF f g+= !)@ df klg ljdfg v/Lbsf] nflu g]kfn
;/sf/ hdfgt a;L lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;GWofs]z/L dfgGw/n] clwsf/k|fKt
lgudn] v/Lb ug{ nfu]sf] hxfhsf]
;DaGwdf lgb]z
{ sHo"sf] cfb]zdf d]/f] o'lg6sf
O{~rfh{n] Lock up Money sf] ef}r/ tof/ kfg{
nufPsf] x'bF f o'=P;= 8n/ &,%),))).sf] ef}r/
tof/ kf/]sf] x'F . ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;xdlt
lbPsf] jf glbPsf] eGg] af/]df ljefuLo k|dv
' n]
x]g{] xf] . ?h' ug]{ / Pk|E' 8 ug]{ sfd ;DalGwt
ljefuLo k|dv
' / O~rfh{sf] g} xf] . Lock up
Money k7fP/ sf]xL s;}n] uNtL u/]sf] eP
dflyNnf] clwsf/Ln] ug]{ xf] . lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L
klg dflyNnf] clwsf/L g} x'gx' G' 5 . d]/f] ;xeflutf
5} g eGg] ;d] t Joxf] / fn] c~h' s] = ;L=n]
d g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] cy{ ljefudf
sfo{/t\ 5' . clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 cfjZos
k|lqmof k"/f u/]kl5 jLncg';f/ e'QmfgLsf] nflu
ef}r/ tof/ kfg]{ sfd u5{' . Lock up Money sf]
;DaGwdf ljefuLo k|dv
' sf] lgb]z
{ gadf]lhd ef}r/
tof/ kf/L :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z u/]sf] xf] .
Lock up Money k7fpg s;}sf] k|efj k/]sf] 5}g
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fn] k'ik/fh kf]tn
] ] clwsf/k|fKt
hxfh v/Lb ug'k{ g]d

{ f lljwf 5}g .
k|lqmof k'ofP/ lsGg' k5{ . xfn v/Lb ug{
nfu]sf] hxfhdf gldn]sf k|lqmofx dWo]
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @%-%_ sf]
Joj:yfljk/Lt Financial Closure gu/L hxfh
v/Lb k|:tfj :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] @)^^.(.!# sf] lg0f{o
/ @)^&.@.!) sf] cy{ dGqfnosf] lg0f{o
lgb]z
{ gsf] cfwf/df v/Lb k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg'
kb{5 . hxfh v/Lb k|lqmofdf s] s] s'/f gk'us
] f
x'g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf d}n] o; cfof]udf k]z u/]sf]
@)^&.@.!* sf] lgj]bg, @^ cS6f]j/, % gf]eD] j/,
@))( df k]z u/]sf] /fodf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . 3
Nov-2009 sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf jftf{
ug{ / Letter of Intent hf/L ug]{ dfq clwsf/
lbO{Psf] 5 . Negotiation ;~rfns ;ldltdf
k]z ug'k{ g]d
{ f k]z gu/L Lock up Money k7fPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . k|lqmof gldn]sf]n] /sd gk7fpg
cy{ lgb]z
{ snufotnfO{ :ki6 lgb]z
{ g u/]sf] x'F .
CAPA n] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgsf] j]jf:tf ul/Psf]
5 . Lock up Money afktsf] /sd k7fpg k|ToIf
ck|ToIf?kdf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/, u0f]z 7fs'/,
/fh'axfb'/ s]=;L= 1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfn, dfl0fsdfg
jh|frfo{, do"/ zdz]/ /f0ff, s]zj/fh zdf{,
k'iknfn kf]t] / k|bLk lqkf7Lsf] ;+nUgtf 5 .
lgudsf sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ ;Ltf/fd ltjf/Ln]
@)^^.^.@( df lbPsf] $ kfgfsf] /foljk/Lt
klg 5 . To;}n] casf] lgsf; eg]sf] a}gf /sd
-Lock up Money _ lkmtf{ u/L hxfh v/Lbsf]
nflu gofF k|lqmof z'? ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf] / fn] s' n axfb' / lnDa" n ] clwsf/k| f Kt
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^&.&.!& df Po/j;
sDkgLsf] hxfh v/Lb ug]{ k|:tfj :jLs[t ePkl5
Joj:yfkgsf] tkm{af6 ;f] lgudsf sfo{sf/L
cWoIfn] cglws[t ?kdf jfO8 a8L / Gof/f]
1075
a8L b'j} hxfhsf nflu Po/j; sDkgL;Fu

5'f5'} Memorandum Of Understanding -MOU_
ldlt @)^^.&.!( -5 Nov.2009_df u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . b'j} MOU x]bf{ MOU sf] 5.3 gDa/df
Commitment Fee sf] ;DaGwdf "in Consideration
of Air Bus reserving for Nepal Airlines the Tems
and Conditions Including the price Conditions
stated in this MOU a non- refundable commitment
fee in a amount U.S.D 250,000 for Narrow Body
and 5,00,000 for Wide Body for the Aircraft. (The
Commitment Fee) The commitment Fee shall
be credited against the pre-delivery payment
required upon signature of the purchase
agreement (Which in the first pre-delivery
payment) for the Aircraft. "o;/L Commitment
Fee sf af/]df lkmtf{ gx'g] tyf jfWosf/L x:tfIf/
ePkZrft\ Air Bus Company af6 dfu ul/Psf]
Commitment Fee sf ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^^.&.@)
ut] (6th Nov. 2009 ) sfo{sf/L cWoIf :jo+n]
Director (Finance) nfO{ P/S Arrange to send
commitment fee as per this request egL 7f8f]
tf]s nufO{ cd]l/sL 8n/ 7,50,000 g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudsf] sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ePsf] b]lvPsf], sfo{sf/L

cWoIfsf] 7f8f] cfb]zn] Commitment Fee e'QmfgL
x'g uPsf] / Purchase Agreement x'g g;Sbf
pQm /sd lkmtf{ gx'g] u/L Non- Refundable
egL MOU u/L ;lsPsf] l:ylt /x]sf] tyf
sfo{sf/L cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf aofg ubf{ ;f] /sd d}n] cfkm\g} cfb]zn]
k7fPsf]df k"0f{?kn] lhDd]jf/ 5' egL :jLsf/
u/]sf] ;d]t tYon] ;f] /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{df
cfb]zstf{sf] ?kdf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/sf] d'Vo
;+nUgtf /x]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft x'G5 . C0f tyf
hdfgt P]g, @)@% sf] bkmf $ sf] pkbkmf -!_
df g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t ljsf; of]hgfdf
;dfj]z ePsf cfof]hgfsf nflu jf g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudsf] nflu gofF xjfO{ hxfh v/Lb
ug{sf] nflu s'g} ;+:yfnfO{ ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf

Ph]G;L jf csf]{ ;+:yfaf6 C0f pknAw u/fpg
/ ;f] C0fafkt hdfgt lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x]sf] / pkbkmf -@_ df pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] hdfgL a:bf ;+:yfn]
C0f lng'kg]{ sf/0f C0f lnFbf x'g] /fli6o lxt /
C0f lbg] ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf Ph]G;L jf ;+:yf;Fu
ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf C0fsf] ;fFjf
tyf Jofh r'Qmf ug{ ;Sg] g;Sg] s'/fsf] ljrf/
ug'k{ 5{ egL ls6fg / :ki6;fy pNn]v ul/g'sf]
cltl/Qm P]gsf] bkmf ^ df o; P]gadf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] C0f jf lbPsf] hdfgtsf]
;Demf}tfnfO{ oyfzL3| Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf
/fVg'k5{ eGg];Ddsf] ls6fgL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvg
cfof] . C0f tyf hdfgt P]gsf] pk/f]Qm
k|fjwfgsf] clwgdf /x]/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hdfgt
;DaGwL lg0f{o ug'k{ g],{ hdfgt a:bf cfjZos
zt{x ;lxtsf] ;Demf}tf u/L pQm ;Demf}tfsf]
k/LIf0f Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ug]{ ;d]tsf sfg"gL
k|fjwfgx cf}krfl/s ?kdf k":/f geP;Dd
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] ljQLo k|jGw -Financial
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;d]tn] g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] hxfh v/Lb
ug]{ k|:tfj :jLs[t u/]sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
ldlt @)^^.&.!& sf] lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltn] cdfGo u/L lbPsf] ljifodf dfly
ljZn]if0f e};s]sf]n] yk pNn]v ul//xg' k/]g .
o:tf] ;+jb] gzLn tyf ljleGg sfg"gL / k|lqmofut
txx kf/ u/L h'6fpg' kg]{ ljQLo ;|ft] xsf]
af/]df a]jf:tf u/L cfkm"nfO{ clwsf/ gePsf]
tyf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ o lagf g}
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h:tf lgudnfO{ cfly{s Jooef/ jxg u/fpg]
b'/fzoo'Qm / jb\lgotk"js
{ sfo{ lgudsf sfo{sf/L
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b' / fzoo' Q m, jb\ l gotk" j { s , cgflwsf/,
:j]R5frf/Lk"0f{ sfo{af6 g]kfn jfo';j] f lgud
1076
sf]ifaf6 /sd ;dod} v/Lb ;Demf}tf geP lkmtf{

gx'g] zt{df Air Bus Company nfO{ e'QmfgL u/L
lgudnfO{ k|ToIf xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] sfo{df
lgh ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvPsf] / lgh s+;fsf/sf]
pQm sfo{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
!& / bkmf #-!_ sf] v08 'em' cGtu{tsf] s;"/leq
kg]{ b]lvFbf commitment Fee afkt cyf{t\ Lock
up Money afkt k7fOPsf] cd] l /sL 8n/
&%),))).k7fOPsf] ldltsf] ljlgdo b/
?=&^.%) sf b/n] x'g cfpg] ?= %,&#,&%,))).
kfFr s/f]8 qLoxQ/ nfv krxQ/_ / ;f]df
km};nf x'bF fsf] ldlt;Dd k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
kfpg] Jofh ;d]t g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{
sfo{sf/L cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/af6 e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #-!_ sf] v08 -em_
df plNnlvt ;hfosf cltl/Qm ljuf]adf]lhd
h/Ljfgf x'gsf ;fy} lgh g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{
:jfldTj /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] k|dv
' sfo{sf/L
cWoIf ePsf]n] lghnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd yk ;hfo ;d]t
ul/kfpFm .
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf sf=d'=gfoj
dxfk|jGws /fh'axfb'/ s]=;L=, sf=d'=gfoa
dxfk|jGws u0f]z 7fs'/, ;+:yfut ljefusf
sf=d'= lgb]z
{ s 1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfn, cy{ lgb]z
{ s
do" / zdz] / /f0ff / vr{ dxfzfvfsf
sf=d' = pklgb] { z s s] z j/fh zdf{ s f]
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf] 7f8f]
b'/fzoo'Qm, jb\lgotk"j{s tyf u}/sfg"gL /
cglws[t cfb]znfO{ tfd]n ug{ k|ToIf ;xof]u
k|fKt e} Airbus Company nfO{ Lock up Money
afkt US$ 7,50,000 cyf{t\ ?=%,&#,&%,))).
kfFr s/f]8 lqxQ/ nfv krxQ/ xhf/_ e'QmfgL
x'g uO{ lgudnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL eO{ e|i6frf/hGo
s;"/ l;4 ePsf]n] lghxnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @@ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cf/f]kkq .
d Lock up Money k7fpg] sfo{ d f

lgudsf sfo{sf/L cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/nfO{
;xof]u ug]{ dltof/ xf]Og . lgudsf] lgoldt
sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf lgud ;~rfns ;ldltn]
@)^^.&.!& df lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL /
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]gcg';f/ ljdfg v/Lb ug]{
lg0f{o u/]sf] /x]5 . sfo{sf/L cWoIfn] Airbus
sDkgLn] 4 Nov-2009 df k7fPsf] Invoice df
Director Finance nfO{ Arrange to send
Commitment Fee as per as this request egL 6
November - 2009 df tf]s cfb]z ug'{ ePsf]n]
d}n] lgb]z
{ s cy{ ljefunfO{ cWoIfHo"n] oxfFnfO{
lbg' ePsf] lgb]z
{ gcg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug'{ x'g
egL lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] x'F . ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ kbflwsf/L eg]sf] sfo{sf/L
cWoIf ePsf] / sfo{sf/L cWoIfnfO{ Good Faith
n] sfddf ;xof]u u/]sf] xf] . lgudsf] clxt x'g]
sfd u/] s f] 5} g . lgudsf] cfly{ s
ljlgodfjnLcg';f/ sfo{sf/L cWoIfn] @) s/f]8
;Ddsf] xb;Dd vr{ ug{ kfpg]df !) cj{sf]
hxfh v/Lb k|lqmofdf gh/cGbfh u/]sf]
;DaGwdf !) cj{sf] ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ k|:tfj
;~rfns ;ldltaf6 @)^^.&.!& df :jLs[t
ePsf] 5 . ;f] k|:tfjdf Commitment Fee k7fpg]
s'/f klg ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . ;~rfns ;ldltn]
:jLs[t u/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ d}n] cGoyf eGg ldNg]
xf]Og, sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf]
cfb]z gdfg]sf] eP ljefuLo sf/jfxL x'g] lyof] .
Lock up Money nfO{ MOU, Non - Refundable
elgPsf] eP tfklg pQm /sd ljdfg v/Lb ubf{
lgudn] ltg'k{ g]{ klxnf] ls:tfdf g} ufleg] s'/f
klg pNn]v 5 . g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudn] k7fPsf]
Commitment Fee afktsf] /sd 8'la;s]sf] 5}g,
lkmtf{ gcfpg] klg eg]sf] 5}g . Airbus sDkgLn]
^ hgj/L @)!! df n]vs
] f] kqdf MOU sf] Dofb
31 March ;Dd j9fpg] , Commitment Fee
afktsf] /sd v/Lb ul/g] ljdfgsf] klxnf]
1077
ls:tfdf ;dfof]hg ul/g], lgudnfO{ ljQLo

;|ft] sf] cfjZostf k/] Po/j;af6 sDkgLn] g}
cGt/f{li6o ljQLo ;|ft] x;Fu ;dGjo /fvL
;|ft] h'6fO{ lbg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;f]
/sdn] d"No j[l4nfO{ Lock ug]{ sfd u/]sf]n]
lgudnfO{ kmfObf k'us
] f] 5 . hxfh v/Lb k|lqmof
ph"/L k/]sfn] cj?4 ePsf] xf] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6
;kmfO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
/fh'axfb'/ s]=;L=n] ljz]if cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
d g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] pkdxflgb]z
{ s
kbdf sfo{/t\ 5' . cy{ ljefu x]g{] cy{ lgb]z
{ s
dfl0fsdfg jh|frfo{ 2,November 2009 df a}ss
hfg' ePsf]n] d lgldQ e} sfd ubf{sf] jvt
Airbus sDkgLnfO{ Lock up Money afktsf] /sd
e'QmfgL k7fpg sfo{sf/L cWoIfHo"n] lbg' ePsf]
cfb]zdf d}n] Acting Deputy Director expenses /
Acting Director .dev nfO{ rf6{ 8 PsfpG6] 8
sfnfv]tLnfO{ ;Dks{ u/L jf]8s
{ f] lg0f{o ;DalGwt
Air Bus sDkgL;Fu x:tfIf/ ePsf] MOU cflb
cfjZos sfo{sf] nflu x]/L ;'/Iff ckgfP/ sfo{
ug{ lgb]z
{ g lbPOsf] xf] . Policy Matter sf] xsdf
gfoa dxfk|jGws, k|zf;gnfO{ ;Dks{ ug]{ /
Director Finance nfO{ 6]n]S;dfkm{t\ a}+ssdf
hfgsf/L u/fO{ jxfFsf] ;d]t hjfkm lng] egL
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5' . kl5 Corporate Department af6
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;~rfns ;ldltsf] 3 Nov, 2009 sf] lg0f{o ;+nUg
u/L k7fPsf]df kqdf Acting Director expenses
nfO{ lgodfg';f/ Deal ug]{ / ;'/Iff klg ckgfpg]
egL lgb]{zg;Dd lbPsf] xf] . d}n] s'g} klg
e'QmfgL;DaGWfL ef}r/df ;xL u/]sf] 5}g . sfof{bz
] df
vr{;DaGwL sfd klg kb}g{ . Lock up Money
k7fPsf] ;DaGwdf dnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . o;af6
d}n] sfo{sf/L cWoIfnfO{ Lock up Money k7fpg]
sfo{df dltof/sf] e"ldsf v]ns
] f] b]lv+bg} eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL do"/ zdz]/ /f0ffn]
ljz]if cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
d g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] sf=d'=gfoj

dxfk|jGws kbdf sfo{/t\ 5' . ldlt @)^^.&.!%
df ;~rfns ;ldlt;dIf $ a'bF fsf] k|:tfj k]z
u/]sf]df # aFb' fsf] k|:tfjdf lg0f{o eof] . Lock
up Money k7fpg] ;DaGwdf cfly{ s
ljlgodfjnLsf] lgod @#^-!_-3_ n]
Joj:yfkgnfO{ g} clwsf/ ePsf] hfgsf/L
u/fO{of] . d cfkm" c6f] df]jfO{n O{lGhlgo/ ;d]t
ePsfn] ljleGg sld6Lx d]/f] ;+of]hsTjdf
agL sfd cufl8 al9/x]sf] lyof] . lgudsf]
cfly{s ljlgodfjnLs} k|fjwfgadf]lhd hxfh
v/Lb ug{ ( ;b:oLo ;ldlt agfO{ RFP tof/
kfl/Psf] xf] . !$ ;b:oLo ;ldlt Evaluation
ug{ ag]sf] lyof] . To; adf]lhd sd d"No kg]{ /
lgudnfO{ pko'Q{ m x'g] ljdfg 5gf}6 u/L sfo{sf/L
cWoIf;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] xf] . d]/}
;+of]hsTjdf ag]sf] ;ldltn] MOU kmfO{gn u/]sf]
5 . Air bus sf] k|:tfjnfO{ lgudsf] ;~rfns
;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]sf] 5 . Tof] :jLs[t k|:tfj
g} MOU sf] ?k xf] . :jLs[t k|:tfjdf hxfh
v/Lb sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg Lock up Money e'QmfgL
lbg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'bF f sfo{sf/L cWoIfn] Lock
up Money afktsf] /sd e'QmfgL lbPsf] xf] .
Lock up Money /sd lbg] sfd d]/f] If]qflwsf/leq
kb}g{ / d]/f] ;+nUgtf klg 5}g . /sd k7fpg]
sfo{df d]/f] s'g} klg ;+nUgtf gePsf] x'bF f
cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL u0f]z 7fs'/n] ljz]if cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg .
d g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudsf] ;+:yfut
ljefusf] sf=d'=lgb]z
{ s kbdf sfo{/t\ 5' . jf]O{
hxfh p8fpg] Senior Captain ePsf] x'bF f s] s'g
hxfh 7Ls eGg] s'/f d]/f] sfo{bIftf / cWoogleq
kb{5 . To;} x}l;otdf Air Bus sDkgL;Fu ePsf]
MOU df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] x'F . 6]08/ 8s'dG] 6leq
g} MOU kb{5 . ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z ePsf]
k|:tfjdf k|fljlws JolQm ePsfn] k|fljlws s'/fsf]
1078
nflu d]/f] ;+nUgtf /xg] ePsfn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf]

x'F . hxfhleq l;6 s:tf] /fVg], @ l;6aLrsf]
cGt/ slt /fVg], jfy?dsf 9f]sf s]s:tf /fVg]
h:tf k|fljlws sfo{sf] nflu dnfO{ jftf{ ;ldltdf
/fv]sf] xf] . Lock up Money k7fpg] sfo{ d]/f]
If]qleq kb}g{ . cfly{s ;jfndf d]/f] ;Nnfx,
;'emfj / ;+nUgtf cfjZos kb}g{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
sfo{sf/L cWoIfnfO{ Lock up Money gk7fpg]
egL /f]Sg ;lsg ,ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmof cj?4
gu/L t'?Gt ljdfg v/Lb ug'k{ b{5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf]] k|ltjfbL 1fg]Gb| k'?if 9sfnn] ljz]if
cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
d g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] sf=d'=
pkdxflgb]{zs kbdf sfo{/t\ 5' . Air Bus
sDkgL;Fu hxfh lsGg] ;DaGwdf lgud ;~rfns
;ldltn] 6]08/ :jLs[t u/]kl5 6]08/s} cleGg
csf] ?kdf MOU ;DkGg ePsf]n] MOU sfof{Gjog
ug]{ ;Gbe{df Lock up Money k7fpg] sfd ePsf]
xf] . Lock up Money k7fpg] ;DaGwdf sfo{sf/L
cWoIfn] Lock up Money k7fpg] u/L /
dxfk|jGwsn] ;f] /sd k7fPdf JolQmut ?kdf
cfkm} pQ/bfoL x'g] egL k7fPsf] b'j} kqsf]
;DaGwdf k|d'v cy{ lgb]{zsnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fPsf] d f k| d ' v cy{ lgb] { z sn] gfoa
dxfk|jGwsnfO{ ">Ldfg sfo{sf/L k|dv
' Ho"af6
e'QmfgLsf] nflu tf]s cfb]z ePsf] kq Acting
Deputy Director Exp Mr.K.R.sharma nfO{ a}s
+ ;Fu
;dGjo u/L e'QmfgL tkm{ t'?Gt sfo{ ug{ cfb]z
lbO{;s]sf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . k6sk6s Pp6}
s'/fsf] lgb]z
{ g lbg cfjZos gePsf] Joxf]/f 5"
egL n]Vg' ePsf] / gfoj dxfk|jGwsn] cy{
lgb]z
{ snfO{ sfo{sf/L cWoIfHo"n] oxfFnfO{ lbg'
ePsf] lgb]z
{ gcg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug'x{ g' egL
lgb]z
{ g lbPsfn] lxdfnog a}s
+ sf] vftfdfkm{t\
Air Bus sDkgLsf] k|mfG;l:yt vftfdf Lock up
Money afktsf] /sd k7fPsf] xf] . lgudsf]
;f+u7lgs rl/qcg';f/ vr{sf] ef}r/ ddfkm{t\
hfg] ePsfn] d}n] g} ug'k{ b{5 . gLltut / sfo{ut

lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ d;Fu 5}g . k|fKt lgb]z
{ gsf]
cfwf/df ef}r/df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] x'F . cfkm"eGbf
dflysf] kbflwsf/Laf6 tf]s cfb]z ePsf] ljifodf
d}n] sfd gug]{ xf] eg] dnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo
klg x'g] lyof] . ljdfg s'g lsGg], sltdf lsGg]
cflb ljifodf d]/f] ;+nUgtf 5}g . hxfh v/Lb
;DaGwdf k7fOPsf] Lock up Money International
Standard jf Policy cg';f/ lkmtf{ gx'g] /sd
xf] . t/ hxfhsf] d"Nosf] klxnf] ls:tfd} ;dfof]hg
x'g] x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL s]zj/fh
zdf{n] ljz]if cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] cGt/f{li6o p8fg
eg]{ @ j6f dfq hxfh e}/x]sf]n] yk hxfh geP
lgudsf] cj:yf emg} vl:sb} hfg] x'gfn] hxfh
v/Lb ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
@)^%.*.@% df ( ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g u/L
;ldltn] hxfh lgdf{0f ug]{ sDkgL Airbus /
Boing ;Fu jftf{ tyf kqfrf/ u/L af]nkqsf]
nflu cfjZos sfuhft tof/ kf/L
dxfk|jGwsdfkm{t\ ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z ePsf]
lyof] . pQm k|ltj]bg ;~rfns ;ldltn] kf;
u/]kl5 @)^%.!@.@% df 6]08/ cfJxfg ul/Psf]df
% j6f sDkgLsf] k|:tfj k|fKt ePsf] / To;dWo]
# j6f ljdfg lgdf{tf sDkgL gePsfn] Air Bus
/ jf]O{ sf] dfq k|:tfj d"Nofg ul/Psf] xf] .
af]nkq k|:tfj d"Nofg ug{ ul7t ;ldltn] Air
Bus sDkgLaf6 Pp6f Narrow Body / csf]{ Wide
Body hxfh v/Lb pko' Q m x' g ] egL
dxfk|jGws;dIf k|:tfj k]z u/]sf], To;kl5
To;cg'ksf] hxfh lsGg cfjZos /sdsf]
Joj:yf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgL a:g] ;DaGwdf
cy{ dGqfno, ko{6g dGqfno / sd{rf/L
;~rosf]if;Fu k6sk6s kqfrf/ ePsf] xf] .
@)^^.#.* df af]nkq d"Nofg ug{ ul7t ;ldltn]
lbPsf] k|ltj]bg-k|:tfj_ x'jx' @)^^.&.!& df
;~rfns ;ldltn] g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf]
1079
cfly{s ljlgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod @#^-!_u_ cg';f/ :jLs[t uof] . ;~rfns ;ldltn]
:jLs[t u/]sf] 6]08/sf] cfjZos sfo{ cufl8
j9fpg] sfd Joj:yfkgsf] xf] . g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudsf] d Joj:yfkg k|dv
' ePsf] x}l;otn]
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Air Bus sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/Psf] xf] .
ljZje/sf hxfh lgdf{tf sDkgLn] Lock
up Money afktsf] /sd klxn] glnO{ hxfh
delivery sf] ;do glbg] ljZje/ k|yf g} ePsf]
/ g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] cfly{s lgodfjnLdf
klg Lock up Money k7fO;s]kl5 dfq Purchase
agreement x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]xL Joj:yf
cg';f/ d}n] Lock up Money k7fPsf] xf] . To:tf]
/sd NonRefundabale x'G5 . g]kfnsf] a'4 Airline
n] klg To;} k|lqmoff/f hxfh NofPsf] xf] .
v/Lb ubf{ nfUg] /sd lgudn] Joxf]5{ . . ah]6
Joj:yf geO{ Lock up Money k7fPsf] eGg] cf/f]k
ldn]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn] C0f lbg]
lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] lyof] eg] g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgL
a:g] egL ah]6 efif0fdf cfPsf] lyof] . To;df
klg Lock up Money k7fPkl5 dfq ljQLo ;|ft]
/ C0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ xf] . ;+;bsf] ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltn] lgudn] Lock up Money afktsf]
/sd k7fO{ ;s] k l5 @)^^.(.!# df cy{
dGqfnonfO{ s}lkmot lgb]z
{ g lbO{Psf] xf] t/
;f]sf] hfgsf/L tfn's dGqfno / lgudnfO{ cy{
dGqfnon] lbPsf] 5}g . Lock up Money ;~rfns
;ldltsf] lg0f{o ljgf g} k7fPsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
;~rfns ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]sf] Tender
Document leq} MOU ;lDdlnt lyof] . Tender
:jLs[t ePkl5 clgjfo{ ?kdf Lock up Money
k7fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f lgudnfO{ cfly{s
Jooef/ k/]sf] 5}g . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]un] lgudaf6 Airbus sDkgLnfO{ Lock up
Money afktsf] lkmtf{ gx' g ] /sd k7fP/
lgudnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
Lock up Money afkt k7fPsf]

Refundable g} eP tfklg Airbus
/sd NonsDkgLn] ;f]

/sd lkmtf{ ug{ vftf g} dfu u/L ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfnonfO{ / dGqfnon] g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudnfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] cj:yf x'bF f
xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5}g, cf/f]lkt s;"/af6
;kmfO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] ljz]if cbfntdf u/]sf]
aofg .
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{ ljdfg v/Lb
ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf /x]sf], ;f] ;DaGwdf cf=j=
@)^%.)^^ sf] jh]6df lgudn] ljdfg v/Lb
ug{ lng] C0fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgt al;lbg]
pNn]v ePsf], lgudsf tkm{af6 ljdfg v/Lb
ug{sf] nflu sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if;Fu C0f pknJw
u/fO{ lbg dfu u/]sf], g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hdfgtdf
sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn] C0f pknJw u/fpg ;Sg]
egL kqfrf/ u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf ko{6g dGqfno
/ cy{ dGqfnodf kqfrf/ ;d]t eO{ lgudsf]
;ldltn] Air Bus sDkgL;Fu plNnlvt @ j6f
ljdfg v/Lb ug{ :jLs[lt lbPkZrft\ ljdfgsf]
zL3| Delivery u/fpg] / Lock up Money k7fpFg
l9nf] ubf{ ljdfgsf] nfut a9g ;Sg] s'/fnfO{
;d]t b[li6ut u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf -g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgud_ sf] tkm{af6 k7fPsf] cd]l/sL
8n/ &,%),))). -g]=?=%,&#,&%,)))._ lghn]
cf]xbfsf] clwsf/ b'?kof]u u/L lxgfldgf u/]sf],
l/;jt lnPsf], 3"; vfPsf] jf lng' vfg' u/L
JolQmut nfe lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] ;fy} cd]l/sg
8n/ &,$(,((@. lkmtf{ ;d]t e} ;s]sf] b]lvFbf
k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6
;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ .
cGo k|ltjfbLx /fh'axfb'/ s]=;L, u0f]z
7fs'/, 1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfn, do"/ zdz]/ /f0ff /
s]zj/fh zdf{ lgudsf] ljleGg kbdf sfo{/t\
sd{rf/L ePsf, lghxn] jb\lgot /fvL
lgudnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] sfo{ u/]sf]
1080
tYosf] k'i6\ofFO{ gePsf] ;fy} lgudsf sd{rf/L a;]sf] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . ljQLo ;|ft] sf] Joj:yf
cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] ljQ lgb]z
{ snfO{ g} gu/L !) cj{eGbf a9L d"Nosf] ljdfg to:v/Lb
P/S arrange to send commitment fee as per as ug{ Lock up Money k7fPsf] k|ltjfbLxsf] pQm
this request egL Lock up Money k7fpg' egL sfo{ jb\lgotk"0f{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
lnlvt tf]s cfb]z lbPsf] cfwf/df pQm cfb]z
g] k fn jfo' ; ] j f lgudsf] cfly{ s
sfof{Gjog u/L lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L x}l;otn] ljlgodfjnL, @)^% df sfo{sf/L cWoIfn]] ?=@)
sfd tfd]n u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg s/f]8 eGbf a9L /sd vr{ ug{ gkfpg] :ki6
gldNg] / sfo{sf/L cWoIf k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] ;LdfnfO{ pNn+3g u/L
s+;fsf/n] g} ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] Lock up Money k7fPaf6} k|ltjfbLxsf] pQm
lghsf] dltof/sf] ?kdf k|ltjfbL agfO{Psf oL sfo{ jb\lgotk"0f{ /x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . cfkm"xn]
k|ltjfbL /fh'axfb'/ s]=;L, u0f]z 7fs'/, 1fg]Gb|k?' if lgudsf] tkm{af6 Po/j; sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf]
9sfn, do"/ zdz]/ /f0ff / s]zj/fh zdf{ ;f] /sd ljdfg v/Lb gu/]df l/km08 x'g g;Sg]
;d]tn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ cj:yfsf] xf] egL lgh k|ltjfbLxn] clVtof/
eGg] ;d]tsf] ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}aF f6 ldlt b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u df / ljz] i f
@)^*.!.^ df ePsf] km};nf .
cbfnt;dIfsf] aofgdf ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]af6
k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] cfkm" d'Vo lghxsf] s;"/ k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 . Lock up
JolQm eO{ !) cj{eGbf a9L d'Nosf] Narrow Body / Money Memorandum of Understanding -MOU_
Wide Body sf] b'Oj
{ 6f ljdfg v/Lb ug{ ?= df g} pNn]v /x]sf] tyf Po/j; h:tf] Voflt
%,&#,&%,))).lkmtf{ gx'g] u/L Po/j; sDkgLnfO{ k|fKt o'/f]lkog hxfh lgdf{tf sDkgLdf MOU
Lock up Money sf] ?kdf e'QmfgL u/]sf] tYonfO{ plNnlvt zt{eGbf aflx/ uP/ hxfh glsGg]
k|ltjfbLxn] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] / cbfnt ;d]t cj:yfdf hkmt -Non refundable_ x'g] /sd
;f] tYodf ;xdt ePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;f] /sd k7fPsf] sfo{ g} cfkm}df z+sf:kb 5 . Air Bus
k7fpg' k"j{ g]kfn afo';j] f lgudsf] Joj:yfkgaf6 Company sf] gfdaf6 g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf]
;~rfns ;ldlt;dIf ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ ;DaGwdf vftfdf cfPsf] Lock up Money afktsf] /sdsf]
k|:tfj k]z ePsf]df ;~rfns ;ldltn] k7fpg] cflwsfl/stfsf] k'li6 ug{ lgudn] k6sk6s
egL Joj:yfkgnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] cj:yf cg'/f]w ubf{ klg tYok/s 9+un] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . cfkm"nfO{ clwsf/ gePsf] ljifodf :jLsf/ kfOb}g . o; tYotkm{ ljz]if cbfntn] km};nfdf
u/L ;~rfns ;ldlt;dIf k|:tfj k]z u/]sf] s]xL gaf]nL s]jn k|ltjfbLxn] ;kmfO kfpg]
cj:yfdf 5nkmn u/L aftf{;Dd ug]u{ /L ;~rfns 7x/ ldn]sf] 5}g . e|i6frf/ h:tf] h3Go kmf}hbf/L
;ldltn] lbPsf] clwsf/nfO{ unt cy{ u/L Po/j; s;"/df jfbL tyf k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLx a'em]/
sDkgLnfO{ Lock up Money k7fPsf] vr{ jb\lgotk"0f{ dfq cbfntn] km};nf ug]{ ;j{dfGo l;4fGt
5 . lgudnfO{ cfjZos ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ qmddf xf] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] /fv]sf
g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgL a:g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] egL ;fIfLxdWo] g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf ;~rfns
cf=j+= @)^%.^^ sf] ah]6 jQmJodf pNn]v ePsf] ;ldltsf ;b:ox klg /x]sf / lghxn]
;Dd cj:yf xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgt a;]sf] cbfntdf askq ubf{ cg';Gwfgdf n]vfPsf]
cj:yf xf]Og . sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifdf C0f hdfgtsf] Joxf]/f eGbf km/s Joxf]/f n]vfPsf] v08df jf
nflu 9fFrf dfu u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ hdfgt g} cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xof]u gu/]df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
1081
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf %% df lghx pk/ k'gM

d'2f bfo/ ug'k{ g]{ afWofTds sfg"gL Joj:yf
;d]t /x]sf]df ljz]if cbfntn] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf
;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;/sf/L ;fIfLx g}
ga'emL PstkmL{ ?kdf u/]sf] km};nf sfg"gljk/Lt
/ ab/of]Uo 5 . g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudn] Lock up
Money k7fpFbf a}s
+ xaf6 Overdraft lnO{ k7fPsf]
/ s'n ljuf] ?= %,&#,&%,))).sf] sfg"gadf]lhd
nfUg] Jofh ;d]t u0fgf geO{ To; ljifodf
km};nfdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v gul/Psf] x'bF f ;f]
km};nf ljjfbf:kb 5 . ljkIfLxn] /sd u'D' g
;Sg] cj:yfdf Po/j; sDkgLnfO{ pQm Lock
up Money k7fPsf] / ;f] sfo{af6 Po/j;
sDkgLnfO{ kmfObf / g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{
xflg gf]S;fgL x'g] cj:yf :ki6 x'bF fx'bF } lghx
pk/sf] s;"/ 7x/ gu/]sf] km};nf Gofo;+ut
5}g . cfkm"x sfo{/t\ ;+:yfnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
/ c?nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] lx;fjaf6 ljkIfLxn]
u/]sf] pQm sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/ 7x/ gu/L
s;"/bf/nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg x'g] u/L ljz]if cbfntaf6
ePsf] JofVof q'l6k"0f{ /xL ab/efuL 5 . g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudsf] tkm{af6 k7fPsf] cd]l/sL 8n/
&,%),))). lkmtf{ ;d] t eO;s] s f] egL
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;kmfO lbg cfwf/ agfPsf]
;Gbe{df x]bf{ klg g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{
ljuf] e/fpFbf To;/L lkmtf{ x'g cfPsf] /sd
;Dd s6[f x'g] xf] . /sd lkmtf{ ePsf] cfwf/df
dfq lghxn] s;"/af6 pGd'lQm kfpg] egL
cbfntaf6 ePsf] JofVof q'l6k"0f{ Pjd\ ab/efuL
5 ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cf/f]kkqadf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf kg{ cfPsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8nn]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cf=j=)^%^^ sf] ah]6df

jfo' ; ] j f lgudnfO{ hxfh v/Lb ubf{
;~rosf]if;Fu C0f ;fk6L lng] / ;f] C0f
;fk6L lnFbf g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgt a:g] eGg]
pNn]v ePsf]df ;f] ah]6sf] k|fjwfg Joj:yfkg
gu/L ;dembf/Lkqsf cfwf/df @)^^.&.@) df
Lock up Money k7fpg] sfo{ ljkIfL ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/ ;d]taf6 ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltn] lgb]z
{ g lbO{ ;Demf}tf /4 u/L jftf{ ug]{
clwsf/ dfq lbPsf]df Lock up Money k7fpg
tyf /sd :jLs[t ug{ kfOb}g egL n]vf
;ldltaf6 cfwf/ lnOPsf]df To:sf] a]jf:tf
ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] cfly{s
ljlgodfjnL @)^% sf] ljlgod @#^-!_-3_n]
:ki6 ?kdf /f]s nufPsf] tyf ;fj{hlgs v/Lb
P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &%-@_ ;Fu g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL, @)^% sf] ljlgod
@#^-!_-v_ / -u_ aflemPsf] cj:yf 5 . /sd
k7fOPsf] ljlgodsf]] @#^ -!_-3_ adf]lhd xf] .
ljlgodfjnL @#^ -!_ sf] -u_ / -3_ n] clwsf/
l;h{gf u/]sf]df -v_ / -u_ df lgudsf] ;~rfns
;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L -3_ adf]lhd /sd k7fpg'
kg]d{ f ;f]sf] ljk/Lt /sd k7fOPsf] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL
ePsf] :ki6 5 . plNnlvt k|fjwfgljk/Lt x'g]
u/L ljkIfL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/ ;d]taf6 Po/j;
sDkgLnfO{ Lock up Money afktsf] /sd e'QmfgL
lbg] sfo{ e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ cGtu{tsf] sfo{
ePsf]df lgh k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/ ;d]tsf
cGo k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L ljz]if
cbfnt sf7df8f}aF f6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f
k|:t't d'2fdf xfn ljkIfL lemsfpg] cfb]z x'gk' 5{
egL ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL k|:t't
d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg kq;lxtsf ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L x]bf{, g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf]
;~rfns ;ldltaf6 ldtL @)^&.&.!& df
1082
Po/j; sDkgLsf] hxfh v/Lb ug]{ k|:tfj :jLs[t

ePkl5 Joj:yfkgsf] tkm{af6 ;f] lgudsf
sfo{ s f/L cWoIfn] cglws[ t ?kdf Wide
Body/Narrow body b'j} hxfhsf nflu Po/j;
sDkgL;F u 5' f5' } Memorandum of
Understanding - MOU _ ldtL @)^^.&.!( - 5
Nov.2009_ df u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . b'j} MOU x]bf{
MOU sf] 5.3 gDa/df Commitment Fee sf]
;DaGwdf "in Consideration of Air Bus reserving
for Nepal Airlines the Terms and Conditions,
including the price Conditions stated in this MOU
Until the expiry date Nepal Airlines shall pay
(upon) signature of this MOU a non- refundable
commitment fee in a amount U.S.D 250,000 for
Narrow Body and 5,00,000 for Wide Body for the
Aircraft (the Commitment Fee ). The commitment
fee Shall be credited against the pre-delivery
payment required (Upon ) signature of the
purchase agreement (Which in the first predelivery payment) for the Aircraft.) egL
Commitment Fee jf/]df lkmtf{ gx'g] tyf jfWosf/L
x:tfIf/ ePkZrft\ Air Bus Company af6 dfu
ul/Psf] Commitment Fee sf ;DaGwdf ldlt
@)^^.&.@) ut] (6th Nov.2009) sfo{sf/L cWoIf
:jo+n] Director ,Finance nfO{ P/S Arrange to
send commitment fee as per this request egL
7f8f] tf]s nufO{ cd]l/sL 8n/ 7,50,000 g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudsf] sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL ePsf] b]lvPsf]

5 . sfo{ s f/L cWoIfsf] 7f8f] cfb] z n]
commitment Fee e'QmfgL x'g uPsf] / Purchase
Agreement x'g g;Sbf pQm /sd lkmtf{ gx'g]
u/L Non - refundable egL MOU u/L ;lsPsf]
l:ylt /x]sf] tyf sfo{sf/L cWoIf ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf aofg ubf{ ;f]
/sd d}n] cfkm\g} cfb]zn] k7fPsf] / o;df d
k"0f{?kn] lhDd]jf/ 5' egL :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;d]t
tYon] ;f] /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{df cfb]zstf{sf]
?kdf d'Vo ;+nUgtf lgh ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/sf]

/x]sf], Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ug]{ ;d]tsf sfg"gL
k|fjwfgx cf}krfl/s ?kdf k"/f geP;Dd g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudsf] ljQLo k|jGw -Financial Closer)
gu/L v/Lb k|lqmof :jLs[t u/]sf] sf/0f ;d]tn]
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] hxfh v/Lb ug]{ k|:tfj
:jLs[ t u/] s f] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^^.&.!& sf] lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
cdfGo u/L lbPsf] / ljleGg sfg"gL / k|lqmofut
txx kf/ u/L h'6fpg' kg]{ ljQLo ;|ft] xsf]
af/]df a]jf:tf u/L cfkm"nfO{ clwsf/ gePsf]
tyf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ o lagf g}
Commitment Fee k7fpg] / clglws[t MOU ug]{
h:tf lgudnfO{ cfly{s Jooef/ jxg u/fpg]
b'/fzoo'Qm / jb\lgotk"js
{ sfo{ lgudsf sfo{sf/L
cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/af6 x'g uPsf] / To:tf]
b' / fzoo' Q m, jb\ l gotk" j { s , cgflwsf/ /
:j]R5frf/Lk"0f{ sfo{af6 g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf]
sf]ifaf6 /sd ;dod} v/Lb ;Demf}tf geP lkmtf{
gx'g] zt{df Air Bus Company nfO{ e'QmfgL u/L
lgh ;+nUg /x]sf] lgh s+;fsf/sf] pQm sfo{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !& /
bkmf #-!_ sf] v08 'em' cGtu{tsf] s;"/leq kg]{
b]lvFbf Commitment Fee afkt cyf{t\ Lock up
Money afkt k7fOPsf] -cd] l /sL 8n/_
&%),))).k7fOPsf] ldltsf] ljlgdo b/
?=&^.%) sf b/n] x'g cfpg] ?= %,&#,&%,))).
-kfFr s/f]8 lqoxQ/ nfv krxQ/_ / ;f]df
km};nf x'bF fsf] ldlt;Dd k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
kfpg] Jofh ;d]t g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{
lbnfO{ sfo{sf/L cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/nfO{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,@)%( sf] bkmf #-!_ sf]
v08 -em_ df plNnlvt ;hfosf cltl/Qm
ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf x'gsf ;fy} lgh g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]
k|dv
' sfo{sf/L cWoIf ePsf]n] lghnfO{ e|i6frf/
1083
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd yk

;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/pk/ cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To:t} g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf sf=d'=gfoa
dxfk|jGws /fh'axfb'/ s]=;L=, sf=d'=gfoa
dxfk|jGws u0f]z 7fs'/, ;+:yfut ljefusf
sf=d'= lgb]z
{ s 1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfn, cy{ lgb]z
{ s
do" / zdz] / /f0ff / vr{ dxfzfvfsf
sf=d' = pklgb] { z s s] z j/fh zdf{ s f]
sfdsf/jfxLaf6 sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf] 7f8f]
b'/fzoo'Qm, jb\lgotk"j{s tyf u}/sfg"gL /
cglws[t cfb]znfO{ tfd]n ug{ k|ToIf ;xof]u
k|fKt e} Airbus Company nfO{ Lock up Money
afkt U.S.$ 7,50,000 cyf{ t \ g] = ?=
%,&#,&%,))). -kfFr s/f]8 qLxQ/ nfv krxQ/
xhf/_ e'QmfgL x'g uO{ lgudnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
eO{ e|i6frf/hGo s;"/l;4 ePsf]n] lghxnfO{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @@ adf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cf/f]kkq
bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}aF f6 km};nf x'bF f
cf=j= @)^%.)^^ sf] jh]6df lgudn] ljdfg
v/Lb ug{ lng] C0fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ hdfgt
al;lbg] pNn]v ePsf], lgudsf tkm{af6 ljdfg
v/Lb ug{sf] nflu sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if;Fu C0f
pknJw u/fO{ lbg dfu u/]sf], g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
hdfgtdf sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn] C0f pknJw
u/fpg ;Sg] egL kqfrf/ u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf
ko{6g dGqfno / cy{ dGqfnodf kqfrf/ ;d]t
eO{ lgudsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] Air bus
sDkgL;Fu plNnlvt @ j6f ljdfg v/Lb ug{
:jLs[lt lbPkZrft\ ljdfgsf] zL3| Delivery
u/fpg] / Lock up Money k7fpg l9nf] ubf{
ljdfgsf] nfut a9g ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut
u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf -g]kfn jfo';j] f lgud_ sf]
tkm{af6 k7fPsf] cd]l/sL 8n/, &,%),))).
-g]=?=%,&#,&%,)))._ lghn] cf]xbfsf] clwsf/
b'?kof]u u/L lxgfldgf u/]sf], l/;jt lnPsf],

3"; vfPsf] jf lng' vfg' u/L JolQmut nfe
lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] ;fy} cd]l/sg 8n/ &,$(,((@.
lkmtf{ ;d]t e};s]sf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{
egL k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/nfO{ cf/f]lkt
s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbg] u/L tyf cGo k|ltjfbLx
/fh'axfb'/ s]=;L, u0f]z 7fs'/, 1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfn,
do"/ zdz]/ /f0ff / s]zj/fh zdf{ lgudsf
sd{rf/L ePsf / cWoIf ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
ljQ lgb]z
{ snfO{ Lock up Money k7fpg' egL
lnlvt tf]s cfb]z lbPsf] cfwf/df pQm cfb]z
sfof{Gjog u/L lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lsf x}l;otn]
sfd tfd]n u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg
gldNg] / sfo{sf/L cWoIf k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] g} ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n]
lghsf] dltof/sf] ?kdf k|ltjfbL agfOPsf oL
k|ltjfbL /fh'axfb'/ s]=;L, u0f]z 7fs'/, 1fg]Gb|k?' if
9sfn, do"/ zdz]/ /f0ff / s]zj/fh zdf{
;d]tn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{
egL ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}aF f6 km};nf ePsf]df
;f] km};nfpk/ lrQ ga'emL jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg k/L lg0f{ofy{
o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] .
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}Faf6 oL k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO lbg]
u/L ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5
eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvO{ OG;fkmtkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ ;a{ k | y d k| T oyL{ ;' u t/Tg
s+;fsf/sf xsdf cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO
lbg] ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= oL k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/ pk/
cf/f]kkq bfo/ ubf{ oL k|ltjfbLn] Director nfO{
PS arrange to send commitment fee as per this
request egL 7f8f] tf]s nufO{ ;f]xLcg'k US $
7,50,000 g]kfn jfo';j
] f lgudsf] sf]ifaf6 e'QmfgL
1084
ePsf], ;f] /sd e'QmfgL x'bF f sfo{sf/L cWoIf

:jo+sf] 7f8f] cfb]zn] Commitment fee e'QmfgL
x'g uPsf] / Purchase agreement x'g g;Sbf
pQm /sd lkmtf{ gx'g] u/L Non refundable egL
MOU ul/;lsPsf] l:ylt /x]sf] / ;f] /sd
cfkm}n] e'QmfgL ug]{ lhDd]jf/ /xL /sd e'QmfgL
ug]{ sfo{df cfb]zstf{sf] d'Vo ;+nUgtf ePsf]
tYo k'li6 ePsf] lkmtf{ gx'g] zt{df Air Bus
Company nfO{ Lock up Money e'QmfgL ubf{
lgh ;+nUg /x]sf] / lgh ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/sf]
pQm sfo{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g @)%(sf] bkmf
!& / bkmf #-!_-em_ cGt{utsf] s;"/ e}
Commitment fee afktsf] k7fOPsf] US $
7,50,000 sf] x'g\ cfpg] g]=?=%,&#,&%,)))./
km};nf x'bF fsf] ldlt;Ddsf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Aofh
;d]t jfo';j] f lgudnfO{ k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ kfpFm
eGg] ;d]tsf] cleof]u bfjL lnPsf] b]lvof] .
#= k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf u/]sf] aofgdf
hxfh v/Lb ;DaGwdf @)^# ;fndf g}
u'?of]hgfsf] ?kdf sfuhft tof/ e} k6s
k6s Boing / Air bus sDkgL;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf]
lzN8 k|:tfj g} kf/Lt ePsf] 6]08/df h:t}
k|lqmof k'ofO{ k|lt:kwf{ u/fOPsf], Airbus sDkgLn]
k]z u/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t
ePsfn] ;f]xL k|:tfjsf] Clause 10 df pNn]v
ePadf]lhdsf] Lock up Money tTsfn k7fpg'kg]{
x'g uPsf] xf], ljdfg v/Lb;DaGwL x/]s k|lqmof
o'4 :t/df xtf/ xtf/df ul/Psf] / ljdfg
Delivery ;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf] Lock up
Money klg xtf/df k7fpg' kg]{ ePsf sf/0f
k7fOPsf] xf] . k]z ePsf @ j6f af]nkqx
dWo] ;f/e"t ?kdf k|efju|fxL af]nkqdWo] Go"gtd\
d"Nofgsf] af]nkqnfO{ :jLs[t ug{ ldNg] sfg"gL
/fosf cfwf/df ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t
ul/Psf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# sf]
bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd Wide Body

sf] d"No Pshgf af]nkqbftfn] pNn]v gub}d
{ f
af]nkq c:jLs[t ug{ jf k'gM af]nkq cfJxfg
ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] of] af]nkq d"Nofg ljlwjt
?kn] g} ul/Psf] xf], ljdfg lgdf{0f sDkgLxn]
Lock up Money gk7fP;Dd Delivery Date osLg
ug{ ;lsg . ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf Pp6f hxfh
Nofpg] p2]Zon] xtf/df sfd u/]sf] xf], ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltn] cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf]df
cy{ dGqfnon] ;f]sf] kfngf gu/L nfdf] ;do;Dd
s]xL gjf]nL cGof]n ePsf sf/0f ljdfg v/Lb
k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 j9fpgsf nflu tTsfnLg
ko{6gdGqLsf] ;sf/fTds hjfkm ePsf] / cy{
dGqfnon] hdfgt a:g g;Sg] egL lghn] xft
lems]sf sf/0f v/Lb k|lqmof cndndf k/]sf]
xf] . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 @)^^.^.@ df
hf/L ePsf] lgb]z
{ gsf] ;DaGwdf d}n] cfgf]
wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf]df ToxfFaf6 ljdfg v/Lb
k|lqmof :ylut ug{ jf aGb ug'{ eGg] vfnsf]
lgb]z
{ g glbPsf]n] ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8
j9fPsf] x'F . lgudsf] ljlgodfjnLadf]lhd @)
s/f]8;Ddsf] sf/f]jf/df clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
d}n] k|fKt u/]sf] ePklg ;~rfns ;ldltaf6
ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 k7fPsf] Wide Body ljdfgsf]
d"No ;DaGwdf yk jftf{ u/L d"No 36fpg'
cfjZos x'g] k/fdz{bftf sDkgL -CAPA) sf]
k|ltj]bgdf ePsf] / ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 hxfh
v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{o ePkl5 Lock up Money k7fPsf]
xf] . ;f] Lock up Money k7fpg k'gM ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 cg'df]bg u/fpg gkg]{ tyf g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] ljlgod !** sf] -v_ cg';f/ hlt;'s}
/sdsf] dfn;fdfg v/Lb ePklg ;Demf}tf d"Nosf]
!% k|ltzt;Ddsf] Variation Order sfo{sf/L
k|dv
' n] :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg] / !) cj{sf] ljdfg
v/Lbdf !=% cj{ ;Ddsf] yk e'QmfgL lbg
;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt grflxg] egL Lock
1085
k7fPsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L aofg

u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= To:t} oL k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
ljz]if cbfnt;dIf u/]sf] aofgdf hxfh v/Lb
ug]{ 6]08/ ;~rfns ;ldltn] :jLs[t ul/;s]kl5
Lock up Money clgjfo{ ?kdf k7fpg' kg]{
Joj:yf MOU df ePsf] / g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf]
cfly{s ljlgodfjnL @)^% sf] bkmf @#^ sf] !
-3_ cg';f/ k7fPsf] xf] . Lock up Money k7fPsf]
;dokZrft\ @)^^.(.!# df ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltn] cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] cj:yf
;d]t 5 . lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL, @)^%
sf] bkmf @#^ sf] !-3_ sf] Joj:yfcg'k
;~rfns ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{
Joj:yfkg k|dv
' sf] x}l;otn] cufl8 a9fO{ pQm
ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd g} sfo{ u/]sf] xf] .
clwsf/If]q gf3L sfo{ u/]sf] xf]Og . Lock up
Money k7fPsf] @ dlxgf kl5 g} ;f]xL Airbus
company n] ;a} df] 8 nsf ljdfgdf %=*
k|ltztsf b/n] d"No j9fPsf] ;d]t xf] . pQm
/sd cfkm"n] k7fpg l9nf u/]sf] eP lgudnfO{
%* s/f]8 ?k}of 3f6f x'g] lyof] . lgudnfO{
gf]S;fgL x'g] u/L d}n] pQm /sd k7fPsf] xf]Og .
lgudnfO{ hxfh cfjZos eO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf
ePsf] u'?of]hgfadf]lhd cfkm"n] ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 hxfh lsGg] ;DaGwdf ePsf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd sfd u/]sf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltn] cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lbPsf] lgb]z
{ gcg'k
cy{ dGqfnon] jfo';j] f lgudsf] hdfgt a:g
c:jLsf/ u/]sf sf/0f lgudsf] ljdfg v/Lb
k|lqmof cndndf k/]sf] sf/0f cfkm"n] lgudsf
nflu pQm Non refundable elgg] Lock up Money
k7fPsf], pQm /sd ljgf s'g} zt{ Air Bus
sDkgLn] lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] / To;sf]
nflu lgudsf] s] s'g vftfdf k7fpg] egL
kqfrf/ ;d]t ePsf] cj:yf ePaf6 pQm Lock
up Money lkmtf{ x'g] / vftf pknAw u/fPsf
up Money
avt pQm Lock up Money lkmtf{ cfO;Sg] xf] .

hxfh v/Lbsf ;DaGwdf lgudsf tkm{af6 u/]sf]
sfddf cfgf] s'g} jb\lgot 5}g egL aofg
;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= oL k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] hxfh v/Lbsf nflu
Po/j; sDkgLnfO{ Lock up Money e'QmfgL u/]sf]
t/ ;f] /sd k|ltjfbLxn] lgudsf] sf]ifaf6
cglws[t ?kdf lgsfnL vfO{ df;L g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudnfO{ u}/sfg"gL xflg gf]S;fgL / cfkm"nfO{
nfe lnPsf] eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvb}g egL
k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/nfO{ tyf cGo
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cleof]ubfjLaf6 ;kmfO x'g] 7x/L
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}+af6 km};nf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . jfo';j] f lgudsf nflu Narrow Body /
Wide Body sf hxfh v/Lb ug]{ k|ltj]bg ePkl5
Air Bus Company ;Fu jftf{ e} Negotiation ubf{
;f] Air Bus v/Lb ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgudsf] jf]8n
{ ]
ldlt @)^^.&.!& df Aoj:yfkgnfO{ clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] aofg ubf{ sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] x}l;otn]
cfkm"nfO{ pQm /sd k7fpg ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ /fVg' gkg]{ egL lhsL/ lnPsf]
;Gbe{df x]bf{, ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
cfjZos clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]kl5 sfo{sf/L
k|dv
' sf] x}l;otn] oL k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
Lock up Money Air Bus sDkgLnfO{ k7fpg' kg]{
pQm ljifonfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z ug'k{ g]{
xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zg ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5 .
^= oL k|ltjfbLn] pQm Air Bus sDkgLnfO{
ljdfg v/Lbsf nflu Lock up Money k7fPsf]
d"n sfo{af6 k|:t't d'2f p7fg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k|:t't cf/f]kdf k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/pk/
oL k|ltjfbL ;d]tn] cfkm}n] lgud sf]ifaf6
cglws[t ?kdf /sd lgsfnL vfO{ df;L lgudnfO{
u}/sfg"gL xflg / cfkm"nfO{ ;d]t nfe x'g] sfo{
u/]sf] egL bfjL lnPsf] b]lvb}g . jfo';j] f lgudsf
1086
nflu cfjZos kg]{ hxfh v/Lb ug{sf] nflu

ag]sf] u'?of]hgfcGtu{t hxfh v/Lb k|lqmofsf
nflu ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/]sf] pQm lg0f{o
k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6
cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]z
{ g ;d]t lbOPsf]df ;f]
lgb]z
{ gsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} rf;f] glbO{ cy{ dGqfno
df}g a;]sf] ;d]tsf sf/0faf6 hxfh v/Lb
k|lqmof cGof]ndf ePsf sf/0f cfkm"n] lgudsf]
cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o
u/]adf]lhd ljdfg lgdf{tf sDkgL;+u ePsf]
;Demf}tfadf]lhd Lock up Money afktsf] /sd
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL
@)^% sf] ljlgod @#^-!_-3_ adf]lhd ladfg
lgdf{tf sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] egL ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] aofgdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvof] . o:tf]
cj:yfdf ljdfg v/Lbsf] lg0f{o cWoIfn] u/]sf]
xf] jf ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf] xf] eGg] k|Zg
p7\g' :jfefljs x'G5 .
&= Air bus g} v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{o cWoIf
:jo+n] u/]sf] ge} ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t
lg0f{oadf]lhd jftf{nfk u/L lgodadf]lhd g}
Lock up Money k7fPsf] / ;f] sfo{ lgudsf]
ljlgodfjnLadf]lhd u/]sf] lhsL/ k|ToyL{n]
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod
@#^-!_-3_ df ePsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ ;~rfns
;ldltn] ljdfg v/Lb;DaGwL lg0f{o u/]kl5
v/Lb ;DaGwL OR5fkq -Letter of Intent_ hf/L
u/L Lock up Money e'QmfgL ul/g] 5 eGg]
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] Joj:yfn] Lock up
Money nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs v/Lb
cg'udg sfof{non] pQm Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs
v/Lb P]g;Fu aflemPsf] eg]sf] b]lvG5 t/ ;f]
lgod vf/]h e};s]sf] jf ;+zf]lwt ePsf] b]lvGg .
;f]sf] ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ s'/f Pp6f k|Zg x'g;S5
t/ tTsfn k|rlnt lgodadf]lhd u/]sf]
sfo{af6 e|i6frf/ g} ePsf] xf] egL eGg ;lsb}g .
ldlt @)^^.*.!! sf] ;fj{hlgs v/Lb cg'udg
sfof{nosf] kqn] ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^#

sf] bkmf &%-@_ ;+u lgudsf] ljlgodsf] ljlgod
@#^-!_-v_ / -u_ aflemPsf] eg]klg ljlgdo
-3_ aflemPsf] eg]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;fj{hlgs
v/Lb cg'udg sfof{non] lgudn] e'QmfgL
lbg'k"j{ P]g;Fu aflemg] ljlgodsf] Joj:yfsf]
Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf] ge} e'QmfgL lbPsf] dlxgf
lbg kl5 dfq} kq k7fPsf] 5 . e};s]sf]
e'QmfgLnfO{ To:tf] lgb]{zgn] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvb}g .
*= plNnlvt ljlgodfjnLdf ePsf]
Joj:yfcg'k k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf
x}l;otn] ljdfg lgdf{tf sDkgL;Fu ePsf]
;Demf}tfcg'k cfkm"n] ljlgodfjnLsf] clwgdf
/xL ljdfg lgdf{tf sDkgLnfO{ Lock up Money
e'QmfgL ug'{ k/]sf] egL Lock up Money e'QmfgL
ug'k{ g]{ cf}lrTotf /x]sf] s'/f clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u tyf ljz]if cbfnt;dIf ePsf]
aofgdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . j:t'tM ljdfg
lgdf{tf sDkgL / g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf aLr
ePsf] ;Demf}tfcg'k Air bus sDkgLnfO{
k7fpg'kg]{ /sd af/]sf] zt{df /sd e'QmfgL ug]{
ljlw jf k| l qmofcGtu{ t Refundable, Non
Refundable eGg] s'/f v/Lbsf] k|lqmofdf tf]lsg]
zt{cg';f/ e/ kg]{ s'/f xf] . ljdfg v/Lb ug]{
clek|fon] g} /sd k7fPsf]df ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltn] v/Lb k|lqmof /4 u/]sf] eGg] sf/0fn] /
k|lqmof cl3 a9\g gkfPsf] eGg] cleof]u ePkl5
To;df k|ltjfbLn] hxfh v/Lb ug{ Nofpg jf
k7fPsf] /sd lkmtf{ k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf ;d]t
lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/sf] sf/0fn] v/Lb k|lqmof /2 ePsf]
cj:yfdf afx]s cGo sf/0fn] ePsf] cj/f]wsf]
;DaGwdf hxfh v/Lb;DaGwL Joj:yfkgdf
;+nUg JolQmnfO{ s'g} ?kdf lhDd]jf/ agfpg'
o'lQm;+ut b]lvg cfpFbg} .
1087
(= k|:t't d'2fdf p7fOPsf] ljifosf

;DaGwdf g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] ;~rfns
;ldltn] ;f] lgudsf nflu cfjZos hxfh
v/Lb ug]{ ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltdf k|:t't eO{ ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!# sf] lg0f{oaf6 g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgudn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs v/Lb
P]gsf] lvnfk b]lvPsf]n] o:tf] lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs
v/Lb P]gsf] bkmf # adf]lhd cdfGo x'G5 ;fy}
af]8s
{ f] lg0f{o lagf nsck dgL k7fpg'af6
clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u ePsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . ctM
sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug]{ / ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L
lbg] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgb]z
{ gfTds lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs
n]vf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.(.!# sf] lg0f{o
Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 .
!)= g]kfn jfo';j] f lgud g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;+:yfg ePsf]df ljjfb
b]lvPg . o; ;+:yfgsf] xsdf ;d]t ;fj{hlgs
v/Lb P]g, @)^# nfu" x'g] s'/f pQm P]gsf] bkmf @v_-@_ df ePsf] Joj:yfn] ;d]t :ki6 kfb{5 .
pQm P]gsf] bkmf # df ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] v/Lb
ubf{ o; P]gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L v/Lb
ug'k{ g]{ / pQm sfo{ljlw k|lts"n x'g] u/L ul/Psf]
v/Lb ab/ tyf cdfGo x'g] Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . dfly plNnlvt ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o Joxf]/f x]bf{ pQm lg0f{odf g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudaf6 pQm lgudsf nflu rflxg] ljdfg v/Lb
k|lqmofdf g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudn] u/]sf] lg0f{o
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]gsf] lvnfkm b]lvPsf] eGb} bkmf
# adf]lhd cdfGo 3f]lift ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . j:t'tM
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf # df pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf]
Joj:yfljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
v/Lb sfo{ u/]df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] To:tf]
v/Lb k|lqmofnfO{ ab/ jf cdfGo ug{ ;S5 jf
;Sb}g eGg] k|Zg g} k|:t't d'2fdf ;fGble{s x'g
cfpF5 .
!!= ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lg0f{on]

cj?4 ePsf] s'g} s'/fdf k|ltjfbLsf] bfloTj
s;/L l;h{gf x'G5 Tof] ;d]t o; ;DaGwdf
ljrf/0fLo 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef -Jo:yflksf ;+;bsf]
sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% n] Joj:yflksf
;+;bcGtu{t /xg] cfjZos ;ldltxsf] u7g
tyf sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] /
tbg'k Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ljleGg ljifout
;ldltx /xg] tyf ljifout ;ldltx /xg'kg]{
cf}lrTotfnfO{ x]bf{ ;/sf/nfO{ Joj:yflksf
;+ ; bk| l t pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb] x L agfpg
;/sf/af6 eP u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] cg'udg
/ d"Nofg u/L cfjZos lgb]z
{ g jf /fo;Nnfx
lbg Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %*
adf]lhd ljleGg ;ldltx /xg] Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f]xL Joj:yfcGtu{t ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldlt /xg] / ;f] ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs n]vf /
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf sfo{If]q
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^% sf]
lgod !!% df To:tf ljifout ;ldltn] cfgf]
ljifo;+u ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;fj{hlgs
;DklQsf] lxgfldgf eP gePsf] cWoog, cg'udg
/ d"Nofg u/L cfjZos lgb]z
{ g lbg] h:tf
ljifodf tL ljifout ;ldltxnfO{ sfd st{Jo
/ clwsf/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
!@= g]kfn jfo';j] f lgud sfg"gadf]lhd
u7g ePsf] :jfoQ ;+:yf ePsf]n] p;n] cfgf]
Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ubf{ sfg"gadf]lhd
ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf] Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/nfO{ /f]Ssf
ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g . vf; u/]/ Pp6f :jfoQ
;+:yfn] sfg"gadf]lhd s/f/ ub{5 eg] To:tf]
s/f/sf] zt{x lgwf{/0f ug{, ;f] kl/kfngf ug{
/ s'g} kIfn] ;f] s/f/sf] kl/kfngf gu/]df
;f]pk/ cfjZos pkfo cjnDag ug'{ To:tf]
sfg"gadf]lhd ;+:yflkt ;+:yfsf] :jfefljs sfg"gL
clwsf/ x'G5 . To:tf] ;+:yfn] cGo s'g} Jofkfl/s
1088
k|lti7fg;Fu Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ub{5 eg] jf

s'g} s/f/Lo cg'jGwdf ;fd]n x'G5 eg] Tof]
p;sf] clwsf/sf] ljifo aGb5 . s:tf] s/f/
ug]{ jf s/f/sf] zt{x s:tf] x'gk' 5{ egL jfx\o
hutn] jf s/f/sf] kIf g} g/x]sf] j];/f]sf/jfnf
cGo ;+:yfn] x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g . Jofkfl/s
k|sl[ tsf] s/f/df k|:tfjs jf cfk"lt{stf{ x/]sn]
cfcfgf] ;jf]{Qd Jofkfl/s lxtnfO{ ljrf/
u/]sf] x'G5 ;f] ug'k{ g]{ klg x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf
h:t} g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{ rflxPsf] h:tf]
ljdfg k|lt:kwf{Tds d"Nodf cfk"lt{ rflxPsf] 5
/ u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg] / ;dodf cfk"lt{ x'g] /
d"Nodf ;'lglZrttf x'g] ;a} s'/f rflxPsf] 5
eg] csf]{ kIf Po/j; sDkgLnfO{ klg cfk"lt{sf]
cfx\jfg e/kbf]{ agfpg / e'QmfgL ;'lglZrt ug]{
p;sf] klg ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx /xG5g\ . Po/j;
sDkgLn] g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] k|:tfjadf]lhd
cfk"lt{ ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj lgj{xg ug{ d"No / cfk"lt{
ldlt ls6fg ug{ cfjZos 5 / To;df s'g}
lsl;dsf] larng jf kl/jt{g ePdf cfkm"n]
Iflt Joxf]g{ gk/f];\ eGg] p;sf] lrGtf 5 To;
lglDt g} ljdfg cfk"lt{sf] cfb]z lbPkl5 pQm
sDkgLn] ljdfg tof/ ug{ nfu]kl5 s'g} lsl;dn]
/2 ul/lbPdf kg{ cfpg] c;'ljwfsf] lgjf/0f ug{
ltg'k{ g]{ s'n /sdsf] s'g} c+z lkmtf{ gx'g] k|sl[ tsf]
/sd -Non-Refundable_ cu|Ld e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{
zt{ /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] zt{ dfGg' plrt x'G5
jf x'bF g} eGg] s'/f lgudsf] Joj:yfkgn] ljrf/
ug{ ;Sg] s'/f xf] . cfgf] :jfy{ cg'sn
" dfq}
zt{ nfb\g vf]hd] f Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ x'g ;Sb}g .
Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/sf] k|s[lt / tt\ ;DaGwL
Joj;fodf k|rlnt dfGotf / k/Dk/fcg';f/
zt{x tf]Sg], To;df jftf{ ug]{ / to ug]{
s'/fx x'G5g\ . s'g} s/f/Lo zt{x k/:k/sf]
Joj;flos lxt / :jfy{xaf6 lgwf{l/t x'g]
x'gfn] Jofkfl/s k|rng / dfGo k/Dk/f x]//]
lgwf{/0f ul/g] s'/fx x'G5g\ . To:tf] s'/fsf]
lg0f{ o sf/f] j f/;F u k| T oIf ;DaGw x' g ]

Joj:yfksxn] g} lg0f{o ug]{ s'/fx x'g\ .
!#= k|:t't d'2fdf g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf]
cfjZostf, of]hgf / ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ hxfh v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{o e}/x]sf] s'/fdf
ljjfb 5}g . ;f] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu
s/f/ ug's
{ f] klg ljsNk 5}g . s/f/sf] k|sl[ t,
9fFrf / zt{x g} ck|ToIf ?kdf tf]sL lgb]l{ zt
u/]sf] eP Pp6f s'/f xf] . t/ To:tf] s]xL
gePsf] cj:yfdf l56f] 5l/tf] hxfh v/Lb
k|lqmof 6'f]df k'ofpg] / hxfh k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf
Joj:yfkg s]lGb|t ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 / tbg'?k
g} sfo{sf/L cWoIfn] lg0f{o lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
hxfh v/Lb ug]{ elg;s]kl5 s/f/sf x/]s zt{sf
;DaGwdf jftf{ ug{ / :jLs[t zt{adf]lhd
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o u/fpg' k5{ eGg
ldNb}g . lgudsf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] ;~rfng tyf
Joj:yfkgsf] clGtd lhDd]jf/L lng] ;~rfns
;ldltn] g} To:tf] lg0f{o ul//x]sf] eP cs}{ s'/f
x'GYof] . j:t'tM sfo{sf/L cWoIfn] lgudsf]
ljlgodfjnLadf]lhd ;d]t cfkm";uF cGt/\lgxLt
clwsf/ 5 eGg] dfgL -Non Refundable_ k|sl[ tsf]
zt{ ePsf] Lock up Money k7fPsf] b]lvG5 .
To:tf] lg0f{o u/L k7fpFbf ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
hxfh v/Lb ug]{ lg0f{os} sfof{Gjog ug{
;sf/fTds ;xof]u u/]sf] eGg] lghsf] wf/0ff
b]lvG5 .
!$= sfo{sf/L cWoIfn] ljjflbt Lock
up Money k7fpg' cl3 ;~rfns ;ldlt;dIf
;dy{g u/fpg' kYof]{ jf kb}g{ Yof] eGg] Pp6f
k|Zg x'g ;S5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;~rfns ;ldltn]
cu|Ld ?kdf s'g} lgb]{z u/]sf] jf Lock up
Money k7fO;s] k l5 klg cfklQ hgfPsf]
b]lvb}g . Pp6f Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ ;DkGg ug]{
;fdfGo qmddf g} To;nfO{ x]/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ljgf g} Lock up
Money k7fO{ jf clwsf/If]qsf] k|Zg p7]sf] 5
1089
eGg] 7fGg' Pp6f s'/f] xf] eg] To;nfO{ tfls{s

?kn] ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . sf/f]jf/sf] k|sl[ t,
;dosf] ;Ldf, ;+u7gsf] :yflkt k/Dk/f cflb
s'/fsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ s'/fx x'g ;S5g\ .
;~rfns ;ldltn] sltko ljifodf kl5af6
cg'df]bg klg ug]{ u/fpg] cj:yf klg cfpF5 .
o:tf] ljifodf ;~rfns ;ldltjf6 s'g} k|Zg
p7fpg' cl3 g} To:tf] Jofj;flos lg0f{opk/
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] /f]xdf
k|:t't k|Zg p7]sf] kfOG5 .
!%= dfly g} egL ;lsPsf] 5 ls hxfh
v/Lb ug]{ s'/f s/f/sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . s/f/sf]
kfngf s/f/sf kIfxn] ug'k{ b{5 . h;df g]kfn
jfo';j] f lgud Pp6f kIf /x]sf] 5 . s/f/sf]
kfngf p;n] klg ug{ ;s]g eg] p;n] Ifltk"lt{
jf cGo pkfoxsf] kl/0ffd Joxf]g'{ kb{5 . s/f/sf]
kfngf ug{ u/fpg lgudnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ g}
;a}sf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . lgudsf] tkm{af6
ul/Psf] s/f/ lgudsf] lxtdf 5 jf 5}g eGg]
s'/f lgudsf] ;+oGqaf6 ljrf/ ul/g] s'/f xf] .
s'g} zt{x cg'lrt kfOPdf jf cJojxfl/s
ePsf] kfOPdf klg To;sf] nflu To;} kmf}hbf/L
?kdf cf/f]lkt ug'{ x'bF g} .
!^= Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgxnfO{ Jofkfl/s
?kdf g} ;~rfng x'g lbg kb{5 cyf{t\ Jofkfl/s
cfjZostf / jhf/sf] lgodadf]lhd sfd ug{
lbg'k5{ . Jofkfl/s k|sl[ tsf] sfddf nufpg] t/
;/sf/L gf]s/;fxL k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o k|lqmof
cjnDag ug{ nufpg] xf] eg] Jofkfl/s lgk'0ftf
cfpFg} ;Sb}g . To:tf] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLaf6
cGttM ;dfh / /fi6s} lxtdf k|lts"n c;/
kg{ hfG5 . lgud ;fj{hlgs rl/q ePsf] ;+:yf
eP klg To;sf] k|of]hg Jofkfl/s k|sl[ tsf]
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ePsf] / tbg'?k Jofkf/ k|jw{g
ug'k{ g]{ x'gfn] lgudsf] nflu Pshgf ;fj{hlgs
pBdsf] Joj:yfksnfO{ hf] rflxg] clVtof/ /
nrstf;lxtsf] lg0f{o ug]{ k|fjwfgsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . To:tf] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/Ln]

lnPsf] lg0f{oxsf] kl/0ffd cfpg glbO{ cu|Ld
?kdf cGo ;+:yf jf lgsfoaf6 cj/f]w ug]{ xf]
eg] ;DalGwt lgudsf] sfddf ;Lwf x:tIf]k
x'g hfG5 . To:tf] x:tIf]k cg'lrt dfq} xf]Og
ls cfklQhgs ;d]t /xG5 .
!&= jf;';j] f lgud Pp6f ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfg ePsf] gftfn] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
lgudn] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] ;DaGwdf x:tIf]ksf/L
lgb]z
{ g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt
Joj:yflksf csf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;ldlt xf]
h;n] ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu jf
cxn] ljlw;Ddt\ 9+un] jf hjfkmb]xL 9+un]
;]jf lbP glbPsf] s'/fsf] cg'udg ug{ ;Qm5 .
!*= ;+ljwfg;ef -Jo:yflksf ;+;bsf]
sfo{;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^% sf] lgod !!)
df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q tf]lsPsf
/ pQm sfo{If]qsf ;DaGwdf x]bf{ pQm ;ldltsf]
sfo{If]qdf ;fj{hlgs n]vf / dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
k|ltj]bgsf ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
lgod !!%-@_ df ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn]
Joj:yflksf;+;bdf k]z ul/Psf] dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt a]?h'sf]
hfFr u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfsf/f eP u/]sf sfd
sf/jfxL / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6
x'gk' g]{ sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;+ut / cf}lrTok"0f{
tj/af6 eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t cWoog
u/L cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{ / hfFr ug{ pko'Qm
b]lvPsf] cGo ;fj{hlgs n]vfsf] hfFr u/L jflif{s
cg'dfg k]z ug'{ cufj} ;efdf k|ltj]bg k]z
ug]5
{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 x'g'kg]{ sfd sf/jfxL
sfg"g;+ut / cf}lrTok"0f{ tj/af6 eP gePsf]
;DaGwdf ;d]t ;f]cg'k cWoog ug',{ lg/LIf0f
ug',{ k|ltj]bg lbg' / ;/sf/sf] gfpFdf lgb]z
{ g
lbg] clwsf/ ePklg ;f] clwsf/If]qsf] ;Ldfsf]
af/]df ljrf/ ug'{ oxfFg/] k|f;Flus b]lvg cfpF5 .
1090
!(= Joj:yflksfsf] s'g} ;ldltsf]

clwsf/ jf sfd st{Josf] clwsf/ eg]sf]
Joj:yflksfnfO{ tf]lsPsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ldfleq
tf]lsPadf]lhd k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ ;Demg' kb{5 .
Joj:yflksfsf] sfo{ eg]sf] sfo{kflnsfn] h:t}
k|zf;g ug]{ / Gofokflnsfn] h:t} Goflos tf}/n]
lg0f{o ug]{ klg xf]Og . ls6fgL ;+jw} flgs jf
sfg"gL Joj:yf ePdf afx]s Joj:yflksfsf]
;+ u 7gleq tf] l sPsf] ;ldltxn] cfgf]
sfo{fb]zadf]lhd sfo{ ubf{ sfo{kflnsf txsf
cxdf ;Lwf x:tIf]k x'g] u/L cfb]z lg0f{o
ug]{ ge} Joj:yflksf cdfkm{t\ g} s'g} s'/fsf]
lgb]z
{ k7fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . s'g} s'/f ;b/ jb/ ug]{
jf s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof u/L 6'u\ f] nufpg]
clwsf/k|fKt s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] cfgf]
If]qflwsf/leq /x] ePsf] dfgL u/]sf] s'g} lg0f{o
jf sfdsf/jfxL ;b/ jf jb/ ug]{ sfg"gL jf
;+jw} flgs clVtof/L ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf
lgxLt eP /x]sf] b]lvb}g . sfo{kflnsf] c jf
cGo ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgdf s'g} cg'lrt sfo{
ePdf To;pk/ lzsfot ug]{ 7fpF :jod\
dlGqkl/ifb\leq ;DalGwt dGqfno jf /fli6o
;t{stf s]Gb| jf ;+jw} flgs k|sl[ tsf] clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf ;+:yfx /xg'sf]
;fy} lrQ ga'g] kIfn] cbfntdf ;d]t d'2fx
k|:t't ug]{ 7fpF 5 . lgoldt k| z f;lgs,
Jofkfl/s jf Goflos k|sl[ tsf sfd jf lg0f{oxsf]
cf}lrTodf k|jz
] u/L s'g} cfb]z lgb]z
{ ug]{ sfd
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] b]lvg cfpFbg} . lgoldt
lsl;dsf Jofkfl/s jf k|zf;lgs lg0f{ox pk/
klg ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] j}slNks ;/sf/sf]
?kdf k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ ;f]r /fVg] xf] eg] k|zf;lgs
;+oGqx sdhf]/ x'g hfG5g . h;sf] lhDdf
k|zf;sxn] lng g;Sg] cj:yf cfpF5 .
sfo{kflnsfcGtu{t sfd ug]{ lgsfoxdf
cfjZostfcg';f/ / ljlwsf] clwgdf /xL sltko
:jljj]so'Qm lg0f{o lng'kg]{ x'G5 . Pp6fsf]
:jljj]ssf] k|of]u dfly csf{n] k|lt:yfkg ub}{

hfg] xf] eg] k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug{ dgf]jn lug'{
dfq geO{ o;af6 k|zf;lgs lg0f{osf] lbzf
x/fpg] ;Defjgf k|jn /xG5 .
@)= ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ;fdfGo
Jofkfl/s, sf/f]jf/Lo k|sl[ tsf] lg0f{odf xft xfNg
gx'g] csf]{ sf/0f s] 5 eg] Pp6fn] u/]sf]
s/f/cGtu{t l;lh{t bfloTjdf n]vf ;ldlt h:tf]
;+:yfsf] x:tIf]kn] s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f ug{
g;lsPdf To;sf] lhDd]jf/L s;n] af]Sg] eGg]
k|Zg p7\5 . lglZrt\ ?kdf n]vf ;ldltn] u/]sf]
lg0f{oaf6 g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudn] g} sfd ug{
kfPg eg] n]vf ;ldltn] To:tf] s/f/sf] bfloTj
kfngf x'g g;s]af6 l;lh{t kl/0ffdsf] Iflt
Joxf]g{] 5}g . s/f/ jf sf/f]jf/sf] ;~rfngdf
n]vf ;ldlt h:tf] ;+:yfn] k|ToIf x:tIf]k ug]{
jf To;sf] j}wtfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/lbg] s'/f :j:ys/
b]lvg cfpFbg} .
@!=
;fj{ h lgs
n] v f;ldlt
hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf xf], Jofj;flos ;+u7g
xf]Og . hgk|ltlglwxsf] cfcfgf] vf; vf;
k[i7e"ldsf] sf/0fn] cle?rL, ljz]if1tf /
k|fyldstfx x'G5g\ . s;}sf] lghL k|fyldstf
jf cle?rL pk/f]Qm lsl;dsf] lg0f{oxaf6 ul/g]
x:tIf] k df k| l tljlDjt eof] eg] c?sf]
hjfkmb]lxtfsf] kfngfsf] ;'lglZrttf vf]Hg]
;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt h:tf] ul/dfdo ;+:yfsf]]
nflu Tof] Tolt ;'xfpFbf] x'g ;Qm}g . g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd v/Lb
ug{ nfu]sf] hxfhsf] v/Lb k|sl[ t sfg"g;+ut 5
jf 5}g eGg] s'g} ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]gcGtu{ts}
;+oGq jf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
h:tf] ;+:yfsf] lg0f{oaf6 hfFRg] clwsf/If]q lgwf{l/t
x'bF fx'bF } ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltaf6 g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudsf] ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 hxfh v/Lbsf]
;DaGwdf ePsf] lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf # sf] cfwf/ lnO{ cdfGo x'G5 /
1091
clVtof/ b'?kof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 egL lg0f{o ug'{

sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt cxsf] clwsf/ If]qs}
k|lt:yfkgf u/];/xsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o;/L
;dfgfGt/ zlQm s]Gb|sf] ?kdf plbodfg x'g
vf]Hg' Pp6f jx't} hl6n / ljrf/0fLo ;d:ofsf]
?kdf b]lvg cfpF5 .
@@= ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf]
sf/0fjf6 s/f/sf] k|zf;gsf] ljifo ;d]t
clVtof/ b'?kof]usf] :jrflnt cleof]hgdf
?kfGtl/t ug'{ / To:tf] ug]{ jftfj/0fn] ljlwsf]
zf;gnfO{ ;xof]u gug]{ x'bF f o;nfO{ jflR5t
xbleq /fv]/ ;j}n] x]g{ h?/L b]lvg cfpF5 .
@#= g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] nflu ljdfg
v/Lb ug{k' g],{ gkg]{ / ljdfg v/Lb ug{ vf]hs
] f]
/ ;f]sf nflu ljdfg sDkgLnfO{ /sd k7fpg]
s'/f s/f/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf to x'g] s'/fx
x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs pBdLn] klg s/f/sf] k|lqmofdf
;+nUg x'g] ePkl5 s/f/sf hf]lvdx klg
:jfefljs ?kdf pTkGg x'g] x'G5 . s/f/sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf l;h{gf x'g] x/]s sfdsf]
nflu kmf}hbf/L bfloTj axg ug]{ u/L JolQmut
pQ/bfloTj jxg x'g] ljifo agfpg x'bF g} / To;f]
ubf{ Joj:yfkg ug] { x/] s Joj:yfkssf]
Joj:yfkgsf] lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf g} k|efljt x'g
hfG5 . d'Vo s'/f Joj:yfksn] sDkgL jf pBdLsf]
tkm{af6 lg0f{o ubf{ To;af6 cfkm"n] u}/sfg"gL
nfe lng] jf c?nfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe lbnfpg]
p2]Zon] jf ;f] nfe lnP/ jf lbnfP/ pBdnfO{
gf]S;fgL x'g] sfd u/]sf] egL cleof]u nufPsf]df
;f] tYo k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f g}
ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ s'/f xf] .
@$= pk/f]Qm k[i7e"lddf x]bf{ oL k|ToyL{
;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/pk/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj
/x]sf] g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{ k|ToIf xflg
gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] sfo{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf !& / bkmf #-!_-em_ cGtu{tsf]
s;"/ ePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg b]vfO{ ljdfg v/Lb
ug]{ k|lqmofcGtu{t ljdfg sDkgLnfO{ lgudsf]

sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf x}l;otn] k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] a}gfafktsf] /sd -Lock up Money_
e'QmfgL u/]sf] sf/0faf6 e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ ePsf]
egL cleof]u nufOPsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't ;Gbe{df
o; d'2fdf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf !& sf] k"jf{j:yf 5 5}g ;f] s'/f ljrf/0fLo
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
@%= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf !& df ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] xflg gf]S;fgL
ug]n
{ fO{ ;hfo;DaGwL Aoj:yf e} pQm bkmfdf
s'g} /fi6;j] sn] cfgf] cf]xbfsf] jf ;f];DaGwL
st{Jo kfngf ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfsf] ;DklQdf nfk/jfxL jf jb\lgot u/L
lxgfldgf, xflg gf]S;fgL jf b'?kof]u u/] u/fPdf
jf df;]df jf lghL k|of]udf nufPdf lghnfO{
s;"/sf] dfqfcg';f/ bkmf # adf]lhdsf] ;hfo
x'g] / To;/L lxgfldgf, xflg gf]S;fgL jf b'?kof]u
u/]sf] jf df;]sf] jf df:g lbPsf] ;DklQ klg
lghaf6 c;"npk/ ul/g] 5 eGg] sfg"gL Aoj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
@^= jfo';j] f lgudsf] u'?of]hgfcGtu{t
hxfh v/Lb ug'k{ g]{ egL k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df
af]nkq cfXjfg u/L v/Lb k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf]
tyf af]O sDkgL / Po/j; sDkgLn] af]nkq k]z
u/]sf]df ;f] dWo] Go"gtd\ af]nsaf]n ug]{ Po/j;
sDkgLsf] af]nkq jfo';j] f lgudsf] ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^&.&.!& df 5gf}6 u/]sf] egL
:jLs[t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf @& adf]lhd Go"gtd\ d"Nofls+t ;f/e"t
?kdf k|efj u|fxL af]nkq :jLs[t x'g] / To:tf]
af]nkqadf]lhd v/Lb ;Demf}tf x'g] Aoj:yf b]lvG5 .
v/Lb ;Demf}tfnfO{ cGoyf eGg g;sL o;} aLr
cfzokq -Letter of Intent_ hf/L eO{ Lock up Money
:j?k ljjflbt /sd e'QmfgL k7fPsf] b]lvG5 .
v/Lb k|lqmof k"/f gu/L e'QmfgL u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k
ePsf]df g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnL
1092
@)^% sf] ljlgod @#^-!_ -3_ sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd

e'QmfgL lbPsf] egL k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
cfkm"pk/ nufPsf] cf/f]ksf] k|ltjfb u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;f] ;DaGwdf pQm lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yf :ki6
5 . Lock up Money afkt e'QmfgL ubf{ ljdfg
v/Lb ePdf pQm /sd e'QmfgLsf] ls:tfdf ;dfof]hg
x'g] / v/Lb gePdf To:tf] /sd lkmtf{ gx'g] eGg]
zt{ cg'ksf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] dtna jfo';j] f
lgudsf] nflu ljdfg v/Lb ug{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o eO{ ljdfg v/Lb ug{ lgudsf] cfjZostf
;d]t ePsf] k|i6 l:ylt /x]sf] / ;f]adf]lhd g}
ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ ePkl5 ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu
cfk"lt{stf{ kIfsf] zt{cg';f/ ljdfg v/Lb ePdf
ls:tfdf ;dfof]hg x'gb] l] v pQm cfk"lt{stf{nfO{
Lock up Money k7fPsf]nfO{ cgf}7f] dfGg'kg]{ b]lvb}g .
kIfxsf aLrdf s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{sf nflu
sfg"gf/f sfof{Gjogof]Uo x'g ;Sg] ljleGg s/f/x
x'g;S5g\ / o:tf s/f/sf zt{xdf ljdfg v/Lb
ug]{ lglZrttf sfod ug{ ljleGg zt{x /flvPsf]
x'gk' 5{ . o:tf Joj:yfx Jofj;flos lxt jf
gLltcg'sn" /fVg] jf /fVg nufpg] s'/fx dxTjk"0f{
x'G5g\ .
@&= hxfF;Dd k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
cfk"lt{stf{ Air Bus sDkgLnfO{ k7fPsf] Lock up
Money To:tf] e'QmfgL lkmtf{ k|fKt ug{ g;lsg]
k|sl[ tsf] sf/0fn] lghn] e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg
;lsg] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/f 5 To;tkm{ x]bf{,
s/f/sf kIfx aLr Joj;flos sf/f]jf/ ubf{
tTsfnsf ljsNkx x]/L c;n lgotn] lg0f{o
ug]{ s'/fx x'g\ . jfo';j] f lgudsf nflu cfjZos
/x]sf ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu jfo';j] f
lgud / /fi6s} nflu ;d]t cfjZos 7flgPsf
sf/0f ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fO{ ;f]
;DaGwdf cfjZos lg0f{o ubf{ lgZro g}
tTsfnsf ljsNkx dWo] pQd ljsNk 5flgg]
/ ljsNk rog ubf{ c;n lgotn] lg0f{o ug]{
s'/fx jf~5gLo x'g cfp5 g} . s/f/df k|jz
]
u/]kl5 :jfefljs ?kdf s/f/sf] Pp6f kIfnfO{

nfesf] cj;/ jf xflgsf] hf]lvd /lx/xG5 .
v/fj lgot, jb\lgotn] clek|l] /t e} cfkm"nfO{
nfe / ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;/sf/nfO{ gf]S;fgL
x'g] u/L e|i6frf/df ;+nUg ePsf] x'g j:t'tYon]
k|dfl0ft x'gk' b{5 . cGoyf b]lvg cfPdf afx]s
kIfxsf aLrdf x'g] sf/f]jf/sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/
ePsf] ;Demf}tf / ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] kfngf ubf{
ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlw / k|lqmof cGtu{tsf] s/f/Lo
zt{ kfngfsf] ljifoj:t' e|i6frf/sf] ljifoj:t'
aGg ;Sg] xFb' g} . v/fa lgot / e|i6frf/df
;+nUg ePsf] eGgnfO{ j:t'tYon] cGoyf b]lvg
cfPdf afx]s x/]s s/f/Lo zt{df e|i6frf/sf]
cf/f]k nufpg xFb' g} .
@*= ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf /x]sf
x/]s /fi6;j] sx;Fu sfg"g;+ut Jojxf/ /
Odfgbfl/tfsf] ck]Iff ug'{ :jfefljs x'G5 . To;sf]
cltl/Qm kbLo lhDd] j f/L k" / f ug{ ; Sg]
Jofj;flos Ifdtf, b'/blz{tf, g]tT[ j u'0f cflb
s'/fxsf] klg ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;df
klg ;/sf/n] Jofj;flos jf Jofkfl/s k|sl[ tsf]
k|lti7fgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] 5 eg] tbg'sn
" sf]
pBdzLntf / Joj:yfksLo sf}zn klg k|blz{t
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . To:tf ;+:yfxdf cGo k|lt:kwL{
;+:yfx;Fu k|ltikwf{ ug]{ Ifdtf ;d]t sfod
/fVg'kg]{ x'bF f sltko sfd s'/fdf nrstfo'Qm
lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] clVtof/L ;d]t cfjZostf
/xG5 . Jofkfl/s lg0f{ox lgoldt, k|zf;sLo
lg0f{ox eGbf leGg / cfjZostfcg';f/ tTsfn}
/ hf]lvd lnP/ ePklg lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ x'gfn]
/fi6 ; ] j sxnfO{ tf] l sPsf] lhDd] j f/Lsf]
k|sl[ tcg';f/ pgLxsf] sfdsf] d"Nofg ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . s'g} lg0f{o s;}nfO{ Jofkfl/s jf Jofj;flos
lx;fjn] plrt jf cg'lrt nfUg ;Qm5 / st}
st} clVtof/Lsf] ;Ldf;DaGwL ljjfb klg x'g
;S5 . tL s'/fxsf] ts{;u+ t ;dfwfg ;DalGwt
lgsfon] df}sfdf lbg ;Sg' kb{5 . cGoyf Pp6f
1093
:yflkt k/Dk/f jf Joj;fosf] ;Ldfleq lnOPsf]

s'g} lg0f{osf] ;DaGwdf kof{Kt / e/kbf]{ cfwf/j]u/
unt lgots} cf/f]k nufpg] xf] eg] To:tf]
kbflwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o Ifdtf tyf hf]lvd lng]
Ifdtf 36\g hfG5 h;af6 cGttM ;+u7g /
;dfhn] g} gsf/fTds kl/0ffd ef]Ug'kg]{ cj:yf
cfpF5 . clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L jf lgsfoxn]
xd];f sfg"g;+ut / Jofj;flos lx;fjn] ;xL
lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ cfdck]Iff eP klg sf]xL s;}sf]
s'g} lg0f{odf s'g} k|zf;lgs jf xf]lzof/L;DaGwL
s'g} q'l6 cf}Nofpg] ljlQs} To;nfO{ cfk/fwLs/0f
ug'{ jf To:tf] ug]{ ;f]rn] a9fjf kfof] eg] cGttM
;xL g]tT[ j lng] JolQmsf] knfog x'g] vt/f a9]/
hfG5 . Joj:yfkssf] k|ltef, Ifdtf / g]tT[ jbfoL
e"ldsfsf] lhDdfdf w]/} 7"nf7"nf cfof]hgf lhDdf
nufpg] x'gfn] pgLx klg /fi6 / ;dfhsf k"h
F L
x'g\ eGg] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fn] pgLxsf]
;DaGwdf lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy / ljlw;+ut lg0f{o
lng] ;f]r ;a}df x'g h?/L 5 .
@(= hxfF;Dd k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
Lock up Money e'QmfgL u/L lgudnfO{ gf]S;fgL
x'g] u/L u/]sf] sfo{n] lgudnfO{ Iflt eO;s]sf]
eGg] b]lvG5 jf b]lvGg eGg] s'/f 5 ;f] s'/ftkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ Lock up Money afkt lbOPsf] pQm
/sd g} a}gfafkt k|fKt ug]{ Po/j; sDkgLn]
lkmtf{ g} k7fPsf] / ;f] /sd jfo';j] f lgudsf]
lxdfnog a} + s df /x] s f] vftf g+ =
))#))$)^##))$* df hDdf ePsf] eGg] ldl;n
;+nUg lgudsf dxfk|jGws s'naxfb'/ lnDa"n]
x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ldlt @)^&.!@.!^ sf] kqaf6
b]lvG5 . ladfg v/Lb ug{ ;|f]t hDdf ug]{
cflwsfl/s :t/df ljleGg lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{ /
;dGjo eO/x]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftsf]
Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudsf nflu ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmofdf oL k|ToyL{
;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/ ;d]tsf] uDeL/tf gePsf] eGg
ldNb}g . o; cj:yfdf jfo';j] f lgudsf tkm{af6
ljdfg v/Lb ug{sf nflu e'QmfgL ul/Psf /sd

cfgf] nfesf] nflu e'QmfgL ul/Psf], oL k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbL ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] cfgf] nfesf] nflu
jfo';j] f lgudsf] cf]xbfsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf], l/;jt
jf 3"; k|fKt u/]sf] tyf JolQmut nfe lnPsf]
cj:yf b]lvb}g . lghn] Air Bus Company nfO{
k7fPsf] a}gf afktsf] Lock up Money e'QmfgL
/sd lkmtf{ gx'g] eGg] cfwf/df lghpk/ e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( cGtu{tsf] s;"/df d'2f
rnfOPsf] xf] ;f] /sd g} jfo';j] f lgudsf] vftfdf
lkmtf{ cfPkl5 oL k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n]
a}gfafktsf] Lock up Money e'QmfgL u/]sf] /sdaf6
g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudnfO{ k|ToIf gf]S;fgL ePsf]
egL dfGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg . k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] ljdfg v/Lb k|of]hgsf] nflu e'QmfgL
u/]sf] /sd jfo';j] f lgudsf] vftfdf lkmtf{
cfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf jfo';j] f lgudnfO{ gf]S;fgL
ePsf] cj:yf g} ljBdfg geO{ lghpk/ nufOPsf]
cleof]hgsf] cfwf/ g} a]sfod ePsf] cj:yfdf
lghnfO{ cf/f]kkqadf]lhd ;hfo ug{ / cleof]u
7x/ ug'{ dgfl;j x'g] b]lvb}g . ctM ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}a+ f6 lghpk/ nufOPsf cleof]unfO{
v08g x'g] u/L lgh ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/nfO{ cleof]u
bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt
x'bF f ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
#)= cGo k|ToyL{ /fh'axfb'/ s]=;L=, u0f]z
7fs'/, 1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfn, do"/ zDz]/ /f0ff /
s]zj/fh zdf{nfO{ ;d]t cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm egL lghx pk/ ;d]t cf/f]kkq
bfo/ ePsf]df ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}a+ f6 oL
k|ToyL{xn] ;d]t cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO
kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL
km};nfpk/ lrQ ga'emL jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bgkqsf] /f]xdf
ljz]if cbfntaf6 oL k|ToyL{xnfO{ ;d]t ;kmfO
lbg] 7x/L ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g < To;tkm{
ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ b]lvg cfof] . oL k|ToyL{x pk/
1094
sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf] cfb]znfO{ tfd]n ug{ k|ToIf

;xof] u u/L Lock up Money afktsf]
?=%,&#,&%))). e'QmfgL x'g uO{ lgudnfO{
xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] sfo{ u/]sf]n] lghxnfO{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf @@ adf]lhd
;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] cleof]u bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
oL k|ToyL{x g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] ljleGg
kbdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lnufot lguddf cfj4
ePsf JolQm ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvPg . oL
k|ltjfbLxn] ljz]if cbfnt;dIf ;d]t u/]sf]
aofgdf lgudsf sfo{sf/L cWoIf ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/sf] cfb]zadf]lhd sfd tfd]n ul/Psf]
/ ;f] sfo{ sfo{sf/L k|dv
' af6 e'QmfgLsf] nflu
tf]s cfb]z ePadf]lhd kbLo x}l;ot tyf sfo{
lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f cfkm"xn] lgb]z
{ g cg';f/sf]
sfd u/]sf] xf] . tf]s cfb]zcg';f/ lxdfnog
a}+sdfkm{t\ Po/j; sDkgLsf] vftfdf /sd
k7fOPsf] xf] egL aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL
s]zj/fh zdf{, do"/ zDz]/ /f0ff, /fh'axfb'/
s]=;L=n] ljz]if cbfntdf aofg ubf{ ;d]t
sfo{sf/L cWoIfn] lbPsf] lgb]z
{ gcg'ksf] sfo{
u/]sf] egL aofg lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] k|ltjfbL
1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfn, u0f]z 7fs'/ nufotsf cGo
k|ltjfbLxn] Lock up Money e'QmfgL ug]{
;DaGwdf cfgf] sfo{If]qcGtu{t gkg]{ tyf
lgudnfO{ gf]S;fgL x'g] u/L Lock up Money
afktsf] /sd k7fpgsf nflu lnlvt tf]s
cfb]z lbPsf] cfwf/df pQm cfb]znfO{ sfof{Gjog
;Dd u/]sf] egL aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfo{sf/L
cWoIfn] lbPsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug]{ sd{rf/L
ePs} sf/0f oL k|ToyL{x pk/ dltof/sf]
cleof]u nufO{ cf/f]kkq bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] ljdfg v/Lbsf nflu
k7fPsf] Lock up Money lkmtf{ eO;s]sf] / lkmtf{
ePsf] /sd g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf] vftfdf
hDdf eO;s]sf] b]lv/x]sf] l:yltdf k|ToyL{
;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/sf] ljdfg v/Lb ug]{ k|lqmofdf
k7fPsf] sfo{ jb\lgotk"j{s

k7fPsf] gb]lvO{ g]kfn jfo';j] f lgudsf nflu
c;n lgotn] k7fPsf] b]lvPsf] / pQm /sd
lkmtf{ eO{ lguds} vftfdf hDdf ;d]t eO;s]sf]
b]lvPsf] cfwf/ k|df0faf6 k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L ePsf] ljz]if
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n]
oL k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLxsf xsdf plNnlvt sfo{
u/L dltof/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] eGg]
cf/f]kbfjL k'Ug g;Sg] ;d]t x'bF f oL k|ToyL{xsf
xsdf ;d]t cf/f]k bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] u/L
ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] km};nf
sfg"g;+ut g} b]lvof] .
#!= ctM ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmofsf] nflu
e'QmfgL ul/Psf] Lock up Money g]kfn jfo';j] f
lgudsf] lxdfnog a}s
+ l:yt vftfdf hDdf ;d]t
eO;s]sf] b]lvPsf] / ljdfg v/Lb k|lqmofdf
e'QmfgL ePsf] /sdaf6 k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/n] cfkm" ;d]tnfO{ kmfObf x'g] u/L s'g}
/sd lnP vfPsf] eGg] tYo k'li6 ug]{ s'g} k|df0f
cleof]hg kIfaf6 k|:t't ePsf] cj:yf gx'bF f /
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudnfO{ gf]S;fgL x'g] u/L
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g] k|df0fsf]
cefj x'bF f plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0f ;d]taf6
k|ToyL{ ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/ tyf cGo k|ToyL{x
/fh'axfb'/ s]=;L=, u0f]z 7fs'/, 1fg]Gb|k?' if 9sfn,
do"/ zDz]/ /f0ff / s]zj/fh zdf{nfO{ cleof]u
bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] 7x/fO{ ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}af6 ldlt @)^*.!.^ df ePsf] km};nf
ldn]s} x'bF f ;b/ x'G5 . jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . k|:t't d'2fsf]
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\=
Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k;
| fb uf}td
Lock up Money
1095
lg0f{o g+= **^)

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
k'g/fj]bg g+= )^&CR!@*&
km};nf ldltM @)^(.#.@&.@
d'2f M hj/\h:tL s/0fL .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM The Netherland 3/ eO{
sf7df8f} F lhNnf sf7df8f} F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ = @(
uNsf]kfvfl:yt xfd|f] hLjg ;+/If0f
afnu[x ;fdfv'zLdf sfo{/t\ /xL xfn
sf/fuf/ sfof{no huGgfyb]jn lqk'/Z] j/
sf7df8f}F cGtu{t ;]G6/df y'gfdf /x]sf]
df]Nx';]g x]lG8s cf]6f] -Molhuysen
Hendrik OttoTo:_
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM s / v -gfd kl/jt{g_ sf] hfx]/Ln]
g]kfn ;/sf/
z'? km};nf ug]{ M

df=lh=Gof=>L g/]Gb|sd
' f/ lzjfsf]6L
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L b]jG] b|uf]kfn >]i7
df=Gof=>L lbg]zs'df/ sfsL{
s'g} ul/Psf] jf gul/Psf] sfo{ k|rlnt
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] ljk/Lt gePdf To;
sfo{nfO{ nlrnf] JofVofsf] dfWod ckgfO{
s;"/ sfod ug{ g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
sfg"gdf k|oQ
' m s'g} bkmfn] csf]{ bkmfdf
k|oQ
' m k|fjwfgnfO{ ;fk]lIft ?kdf Olt
1096
u/]sf] 5 eg] b'j} bkmfsf k|fjwfgnfO{

Ps csf{;uF lg/k]If?kdf /fv]/ JofVof
ul/g' xF ' b } g . b' j } n fO{ Ps csf{ s f]
kl/k"/ssf] ?kdf g} x]gk{' g]{ .
cleof]lht s;"/ ck/fw eP gePsf]
;DaGwdf ;+lbUw jf lljwfsf] l:ylt
l;h{gf ePdf To:tf] cj:yfdf cleof]hg
bfjLnfO{ ckgfpg ;lsg] l:ylt gx'bF f
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf pNn]v gePsf] jf
k|rlnt sfg"gn] s;"/sf] ?kdf Olt
gu/]sf] sfo{nfO{ s;"/sf] ;+1f lbg
sfg"gtM gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
kmf}hbf/L sfg"g nlrnf] ge} s7f]/
k|sl[ tsf] sfg"g ePsf] / ljwflosfnfO{
sfg"gf/f s'g} cd's sfo{nfO{ ;dofg';f/
cfk/fwLs/0f ug{ / ck/fw 3f]lift
ul/Psf] s'g} sfo{nfO{ cfk/fwLs/0faf6
cnUofpg ;Sg] ljz]if clwsf/ ePsf]
sf/0f o; sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ tTsfn
k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ g} ug'k{ g]{ .
s'g} sfo{ s;"/ ePsf] jf gePsf] egL
osLg ug{ ljutsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf s]
lyof] jf vf/]h e};s]sf] jf ;+zf]wg
ePsf] sfg"gdf vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg x'g'
cl3 s] s:tf] Joj:yf lyof] egL ljutdf
k|rlnt sfg"gL k|of]hg / ;Gbe{nfO{
lnP/ ljwflosL dg;fo kQf nufpg]
sfg"g JofVofsf] l;4fGt kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gdf nfu" x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
ck|fs[lts d}yg' sf] cy{ ubf{ c:jefljs
?kdf ck| f s[ l ts tj/n] ul/Psf]
d}yg' nfO{ hgfpg] eP klg ck|fs[lts
d}yg' sf] lsl;d / d}yg' ug]{ u/fpg]
lqmof / dfWod km/skm/s x'g ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
**^) - df]Nx';]g x]lG8s cf]6f] lj=g]kfn ;/sf/
ck|fs[lts d}y'g s] s;/L x'g] eGg]

;DaGwdf ljleGg sfg"gL k|fjwfgxdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] cj:yfdf s'g} sfg"gL
k| f jwfgdf tt\ ; DaGwdf ul/Psf] ]
Joj:yfn] tt\;DaGwL cGo sfg"gL
Joj:yfdf ePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ cfa4 u/]sf]
5}g jf Olt u/]sf] 5}g eg] km/s
km/s k|of]hgsf sfg"gL k|fjwfgxdf
ul/Psf Joj:yfxnfO{ Pp6} cy{df lng
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
s'g} s;"/sf] gfdfs/0f Pp6} eP klg
;f] s;"/df ljljw lqmofx ;dfj]z
x'g ;Sg] / tL lqmofxsf] uDeL/tfsf]
cfwf/df ljwflosfn] km/s ;hfosf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;Qm5 . To;} u/L ck|fs[lts
d}y'gsf] s;"/df s] s:tf sfo{x
cGt/\lgxLt x'g ;Qm5g\\ egL ljwflosL
sfg"gn] :ki6 kf/L km/skm/s lqmof,
dfWod / ljifoj:t'sf] uxgtfsf] cfwf/df
d'2fsf] sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof klg km/s
9+un] tf]Sg ;Sb5 . o; kl/b[li6df
d'ns
' L P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf]
(s g+= df plNnlvt ck|fs[lts d}yg' sf]
s;"/df kz' s/0fLsf] dxnsf] $ g+=
cfslif{t x'g] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
ljwflosfn] g} gfafns pk/sf] ck|fs[lts
d} y ' g nfO{ hj/\ h :tL s/0fLsf]
kl/efiffleq kf/]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] lqmofnfO{ JofVofsf] dfWodaf6
afn b"/frf/ - Child abuse_ dfGg
g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
OG6/kf]n k|x/Lxsf] cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g
ePsf] / g]kfn pQm ;+u7gsf] ;b:o
/fi6 ePsf] gftfn] ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf]
;Gbe{df g]kfn k|x/Lsf] ;Da4 lgsfon]

pQm ;+:yfaf6 ;xof]u lng g;Sg] eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tk{maf6M ljfg clwjQmfx
8f= /lhteQm k|wfgf / df]xgaxfb'/
a~hf/f
k|ToyL{ jfbL tk{maf6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
u+ufk|;fb kf}8n
]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt kmf}hbf/L
sfg"g;DaGwL s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ghL/, efu
%, k[=*^
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f @$ -$_
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] !, #, #-@_ (s g+=
kz' s/0fLsf] $ g+=
-o;df ljz]if k|sl[ tsf d'2fxsf] sf/jfxLdf

kIfxsf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg];DaGwL sfo{ljlw
lgb]l{ zsf, @)^$ adf]lhd kLl8txsf] gfd
kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 ._
km};nf
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.^.!@ sf] k}m;nfpk/ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd
bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5 M
xfdL hfx]/jfnfx uNsf]kfvfl:yt xfd|f]
hLjg rfON8 s]o/ xfp;df a:g] u/]sf]df k|ltjfbL
df]Nx';]g x]lG8s cf]6f]n] a]Unfa]Un} ;dodf
xfdLxnfO{ lgh k|ltjfbLsf] sf]7fdf af]nfP/
z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sk8f vf]Ng nufO{ cfk"mn] klg
;Dk"0f{ sk8f vf]nL ;jf{ gff] e} ;Fu} ;'Tg
1097
nufO{ lghn] xftn], d'vn] ln v]nfpg nufpg],

ljleGg dnd nufO{ lghsf] ln dnf/df
3';fO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL ug]{ ub{Yof] . k6s
k6s o:tf] sfd u/L @)^#.!).@# ;Dd xfdLnfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] x'bF f sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm
eGg] kLl8txsf] ;+oQ
' m hfx]/L b/vf:t .
sf7df8f} F lhNnf, sf7df8f} F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @( uNsf]kfvfl:yt
dw;Tj dfgGw/sf] pQ/ df]x8fsf] % tn] 3/sf]
t];f| ] tNnfsf] k"jk{ l sf]7fdf k|ltjfbL x]lG8s
cf]6f] / lzj Gof}kfg] gff] cj:yfdf klN6/x]sf]
tyf lghxn] nufpg] u/]sf] sk8f, cfO8L
sf8{x, sDKo'6/, l6=eL=, Kofs]6 vf]lnPsf]
sG8d;d]t e]l6Psf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] vfgtnf;L
a/fdbL d'rN' sf tyf ;f]xL 3/sf] kfFr tNnfdfly
k"j{ blIf0fsf] sf]7fdf ul/Psf] @)^#.!).@$ sf]
vfgtnf;L tyf a/fdbL d'rN' sf .
k|ltjfbL x]lG8s cf]6f]n] rfON8 s]o/
xfp;df ;Fu} ;'Tg nufpg], cfk"m klg ;jf{
x'g], xfdLnfO{ klg ;jf{ gUg x'g nufpg],
cfk"mn] klg xfdLxsf] ln v]nfpg] r':g] /
xfdLnfO{ klg p;sf] ln v]nfpg r':g nufpg]
ub{Yof] . of] s'/f xfdLn] /]zd/fh l;+v8fnfO{
eg]sf lyof}+ . k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnf;d]tnfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fL, ck|fs[lts d}y'g u/]sfdf
ljZjf; nfUb5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cgLn
l3ld/], lgd l5l/ z]kf{, k/z'/fd kGt, k'is/
clwsf/L ;d]tn] cg';GWffgsf] qmddf u/]sf]
sfuh .
k| l tjfbL x] l G8 s cf] 6 f] df] N x' ; ] g n]
aRrfxnfO{ xfd|f] hLjg rfON8 s]o/ xfp;df
of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / ck|fs[lts d}y'g u5{ egL
/]zd/fh l;+v8fnfO{ eg]sf] lyPF . hfx]/jfnfnfO{
;d]t lghn] hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]df ljZjf;
nfU5 eGg] k|sfz vqLn] u/]sf] sfuh .
df]Nx';g] x]lG8s cf]6f]n] rfON8 s]o/
;]G6/df of}g b'Jojxf/ u5{ egL k|sfz vqLn]
eg]kl5 aRrfxnfO{ ;f]Wbf / lk|lG;kn ePsfn]

dnfO{ gatfPsf] x'g;S5 . k|ltjfbL cf]6f]n] of}g
b'Jo{jxf/ / ck|fs[lts d}yg' u/]sf]df d]/f] s'g}
;xof]u ;+nUgtf 5}g eGg] k|ltjfbL /]zd/fh
l;+v8fn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL df]Nx';g] x]lG8s cf]6f]n] rfON8
s] o / ;] G 6/df xfdLxnfO{ ;d] t
hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ h:t} u/]sf]n] hfx]/jfnfxnfO{
klg ck|fs[lts d}yg' hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]df
ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cflzif
clwsf/L, cgLn ;fksf]6f, uf]ljGb duh', lzj
Gof}kfg], ;fg' sfG5f nfdf ;d]tn] u/]sf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbL /]zd/fh l;+v8f, k|ltjfbL
x]lG8s cf]6f]sf] ;fyL ePsf]n] of}g b'Jo{jxf/
u/]sf] yfxf kfP klg s]xL gaf]nL a;]sf] /
k| l tjfbL cf] 6 f] n ] rfON8 s] o / xfp;sf
aRrfxnfO{ k6sk6s hj/\h:tL s/0fL
u/]sf]df ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] Elisabeth
Wilhelmus / Eveline Clara Smit n] cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf u/]sf] sfuh .
sf7df8f} F lhNnf, sf7df8f} F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @( uNsf]kfvfl:yt
xfd|f] hLjg rfON8 s]o/ ;]G6/sf] d lgb]z
{ s x'F .
d}n] s]o/ ;]G6/sf] s'g} klg afnaRrfxnfO{
ck|fs[lts d}yg' hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] xf]Og .
hfx]/L tyf cGo sfuh Joxf]/f em"7f xf] eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Molhuysen Hendrik Otto n]
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf pQm xfp;df /ftsf]
;dodf sf]xL g/xg', k|ltjfbLsf] sf]7fdf aRrfsf]
v]nf}gfnufot e]l6g', ;a} ?dx k|ltjfbLn]
b]vfpg grfxg'af6 zf nfuL ;f] s]o/sf]
:jo+;j] s Elisabeth Wilhelmus / Eveline Clara
Smit nufot ;f] ;+:Yffdf gf]s/L 5f8]sf k|sfz
s]=;L= ;d]t;Fu s'/fsfgL u/L CD df /]s8{
u/]sf] 5' . cf>o lnO{ a:g] clgn ;fksf]6f
;d]t;Fu s'/fsfgLdf ePsf] CD 5 . k|ltjfbL
1098
cf]6f]n] hj/\h:tL s/0fL ck|fs[lts d}yg' u/]sf]df

ljZjf; nfU5 . k|ltjfbL /]zd/fh l;+v8fn] ;f]
sfo{ yfxf kfO{ ck/fwsf] af/]df df}g /xL
dltof/sf] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
s[i0fs'df/ yfkfn] u/]sf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbL x]lG8s cf]6f] slxn] sf], slxn]
sf] u/L dfG5] k]m/L ;'tfpFy] . dnfO{ klg zf
nfUYof] . kf]v/f 3'Dg hfFbf ;'dg u'? / v nfO{
;fy} nu]sf lyP . kmsL{ cfPkl5 klg !.@ lbg
kfnf] u/L ;'tfP . To;sf] s]xL ;dokl5 c?
aRrfnfO{ ;'tfPkl5 v, ;'dg / k|ltjfbL cf]6f]aLr
emu8f eof] . emu8fkl5 lghxnfO{ lgsfnL
lbg / k'/fgf] sk8f lbg eg] . k'/fgf] sk8f lbg
nfUbf cf]6f]n] kf]v/f 3'Dg hfFbf ln r';fP/
ck|fs[lts d}yg' u/fPafkt lsgL lbPsf] egL
gofF n'uf lbg dfg]gg\ . aRrfxnfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
of}g b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf]df ljZjf; nfU5 eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] afnf lu/Ln] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf]
sfuh .
dxT;j dfgGw/sf] pQ/ df]x8f ePsf]
kfFr tn] 3/sf] t];f| ] tnfsf] k"jk{ lsf] sf]7fdf
cf]5o\ fg /x]sf], ;f] cf]5o\ fgdf k|ltjfbLn] aRrfx
;'tfO{ of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
36gf:yn k|sl[ t d'rN' sf .
k|ltjfbL /]zd l;+v8fn] ;~rfng u/]sf]
xfd|f] hLjg rfON8 s]o/ xfpdf a:b} cfPsf
cgfy aRrfxnfO{ k|ltjfbL Molhuysen Hendrik
Otto n] ljleGg k|nf]eg b]vfO{ k6sk6s
ck|fs[lts d}yg' u/L d'ns
' L P]g, hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo @ / (s g+= sf]
s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] x'bF f pQm #-@_ n] x'g] ;hfodf
P]=(s g+= adf]lhd yk ;hfo x'g / k|ltjfbL
/]zd/fh l;+v8fn] k|ltjfbL Hendrik Otto nfO{
ck/fw ug]{ sfo{df dt ;Nnfxdf k;L d2t
u/]sf]n] P]= dxnsf] $ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] @)^#.!!.!& df btf{ ePsf]
cleof]u kq .
d cWoIf ePsf] ;+:Yffsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{

k|ltjfbL df]Nx';]g x]lG8s cf]6f]n] Joxf]5{g\ .
hfx]/jfnfx d]/f] ;+:Yffdf cf>o lnO{ a;]sf
5g\ . hfx]/L Joxf]/f agfj6L xf] . aRrfxn]
cfgf] OR5fn] Joxf]/f n]vfPsf xf]Ogg\ . k|x/Ln]
hj/\h:tL ;lx5fk u/fPsf] xf] . EjfO;\ lrN8g]
gfds afn u[x kf6gsf ;~rfns k|sfz yfkfn]
cfgf] afn u[xsf afns xfd|f] afn u[xdf cfPsf]
l/;OjL lnO{ k|ltjfbL cf]6f];uF emu8f u/]sf
lyP . ;f] l/;OjLn] xfdLnfO{ afnu[x ;~rfngdf
afwf k'ofpg k|x/Lsf] andf hfx]/L lbg nufPsf
x'g\ . xfdLsxfF a:g] ;a}hgf cnucnu a:5g\ .
gf} b'O{ hgf e]6s
] f] eGg] x'g} ;Sb}g . rsn]6,
sG8d;d]t xfd|f] ;+:Yffaf6 a/fdb ePsf] xf]Og .
sDKo'6/, Sofd/f, lk|G6/, l:ks/;d]t a/fdb
u/]sf 5g\, h'g pNn]v 5}g . a/fdbL Joxf]/f,
vfgtnf;L Joxf]/f;d]t em"7f 5 . ljut # jif{bl] v
d k|ltjfbL cf]6f];uF sfd u5'{ . lghsf] afgL
Joxf]/f dnfO{ yfxf 5 . cg}lts sfd cf]6f]af6
ePsf] 5}g . cgLn l3ld/] ;d]tn] u/]sf] eg]sf]
sfuh k|x/Ln] g} tof/ u/L ;xL u/fPsf x'g\ .
afnsxn] To:tf] Joxf]/fsf] sfuh u/fPsf
xf]Ogg\ . k|sfz yfkfsf] egfOadf]lhd em"7f
sfuh u/fPsf x'g\ . k|sfz vqL xfd|fd
] f klxnf
sfd uy],{ x]lG8s cf]6f];uF emu8f u/]kl5 5f]8s
] f
x'g\ . ;f] l/;OjL lnO{ em"7f sfuh u/]sf x'g\ .
lgd l5l/, k/z'/fd, k'is/ clwsf/L;d]t xfd|f
;+:yfsf aRrf x'g\ . pgLx;Fu klg em"7f Joxf]/f
n]v]sf] sfuhdf ;xL u/fPsf 5g\ . d}n]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] aofg Joxf]/f 7Ls
xf] . cgLn ;fksf]6f, ;d]tn] cfk"mdfly cTofrf/
gePsf] eg]sf lyP . afnf lu/Ln] ;d]t To;f]
eg]sf xf]Ogg\, geg]sf] s'/f n]vL ;xL u/fP5g\ .
Eveline Clara Smit nfO{ lrlGbg, lsg em"7f Joxf]/f
n]vfP yfxf 5}g . c? sfuh ug]{ JolQmxn]
;d]t To:tf] Joxf]/fsf] sfuh u/]sf xf]Ogg\ .
cFuh
]| L af]Ng ghfGg] Elisabeth ;Fu s;/L sfuh
1099
u/fP yfxf 5}g . k|ltjfbL df]Nx';g] x]lG8sn]

k|x/Ldf u/]sf] aofg af/] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
cZnLn kmf]6f]x g]6af6 lgsfn]sf x'g\ . cleof]u
bfjL em"7f xf], ;kmfO kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
/]zd/fh l;+v8fsf] cbfntdf ePsf] aofg .
cgfy c;xfo afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff
lbO{ /fd|f] dfG5] agfpg] p2]Zon] afn s]Gb|
;~rfng u/]sf] 5' . hfx]/jfnf tyf sfuh ug]{
aRrfx d]/f] afn s]Gb|df a:g] aRrf x'g\ .
lghx;Fu l/;OjL s]xL 5}g . EjfO;\ ckm\
lrN8]g afn u[xsf] ;~rfnsn] lghsf] afn
u[xsf aRrf d]/f afnu[xdf cfPsf] l/; lnO{
k|x/L;Fu ldn]dtf] u/L em"7f Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/L
lbg / sfuhdf ;xL ug{ nufPsf x'g\ . x]dGt
>]i7 gfd u/]sf afns d]/f] afn u[xdf a:g]
u/]sf]df lghsf efO ljkLg EjfO;\ ckm\ lrN8]g
;+:yfaf6 d]/f] ;+:yfdf cfPsf lyP . ;f] ljifodf
ToxfFsf dflg; cfP/ jfbljjfb u/]sf lyP .
ljkLgnfO{ lghxn] lnP/ uP . a/fdb ePsf
sG8d, ?dfn;d]t d]/f] sf]7faf6 a/fdb ePsf]
lyPg . d]/f] 8]/fdf ;'ts
] f a]nf gf} ;'Tg] rng
5, d gf} ;'T5' . d sf]7fdf PSnf] lyPF . lzj
cfgf] sf]7fdf lyP . /flt !) ah]sf] ;dodf
k|x/L cfPsf x'g\ . @ j6f l8lh6n Sofd/f
a/fdbLdf pNn]v u/]sf 5}gg\ / dnfO{ lkmtf{
u/]sf klg 5}gg\ . w]/} s'/fx em"7f pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . afnsxn] eg]cg';f/ sfuh /
hfx]/L n]lvPsf] xf]Og . aRrfxnfO{ ;f]lwPdf
yfxf x'g] 5 . k|sfz, cgLn, afnf lu/L, lzj
Gof}kfg] ;d]tsf JolQmxn] u/]sf] sfuh Joxf]/f
em"7f xf] . k|x/L / k|sfz yfkf ;d]tn] k|k~r
u/L em"7f sfuhdf ;xL u/fPsf x'g\ . afnf;Fu
hf]/h'nd u/L sfuh u/fOPsf] 5 . Elisabeth
Wilhelmus / Eveline Clara Smit n] a9L k};f
dfu ug]{ u/]sf] / d}n] ;a} k};faf6 w]/} afnaRrfsf
nflu vr{ ug]{ u/]af6 l/;fO{ EjfO;\ ck\m
lrN8]g;Fu ldnL dnfO{ km;fpg sfuh u/L
em"7f n]vfPsf x'g\ . em"7f d'2f agfpg]df

s[i0fs'df/sf] d'Vo xft 5 . s;/L lghn] ;L=8L=
agfP yfxf 5}g . k|x/Ldf ;=h=!^ / !% df
em"7f Joxf]/f k|x/Ln] n]vs
] f /x]5g\, d}n] eg]sf]
s'/f n]vs
] f] xf]Og . cZnLn kmf]6f]x sxfFaf6
NofP yfxf 5}g, d x]lb{g . d}n] cleof]u
bfjLcg';f/ ck/fw gu/]sf]n] ;hfo kfpg' kg]{
xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL Molhuysen
Hendrik Otto n] cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
hfx]/jfnf s, v, k|ltjfbL /]zd l;+v8f,
d'2fsf ;fIfL /fh]Gb| clwsf/L, k|ltjfbL x]lG8s
cf]6f]sf ;fIfL lgd{nf kf}8n
] , sfuh ug]{ lzj
Gof}kfg], /fhf/fd kGt, clgn ;fksf]6f, k/z'/fd
kGt, clgn l3ld/], k'is/ clwsf/L, /fhLj
e08f/L, afnf lu/L, lgd l5l/ z]kf{, ;fg'sfG5f
nfdf, cflzif clwsf/L, uf]ljGb duh', s[i0fs'df/
yfkf, pd]/ hfFr ug]{ 8f= xl/x/ j:tL, ljo{;d]t
k/LIf0f ug]{ k/LIfs df]xg l;+x wfdL ;d]tn]
u/]sf] askq ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
hfx]/jfnf xfd|f] hLjg rfON8 s]o/
xf]ddf a:g] s / v n] hfx]/Ldf oL k|ltjfbLn]
ljleGg lsl;dsf dndx cfgf] dnf/df
nufO{ hj/\h:tL ck|fs[lts d}yg' u/]sf] egL
ls6fgL ;fy hfx]/L lbPsf] b]lvO{ To:tf] ls6fgL
hfx]/L k|ltjfbLpk/ lbg'kg];
{ Ddsf] dgfl;j sf/0f
/ l/;OjL /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbLaf6 v08g
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;sf cltl/Qm k|ltjfbL df]Nx';g]
x]lG8s a:g] u/]sf] sf]7fsf] vfgtnf;L tyf
a/fdbL d'r'Nsfaf6 ;d]t ljleGg k|sf/sf
dndnufotsf ;fdfgx a/fdb ePsf] 5 .
pQm cleof]upk/ cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !)-!_ sf] b]xfo -s_ -v_
cg'k df}sfdf JoQm u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g x'g]
u/L kl5 cbfntdf ;d]t cfO{ askq u/]sf]
tyf k|ltjfbL df]Nx';g] x]lG8sn] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]
Laptop computer df Women eGg] Folder agfO{
Save u/]sf], Google search df cZnLn kmf]6fx
1100
/x]sf] History e]l6Psf] Pjd\ website ;lxt print

out u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ldl;n ;fd]n ePsf]df pQm
lrqxdf k'?if k'?ifx aLrsf] ck|fs[lts d}yg'
u/]sf] lrqx k|fKt x'g cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
ctM plNnlvt ;Gbe{ x sf kl/k| ] I odf
k|ltjfbL;Fuaf6 a/fdb x'g cfPsf] cZnLn
;fdfu|Lx tyf kLl8t gfafnsx / askq
ug]{ JolQmxsf] egfO{ ;d]tsf cfwf/df
k| l tjfbLxdWo] df] N x' ; ] g x] l G8 s cf] 6 f] n ]
cleof]ucg';f/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6 ePsfn]
lgh k|ltjfbL df]Nx';g] x]lG8snfO{ d'ns
' L P]g,
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo @
adf]lhd * jif{ s}b tyf P]= dxnsf] (s g+=
adf]lhdsf] yk ! jif{ s}b u/L hDdf ( jif{ s}b
/ P]= (s g+= adf]lhd kLl8t hfx]/jfnfxn]
hgxL =@%,))). -kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF_ lghaf6
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ kfpg] 7x5{ . ;fy} csf{ k|ltjfbL
/]zd/fh l;+v8fn] plNnlvt s;"/ u/]sf] eGg]df
OGsf/ /xL cGo k|df0fxn] ;d]t ;dy{g gu/]sf]]
cj:yf ljBdfg x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbL /]zd/fh
l;+v8fn] cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.@%.# sf]
z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf .
hfx]/jfnfn] s'g ldltdf s/0fL u/]sf]
eg] s'/f / clGtd k6s ldlt @)^#.!).!# ut]
s/0fL u/]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf
5}gg\ . hfx]/jfnfn] lbPsf] hfx]/L Joxf]/f / lghn]
cbfnt;dIf u/]sf] askq lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ /x]sf]
5 . k|x/Ln] ldlt @)^#.(.@$ / @% ut]sf]
5'f5'} a/fdbL d'rN' sf agfPsf] 5 / To;df
dnfO{ /f]xj/df /flvPsf] 5}g . To;/L Pp6} 3/
sf]7fsf] b'O{ ldltdf a/fdbL d'rN' sf agfpg'sf]
cf}lrTo 5}g, h'g ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf * sf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . ToxfFaf6 d}n]
lgoldt ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] sk8fx g}
a/fdb u/]sf] cj:yfdf tL sk8fxsf] ;d]t
pQm s;"/ :yflkt ug{df s'g} k|sf/sf] e"ldsf
/x]sf] 5}g . cbfntdf cfO{ askq ug]{ JolQmx

cgLn l3ld/], lgd l5l/ z]kf{, k'is/ clwsf/L,
k/z'/fd kGtsf] egfO{ k|x/Ldf u/]sf] sfuh;Fu
lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . lghx pQm sfo{ ePsf]
b]Vg] Eye Witness geO{ pQm sfo{ u/]sf]df
ljZjf; nfU5 ;Dd dfq eg]sf]df pQm k}m;nf
q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . To;sf cltl/Qm Internet sf
dfWodaf6 cZnLn kmf]6f]x Print out ul/Psf]
eGg] egfO{ /x] tfklg Internet h8fg x'g] h:tf
sDKo'6/df klg To:tf kmf]6f]x ;xh ?kdf
k|fKt x'g;Sg] ePsfn] tL kmf]6f]x d]/f] lj?4df
k|df0fdf lng ldNb}g . sfuh ug]{ cGo JolQmxn]
;d]t cfk"mn] k|ToIf ?kdf b]vs
] f] egL JoQm ug{
;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf sfuh
ug]{ cGo s]xL JolQmxn] cbfntdf cfO{ askq
gu/]sf] sf/0f k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !*
cg';f/ k|df0fdf lng ldNb}g . jL/ c:ktfnaf6
ldlt @)^#.!@.@% df tof/ ePsf] lrlsT;sLo
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf There is no sign of sperm
seen eGg] pNn]v ePsf] tyf d]/f] sf]7faf6
a/fdb ePsf sk8fnufotsf ;fdfgxsf]
Central police Forensic Science Laboratory af6
k/LIf0f x'bF f /ut / jLo{sf] dfqf ge]l6Psf] eGg]
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] kl/k|I] o ;d]taf6
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @% adf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/sf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft x'g g;Sg]df jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf]] z'? sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL df]Nx';g] x]lG8s
cf]6f]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] ldlt
@)^^.!).@! sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
k|ltjfbL /]zd/fh l;+v8fn] ;~rfng
u/]sf] xfd|f] hLjg rfON8 s]o/ xfp;df cfl>t
afnaflnsfx pk/ ljleGg ;dodf k|ltjfbL
df]Nx';g] x]lG8sn] hj/\h:tL s/0fLhGo ck|fs[lts
d}yg' ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] hfgsf/L lgh /]zd/fh
l;+v8fnfO{ x'bF fxFb' } klg ;f] s'/fsf] k|sfz gu/L
1101
;f] sfo{df d2t lbPsf 5g\ . k|ltjfbL /]zd/fh

l;+v8fnfO{ ;f] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fpFbf klg lghn]
a]jf:tf u/L ck|fs[lts d}yg' ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{df
;xof]u u/]sf]df lghn] OGsf/L lbO{ cfk"mnfO{
yfxf 5}g eg]s} e/df ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] k|df0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !) sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]t
pNn+3g u/L k}m;nf ePsf] x'bF f cleof]u dfu
bfjLadf]lhd hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] $ g+= cg';f/
lgh /]zd/fh l;+v8fnfO{ ;hfo u/L pQm z'?
k}m;nf pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ldlt @)^^.!!.!(
df bfo/ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
ljj]lrt cfwf/ k|df0faf6 oL k|ltjfbL
df]Nx';g] x]lG8s cf]6f]n] cleof]u bfjLcg'k d'ns
' L
P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s g+= adf]lhd
s;"/ u/]sf] 7xofO{ lghnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] #-@_
adf]lhd *-cf7_ jif{ s}b / P]hgsf] (s adf]lhd
yk ! -Ps_ jif{ s}b u/L hDdf (-gf}_ jif{ s}bsf]
;hfo u/L kLl8t hfx]/jfnfn] lgh k|ltjfbLaf6
hgxL =@%,))). -klRRf; xhf/ ?k}ofF_ sf b/n]
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ kfpg] / k|ltjfbL /]zd/fh l;+v8fn]
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7xofO{ z'?
sf7df8fF} lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt @)^%.!@.@% df
u/]sf] k}m;nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 @)^&.^.!@ df ePsf]
k}m;nf .
hfx]/jfnfsf] hfx]/L / askqdf Ps?ktf
5}g . ;xcleo'Qm /]zd/fh l;+v8fsf] aofg Joxf]/f
d]/f] lj?4sf] k|df0fsf] ?kdf lng ldNb}g .
OG6/g]6af6 lgsflnPsf kmf]6fx d]/f] lj?4df
k|df0f nfUb}gg\ . lrlsT;ssf] k/LIf0faf6 s sf]
pd]/ !# b]lv !% jif{ / v sf] !@ b]lv !$ jif{
pNn]v ePsfn] hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] #-@_ g+= n]
;hfo u/]sf] ldn]g . k|sfz yfkf / k|x/Lsf]
ldn]dtf]df k|ltjfbLnfO{ km;fOPsf] tYok|lt
k}m;nf df}g 5 . Interpole dfk{mt\ k|fKt ePsf]
elgPsf] kqsf] cflwsf/Lstf k'li6 ePsf] 5}g .
d}n] s;"/ gu/]sf] egL df}sfdf / cbfntdf

aofg u/]sf] 5' . jf/bft 36fPsf] eg]sf] k|df0f
jfbL kIfn] k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gx'bF f lagf cfwf/
k|df0f dnfO{ xb};Dd ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] z'?
k}m;nfnfO{ ;b/ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
k}m;nf pN6L u/L ;kmfO kfpFm egL k|ltjfbL
df]Nx';g] x]lG8s cf]6f] -Molhuysen Hendrik Otto_
n] o; cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpg btf{
u/]sf] lgj]bg kq .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nfdf Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 sf] Article 11
tyf Internatioual Covenent on Civil and political
Rights, 1966 sf] Article 15 df ePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$
-$_ df cfTd;ft u/]sf] Pjd\ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf]
;j{dfGo l;4fGt Principle of strict Construction
sf ;Gbe{df d'ns
' L P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] bkmf #, (s sf] JofVofTds q'l6 ljBdfg
/x]sf] b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@ sf] pkbkmf -!_-s_ adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] o;
cbfntaf6 @)^*.#.% df ePsf] cfb]zg' : .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/;lxtsf]
;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf tk{maf6 ljfg clwjQmfx 8f=
/lhteQm k|wfgf / df]xgaxfb'/ a~hf/fn] tyf
k|ToyL{ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf u+ufk|;fb kf}8n
] n] ug'{ ePsf]
ax; ;'lgof] .
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLtk{ m sf ljfg
clwjQmfxn] k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg]
cleof]uk|lt lgh df}sfdf / cbfntdf OGsf/L
5g\ . kLl8tsf] egfO{ Ps cfk;df aflemPsf]
5 . kLl8t elgPsf JolQmxsf] hfFr ul/Psf]
5}g . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf b]jfgL sfg"gdf h:tf]
Principle of analogy nfu" ge} Principle of strict
1102
nfu" x'G5 . hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]

;hfo ug{ hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ! g+= cg';f/
kLl8t JolQm dlxnf x'g clgjfo{ 5 . hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+=sf] cj:yf gePkl5 (s
g+= sf] s;"/df hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] # g+= adf]lhd
;hfo x'g] cj:yf g} 5}g . cbfntn] JofVofsf]
dfWodaf6 s'g} ck/fw gdflgPsf] sfo{nfO{ s;"/
sfod ug{ ;Sb}g . ck|fs[lts d}y'gdf kz'
s/0fLsf] $ g+= cfslif{t x'g] / To:tf] d'2f
;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]gsf] cg';r
" Ldf ;dfj]z
gePsf]n] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] k}m;nf gldn]sf]n]
pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg' kb{5 eGg]
;d] t ax; ug' { e of] . To:t} ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmfn] k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLnfO{
sNkgfaf6 cleof]u nufOPsf] xf]Og . ck|fs[lts
d}yg' of}g rfxgf k|flKtsf] nflu g} ul/Psf] /
afnaflnsfnfO{ ck|fs[lts d}yg' u/]klg To;nfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw dflgg] eGg] hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] (s df :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . pQm g+= n]
# g+= sf] ;hfonfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'Fbf
;f]xLadf]lhd ;hfo u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5, kmf}hbf/L
Gofosf l;4fGtsf] pNn3+g gePsf] x'bF f k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf]n] ;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg]
;d]t ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
b'j} kIfsf tk{maf6 k|:t't ePsf] ax;
;'gL ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut ubf{
k|:t't d'2fdf lgDg k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f x'gk' g]{
b]lvPsf] 5M
Construction
-!_ k|:t't ljjfbdf d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL

s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s sf] s;"/df ;f]xL
dxnsf] # g+= adf]lhdsf] ;hfo cfslif{t
x'g ;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og <
-@_ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfxnfO{
cleof]u bfjLcg'ksf] s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6
x'G5 jf xFb' g} <
-#_ k' g /fj] b g cbfntn] oL k' g /fj] b s

k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjLsf] s;"/df
;hfo u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5 jf 5}g <
@= ;j{ky| d klxn] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{,
oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] xfd|f] hLjg rfON8
s]o/ xfp;df a:b} cfPsf cgfy aRrfxnfO{
ljleGg k|nf]eg b]vfO{ k6sk6s ck|fs[lts
d}yg' u/L d'ns
' L P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf]
# g+= sf] b]xfo @ / (s g+= sf] s;"/ ck/fw
u/]sf] x'bF f pQm #-@_ n] x'g] ;hfodf P]= (s g+=
adf]lhd yk ;hfo x'g / k|ltjfbL /]zd/fh
l;+v8fn] k|ltjfbL Hendrik Otto nfO{ ck/fw
ug]{ sfo{df dt ;Nnfxdf k;L d2t u/]sf]n] P]=
dxnsf] $ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]
cleof]u bfjL b]lvG5 . z'? lhNnf cbfntn] oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd s;"/
u/]sf] 7xofO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+=
sf] b]xfo @ adf]lhd * jif{ s}b tyf P]= dxnsf]
(s g+= adf]lhd yk ! jif{ s}b u/L kLl8t
hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ hgxL =@%,))). lgh
k|ltjfbLaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lbg] / csf{ k|ltjfbL
/f]zd/fh l;+v8fnfO{ cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO
lbg] u/]sf] k}m;nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;b/
u/]sf]df ;f]pk/ k/]sf] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]l/kfpmF
eGg] lgj]bgdf bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg eO{
lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLpk/ s;"/sf]
cf/f]k nufPsf] ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ d'n'sL P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf]
(s g+= df s;}n] s'g} gfafns;Fu s'g} lsl;dsf]
ck|fs[lts d}y'g u/] u/fPdf hj/\h:tL s/0fL
u/]sf] dfgL o;} dxnsf] # gDa/adf]lhd x'g]
;hfodf yk Ps jif{;Dd s}b u/L To:tf]
gfafnsnfO{ lghsf] pd]/ / p;nfO{ k'Ug uPsf]
dsf{;d]t ljrf/ u/L cbfntn] ck|fs[lts
d}yg' ug]a{ f6 dgfl;j dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t
1103
e/fO{ lbg' k5{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . of]

sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] s;"/nfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
s;"/ dfGg ldNb}g / hj/\h:tL s/0fL x'g
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ! g+= adf]lhd dlxnf g}
kLl8t x'gk] g]{ x'bF f k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($* sf] wf/f
!!-@_ / gful/s tyf /fhgLlts
clwsf/;DaGwL k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f !%
-!_ / -@_ sf] ljk/Lt s;"/ sfod ul/Psf]
gldn]sf] eGg] k'g/fj]bs tk{msf ljfg clwjQmfn]
ax;df lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . ;fy} k|:t't
d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg x'Fbf ;d]t
plNnlvt cGt/f{ l i6 o b:tfj] h xnfO{
cf+N} ofOPsf] cj:yf x'bF f tL b:tfj]hxdf ePsf
;DalGwt k|fjwfgxnfO{ b[li6ut ug'{ oxfF
;fGble{s x'g cfpg] b]lvof] .
tt\ ; DaGwdf dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($* sf] wf/f !! nfO{ x]bf{
lgDg Joj:yf b]lvG5M
-!_ b08gLo s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] k|To]s
JolQmnfO{ cfgf] k|lt/Iffsf] nflu cfjZos
;a} k|Tofe"ltx k|fKt ePsf] ;fj{hlgs
;'gj' fOdf sfg"gadf]lhd bf]ifL k|dfl0ft
geP;Dd lgbf]i{ f ePsf] cg'dfg u/L kfpg]
clwsf/ x'g5
] ( Everyone charged with a
penal offence has the right to be presumed
innocent until proved guilty according to
law in a public trial at which he has had all
the gurantees necessary for his defence.)
-@_ s'g} sfo{ ubf{ jf gubf{sf] avt /fli6o jf

cGt/f{li6o sfg"gcGtu{t b08gLo s;"/
gdflgg] To:tf sfo{sf nflu s'g} klg
JolQmnfO{ bf]ifL 7x/fOg] 5}g . g t ;f]
b08gLo s;"/ ubf{sf avt nfu" /x]sf]
;hfoeGbf a9L ;hfo g} ul/g] 5 . -No
one shall be held guilty of any penal
offence on a account of any act or

omission which didnot constitute a penal
offence, under national or international law,
at the time when it was comitted, Nor shall
a heavier penalty be imposed than the one
that was applicable at the time penal
offence was comitted._
$= To;}u/L gful/s tyf /fhgLlts

clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^
sf] wf/f !%-!_ df klg dfly plNnlvt dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffsf] wf/f !!-@_
cg'k s} Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt
cGt/f{li6o b:tfj]hxn] tTsfn k|rlnt
/fli6o jf cGt/f{li6o sfg"gn] s;"/ gdfg]sf]
sfo{ u/]df b08gLo s;"/sf] bf]ifL gdflgg] /
b08gLo s;"/ u/]sf] eP klg ;f] s;"/ ubf{sf
avt nfu" ePsf] ;hfoeGbf a9L ;hfo gul/g]
lgb]{z u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;f]xL cjwf/0ffnfO{
jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f @$-$_ df Gofo;DaGwL xssf] ?kd} :yfg
lbOPsf] 5 .
%= ljlwzf:qLo b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gnfO{ s7f]/ sfg"gsf] ?kdf lnOG5
/ kmf}hbf/L sfg"g :ki6 x'gk' g]{ dfGotf /flvG5 .
o;f] eGg'sf] tfTko{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] :ki6
?kdf s'g} sfo{nfO{ ck/fwsf] ?kdf kl/eflift
gu/]sf] / To:tf] sfo{ u/]afkt ;hfosf] Joj:yf
klg u/]sf] 5}g eg] ;f] ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{
ck/fwsf] ?kdf dfGotf glbOg] eGg] g} xf] .
dflg;sf] s'g Jojxf/nfO{ s'g xb;Dd :jLsf/
ug]{ / s'g Jojxf/nfO{ sfg"gf/f lgif]w u/L
ck/fw dfGg] eGg] ljifo ljwflosL
clwsf/If]qleq kg]{ s'/f xf] . ljwflosfn] s'g}
dfgjLo sfo{nfO{ ck/flws/0f ug{ jf s'g}
ck/flws/0f ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ ck/flws/0faf6
cnu ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ /fVb5 . o; kl/j]zdf
1104
s'g} ul/Psf] sfo{ s;"/ xf] jf xf]Og egL

lgwf{/0f ubf{ k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] To:tf]
sfo{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 jf ug{ lgif]w u/]sf]
5 egL x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . dfly plNnlvt cGt/f{li6o
b:tfj]hxsf k|fjwfgx tyf jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$-$_ klg
;f]xL cjwf/0ffk|lt kl/nlIft ePsf] x'Fbf s'g}
ul/Psf] jf gul/Psf] sfo{ k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gsf] ljk/Lt gePdf To; sfo{nfO{ nlrnf]
JofVofsf] dfWod ckgfO{ s;"/ sfod ug{ ;lsg]
xF'b}g . To;}n] ck/fwsf] kl/efiffdf s7f]/
JofVofsf] l;4fGt - Principle of strict
Construction_ nfu" x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 .
^= kmf}hbf/L sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ dflg;sf
s]xL lglZrt\ Jojxf/xnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ / lgif]w
ul/Psf] sfo{ u/]df ;hfo ug]{ ljwflosL
p2]ZolgxLt /x]sf] x'Fbf kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] vf;
k|sf/sf dfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ul//x]sf]
x'G5 . ha o; sfg"gljk/Lt s'g} sfo{ u/]sf]
egL k|Zg p7fOG5 eg] ;f] sfo{nfO{ k|rlnt
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] s;"/ dfg]sf] 5 jf 5}g egL
s;"/ u/]sf] elgPsf] ;dodf k|rlnt sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ g} x]l/g] xf] . k/Gt', s'g} s;"/sf]
;DaGwdf sfg"gdf lljwfhgs -Ambiguity_
cj:yf 5 / ul/Psf] sfo{ s;"/ xf] jf xf]Og
eGg] :ki6tfsf ;fy osLg ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf
5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf cleo'Qmsf] kIfdf
JofVof x'g'kg]{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] l;4fGt xf] .
s7f]/ JofVofsf] l;4fGt -Principle of strict
Construction _ klg o;} d f cfwfl/t /x] s f]
kfOG5 . of] l;4fGt nfu" ug'{ k"j{ sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug'{ k5fl8sf] ljwflosL p2]ZonfO{ klg ljrf/
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . ljlwstf{sf] p2]Zocg'k cleof]u
nufOPsf] sfo{ d]n gvfPdf jf ;+lbUw b]lvPdf
dfq of] l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
ljwflosfn] agfPsf] cd's ljifosf] sfg"gdf
plNnlvt s'g} k|fjwfgsf] s'g} c+zsf] lg/k]If
JofVof ul/G5 eg] To;af6 ljwflosL p2]Zo

s] lyof] eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg sl7g x'g] x'Fbf
ljwflosL p2] Z o kQf nufpg ;DalGwt
sfg"gsf] k"0f{ cWoog cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L
sfg"gdf k|o'Qm s'g} bkmfn] csf]{ bkmfdf k|o'Qm
k|fjwfgnfO{ ;fk]lIft ?kdf Olt u/]sf] 5 eg]
b' j } bkmfsf k| f jwfgnfO{ Ps csf{ ; F u
lg/k]If?kdf /fv]/ JofVof ul/g' xF'b}g . b'j}nfO{
Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/ssf] ?kdf g} x]g'kg]{ x'G5 .
To;/L ;Da4 bkmfdf plNnlvt k|fjwfgxnfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ klg cleof]lht s;"/ ck/fw
eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf ;+lbUw jf lljwfsf]
l:ylt l;h{gf ePdf To:tf] cj:yfdf cleof]hg
bfjLnfO{ ckgfpg ;lsg] l:ylt gx'bF f kmf}hbf/L
sfg"gdf pNn]v gePsf] jf k|rlnt sfg"gn]
s;"/sf] ?kdf Olt gu/]sf] sfo{nfO{ s;"/sf]
;+1f lbg sfg"gtM gldNg] g} x'g cfpF5 .
&= kmf}hbf/L sfg"g nlrnf] ge} s7f]/
k|sl[ tsf] sfg"g ePsf] / ljwflosfnfO{ sfg"gf/f
s'g} cd's sfo{nfO{ ;dofg';f/ ck/flws/0f
ug{ / ck/fw 3f]lift ul/Psf] s'g} sfo{nfO{
ck/flws/0faf6 cnUofpg ;Sg] ljz]if clwsf/
ePsf] sf/0f o; sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ tTsfn
k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ g} ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
s'g} sfo{ s;"/ ePsf] jf gePsf] egL osLg ug{
ljutsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf s] lyof] jf vf/]h
e};s]sf] jf ;+zf]wg ePsf] sfg"gdf vf/]h jf
;+zf]wg x'g' cl3 s] s:tf] Joj:yf lyof] egL
ljutdf k|rlnt sfg"gL k|of]hg / ;Gbe{nfO{
lnP/ ljwflosL dg;fo kQf nufpg] sfg"g
JofVofsf] l;4fGt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf nfu" x'g
;Qm}g .
*= ca k|:t't d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{, oL
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] kLl8t elgPsf
hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] (s g+=
adf]lhd ck|fs[lts d}yg' u/]sf] / ;f]xL dxnsf]
#-@_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfosf] bfjL ul/Psf] 5 .
1105
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= df s;}n]

s'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] d~h"/L glnO{ s/0fL
u/]df jf ;f]x| jif{eGbf sd pd]/sL aflnsfnfO{
lghsf] d~h"/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df
lghn] hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{ egL
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] s;"/sf] kl/efiff u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . jt{dfg d'n'sL P]gdf @)%(.^.!) df
ePsf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
dxndf (s g+= yk u/L gfafnspk/ ck|fs[lts
d}y'g u/] klg ;f] lqmof hj/\h:tL s/0fL x'g]
egL gfafns pk/ ePsf] ck|fs[lts d}y'gnfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]] s;"/sf] ?kdf lj:Tff/ u/]sf]
/ To; ck/fwdf ;f]xL dxnsf] # g+ adf]lhd
x'g] ;hfodf yk Ps jif{;Dd s}b x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
(= k/Gt', k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLtkm{sf
ljfg clwjQmfn] ax;sf] qmddf ck|fs[lts
d}y'gdf hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] # g+= df ul/Psf]
;hfo cfslif{t geO{ kz' s/0fLsf] $ g+=
cfslif{t x'g] / ;f] sfg"gadf]lhd ;hfo x'g]
d'2f ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]gsf] cg';"rLdf
;dfj]z gePsf] egL lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 .
plNnlvt lhsL/sf] ;Gbe{df ck|fs[lts d}yg' sf]
cy{ ubf{ c:jefljs ?kdf ck|fs[lts tj/n]
ul/Psf] d}y'gnfO{ hgfpg] eP klg ck|fs[lts
d}y'gsf] lsl;d / d}y'g ug]{ u/fpg] lqmof /
dfWod km/skm/s x'g ;Sb5 . d'n'sL P]g,
kz' s/0fLsf] dxnsf] $ g+=df ePsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ o; dxnsf c? gDa/xdf
n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? s'g} lsl;dsf] ck|fs[lts
d}y'g ug]{ u/fpg]nfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf kfFr
xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf x'G5 eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . kz' s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg' ; f/ s;} n ] :qL hflt
rf}kfofnfO{ s/0fL ug{ jf s'g} rf}kfofl;t s/0fL
u/fpg jf c? ck|fs[lts d}y'g u/fpg x'Fb}g
eGg] xf] .
!)= kz' s/0fLsf] dxnsf] $ g+= sf]

Joj:yf pQm dxn cGtu{ t sf] ljleGg
gDa/xdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm Joj:yf
b]lvg cfpF5 eg] cGo sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] klg
cltl/Qm Joj:yf b]lvG5 . pQm dxn jf cGo
sfg"gL Joj:yf cGtu{tsf] k|fjwfg h] eP klg
of] g+Dj/sf] Joj:yfn] k|wfgtf kfpg] u/L pQm
$ gDa/sf] ;+/rgf ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . csf]{
zJbdf hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s g+= sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ lgliqmo t'Nofpg] u/L pQm $ g++=
sf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvg cfpFb}g . k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] cGo Joj:yfx sfod /x]sf]df
;f]xLadf]lhd x'g] / ;f] afx]s kz' s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] $ g+= df pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfx
ljBdfg ePdf dfq} pQm g+= cfslif{t x'g]
b]lvG5 . o;/L x]l/Pdf k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf ljfg
clwjQmfn] ug'e
{ Psf] pk/f]Qm lhsL/ :jLsf/of]Uo
b]lvg cfpFb}g . To;df klg kz' s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf km/s ;Gbe{df ag]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] ljBdfg cj:yfdf Tof] cfslif{t x'G5
eGg] ;f]Rg} ldNg] b]lvFbg} . ;f] Joj:yf kz';uF sf]
s/0fL;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfg ePsf] / ;f] dxnsf]
$ g+= sf] ;hfo klg kz';Fusf] ck|fs[lts
d}y'g;Fu g} ;Da4 b]lvG5 . ck|fs[lts d}y'g
s] s;/L x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg sfg"gL
k|fjwfgxdf pNn]v ul/Psf] cj:yfdf s'g}
sfg" g L k| f jwfgdf tt\ ; DaGwdf ul/Psf] ]
Joj:yfn] tt\;DaGwL cGo sfg"gL Joj:yfdf
ePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ cfa4 u/]sf] 5}g jf Olt
u/]sf] 5}g eg] km/skm/s k|of]hgsf sfg"gL
k|fjwfgxdf ul/Psf Joj:yfxnfO{ Pp6}
cy{df lng ldNg] x'Fb}g .
!!= kz' s/0fLsf] dxndf plNnlvt
ck|fs[lts d}y'g / hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf
tt\;DaGwdf ul/Psf] ck|fs[lts d}y'g ;DaGwL
k| f jwfgnfO{ Ps csf] { dxndf ul/Psf]
Joj:yfdf cfa4 ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . hj/\h:tL
1106
s/0fLsf] dxndf ul/Psf] k|fjwfg dfgj;Fu

;DalGwt ePsf] / kz' s/0fLsf] dxndf ePsf]
k|fjwfg kz';Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] lglj{jfb
5 . gfafns pk/sf] ck|fs[lts d}y'gnfO{
kz' s/0fLsf] dxn cGtu{t x]l/g' k5{ eGg'
dflg;sf ?kdf gfafnssf] 3f]/ cjd"Nog
ug]{ vfnsf] ts{ x'g hfG5 . gfafnsx pk/
x'g] ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf] cfk/flws sfo{df
lghxnfO{ kz' ;/x 7fGg' sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
;fy} dfgjLo d"No, dfGotf / g}lts b[li6n]
klg ;f]Rg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . o;sf] ;fy}
s'g} s;"/sf] gfdfs/0f Pp6} eP klg ;f]
s;"/df ljljw lqmofx ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg] /
tL lqmofxsf] uDeL/tfsf] cfwf/df
ljwflosfn] km/s ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug{
;Qm5 . To;} u/L ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf] s;"/df
s] s:tf sfo{x cGt/\lgxLt x'g ;Qm5g\\
egL ljwflosL sfg"gn] :ki6 kf/L km/s
km/s lqmof, dfWod / ljifoj:t'sf] uxgtfsf]
cfwf/df d'2fsf] sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof klg km/s
9+un] tf]Sg ;Sb5 . o; kl/b[li6df d'n'sL
P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s g+= df
plNnlvt ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf] s;"/df kz'
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] $ g+= cfslif{t x'g] eGg
ldNg] b]lvPg .
!@= hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s
g+=sf] Joj:yfdf kLl8tnfO{ gfafns egL pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvP klg dlxnf jf k'?if gfafns egL
lje]b u/]sf] 5}g / gfafns;Fusf] ck|fs[lts
d}yg' nfO{ :ki6 ?kdf hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] s;"/
egL ;Daf]wg u/]sf] b]lvPaf6 hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
! g+= df ul/Psf] kl/efiffdf ;f] Joj:Yff
cGt/\lgxLt /x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljwflosfn] g}
gfafns pk/sf] ck|fs[lts d}yg' nfO{ hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] kl/efiffleq kf/]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] lqmofnfO{ JofVofsf] dfWodaf6 afn b"/frf/
-Child abuse_ dfGg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . o:t}
ljifo / k|Zg ;lGglxt k'g/fj]bs ;dL/ zfSo

lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] ck|fs[lts d}yg'
d'2fdf ljwflosfn] hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf
(s g+= yk u/]/ gfafnsdfly ul/g] ck|fs[lts
s/0fLnfO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ;dsIf dfq geP/
Tof] eGbf cem s8f ck/fwsf] >]0fLdf /fvL
To:tf] ck/fwsf nflu pQm dxnsf] # g+= df
jl0f{t ;hfodf yk ;hfo;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
kfObf (s g+= df ;dfj]z eP ;/x x'g k'us
] f]
5 . To:tf] x'Fbf (s n] gfafns;Fu ul/g]
ck|fs[lts s/0fLnfO{ ;hfosf] efuL agfP/ #
g+= sf] ;hfodf c? yk ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOg] -;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
kmf}hbf/L sfg"g;DaGwL s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ghL/,
efu %, k[i7 ;+Vof *^_ eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
eO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] (s / # g+= Joj:yfsf]
;Da4tfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] / tt\;DaGwdf :ki6
lbzfaf]w u/]sf] kfOFbf d'ns
' L P]g, hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s g+= sf] s;"/df ;f]xL dxnsf]
# g+= adf]lhd ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] g} b]lvG5 .
!#= hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+=
df ul/Psf] Joj:yfn] :jf:gLdflg; pk/
hj/\h:tL u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] x'bF f ;f]xL
/f]xdf ljrf/ ul/Pdf pQm dxnsf] (s g+= sf]
cj:yf pQm ! g+=sf] ;Ldfleq gkg{ klg ;Sg]
cj:yfnfO{ k'g/fj]bs kIfaf6 ljz]if ?kdf
p7fPsf] kfOG5 . hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] (s g+=
cGtu{t gfafns pk/ ck|fs[lts d}yg' ul/P
klg hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dflgg] Joj:yf
;dfj]z ul/Psf]n] ;f] g+ sf] Joj:yf hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= sf] Joj:yfcGtu{t g}
/fv]/ x]gk'{ 5{ jf kb}g{ eGg] Pp6f k|Zg p7\g
;Qm5 .
!$= ;fdfGotofM hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf]
dxnsf] ! g+= cGtu{tsf] Joj:yf dlxnf /
k'?if aLrsf] s/0fLnfO{ Olt ug]{ vfnsf] Joj:yf
a'g' kg]{ x'G5 . t/, pQm dxnsf] (s g+= sf]
1107
Joj:yfdf To:tf] gx'g klg ;Qm5 . dlxnf /

k'?ifaLr g} s/0fL ;DaGw ePsf]df klg gfafns
;+nUg ePsf] cj:yfdf ck|fs[lts d}y'g cyf{t\
;fdfGotofM dlxnf k'?ifaLrsf] s/0fL eGg]
ga'lemg] sfo{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg pQm (s=g+=
sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t gx'g] b]lf:vFbg} . of] bkmfdf
gfafns tTj d'Vo s]Gb|Lo ljifo b]lvG5 .
gfafns s]6f jf s]6L h] eP klg cfgf] hLp
Hofg / k|lti7fsf] :jod\ ;+/If0f ug{ g;Sg]
;+j]bgzLn cj:yfsf x'g] x'gfn] lghxnfO{
of}g b'Jo{jxf/ gul/of];\ eGg] p2]Zon] pQm (s
g+= sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . Pshgf
cleo'Qmn] gfafns s]6L;Fu eP klg ck|fs[lts
d}y'g ub{5 eg] klg jf gfafns s]6f;Fu
ck|fs[lts d}y'g ub{5 eg] Tof] pk/f]Qm (s g+=
sf] Joj:yfn] jlh{t sfo{ aGb5 . To:tf] sfo{
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= cGtu{t s}
k"jf{j:yf ljBdfg eP dfq} hj/\h:tL s/0fL
u/]sf] dfGg'k5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf ljfg
clwjQmfsf] ts{ eP klg j:t'tM To:tf] JofVof
ug{ ldNg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g .
!%= hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+=
df hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] ;fdfGo kl/efiff ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . t/, hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s
g+= n] df}h'bf pk/f]Qm ! g+= sf] kl/efiffsf]
;LdfnfO{ dWogh/ ub} { gfafnspk/sf]
ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf] b"lift sfo{nfO{ lgGbf ub}{
;f] /f]Sgsf] nflu pk/f]Qm ! g+= sf] kl/eflifs
cj:yfnfO{ lj:tf/ u/] / gfafnspk/sf]
ck|fs[lts d}yg' nfO{ klg hj/\h:tL s/0fL dfGg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;nfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf
hj/\h:tL s/0fL -Statutory rape_ sf] ?kdf
juL{s[t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljwflosfn] hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] ! g+= cGtu{tsf] kl/efiffdf cBfjlws
k'g/fjnf]sg u/]/ pQm g+= sf] ;LdfnfO{ lj:tf/
ug{ g;Sg] s' g } sf/0f 5} g . p;n]
gfafnspk/sf] ck|fs[lts d}yg' nfO{ hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] cjwf/0ffleq ;d]6\g rfxG5 / ;f]

:ki6 zJbdf sfg"gdf g} cleJoQm ub{5 eg]
To;dfly cgfjZos cjwf/0ffTds aGb]h
aflx/af6 nufpg ldNb}g . gfafnssf] xs /
lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ / cfk/flws ultljlwnfO{
k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f ug]{ lx;fjn] sfg"g agfOPsf]
x'Fbf To:tf] p2]ZonfO{ k/f:t ug]{ u/L JofVof
ug{ b'isd{sf] lvnfkm ;DaGwL JofVofsf] lgod
-Mischief rule_ h:tf] sfg"g JofVofsf] l;4fGtn]
klg ldNb}g . a'g'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] hj/\h:tL
s/0fLsf] dxnsf ! g+= nfO{ d"n sfg"g dfgL
P]= (s g+= nfO{ ;f]cGtu{tsf] ;xfos sfg"g
dfGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . pk/f]Qm ! g++= hlt g} (s
g+= klg :jtGq / k|efjzfnL Joj:yf ePsf]n]
! g+= sf] cjwf/0ff jf ;Ldfleq (s g+= nfO{
;d]6\g' k5{ eGg] b[li6sf]0f sfg"g;+ut x'Fb}g .
To;f] ubf{ pk/f]Qm (s= g+= sf] k|of]u g} ;dfKt
x' g ] cj:yf cfpF 5 . ljleGg bkmfxdf
ljwflosfn] ljleGg dg;fo JoQm u/]sf] 5 eg]
tt\tt\ lx;fjn] g} u|x0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{
cbfntsf] st{Jo x'g] x'gfn] pk/f]Qm (s g+=
sf] Joj:yfcGtu{t hj/\h:tL s/0fL dfGg gldNg]
eGg] k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLtkm{ s f sfg" g
Joj;foLsf] ts{;Fu ;xdt x'g ;Sg] s'g} 7fpF
b]lvPg . /fi6sf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] u/]sf] of]
Joj:yf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o
sfg"gsf] k|lts"n b]lvg] klg s'g} cfwf/ b]lvFbg} .
!^= bf];|f] k|Zg oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
df]Nx';]g x]l08s cf]6f] -Molhuysen Hendrik
Otto_ n] kLl8tx pk/ ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf]
s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6 x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . tt\;DaGwdf kLl8t
elgPsf s / v n] lbPsf] hfx]/L bvf{:t x]bf{,
uNsf]kfvfl:yt xfd|f] hLjg rfON8 s]o/ xfp;df
a;]sf] cj:yfdf oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] sk8f
vf]nL vf]Ng nufO{ kLl8txsf] ln lghn]
xftn] / d'vn] v]nfO{ kLl8txsf] dnf/df
1108
ljleGg dnd nufO{ hj/\h:tL s/0fL u/]sf]

eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . hfx]/jfnfx pQm
rfON8 s]o/ xfp;sf] ;+/If0fdf /x]sf] / oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;f] s]o/ xfp;sf lgb]{zs
/x]sf] tYo lglj{jfb 5 . oL k'g/fj]bsn]
hfx]/Lcg'k cfk"maf6 s'g} sfo{ geP gu/]sf]
egL lhsL/ lnP klg kLl8t hfx]/jfnfxn]
oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cfk"mxnfO{ !)!@
k6s u'bf/df s/0fL u/]sf / lghsf] ln;d]t
d'vdf /fv]/ r':g nufPsf], lghn] eg]sf] dfg]df
3'dfpg nfg], xf]6ndf v'jfpg] / gofF n'uf
lslglbg] u/]sf] egL cbfntdf askq ubf{
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} k|df0fsf] ?kdf
a'lemPsf lzj Gof}kfg], clgn ;fksf]6f, kz'/{ fd
kGt, clgn l3ld/], lgd l5l/ z]kf{, ;fg'sfG5f
nfdf, cflzif clwsf/L / uf]ljGb duh'n] u/]sf]
askqaf6 klg lghxnfO{ ;d]t oL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLxn] hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ u/] h:t}
Jojxf/ ug]{ u/]sf]n] hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ hfx]/Ldf
n]lvPadf]lhdsf] Jojxf/ u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] egL
oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] rfl/lqs cfbtnfO{
phfu/ u/]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .
!&= o;/L k|ltjfbLsf] sfo{af6 k|tfl8t
ePsf afnsxn] cbfntdf cfkm"x pk/
ePsf] HofbtLsf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf /
k|ltjfbLsf] ;f]xLadf]lhdsf] lqmofaf6 cfk"mx
klg k|tfl8t ePsf] egL a'lemPsf JolQmxn]
pNn]v u/L askq u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . cfkm"
dftxt ;+/lIft afn u[xdf a:g] afnsxnfO{
/flt cfkm}F;Fu sf]7fdf ;'tfO{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g
ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't
d'2fdf ;f] lqmofdf kLl8t afx]s cGo k|ToIfbzL{
k|df0f vf]Hg'sf] tfTko{ / cf}lrTo gePsf]n]
k|ToIfbzL{ gePsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
lhsL/ d'gfl;j b]lvPg . ;fy} pQm afn u[xdf
sfo{/t\ afnf lu/Ln] oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ xf]:6naf6 lgsfNg / cfk"mn]
lslglbPsf] gofF sk8f klg vf]Ng cx|fPkl5

kLl8txnfO{ ;f]Wbf oL k|ltjfbLn] hj/\h:tL
s/0fL ck|fs[lts d}y'g u/]sf] / cfh gdfg]kl5
xf]:6n 5f]8 eg]sf] egL v ;d]tsf] d'vaf6
;'g]sf] eGg] askqdf pNn]v u/]sf]af6 oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] ;+/If0fdf /x]sf
afnsxnfO{ k|nf]eg lbO{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g
ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] kLl8txsf] egfO{nfO{ cem
vDjL/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 .
!*= gfafnsxnfO{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g
ug]{ oL k|ltjfbLsf] cfbt / rl/q /x]sf] tYo
kLl8txsf] askq, a'lemPsf JolQmxsf]
askqaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] tYonfO{ oL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLnfO{ Provincia High court of Alicante
f/f gfafns;Fu u/]sf] b'Jo{jxf/ / s/0fL Child Abuse and Rape_ sf] s;"/df ^ jif{ h]n
;hfo tf]s]sf] egL Interpol Madrid n] Interpol
Kathmandu nfO{ dfr{ !@, ;g\ @))& df
k7fPsf] Od]n kqfrf/ -k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no,
ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljefu, gS;fnsf] @)^#.!@.^
sf] kq;fy k|fKt_ af6 ;dly{t u/]sf] 5 .
OG6/kf]n k|x/Lxsf] cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g ePsf]
/ g]kfn pQm ;+u7gsf] ;b:o /fi6 ePsf]
gftfn] ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn
k|x/Lsf] ;Da4 lgsfon] pQm ;+:yfaf6 ;xof]u
lng g;Sg] eGg ldNb}g . OG6/kf]nn] l56f]
;fwgaf6 k7fPsf] clen]vLo hfgsf/L k|:t't
ljjfbsf] tYo k'li6 jf v08 ug{] lg/k]If cfwf/
x'g g;s] klg oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] ljutsf]
rfl/lqs afgL Joxf]/fnfO{ a'g To;n] ;xof]u
k'ofpg] g} x'G5 . kLl8t gfafnsx;Fu k6s
k6s ck|fs[lts d}y'g ug]{ u/]sf] tYon] oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] v/fa rfl/lqs u'0fnfO{
b]vfPsf] 5 eg] Interpol Madrid af6 k|fKt
kqfrf/af6 gfafnsx;Fu ck|fs[lts d}y'g
/ b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ rfl/lqs ljz]iftf klxn]b]lv g}
oL k'g/fj]bssf] /x]sf] eGg] tYo :ki6 x'g
1109
cfpF5 . cfkm"n] s;"/ gu/]sf] eGg] lhsL/sf]

;dy{gdf ;+slnt k|df0fnfO{ ck|f;+lus b]vfpg]
j:t'lgi7 k|df0f k|ltjfbLn] k]z ug{ ;s]sf]
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
kLl8t hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ ck|fs[lts d}yg' u/]sf]
xf]Og eGg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g .
!(= clGtd k|Zg, k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo u/]sf] ldn]sf]
5, 5} g eGg] ;DaGwdf x] b f{ k' g /fj] b s
k| l tjfbLnfO{ cf/f] k nufPsf] s;" / /
tt\;DaGwdf dfu ul/Psf] ;hfo;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yf Ps cfk;df cGt/\;DalGwt /x]sf] /
cf/f]lkt s;"/df dfu ul/Psf] ;hfo ug{
;lsg] eGg] klxnf] k|Zgdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgfaf6
:ki6 ePsf] 5 . To:t} kLl8t hfx]/jfnfxnfO{
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ck|fs[lts d}y'g u/]sf]
eGg] tYo klg bf];|f] k|Zgsf] ljj]rgfaf6 k'li6
e};s]sf] 5 . kLl8t hfx]/jfnfxdWo] v !@
b]lv !$ jif{aLrsf] / a9L ;Defjgf !# jif{df
lxF8\b} u/]sf] tyf s !# b]lv !% jif{aLrsf] /
a9L ;Defjgf !$ jif{df lxF8\b} u/]sf] eGg]
lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg dxf/fhu~h
SofDk;, kmf] / ] l G;s d] l 8l;g ljefusf]
@)^#.!!.!) sf] kqaf6 n]vL cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
hfx]/jfnfxsf] pd]/ hfFr ug]{ 8f= xl/x/
j:tLn] u/]sf] askqaf6 klg oL kLl8txsf]
pd] / ;f] x Ladf] l hd /x] s f] eGg] b] l vPaf6
kLl8tx gfafns x'g\ eGg] tYo klg :yflkt
ePsf] 5 . k'g/fjb]s k|ltjfbL xfd|f] hLjg
gfds afn u[xdf lgb]{zssf] ?kdf sfo{/t\
ljb]zL gful/s x'g\ . cfk}mFn] cleefjsTjsf]
;+/If0f lbPsf cgfy / c;xfo gfafnsxnfO{
k|nf]eg lbO{ jf bjfjdf kf/L cfk"m;Fu} ;'tfO{
ck|fs[lts d}y'g h:tf] 3[l0ft, cg}lts /
lgGbgLo ck/fw u/]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf]
5 . afn ;+/If0f / afn lxtsf] gfddf :yflkt
;+:yfsf] lgoGq0f / ;+/If0fdf /x]sf c;xfo /
cgfy gfafnsx pk/ To:tf] ;+:yfleq}

lhDd]jf/ JolQmaf6 3[l0ft ck/fw u/]sf] eGg]
ldl;naf6 k'li6 x'G5 eg] To:tf] sfo{nfO{
9fs5f]k ug]{ jf s;"/af6 pGd'lQm kfpg] p2]Zon]
h] h:tf ts{ p7fP klg Goflos kyaf6 ljrlnt
x'g] cj:yf cfpFb}g . cleof]u bfjLcg'k oL
k' g /fj] b s k| l tjfbLn] s;" / u/] s f] eGg]
lgM;Gb] x fTds ?kdf b] l vPsf] cj:yfdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{
hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s g+= adf]lhd
s;"/ u/]sf] egL ;f]xL dxnsf] #-@_ g+= adf]lhd
;hfo u/L (s g+= adf]lhd yk ;hfo x'g]
7xofPsf]] k}m;nf cGoyf b]lvg cfPg .
@)= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL df]Nx';g] x]lG8s cf]6f]n]
d'ns
' L P]g, hj/\h:tL s/0fL dxnsf] (s g+=
adf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] egL ;f]xL dxnsf] #-@_ g+=
adf]lhd lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ * jif{ s}b / (-s_
g++= adf]lhd yk ! jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo u/L
hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ k|ltjfbLaf6 hgxL =@%,))).
sf b/n] Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lbg] 7xofPsf] z'?
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.@%
sf] k}m;nf ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf]] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.^.!@ sf] k}m;nf ldn]s}
b]lvPsf]n] ;b/ x'G5 . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L k}m;nfsf] hgfp k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{
;DalGwt sf/fuf/dfk{mt\ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ @& ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn
1110
&
**^! - k'ikf /fjn /fodfemL lj=g]kfn j}s

+ ln=s]=sf= ;d]t
cGo pkfo geP jf cGo k|efjsf/L

pkfo gePdf dfq o; cbfntn]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u u/L cfb]z
hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf] . clglZrt, ;Defljt,
ljjflbt jf c:ki6 xslxtsf] ;DaGwdf
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfb]z
hf/L ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
lg0f{o g+= **^!

' m Ohnf;
)^%WO)@!$
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.#.#!.!
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj] b sM sf7df8f} F lhNnf, sf7df8f} F lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf dxfb]j
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #$ a:g] k'ikf
ofbj, ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{, ;'zLns'df/ kGt
/fjn /fodfemL
/ zDe' yfkf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfo
la?4
k|d
] l;+x wfdL / /d0fs'df/ >]i7
ljkIfLM g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/
;d]t
bfxfn, ljfg clwjQmfx df]lt/fh
uf}td, o'j/fh e08f/L, xl/k|;fb pk|t] L
lnnfdsf] k|lqmof k"0f{ ?kdf ;DkGg ge}
/ s'df/ /]UdL
;f] k|lqmof ckl/kSj (Premature) /x]sf] cjnlDa ghL/M
cj:yfdf bfjLsf] ;DklQdf sfg"gL xs ;Da4 sfg"gM
l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
cfb]z
lnnfdL k|lqmof ;dfKt geP;Dd ;f]
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
k|lqmof h'g;'s} r/0fdf /x] klg hlxn];s
' } ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ cGtu{t
cfgf] C0f lt/]/ cfgf] ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq k/L bfo/ x'g
ug]{ jf ;DklQ lkmtf{ lng] k|fylds cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/
clwsf/ C0fLd} /xg] .
o; k|sf/ 5 M
af]nkq bftfn] k"/f /sd bflvn u/L
k|TofyL{dWo]sf ld>Lnfn rf}w/Lsf gfddf
rngk"hL{ k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq dfnkf]t sfof{no ;'g;/Ldf btf{ ePsf] ;'g;/L
lnnfdL k|lqmof ;dfKt ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ lhNnf, O6x/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+= !u ls=g+= (^
x'G5 . ;f] cj:yf gcfpFb} C0fLn] C0f sf] If]=km= )*!% laufxf hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf]
ltl/;s]sf] / ;f] lx;fa /fkm;fkm u/L 3/ ;d]t k|ToyL{dWo]sf] g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8
ldnfkqafkt C0fLaf6 b:t"/ a'lem;s]sf] zfvf sfof{no O6x/Lsf gfddf ldlt @)%@.^.*
cj:yfdf C0fLn] C0f ltg{ kfpFbg} eGg /=g+= @^%* af6 ;'/If0f kf/Lt u/L lbPsf] /
gldNg] .
ld>Lnfn rf}w/Ln] ;f] 3/hUuf ;'/If0fdf
-k|s/0f g+=&_ lbPafkt C0f lnO{ a}s
+ nfO{ ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{
cbfntdf k|jz
] ubf{sf] ;dodf :yflkt ldlt @)^).(.#) ;Ddsf] ;fFjf Jofh /sd u/L
e};s]sf] sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf nflu hDdf ?=!,)!,#&,^$$.#% / ljuf] el/e/fp x'g]
1111
lbg;Ddsf] a}s
+ lgodfg';f/ Jofh, / z'Ns b:t"/
;d]t C0fL / ;'/If0f wgLaf6 el/kfpmF egL
g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8sf] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf
k/] s f] ph" / L lgj] b gcg' ; f/ C0f c;" n L
Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt @)^!.*.! ut]df lg0f{o
x'bF f ?=!,!#,&$,)@).#$ d'Vo C0fL ld>Lnfn
rf}w/Ln] ;'/If0f c;"nafkt ldlt @)%@.^.* df
lbPsf] h]yf lnnfd u/L c;"npk/ ug'{ / ;f]
hfoh]yfaf6 c;"npk/ gePdf 6]sgf/fo0f
rf}w/Ln] ldlt @)%!.$.!! df kf/Lt ul/lbPsf]
h]yf lnnfd laqmL u/L e/fOlbg' kg]{ / ;f]af6
;d]t klg jfbL a}s
+ sf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd c;"n x'g
g;s]sf] v08df k|ToyL{ ldl;|nfn rf}w/Lsf] cGo
hfoh]yfaf6 /sd c;"npk/ ug'{ eGg] ePsf]
lyof] .
pQm ldlt @)^!.*.! ut] ePsf]
lg0f{onfO{ a}s
+ tyf laQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @!-@_, P] sf] lgodfjnL,
@)%( sf] lgod @(-s_ sf] pklgod # adf]lhd
jfbL a}s
+ af6 lnnfd laqmL ubf{ nfUg ;Sg]
cfjZos ;xof]u lnO{ ;se/ !%) lbgleq
C0f c;"nL clws[tn] Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug'{ egL ldlt @)^@.@.!# ut] cfb]z
ePsf] / ;f] hfoh]yfsf] ?=!,&#,!@,*$*. Go"gtd\
d"No sfod u/L plNnlvt ;DklQ lnnfd laqmLsf]
nflu C0f c;" n L Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt
@)^$.(.!& sf] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePkl5 lznaGbL af]nkq kmd{ laqmL e};s]sf]
tyf jfbL a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6 C0fLn] /sd hDdf
u/]sf] cj:yf gx'bF f lnnfd laqmLsf] k|lqmof
/f]Sg ldn]g, lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] ldlt
@)^$.!).@! df C0f c;"nL clws[taf6 cfb]z
ePsf] / k|ToyL{dWo]sf] ld>Lnfn rf}w/Lsf gfddf
btf{ /x]sf] hfoh]yf lnnfd laqmLsf] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgfcg';f/ d lgj]bs k'ikf /fjn /fodfemLn]
plNnlvt ;DklQsf] ?=!,&#,!#,$$*. af]n c
/fvL af]nkq k]z u/L a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
C0f c;"nL lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @( sf]

b]xfo @-s_ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ cg';f/ :jLs[t eO{
d}n] saf]n u/]sf] /sdsf] !) k|ltztn] x'g]
w/f}6L /sd ?=!&,&$,))). /fvL afFsL x'g]
/sd kq k|fKt u/]sf ldltn] !% lbgleq hDdf
ug]{ u/L ef}r/ k]z u/]sL 5' .
k| T oyL{ d Wo] s f] ld>Lnfn rf} w /Lsf]
k'g/fj]bg C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf C0f c;"nL
clws[ t sf] ldlt @)^$.!).@! / ldlt
@)^$.!!.!( ut]sf] cfb]z u}/sfg"gL, j]/Ltk"0f{
ePsf]n] ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg k/L C0f
c;" n L k' g /fj] b g Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt
@)^%.^.#) ut] cfb]z x'bF f afFsL shf{ /sd
r'Qmf ePdf hf/L /x]sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf]
s|dnfO{ /f]Sbf k|rlnt sfg"gn] afwf gkg]{ /
C0f /fkm;fkm e} g;s]sf] l:yltdf lg0f{o
sfof{Gjogsf] dfu{df cgfjZos x:tIf]k ug{
pko'Qm gePsf]n] C0f c;"nL clws[taf6 lnnfd
laqmLsf] k|lqmof /f]Sg gldNg] eGg] ldlt
@)^$.!).@! df ePsf] cfb] z / To;
Gofoflws/0faf6 ;f] cfb]z oyfjt sfod /xg]
u/L ldlt @)^$.!!.!( df ePsf] cfb]z ab/
afltn ul//xg' k/]g . t;y{ o;/L afFsL C0f
/sd km5\of}{6 x'g ;Sg] l:ylt ;d]tnfO{
dWogh/df /fvL lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{nfO{
tLa| ultsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg h] hf] ug'{
u/fpg' kg]{ xf] u/L u/fO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ egL
xr'jfsf] e/df cfb]z eP u/]sf] cj:yfaf6
d"Nofgsf cfwf/df lnnfd laqmLsf] nflu
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;d]t k|sflzt u/L ;f]xL
k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df d lgj]bsn] lng
sa"n u/]sf] /sdsf] !) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
;d]t a}+sdf w/f}6L /fvL d}n] k]z u/]sf]
af]nkqnfO{ ;b/ u/L cfPsf] ldlt @)^$.!).@!
sf] lg0f{o / To;kl5 ldlt @)^$.!!.!( df
ePsf] cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ ;b/ ubf{ d lgj]bsn]
afFsL x'g cfpg] /sd hDdf u/L d]/f gfddf
1112

+ ln=s]=sf= ;d]t
pQm hfoh]yf bflvn vf/]h btf{ x'g] k|lqmof

Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]l{ t/ sfg"gk|lts"n, cfTdut
/ s'g} cfwf/ ljgf k|rlnt P]g sfg"g eGbf
ljk/Lt uO{ C0f km5\of}6{ ug]{ sfo{ ug'{ egL
cfb]z ubf{ d}n] w/f}6L /fv]sf] /sdsf] cj:yf s]
x'g] / pQm hfoh]yf sf] s;sf] gfddf bflvn
vf/]h btf{ x'g] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf cGof}n l;h{gf
ePsf] 5 . o;af6 a}s
+ af6 tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @%, P]=
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @( / g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / !( n] k|bfg
u/]sf] d]/f] xsdf c;/ kg{ uPsf] / ;f] ;DaGwsf
s'g} k|efjsf/L a}slNks pkrf/sf] af6f] ;d]t
gePsf] x'gfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f #@ tyf P] sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd
ldlt @)^%.^.#) sf] cfb]z / ;f] cfb]zsf]
cfwf/df ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL ug]{
sf/jfxL ug'{ egL k/dfb]znufot cGo pko'Qm
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bg C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf]
ldlt @)^%.^.#) sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ k|ToyL{dWo]sf]
ld>Lnfn rf}w/Ln] ?=!,^*,!#,%)). sf] Pe/]i6
a}s
+ sf] r]s k|ToyL{dWo]sf] g]kfn a}s
+ ln= ;dIf
lgj]bg k]z u/]sf / k|ToyL{dWo]sf] C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0fdf ;d]t r]ssf] kmf]6f]skL k]z u/L
a}s
+ df /sd a'emfO{ ;Dk"0f{ shf{ /fkm;fkm u/]sf]
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg btf{ u/]af6 d lgj]bssf]
xsdf cGofok"0f{ sfd ug{ oL k|ToyL{xnfO{
ldNg] ;d]t cj:yf gx'bF f k|ToyL{dWo]sf] C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf lg0f{ocg';f/ d}n]
k]z u/]sf] af]nkqnfO{ :jLs[lt ;d]t k|fKt ePsf]
/ d lgj]bsn] lgwf{/0f eP u/]sf] d"No a/fa/sf]
!) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd w/f}6L ;d]t /flv;s]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L pQm hfoh]yf d]/f
gfddf bflvn vf/]h btf{ ug{sf nflu pko'Qm
cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{df ldlt @)^%.^.#) sf]
u}/sfg"gL cfb]zsf] cfwf/df k'gM k|ToyL{dWo]sf]

ldl>nfn rf}w/Laf6 g} /sd lnO{ lghnfO{ g}
lbg] sfo{ ug{sf nflu xfn cfP/ r]s / lgj]bg
;d]t k]z eP u/]sf] x'bF f k'g/fj]bg C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0faf6 eP u/]sf] ldlt @)^%.^.#)
sf] cfb]z pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L hfoh]yf
d]/f gfddf bflvn vf/]h btf{ ug{sf nflu C0f
c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} lgj]bg ljrf/flwg /x]sf]
cj:yfdfg} d}n] lnnfd :jLsf/ u/]sf] hUuf
ljkIfL ld>LnfnnfO{ km'sj' f u/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf
d]/f] l/6 lgj]bg lgik|of]hg x'g hfg] ePsf]
x'gfn] of] lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd pQm
3/ hUuf km'sj' f gug'{ oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of]
cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ pkl:yt x'g'
egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL
;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb] z sf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ s f nflu
@)^%.&.@) sf] k]zL tf]sL ;f] lbg pkl:yt x'g'
egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbg' eGg] ldlt
@)^%.&.& sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgj] b ssf] af] n kq :jLs[ t u/L
af]nkqafkt /fv]sf] /sd sf u/L afFsL /sd
kq k| f Kt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq
Gofoflws/0fsf] gfpFdf hDdf ug]{ u/L ef}r/ k]z
ug' { egL C0f c;" n L clws[ t af6 ldlt
@)^$.!).@# df cfb]z eO{ d'2fsf] k|lqmof Pp6f
6'f] tkm{ uO{ ;s]kl5 C0fL / g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8sf
aLrdf ePsf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 To;nfO{ c;/
ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 . af]nkq :jLsf/ eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf To;nfO{ lg/:t kfg] { cGo
1113
sfdsf/jfxLsf] a}wtfaf/] lj:t[t ?kdf lgSof}n

{
ug'k{ g]{ x'bF f k|:t't l/6sf] clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd pQm 3/ hUuf oyfl:yltdf
/fVg' egL of] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf]
5 . lgodfg';f/ ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^%.&.@$ sf]
o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lnnfdsf] nflu af]nkq k/]sf] / bflvn
ug'k{ g]{ af]n csf] /sd bflvn e} g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf d'n C0fLn] /sd a'emfpg kfpFbg}
eGg ;lsg] cj:yf gb]lvO{ ldlt @)^%.^.#) df
cfb]z ePsf] sfg"g;Ddt g} /x]sf] 5 . af]nkq
:jLs[t e} lnnfdsf] 3/ hUuf lalwjt\ lgj]bssf]
gfddf gfd;f/L e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] 3/
hUufdf sfg"gtM xs :yflkt e} g;s]sf]n] lgj]bg
bfo/ ug]{ xsflwsf/ lghnfO{ k|fKt ePs} 5}g .
Ps l5gsf] lglDt lghsf] xs :yflkt e} ;s]sf]
;Demg] g} xf] eg] klg o; k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] cfb]zn] af]nkq :jLs[t
ab/ e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] xs lglZrt\
?kdf xgg\ e} ;s]sf] dfGg g;lsg] e} ;Defljt
xs xgg\sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bgcg';f/sf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q k|of]u u/L cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg]
cj:yf gx'bF f lgj]bssf] dfucg';f/ pTk|i] f0fo'Qm
k/dfb]znufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d] t Joxf] / fsf] C0f c;" n L k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0f, sf7df8f}s
F f] lnlvt hjfkm .
C0f c;"nL clws[tn] k'ikf /fodfemLsf]
af]nkq ldlt @)^$.!).@# df :jLs[t u/L ;s]sf]
/ tt\kZrft\ lg0f{ofb]z sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf
ug{ u/fpg cfjZos cGo sfdsf/jfxL afFsL g}
/x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{ ;DkGg
e} g;Sbf;Ddsf] cjlwleq ljlwjt\ afFsL shf{
/sd r'Qmf ePdf hf/L /x]sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf]
s|dnfO{ /f]Sg k|rlnt sfg"gn] afwf gkg]{ ePsf]
/ C0f /fkm;fkm e} g;s]sf] ljBdfg l:yltdf
lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] dfu{df cgfjZos x:tIf]k
afwf lj/f]w v8f ug'{ pko'Qm gePsf]n] C0f

c;"nL clws[taf6 lnnfd laqmL k|lqmof /f]Sg
gldNg] eGg] ldlt @)^$.!).@! df ePsf] cfb]z
/ To; Gofoflws/0faf6 ;f] cfb]z oyfjt\ sfod
/xg] u/L ldlt @)^$.!!.!( df ePsf] cfb]z
ab/ jfltn ul//xg k/]g t;y{ o;/L afFsL
/sd km5\of}{6 x'g ;Sg] l:ylt ;d]tnfO{
dWogh/df /fvL lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{nfO{
tLa|ultsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg h] hf] ug'{
u/fpg' kg]{ xf] u/L u/fO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^%.^.#) df C0f c;"nL
k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6 cfb]z ePsf] 5 .
C0fLn] o; a} + s df ?=%,)),))). gub
?=!,^*,!#,%)). u'8km/ k]dG] 6sf] r]s ;d]t
u/L ?=!,&#,!#,%)). hDdf u/]sf]n] ;f] /sdaf6
o; a}s
+ sf] ;Dk"0f{ n]gf /sd Jofh ldgfxfsf]
;'ljwf lnO{ shf{ /fkm;fkm x'g] u/L ;08L s]l]| 86\;{
lx;fadf /sd hDdf u/]af6 k|:t't d'2fsf lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog :ylut u/L ph"/L lgj]bg tfd]nLdf
/fvL lbg x'g cg'/f]w 5 eGg] jfbL g]kfn a}s
+
ln= sf] kq k|fKt ePsf] tyf km};nf sfof{Gjog
:ylut u/L d'2f tfd]nLdf /flvkfpmF egL jfbLs}
tkm{af6 ldlt @)^%.&.& df lgj]bg k/L ;f]xL
ldltdf a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #!-!_ adf]lhd c;"nL
z'Ns ;d]t a'emfO{ ;s]sf] tyf C0fLn] k"0f{ ?kdf
shf{ /fkm;fkm u/L ;s] s f] x' F b f To;
Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] /f]Ssf km'sj' f ul/kfpFm
eGg] jfbL a}s
+ sf] tkm{af6 kq k|fKt ePsf]df
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwdf
x'g] 5nkmnsf] 6'f] nfu]kl5 k'glj{rf/ x'g] Joxf]/f
cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; Gofoflws/0fsf]
kqaf6 jfbL a}s
+ nfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] ;d]t cj:yf
x'bF f lgj]bssf] sfg"gL xs clwsf/df s'g} lsl;dsf]
cf3ft k'ofOPsf] gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]tsf] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
1114

+ ln=s]=sf= ;d]t
;'/If0f lnnfd laqmL k|lqmofdf hfg'

cl3 lgh ld>Lnfn rf}w/L / a}s
+ sf] aLrdf
ldnfkq ug]{ k|of; ePsf]df ;kmn x'g g;s]kl5
km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg a}s
+ n]
cg'/f]w u/]kZrft\ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fn]
;'/If0fdWo]sf] d'Vo ;'/If0f wgL ld>Lnfn rf}w/Lsf]
gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] ls=g+= (^ sf] If]qkmn )*
!% hUuf tyf ;f] hUufdf lgld{t ejg /
d]l;g/L ;fdfg ;lxtsf] Go"gtd\ d"Nofg
?=!,&#,!@,*$*. C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6
d"No tf]sL ;f] eGbf a9L /sdsf nflu ldlt
@)^$.(.!& df af]nkq cfXjfg u/L ljkIfL
lgj]bsn] ?=!,&#,!#,$$*. df pQm crn
;DklQ v/Lb ug{ af]nkq k]z u/L lghsf] af]nkq
C0f c;"nL clws[taf6 :jLs[t ;d]t ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o;}aLr ;'/If0f wgL ld>Lnfn rf}w/Ln]
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fn] cfk"mn] a}s
+ ;Fu C0f
r'Qmf e'Qmfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;xdlt u/L
;xdt /sd a/fa/sf] r]s ;d]t k]z u/L
;s]sf] egL lnnfdL k|lqmof /f]Sg af]nkq
:jLs[ltsf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] ePsf]n] ab/ ul/kfpFm
egL c=a+= !& g+= cGtu{t C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0fdf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf C0f c;"nL
clws[tn] k'ikf /fjn /fodfemLsf] af]nkq ldlt
@)^$.!).@# df :jLs[t u/L ;s]sf] / tt\kZrft\
lg0f{o cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf ug{
u/fpg cfjZos cGo sfdsf/jfxL afFsL g}
/x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{ ;DkGg
e} g;Sbf;Ddsf] cjlwleq lalwjt\ afFsL shf{
/sd r'Qmf ePdf hf/L /x]sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf]
qmdnfO{ /f]Sg k|rlnt sfg"gn] afwf gkg]{ eGg]
;d]t pNn]v eO{ cfb]z ePsf] 5 .
a}s
+ sf] ;Dks{df cfO{ a}s
+ ;Fu 5nkmn
u/L Jofh 5"6 lnO{ lgh hjfkmb]xL /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{
shf{ /fkm;fkm x'g] u/L ?=!,&#,!#,%)). ltg{
a'emfpg /fhL eO{ lghsf] shf{ vftfdf hDdf
/x] s f] ?=%,)),))). gub afx] s
?=!,^*,!#,%)). sf] u'8 km/ k]dG] 6sf] r]s

;d]t hDdf ePkl5 a}s
+ n] tL ;Dk"0f{ /sd shf{
vftfdf hDdf u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog :ylut
ug{ ldlt @)^%.&.& df C0f c;" n L
Gofoflws/0fdf kqfrf/ ;d]t u/]sf] xf] .
tt\kZrft\ ldlt @)^%.&.!& df g]kfn a}+s
lnld6]8 O6x/L zfvfn] dfnkf]t sfof{no,
Og?jfsf gfddf hUuf km'sj' f u/L lbg kqfrf/
;d]t u/L ;s]sf] x'bF f xfn sf:ld>Lnfn rf}w/L
/ g]kfn a}s
+ sf]aLr C0fL / wgLaLrsf] s'g} klg
;DaGw afFsL g/x]sf], lgh;Fu ;DalGwt tLg
j6f shf{ -k|Nnfxb /fO{; ldn, dgsfdgf
O08li6h / ld>Lnfn rf}w/L_ /fkm;fkm eO{
shf{ vftf aGb e};s]sf]n] ljkIfL lgj]bssf]
;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL xs xgg gePsf] x'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
d lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{ k|fk] f| O6/;Lk
ePsf] k|Nxfb /fO{; ldn tyf dgf]sfdgf
O08li6hn] g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8 O{6x/L zfvfaf6
Jofkf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] lgj]bssf] gfpFdf btf{ sfod
/x]sf] lhNnf ;'g;/L O{6x/L g=kf= j8f g+= !-u_
ls=g+= (^ sf] )*!% sf] hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf]
3/, ldl;g cf}hf/ ;d]t lwtf] aGws /fvL C0f
lnO{Psf]df efvf leq shf{ r'Qmf gu/]sf] egL
ljkIfL a}s
+ n] Gofoflws/0f;dIf ph"/L lgj]bg
btf{ u/]sf]df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt
@)^!.*.! ut] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd d ;d]taf6
shf{ /sd c;"npk/ x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]
lyof] .
C0f c;" n L Gofoflws/0fn] ldlt
@)^$.(.!& df k|sflzt u/]sf] lnnfd laqmLsf]
;"rgfdf d k|ToyL{sf] ;DklQsf] Go"gtd\ d"No
?=!,&#,!@,*$*. sfod ePsf] b]vfpFb} af]nkq
cfXjfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsn]
k]z u/]sf] af]nkq Pp6} dfq k]z ePsf]
?=!,&#,!#,*$*. Go"gtd\ d"No eGbf 7Ls !
1115
xhf/ dfq a9L /fvL lnnfd laqmLsf] k|of]hgsf]

lgldQ k|ltikwf{ ePsf] 5}g . Pp6} dfq k/]sf]
af]nkqnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ lnnfd laqmL ug{
gldNg] d f C0f c;" n L Gofoflws/0fsf
txl;nbf/sf] sfdsf/jfxL u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n]
C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fdf ph"/L u/]sf]
xf] . k' g /fj] b g Gofoflws/0fn] lg0f{ o sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ g;Sbf ;Ddsf]
cjlwleq ljlwjt afFsL shf{ /sd r'Qmf ePdf
ul//x]sf] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmdnfO{ /f]Sg
k|rlnt sfg"gn] afwf gkg]{ eGg] cfb]z u/]sf]
xf] . pQm cfb]zaf6 ljkIfLsf] xs cf3fltt
ePsf] 5} g . ljkIfL cfk" m n] sj' n u/] s f]
!,&#,!#,*$*. sf] !) k|ltztn] x'g] cg]i{ 6
dgLsf] ?kdf dfq z'? af]nkq bflvn ug'e
{ Psf]
5 . Toltsf] cfwf/df g} ljkIfLsf] xs :yflkt
eO;s]sf] dfGg ldNb}g .
ljkIfL a}s
+ ;Fusf] jSof}tf ;fFjf Jofh
/sd /fkm;fkm ug]{ ;DaGwdf a}s
+ ;Fu 5nkmndf
/x]sf] / C0fdWo] 6]sgf/fo0f rf}w/Ln] ldlt
@)^#.#.@^ df ?=#),(#,))). ?k}ofF / d}n]
ldlt @)^$.!.@^ ut] ?=kfFr nfv ?k}ofF hDdf
u/L 5nkmnsf] lg/Gt/tfdf /x]sf] lyPF . pQm
/sd dWo] ?=!,@^,)),))). sf] r]s ldlt
@)^$.!).!* ut] d}n] C0f lnPsf] g]kfn a}s
+
lnld6]8 O{6x/L zfvfsf] gfpFdf lbO{ g]kfn a}s
+
O{6x/L zfvfn] hDdf ul/;s]sf] 5 . h'g s'/f
ljkIfLn] cfgf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f & sf] !)
cf}+ x/kmdf d}n] g]kfn a}s
+ ;dIf /sd hDdf
u/L ;s]sf] tYo :jLsf/ u/L ;s]sf] tYosf] o;
l:yltdf d]/f] ;DklQ lnnfd u/L xs x:tfGt/0f
ug{ gldNg] :ki6 5 .
shf{ /sd r'Qmf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
g} @)^$.!).!* ut] g]kfn a}+s ;dIf /sd
hDdf u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)^$.!).@@
ut] vf]lnPsf] af]nkqn] sfg"gL ?k wf/0f ug{
;Sb}g . d}n] a}+s;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;Dk"0f{ shf{
/fkm;fkm x'g] u/L ?=!,&#,!^,%)). ltg{

a' e mfpg /fhL eO{ ldlt @)^$.!.@^ df
;l08s]6;{ vftfdf r]s g+= $!!!@^%! af6
?=% nfv hDdf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] sf u/L ;f]
afx]ssf] ?=!,^*,!#,%)). sf] u'8km/ k]d]G6sf]
r]ssf] ;d]t hDdf ePkl5 g]kfn a}+sn] tL
;Dk"0f{ /sd d]/f] shf{ vftfdf hDdf u/L
km};nf sfof{Gjog :ylut ug{ ldlt @)^%.&.&
df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf a}+s ;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 d'2f tfd]nLdf /fvL kfpmF egL lgj]bg
k| : t' t ul/;s] s f] 5 . km} ; nf sfof{ G jog
b:t"/afkt d k|ToyL{n] /sd ;d]t bflvn
ul/;s]sf] / ;f]xL qmddf a}+sn] lwtf] /x]sf]
hUuf ;d]t km's'jf u/]sf] xf] . g]kfn a}+s
lnld6]8n] ldlt @)^%.&.!& ut] dfnkf]t
sfof{no ;'g;/L O{g?jfsf gfddf hUuf km'sj' f
u/L lbg kqfrf/ ;d]t ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf g]kfn
a}+s / lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{aLr xfn C0fL
/ wgLaLrsf] s'g} klg ;DaGw afFsL g/x]sf]n]
shf{ /fkm;fkm eO{ shf{ vftf aGb eO{/x]sf]
l:yltdf xs :yflkt geO;s]sf ljkIfL l/6
lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ld>Lnfn rf}w/Lsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe'
yfkfn] b08 ;hfosf] %@ g+= adf]lhd ljuf] e/L
e/fpsf] bvf{:t k/]kl5 3/;f/df lbPsf] eg]/
x'bF g} . a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lgoddf lnnfd
/f]Sg] Joj:yf 5}g . lnnfd x'gc
' l3 ;Dd dfq
C0fLn] C0f r'Qmf ug{ ;Sb5 . lnnfd e};s]kl5
lnnfdsf] k|lqmof eGbf aflx/ uP/ bflvnf u/]sf]
/sdn] s'g} cy{ /fVb}g . C0f lnP/ efvfleq
ga'emfPkl5 lnnfdsf] k|lqmofdf uPsf]n] ;f]xL
k|lqmoff/f sfdsf/jfxL 6'\Uofpg' kg]{ x'Fbf
sfg"gljk/Lt C0fLaf6 /sd lnO{ lnnfd ;sf/
1116

+ ln=s]=sf= ;d]t
ug{n
] fO{ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f gu/]af6 C0f c;"nL
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @&, @*, @(, #)
sf] q'l6 eO{ l/6 lgj]bssf] ;DklQ;DaGwL df}lns
xsdf c;/ k/]sf]n] C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^%.^.#) sf] cfb]z ab/
ug]{ u/L dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' b{5 eGg]
;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
lgj]bss} tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
dxfb]j ofbjn] k|ToyL{n] km};nfadf]lhdsf] C0f
r'Qmf gu/]kl5 lnnfdsf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fO{
af]nkq cfXjfg ul/Psf] xf] . d]/f] kIfn] af]nkq
bflvnf u/L :jLs[t ;d]t e};s]sf] cj:yf x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
lgj]bss} tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{n] Gofoflws/0fsf] cfb]zadf]lhd
af]nkq :jLs[t ePkl5 d]/f] kIf;Fu /sd a'emL
hUuf d]/f] kIfsf] gfddf bflvn vf/]h x'gk' g]{
dfu xf] . ca a}s
+ n] cfgf] C0f k|ToyL{af6
p7fpg] clwsf/ / ;do ;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 .
C0f clws[t / af]nkqbftfsf] aLrdf k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fO{ a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f
c;"nL lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @( sf]
k|lqmof adf]lhd x'g] xf] . ;f] k|lqmofdf a}s
+ jf
C0fLnufot t];f| ] kIfn] x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g,
o:tf]df klg lnnfd ;sf/ ug]{nfO{ ;DklQ
x:tfGt/0f gu/]sf]n] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
xf];\ eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
lgj]bss} tkm{af6 csf{ ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf ;'zLns'df/ kGtn] af]nkqsf] ;Dk"0f{
s'/f 6'lO;s]sf] 5 . C0f lng] / lbg] kf6L{aLr
Jojxf/ x'g ;Sg] r/0f k"/f e} t];f| ] kIff/f !&
nfv /sd a'emfO{;s]sf] cj:yfdf t];f| ] kIfsf]
clwsf/sf] l;h{gf eO;s]kl5 aLrdf /f]Sg
ldNb}g . !) k|ltzt /sd a'emfPkl5 C0f c;"nL
clws[tn] ;sf/ /sddWo] afFsL /sd bflvn
ug'{ eGg] kq lbPkl5 afFsL /sd ltg'{ kg{] x'bF f
u}/sfg"gL 9+un] eO;s]sf] lnnfdnfO{ c;/ kg]{

sfd ul/Psf]n] ;f] ab/ ug{ dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
lgj]bss} tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfo
k|]dl;+x wfdL / /d0fs'df/ >]i7n] km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd
lgj]bg lbO{, lnO{ /f]Sg ldNb}g . o;df b08
;hfosf] ^! g+= adf]lhd hfg' kg]{ x'bF f l/6
lgj]bgadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
jx; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ ld>Lnfnsf] tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfnn] km};nf sfof{Gjogafkt
a' e mfpg' kg] { Ps k| l tzt /sd a} + s sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd C0fLn] a'emfO;s]sf] / C0f /fkm;fkm
eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] z'?df /fv]sf]
w/f}6L /sd afx]s !% lbgleq afFsL /sd bflvnf
gu/]sf]n] lghsf] xs :yflkt ePs} 5}g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 dfu adf]lhd
l/6 hf/L ug{ ldNb}g . ;Defljt xssf] ;DaGwdf
l/6 hf/L x'bF g} . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ ld>Lnfns} tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf df]lt/fh uf}tdn] lnnfd laqmL u/fpg
af]nkq dfq Pp6f cfXjfg xf] . af]nkq :jLs[t
ug]{ gug]{ clwsf/ Gofoflws/0fdf /xg] eGg]
Joj:yf af]nkq kmf/fdd} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
#% cf}+ lbg;Dd af]nkq lnO ;f]xL lbg dfq
vf]Ng' kg]d
{ f #^ cf}+ lbgdf oL lgj]bssf] af]nkq
lnO vf]lnPsf] 5 . afFsL k};f a'emfpg ljkIfLn]
kq k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . lgj]bssf] s/f/Lo
clwsf/ pNn+3g ePsf] eP ;fwf/0f pkrf/sf]
af6f] cjnDag ug{ ' kg] { xf] . c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q k|of]u u/L cfpg ldNb}g eGg] ;d]t
jx; ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ ld>Lnfns} tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf o' j /fh e08f/Ln] C0f c;" n L
Gofoflws/0fdf C0f a'emfO{ kfpmF egL lgj]bg
1117
lbPsf], /sd a'emL C0f c;"nL k|lqmof /f]sL

kfpmF eg]sf]df shf{ /fkm ;fkm ug'{ egL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0faf6 cfb]z ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] !&
nfv bflvnf u/]sf] eg]/ d]/f] kIfsf] lglj{jfb
;DklQdf bfjL ug{ kfpg] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t jx;
ug'e
{ of] .
ld>Lnfns} tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
xl/k|;fb pk|t] Ln] lgj]lbsfsf] xs s/f/Lo xs
xf] . o;df l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . ;DklQ
ld>Lnfns} xf] . lgj]bssf] xs l;h{gf ePsf]
5}g . Gofoflws/0fn] ! k|ltzt /sd a'lem;s]sf]
/ g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8n] /f]Ssf hUuf km'sj' f
ul/lbg kqfrf/ ;d]t ul/;s]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf s'df/ /]UdLn] a}s
+ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
ld>Lnfn rf}w/Ln] C0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd / km};nf
sfof{Gjogafkt yk Ps k|ltzt /sd a'emfO{
Gofoflws/0fdf cfDbfgL afF w L ;s] s f] n ]
Gofoflws/0fsf] ;xdltdf /f]Ssf hUuf km'sj' f
ug{ a}s
+ n] kqfrf/ ul/;s]sf] x'bF f a}s
+ / C0fLaLr
s'g} ;DaGw afFsL g/x]sf] tyf a}s
+ sf] s'g} sfdaf6
lgj]bssf] xsdf c;/ k/]sf] gx'bF f l/6 vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt b' j } t km{ s f ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf / clwjQmfxn] ug'e
{ Psf] jx; ;d]t
;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgDg k|Zgxsf]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof]M
-!_ af]nkq cfXjfg ul/Psf] lnnfdsf] ;DklQdf
af]nkqbftfsf] sfg"gL xssf] l;h{gf ePsf]
x'G5 jf x'bF g} <
-@_ lnnfdL k|lqmof z'? ePkl5 klg C0fLn]
lnnfdL k|lqmof ;DkGg gx'bF } C0f r'Qmf
ug{ kfpF5, kfpFbg} <
-#_ lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'
kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og <
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ToyL{dWo]sf

ld>Lnfn rf}w/Ln] g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8af6 C0f
lnPsf] / ;f] r'Qmf gu/]sf]n] ;f]afkt /f]Ssf
/x]sf] O6x/L g=kf= j8f g+= !-u_ ls=g+= (^
If]qkmn )*!% hUuf / ;f]df ag]sf] 3/ ;d]t
lnnfd laqmLsf] nflu C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6
uf]/vfkqdf lnnfdsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5
lgj]bsn] plNnlvt ;DklQsf] ?=!,&#,!#,$$*.
af]n c /fvL ;f]sf] !) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
?=!&,&$,))). a}s
+ bflvnf;lxt k]z u/]sf]
af]nkq Gofoflws/0faf6 :jLs[t ePsf] b]lvG5 .
afFsL /sd !% lbgleq hDdf ug]{ eGg] ;f]
af]nkqsf] zt{ ePsf]df k|ToyL{dWo]sf ld>Lnfn
rf} w /Ln] pQm hfoh] y fsf] xsdf ePsf]
sfdsf/jfxLpk/ C0f c;" n L k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0fdf lgj]bg lbO{ C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg
Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt @)^%.^.#) df ePsf]
cfb]zn] C0f /fkm;fkm e} g;s]sf] l:yltdf
afFsL shf{ /sd r'Qmf ePdf lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf]
qmdnfO{ /f]Sbf k|rlnt sfg"gn] afwf gkg{] egL
C0f km5\of}{6 ug]{ sfo{ ug'{ egL k|ToyL{
ld>Lnfnaf6} a}s
+ n] /sd lnO C0f /fkm ;fkm
u/]af6 d]/f] ;+jw} flgs / sfg"gL clwsf/df cf3ft
k'us
] f]n] C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6
ePsf] ldlt @)^%.^.#) sf] cfb]z ab/ u/L
hfoh]yf d]/f gfddf bflvn vf/]h btf{ ug{sf
nflu k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg dfubfjL b]lvG5 .
#= o; ;Gbe{df klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ jfbL g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8 k|ltjfbL oL
k|ToyL{ ld>Lnfn rf}w/L ;d]t ePsf] C0f c;"nL
d'2fdf C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 ld>Lnfn
rf}w/Ln] lwtf] lbPsf] ;DklQaf6 c;"npk/ u/L
jfbL g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8n] e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/L
ldlt @)^!.*.! df ePsf] km};nf clGtd /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] km};nfadf]lhd /sd c;"n u/fO{
kfpmF egL jfbL g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6
1118

+ ln=s]=sf= ;d]t
ldlt @)^@.@.!@ df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf

lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxL rn]sf] /x]5 . k|ToyL{
ld>Lnfn rf}w/Lsf] gfpFsf] O6x/L uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= !u ls=g+= (^ sf] )*!% hUuf / ;f]df
ag]sf] 3/ ;d]tsf] Go"gtd\ d"No ?=!,&#,!@,*$*.
sfod u/L ldlt @)^$.(.!& df uf]/vfkqdf
lnnfd laqmLsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePcg'k !)
k|ltzt /sd ?=!&,&$,))). w/f}6L k]z u/]sf]
af]nkq ldlt @)^$.!).@# df :jLs[t ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
$= af]nkq :jLs[t eO;s]kl5 lnnfd
ePsf] ;DklQdf d]/f] sfg"gL xssf] l;h{gf
eO;s]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{ / lghtkm{sf
ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf, clwjQmfxsf] ax;
a'bF f /x]5 . t/ of] d'2f s/f/sf] zt{ k"/f u/fO{
kfpFm eGg] d'2f xf]Og . xs, a]xs;DaGwL ljjfb
klg of] xf]Og . Pp6fn] af]nkq cfXjfg u/]sf]
5, csf]n
{ ] af]nkq bflvn u/]sf] 5 . o; k|lqmofdf
s;sf] slt lhDd]jf/L x'g cfpF5 / s;n] s],
bfloTj k"/f ug'k{ g]{ xf] < ;f] ;DaGwL ljjfb klg
of] xf]Og . o:tf ljjfbxsf] lg/f]k0f clwsf/
k|fKt cbfntf/f ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t
x'g] xf] . t/ oL lgj]bs o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]qcGtu{t k|j]z u/L lghn] lbPsf]
:jLs[t af]nkqaf6 l;h{gf ePsf] xssf] k|rngsf]
dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf l/6 If]q cGtu{t
ljjflbt xssf] lgwf{/0f jf xs, :jfldTj;DaGwL
ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f x'g] geO{ k"j:{ yflkt / lglj{jfb
;+jw} flgs jf sfg"gL clwsf/sf] k|rng cbfntn]
u/fpFb5 .
%= ca af]nkq :jLs[t ePaf6 ;DalGwt
;DklQdf xssf] l;h{gf eO;s]sf] eGg] lgj]bg
lhsL/sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ s'g} klg crn
;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] lglZrt\ k|lqmof
sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] 5 . :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f
h'g;'s} k|lqmofcg'k eP klg cfgf] gfddf
s'g} crn ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f eO{ cfPkl5 To;df
xs k|fKt ePsf] dflgG5 . cfgf] gfddf gfd;f/L

geP klg ;f] ;DaGwL lnvt /lhi6z
] g kf;
ePsf] x'g' kg]{ jf s'g} ;Ifd cbfnt jf lgsfo
jf ;+:yfn] ;DklQ cd's JolQmsf gfddf gfd;f/L
ug'{ jf btf{ ug'{ egL dfnkf]tnufotsf] ;DalGwt
lgsfonfO{ n]lv;s]kl5 klg ;f] JolQmsf] ;f]
;DklQdf xs :yflkt geP klg xssf] l;h{gf
eO;s]sf] dfGg ;lsg] x'G5 . t/ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ oL lgj]bsn] g t lnnfd
ul/Psf] ;DklQsf] d"No a'emfPsf 5g\, gt ltgsf
gfddf gfd;f/L jf btf{ ug'{ egL C0f c;"nL
Gofoflws/0fn] n]vs
] f] 5 . k|:tfljt d"Nosf] !)
k|ltzt a'emfPsf] elgPsf] /sd af]nkqsf]
zt{cg';f/ cu|Ld e'QmfgL ul/Psf] w/f}6Lsf]
(Earnest Money) /sd dfq xf] . lgj]bsnfO{ lghn]
:jLsf/]sf] d"No a'emfpg elgPsf] klg 5}g .
ldlt @)^$.!).@# df af]nkq :jLs[t eP klg
afFsL () k|ltzt /sd bflvn u/L /f]Ssf /x]sf]
;DklQ lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf bflvn vf/]h btf{
ug{ rng k"hL{ k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]t
b]lvFbg} . o;/L lnnfdsf] k|lqmof k"0f{ ?kdf
;DkGg ge} ;f] k|lqmof ckl/kSj (Premature)
/x]sf] cj:yfdf bfljsf] ;DklQdf lgj]lbsfsf]
sfg"gL xs l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg ldn]g .
^= bf];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]lbsfsf]
af]nkq @)^$.!).@# df :jLs[t;Dd ePsf] 5 .
afFsL /sd hDdf eO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{
ld>Lnfn rf}w/Ln] a}s
+ sf] ;Dks{df /xL Jofh
5"6 lnO{ lghsf] a}s
+ vftfdf /x]sf] gub afx]s
afFsL /sd ?=!,^*,!#,%)). sf] u'8km/ k]dG] 6sf]
r]s ;d]t hDdf ePkl5 a}s
+ n] shf{ vftfdf
hDdf u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog :ylut ug{ ldlt
@)^%.&.& df C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf kqfrf/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ ld>Lnfn rf}w/Ln]
?=!,^*,!#,%)). sf] Pe/]i6 a}+ssf] r]s
k|ToyL{dWo]sf] g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8;dIf k]z u/L
;f]sf] kmf]6f]skL C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf a'emfO{
1119
C0f /fkm;fkm u/]sf] eGg] lgj]lbsfs} lgj]bg

Joxf]/faf6 b]lvG5 . o;af6 ljkIfLn] a}s
+ sf] C0f
ltl/;s]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvg cfPg .
&= lnnfdsf] k| l qmof z' ? ePkl5
C0fLsf] / C0fbftf a}+ssf] s'g} clwsf/} /xFb}g
/ t];|f] kIf lgj]lbsfsf] dfq clwsf/ /xG5
eGg] lhsL/tkm{ x]bf{ C0f k|jfx ug]{ a}+sn]
C0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljuf] k|fKt gu/];Dd / C0fLn]
lnPsf] C0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd t];|f] JolQmn]
lnnfdL k|lqmofcGtu{t r'Qmf a]jfs gu/];Dd
b'j}sf] clwsf/ / bfloTj /lxg} /x]sf] x'G5 .
lnnfdL k|lqmof ;dfKt geP;Dd ;f] k|lqmof
h'g;'s} r/0fdf /x] klg hlxn];'s} cfgf]
C0f lt/]/ cfgf] ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ jf
;DklQ lkmtf{ lng] k|fylds clwsf/ C0fL d}
/x]sf] x'G5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f
c;"nL P]g, lgodn] af]nkq cfXjfg eP kl5
af]nkqbftf afx]s C0fLn] C0f ltg{ g;Sg],
lnnfdsf] ;DklQaf6 dfq c;"n ug]{ eGg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g . t];|f] kIfn] t cfgf]
w/f}6L /sd h'g;'s} a]nf klg lkmtf{ lng
;Sg] / lghsf] ;DklQdf s'g} bvn k'Ug]
cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g . lgj]lbsfn] af]nkqaf6
;sf/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;Dk"0f{ d"No /sd hDdf
ul/;s]sf] cj:yf g/x]af6 lnnfdL k|lqmof
;DkGg ePsf] dflgb}g . af]nkq bftfn] k"/f
/sd bflvn u/L rngk"hL{ k|fKt ul/;s]sf]
cj:yfdf dfq lnnfdL k|lqmof ;dfKt ePsf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] cj:yf gcfpFb} C0fLn]
C0f ltl/;s]sf] / ;f] lx;fa /fkm;fkm u/L
Gofoflws/0fn] ldnfkqafkt C0fLaf6 b:t"/
a'lem;s]sf] cj:yfdf C0fLn] C0f ltg{ kfpFb}g
eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
*= ca t];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ dflysf
k|s/0fxdf l/6 lgj]lbsfn] af]nkq k]z u/L
;f] :jLs[t;Dd ePaf6} lghsf] ;f] ;DklQdf
xssf] l;h{gf gePsf] egL ljj]rgf ul/;lsPsf]
5 . l/6 lgj]lbsfn] lbPsf] af]nkq /2 ul/Psf]

cj:yf 5}g . k'gM lnnfd k|lqmof k|f/De ul/Psf]
klg 5}g . Psk6s :jLs[t eO;s]sf] af]nkq
/2 u/L cs}a{ f6 af]nkq bflvn u/fOPsf] jf
t];f| ] JolQmnfO{ ;f] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf]
5}g . clkt' lnnfdL k|lqmof ;DkGg gx'bF } vf;
C0fL / C0fbftf a}s
+ aLr C0f /sd lng'lbg' eO{
lx;fa a] j fs /fkm;fkm ePsf] n ] o;df
ljkIfLxaf6 s'g} b'isfo{ (Foul play) ePsf] eGg]
klg b]lvg cfPsf] 5}g .
(= C0f r'Qmf ePkl5 ldlt @)^%.&.&
df d'2f tfd]nLdf /flvkfpmF egL g]kfn a}s
+
lnld6]8n] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf kqfrf/
u/]sf], ldlt @)^%.&.!& df g]kfn a}s
+ lnld6]8
O6x/L zfvfn] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf gfddf hUuf
km'sj' f ul/lbg kqfrf/ ;d]t ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
C0fL ld>Lnfn / a}s
+ aLr C0f /fkm;fkm eO{
C0fL / wgLaLr s'g} ljjfb g/x]kl5 ldlt
@)^%.&.!* df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ePaf6
lgj]bssf] ljjflbt ;DklQdf lglj{jfb xs k|fKt
geO{ eljiosf] ;Defljt xssf ;DaGwdf k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
!)= oL lgj] l bsfn] lbPsf]
af]nkqcg';f/ lghn] lnnfd ;sf/ u/]sf]
;DklQsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljuf] a'emfO;s]kl5 lghsf
gfddf ;f] ;DklQ btf{ ug'{ egL ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{
n]lv;s]kl5 ;f] ;DklQdf oL lgj]lbsfsf]
;DklQ;DaGwL xssf] l;h{gf x'g] x'G5 . ;f]
cg';f/sf] k|lqmof k"/f eO{ lghsf gfddf btf{
gfd;f/L ;d]t e};s]kl5 ;f] ;DklQdf lghsf]
xs :yflkt x' g ] xf] . log} cf;f /
;DefjgfxnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lnnfd sf/jfxL
;DkGg geP klg To;af6 xssf] l;h{gf ePsf]
egL k|:t't l/6 bfo/ ePsf] /x]5 . t/ ef]lnsf]
36gfqmdnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ jf eljiosf] ;Defljt
xssf] k|rngsf nflu o; cbfntn] c;fwf/0f
1120
**^@ - 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no lj=cl/xGt dN6L kmfOj;{ ln=
clwsf/If]q k|of]u u/L cfb]z hf/L ug]{ xf]Og .

clkt' cbfntdf k|j]z ubf{sf] ;dodf :yflkt
e};s]sf] sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf nflu cGo
pkfo geP jf cGo k|efjsf/L pkfo gePdf
dfq o; cbfntn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf]
k|of]u u/L cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf] . clglZrt,
;Defljt, ljjflbt jf c:ki6 xslxtsf]
;DaGwdf c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . k|:t't lgj]bgdf oL
lgj]lbsfn] o; cbfntdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
btf{ ubf{, u/fpFbfsf] ;do;Dd lgj]bgdf
n]lvPsf] ;DklQdf lghsf] xssf] l;h{gf ePsf]
jf lghsf] xs :yflkt ePsf] eGg] b]lvg
cfPg .
!!= t;y{, lnnfdL k|lqmof ;DkGg
eO{g;s]sf] cj:yfdf C0fL ld>Lnfn rf}w/Ln]
hlxn];s
' } C0f ltg{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePsf]n] lghn]
C0f ltl/;s]sf] / hUuf km'sj' f e} ldnfkqafkt
C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 b:t"/ a'lem;s]sf]
b]lvFbf lgj]lbsfsf] lnnfdsf] ;DklQdf sfg"gL
xs l;h{gf gePsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] ;+jw} flgs
Pj+ sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft kg]{ cj:yf g/x]af6
dfu adf] l hd C0f c;" n L k' g /fj] b g
Gofoflws/0faf6 ldlt @)^%.^.#) df ePsf]
cfb]z / ;f] kl5 eP u/]sf cGo sfdsf/jfxL
ab/ ug]{ u/L cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k/]g . k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ePsf]n] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.&.@$ df
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z :jtM lgliqmo x'bF f ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfLnfO{ lbg' . bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf
a'emfO{lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f/ #! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb kf}8n
]
lg0f{o g+= **^@

' m Ohnf;
k'g/fj]bg g+= @)^$ )%@(
km};nf ldltM @)^*.%.^.#
d'2f M cfos/ -cf=j= @)%*)%(_ .
k' g /fj] b s jfbLM 7" n f s/bftf sfof{ n o,
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/sf] tk{maf6 k|d'v
s/ k|zf;s gj/fh e08f/L
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf,
j8f g+ # l:yt cl/xGt dN6L kmfOj;{
ln= sf ;~rfns /fhs'df/ uf]N5f
z'? k}m;nf ug]{ M
k|dv
' s/ clws[t, 7"nf s/ bftf sfof{no
k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]{
cWoIf >L ljgf]bs'df/ 9'u+ n
]
n]vf ;b:o >L u0f]zs'df/ sfsL{
&
1121
df}Hbft /x]sf] s'g} j:t' cfunfuL jf

cGo s'g} sf/0fn] gf]S;fgL ePdf o:tf]
j:t'sf] laqmL x'g] cj:yf gx'bF f o:tf]
j:t'sf] ahf/ d"No jf lg;u{ jf laqmLaf6
k|fKt x'g] /sd jf laqmL d"No klg z"Go
x'g] x'bF f cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
!%-@_ cg';f/ nfut vr{ sL x'g] /sd
osLg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu o;sf] ahf/
d"No klg z"Go x'g] x'bF f gf]S;fgL ePsf]
df}Hbftsf] clGtd d"No / clGtd nfut
Pp6} x'g] x'bF f nfut d"NonfO{ g} bkmf
!%-!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu df}Hbft
;fdfgsf] nfut vr{ jf d"No dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf bkmf !$

-!_-s_ / -v_ df sf] Joj:yfcg';f/
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ egL lnPsf]
C0fdf lt/]sf] jf ltg{ kg]{ ePsf] Aofh
/sd vr{ s6[f ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf k|fKt
ug{sf] nflu lgDg zt{x k"/f u/]sf]
x'gk' g]M{
nfu" x'G5 . cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng

ug{ gub /sd ck'u ePsf] egL C0f
lng] / ;f] C0fdf lt/]sf] AofhnfO{ vr{df
sL ug]{ jf vr{ sLsf] bfjL ug]{ t/
cfkm";uF ePsf] gub /sd cGo JolQmnfO{
s'g} Joxf]/fn] ;fk6L lbPsf] cj:yfdf
o;/L ;fk6L lbPsf] /sdnfO{ Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ jf cfo cfh{g ug{ k|of]u
ePsf] /sd egL eGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
vr{ sLsf] nflu bfjL ul/Psf] s'g}
vr{sf] /sd cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{sf]
nflu eP u/]sf] eg]/ dfq x'bF g} . of]
s'/f vr{;DaGwL jLn, ef}r/ jf laqmL
jf v/Lb ;Demf}tfaf6 lglj{jfb ?kdf
;dy{ g ePsf] x' g ' k b{ 5 . agfj6L,
clgoldt jf ;DalGwt Joj;fodf dfGo
k|rng ljk/Lt tof/ ePsf] jf zt{
/x]sf] b]lvg] jLn, ef}r/, v/Lb jf laqmL
cfb]z jf v/Lb laqmL ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df
o:tf] vr{ ;dy{g x'g ;Qm}g / o:tf
jLn, ef}r/, v/Lb jf laqmL cfb]z jf
v/Lb laqmL ;Demf}tfsf zt{xnfO{ s/
lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cdfGo
dflgg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
-s_ h'g cfly{s jif{df C0f lnPsf] xf] ;f]

C0f ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df k|of]u ePsf]
jf ;f] jif{df k|of]u ePsf s'g} ;DklQ
v/Lb ug{ k|of]u ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
-v_ k|fKt ul/Psf] C0f jf o;sf] bfloTj
cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ jf
cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfddf dfq k|of]u
ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
s'g} C0fsf] /sd Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug]{ sfddf k|of]u gePsf] jf cfo cfh{g
ug]{ sfddf k|of]u gePsf] cj:yfdf
o:tf] C0fdf lt/]sf] jf ltg{ kg]{ ePsf]
Aofhsf] /sdnfO{ cfo u0fgf ubf{ vr{
s6[f ug{ gkfpg] ePkl5 cfgf] Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ cfkm";Fu gub /sd
gePsf] egL s'g} cfly{s aif{df C0f
lng] s'g} JolQm jf s/bftfn] ;f]xL
cfly{s jif{df cGo s'g} JolQm jf kmd{nfO{
Aofh lnO{ jf glnO{ h'g;'s} zt{df
;fk6L jf C0f lbPsf] cj:yfdf o:tf]
JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] C0fsf] /sd k"0f{?kdf
cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ jf cfo
cfh{g ug]{ sfo{df k|of]u ePsf] 5 egL
dfGg g;lsg] .
C0f lng] s/bftfn] cGo s'g} JolQm jf
kmd{nfO{ clwljsif{ ;'ljwf jf pwf/f]df
;fdfg laqmL u/]sf] jf pwf/f] laqmL
-Credit Limit_ lbPsf] cj:yfdf klg
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tk{maf6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf

dx]z yfkf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tk{maf6M ljfg clwjQmf r08]Zj/
>]i7
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !#-u_,
!$, !$-!_-s_ / -v_, !%-!_, -@_,
-#_, -$_
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / %$
1122
km};nf
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] LM /fhZj Gofoflws/0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ sf] cfwf/df
/fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^$.#.!( sf] k}m;nfpk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] cg'dlt
k|fKt ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;lIfKt tYo / 7x/
lgDgadf]lhd 5 M
cl/xGt dN6L kmfOj;{ ln=n] cf=j=
@)%*.%( sf] sf/f] j f/df gf] S ;fgL
?=%*,*%,&&$. b]vfO{ @)%(.(.@( df cfo
ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] /x]5 .
k|ToyL{ cl/xGt dN6L kmfOj;{ ln= sf]
ldlt @)^@.@.^ sf] s/ n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
ldl;n ;+nUg /x]5 .
cl/xGt dN6L kmfOj;{ ln= nfO{ ;a"b
k|df0f k]z ug{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
!)!-^_ adf]lhd !% lbgsf] df}sf lbPsf] 7"nf
s/bftf sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^@.@.!% sf] s/
lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf / ;f]pk/ lbPsf] ldlt
@)^@.(.@^ sf] hjfkm ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] .
cl/xGt dN6L kmfOj;{ ln=sf] cf=j=
@)%*.%( df ePsf] jf:tljs sf/f]jf/nfO{
b[li6ut u/L s/of]Uo cfo =!,#&,!$,!$).*&
sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 7"nf s/bftf
sfof{no sf7df8fFs
} f] ldlt @)^@.#.!% sf] lg0f{o
krf{ .
pk/f]Qm lx;fjadf]lhd sfod ePsf]
gf]S;fgL =#&,!(,)@). dWo] cu|Ld bflvnf
=*,(#,!^@. sf u/L afF s L s/;d] t
=@*,@%,*%*. / ljz]if z'Ns =$,!!,$@$
dWo] cu|Ld bflvnf =!,*@,)#$. sf u/L
afFsL ljz]if z'Ns =@,@(,#(). a+s
} bflvnf ug'{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 7"nf] s/bftf sfof{nosf]]
ldlt @)^@.#.@) sf] ;+;f]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z .
;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zpk/ k/]sf]
k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgdf 7"nf s/bftf
sfof{no sf7df8f}n
F ] u/]sf]] s/ lgwf{/0f dgfl;j
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cfGtl/s /fhZj

ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^@.(.^ df ePsf] lg0f{o .
7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{o;d]t
q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L ;xL xs OG;fkm kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f
lj/f6gu/df cl/xGt dN6L kmfOj;{ ln= sf]
tkm{af6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bkq .
5nkmnsf nflu k|ToyL{ sfof{nonfO{
k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] /fhZj
Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^#.(.( sf]
cfb]z .
k'g/fj]bsn] lhsL/ lnPsf] d"Nofgsf]
n]vf ;|:] tf / df}Hbft vftfaf6 k'li6 e}/x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f]eGbf a9L =@!,!%,#^$.%# laqmL
nfut a9L bfjL ul/Psf] egL n]vf ;|:] tfaf6
k|dfl0ft lx;fjnfO{ cGoyf u/L v"b cfodf
;dfj]z ug]{ u/]sf] k|ToyL{ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o
ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] /sd v"b cfodf ;dfj]z
x'g ;Sb}g . o:t} u/L /3'klt h'6 ldN;nfO{
lbPsf] /sdsf] Aofh egL =@,(#,%^(.#( v"b
cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ /x]sf] tkm{ x]bf{ Pp6} Joj:yfkg ePsf]
;f] pBf]udf k'g/fj]bs pBf]un] 3f6fdf uPsf]
pBf]unfO{ ;xof]u ug{ gkfpg] u/L aGb]h nufpg]
Joj:yf df}hb' f P]gdf gePsf] / k'g/fj]bssf]
pBf] u sf] j:t' x ;d] t C0f k| f Kt u/L
c8{/adf]lhd pTkfbg u/L k'g/fj]bsnfO{ pTkfbg
sfo{df ;3fp u/]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bssf] cfo
cfh{g k|of]hgfy{ k|of]u ul/Psf] eGg] / ;f]
;fk6L lbOPsf] /sd ljleGg ls:tfdf ;f]xL
;fndf g} k'g/fj]bs pBf]un] lkmtf{ lnO;s]sf]
elg/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] /sddf Aofh egL v"b
cfodf ;dfj]z x'g g;sL ldGxf x'G5 . To:t}
u/L 9'jfgL ef8f / ef/tLo eG;f/df lt/]sf]
dx;"n;d]t egL =$&,^(,((&. v"b cfodf
;dfj]z u/]sf] ldn]g eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]
tkm{ x]bf{ k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] / v/Lbstf{aLr
1123
ePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd cfk"lt{ ug]{ 7fpF F,O,B

-Pkm cf] lj_ hf]ujgL, ;'gf}nL /x] ePsf] s'/fdf
;Demf}tfadf]lhd ljjfb b]lvFb}g . s/bftf
k'g/fj]bs / v/Lbstf{aLr s] s;/L ;Demf}tf
jf s/f/ ug]{ eGg] k|rlnt s/f/ P]g / cfos/
P]gf/f ;d]t zt{ tf]lsPsf] jf lglZrt\ ul/Psf]
cj:yf gb]lvFbf ;Demf}tfadf]lhd s/bftf
k'g/fj]bsn] pTkflbt ;fdfgx v/Lbstf{;dIf
k' ofpF b f ePsf] jLnadf] l hdsf] vr{ n fO{
;Demf}tfsf] unt JofVof u/L v"b cfodf ;dfj]z
ul/g' Gofof]lrt\ x'g ;Sb}g . ;f] /sd ldGxf
x'G5 . ldGxf x'g] 7x/]sf] xb;Dd k|ToyL{ 7"nf
s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}Fn] u/sf] ldlt
@)^@.#.!% sf] lg0f{o, ldlt @)^@.#.@) sf]
clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf cfGtl/s /fhZj
ljefusf] ldlt @)^@.(.^ sf] k| z f;sLo
k'g/fjnf]sg ;d]t ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf s]xL pN6L
x'G5 eGg] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^$.#.!( sf] k}m;nf .
s/bftfn] @)%(.!.@ df cfunfuL ePsf]
sk8fsf] gf]S;fgL aLdf bfjL ul/Psf] !%!#!(.*
dL6/ / d"No =(@,)^,%%$. clGtd df}Hbft
kl/df0fdf 36fO{ bfjL ul/Psf] eGg] hjfkm;DDf
lbPsf] t/ plNnlvt j:t'sf] df}Hbft kl/df0fdf
pBf]u :jod\n] d"Nofg u/]sf] b//]6cg';f/ sfod
ePsf] d"No =*^,(%,)*!.%# g} sfod x'g] .
aLdf bfjL ubf{ cGo b//]6af6 bfjL u/L pQm
bfjL /sdnfO{ s'n d"Nofsgaf6 Go"g u/]sf]
sf/0fn] d" N o km/s k/] s f] b] l vF b f oyfy{
d"Nofgcg';f/ gf]S;fg ePsf] ;fdfgsf] d"No
sf u/L gf]S;fg ePsf] ;fdfgsf] d"No lgwf{/0f
ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gu/L cfunfuLaf6 gf]S;fg ePsf]
d"No kl5 a9L sL lnPsf] nfut vr{ sL ug{
gkfpg] . k|:t't s/bftfsf] C0f bfloTj /x]sf] /
;f]afkt Aofh vr{ jxg ul//x]sf] kl/k|I] odf
/3'klt h'6 ldN;nfO{ lbPsf] /sdnfO{ nufgL /
;f]sf] Aofh =@,(#,%^(.#( nfO{ nufgL cfo
dfgL s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z x'G5 . pTkfbg

;fdfg v/Lbstf{ ; dIf k' ofpF b f ePsf]
jLnadf]lhdsf] vr{nfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] unt JofVof
u/L v"b cfodf ;dfj]z ul/g' Gofof]lrt\ x'g
;St}g egL k}m;nfdf af]lnPsf] cGt/f{li6o
Jofkf/sf] l;4fGt tyf cEof; / eG;f/ P]gsf]
cfwf/df ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f To:tf] vr{ sL ug{
gkfOg] u/L o; sfof{nojf6 ePsf] lg0f{o dgfl;j
eO{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f vf/]h u/L ;fljs s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zadf]lhd
ul/kfpFm eGg] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] k'g/fj]bgsf]
cg'dlt kfpFm egL o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg .
o;df cfot lgof{ttk{m ef/tdf lt/]sf]
eG;f/ / ef/tLo If]qsf] 9'jfgL vr{nfO{ b'O{
kIfsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd ldGxf u/]sf] b]lvof] .
ljb]z d'ns
' sf] eG;f/ vr{ / ljb]zdf ePsf]
9'jfgL vr{nfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] s'g
sfg"gL k|fjwfgcg';f/ ldGxf x'g] xf] < ;f] s'/f
/fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nfdf
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPg . P]gsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd
To:tf vr{ ldGxf x'g] cj:yf cfos/ P]g, @)%*
sf] bkmf !# n] u/]sf]df pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf
ljk/Lt ldGxf u/]sf] b]lvFbf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ sf] k|Zgdf
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.(.( sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L
k'g/fj]bs tk{maf6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
dx]z yfkfn]] / k|ToyL{ tk{maf6 ljfg clwjQmf
>L r08]Zj/ >]i7n] ug'e
{ Psf] ax; ;'lgof] .
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn]]
ljb]zdf ul/Psf] vr{ sL ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
/fhZjdf gf]S;fgL x'G5, /fhZj 5Ng ljb]zdf
ePsf] s/f/nfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g, ljb]zdf
ePsf] vr{ 5"6 kfpg] egL cfos/ P]gn] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5}g, csf]{ pBf]unfO{ lbPsf] C0f jf To;df
1124
k|fKt Aofh nufgL u/]sf] xf]Og eGg ldNb}g,

;fdfg cfunfuLdf k/L gf]S;fgL ePsf] egL
cfunfuL ePsf] 7"nf] kl/df0f b]vfO{ bfjL u/]sf]df
cfk"mnfO{ c;/ kg]{ cj:yfdf yf]/} b]vfpg ldNb}g .
/fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5}g eGg]
;d]t ax; ug'e
{ of] . To:t} k|ToyL{tk{msf ljfg
clwjQmf >L r08]Zj/ >]i7n] /3'klt h'6
ldN;nfO{ C0f nufgL u/]sf] ge} z]o/ lsGg
/sd lbPsf] xf], @)%&.)%* df u/]sf] nufgLnfO{
@)%*.)%( df nufgL u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g,
@)%(.!.@ df sk8f hnL gi6 ePsf] 5, hlt
/sdsf] aLdf ul/Psf] lyof] Tolt /sd k|fKt
u/]sf] 5}g . gf]S;fg ePsf] ;fdfgsf] df}Hbft
gx'g] ePsfn] To:tf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ 36fOPsf]nfO{
gldn]sf] eGg ldNb}g . kIfn] vr{ Joxf]g{] u/L
ljb]zdf ;Demf}tf ug]{ k|rng klxn]bl] v rnL
cfPsf] xf] . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf !# n] sf/f]jf/;Fu
;DalGwt vr{ sL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . pQm
P]gsf] bkmf @! df Joj:Yff ePadf]lhdsf] vr{
dfq ldGxf ug{ k|ltaGw nufPsf] x'bF f bkmf !#
cg';f/sf] vr{ ldgfxf ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] /fhZj
Gofoflws/0fsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] x'bF f ;b/ x'gk' 5{
eGg] ;d]t ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
b'j} kIfsftk{maf6 k|:t't ePsf] ax;
;'gL ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b'li6ut u/L
z'? lg0f{onfO{ s]xL pN6L ug]{ u/]sf] /fhZj
Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5,
5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
o;df, @)^@.@.!% df k|ToyL{ pBf]usf]
cf=j= @)%*%(sf] k|f/lDes s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z
ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no sf7df8f}s
F f]
ldlt @)^@.#.!% sf] lg0f{o krf{af6 cf=j=
@)%*.)%( df /] z fsf sk8fsf] df} H bft
=*^,(%,)*!.%# x'gk' g]d{ f =^%,&(,&!&. b]vfO{
;f] laqmL nfutaf6 36fO{ =@!,!%,#^$. %#
laqmL nfut vr{ a9L bfjL x'g cfPsf] b]lvPsf]
a9L sL lnPsf] nfut vr{ sL glbg],
;~rosf]ifdf Aofh ltg]{ bfloTj s/bftfsf]

gePsf]df Joxf]g{' gkg]{ bfloTj Joxf]/L sL lnPsf]
Aofh vr{ sL glbg], /3'klt h'6 ldN;nfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf] /sdsf] Aofh bfjL u/L nufgL cfo sfod
ug],{ Aofh vr{dWo] ;:k]G; vftfaf6 Aofh vr{
vftfdf ;f/L o; cf=j=;Fu ;DalGwt gb]lvPsf]
Aofh vr{ sL glbg], Joj;fo;Fu+ c;DalGwt
nfut vr{ sL glbg], ut cf=j= ;Fu ;DalGwt
;jf/L ;fwg ;~rfng vr{ sL glbg], ef/tdf
eG;f/ lt/]sf] lgof{t vr{ laqmLsf zt{adf]lhd
jLn d"Non] g;d]6g\ ] cfo cfh{g;Fu c;DalGwt
/ cfk"mn] Joxf]g{' gkg]{ vr{ Joxf]/L vr{ sL
lnPsf] /sd sL glbg] u/L ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f
lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f
cfb]zpk/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ul/kfpFm egL
k|ToyL{ pBf]usf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lgj]bgdf cfGtl/s
/fhZj ljefujf6 @)^#.(.^ df ;f]xL lg0f{o ;b/
u/L lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lg0f{opk/ k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bgpk/ /fhZj Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n]
nfut vr{ a9L bfjL ul/Psf] eg]sf] /sd
=@!,!%,#^$.%#, ;fk6L lbPsf] /sdsf] Aofh
=@,(#,%^(.#(, 9' j fgL vr{ ; d] t sf]
=$&,^(,((&. v"b cfodf ;dfj]z gx'g] egL
ldGxf x'g] u/L lg0f{o u/]sf]df ;f]pk/ k/]sf] 7"nf
s/bftf sfof{nosf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6
/fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf]
v08 -3_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg
eO{ lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] cj:yf /x]5 .
k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kqdf d"ntM cf=j=
@)%*)%( df k|ToyL{af6 pTkflbt s]xL sk8f
df} H bft /x] s f] / o:tf sk8fsf] d" N o
=*^,(%,)*!.%# ljkIfL pBf]usf] lx;fjdf
b]lvPsf] t/ o;dWo] s]xL sk8f cfunfuL eO{
gf]S;fg ePsf], o;/L gf]S;fg ePsf] sk8fsf]
aLdf bfjL ubf{ a9L /sd b]vfP klg pBf]un]
cfgf] lx;fj vftfdf sfod u/]sf]] d"No g}
sfod x'gk' g],{ k|ToyL{ pBf]un] C0f bfloTj Joxf]/L
1125
/x]sf] cj:yfdf cGo pBf]unfO{ ;fk6L lbPsf]

/sdnfO{ nufgL / ;f] a}s
+ af6 lnPsf] C0fdf
a'emfpg' kg]{ Aofhsf] b/cg';f/ g} pQm /sddf
sfod x'g] AofhnfO{ nufgL cfo dfGg'kg]{ /
ef/tLo If]qsf] 9'jfgL / ef/tLo ;/sf/nfO{
lt/]sf] eG;f/nfO{ k|ToyL{ pBf]un] vr{ sLsf]
bfjL ug{ gkfpg] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
o; ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{ d"ntM lgDg sfg"gL
k|Zgxsf] lg/fs/0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof]M
-s_ df}Hbft /x]sf] ;fdfgdWo] s]xL ;fdfgx
cfunfuL jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] gf]S;fg
ePdf ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{sf] gfkmf
gf]S;fg lx;fj tof/ ubf{ o;/L gf]S;fg
ePsf] ;fdfgsf] d"NonfO{{ nfut d"Nosf]
?kdf vr{ dfGotf lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu
s/bftfn] /fv]sf] lx;fjdf b]vfOPsf]
df}Hbft ;fdfgsf] d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfGg]
xf] jf gf]S;fgLsf] aLdf bfjL ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] d"NonfO{ dfGotf
lbg] <
-v_ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ egL a}s
+ af6 C0f
lnO{ ;f]df nfUg] AofhnfO{ cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf !$ cg';f/ vr{ sfsf]
bfjL ul/lng] s/bftf pBf]un] cGo
JolQmnfO{ lgJof{hL ;fk6L lbPsf]] cj:yfdf
To:tf] ;fk6Lsf] /sddf nfUg ;Sg] Aofhsf]
/sdnfO{ v"b cfodf ;dfa]z ug{ ;lsG5
jf ;lsFbg} <
-u_ laqmL ePsf] ;fdfgdf ef/tLo ;/sf/nfO{
e'QmfgL u/]sf] eG;f/, s/ tyf ef/tLo
If]qdf 9'jfgL ug{sf] nflu ePsf] vr{
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !#-u_ cg';f/
sL ug{ kfpg] vr{ dflgG5 jf dflgFbg} <
@= klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{,
s'g} cfly{s jif{df df}Hbft /x]sf] j:t'dWo] s]xL
j:t' cfunfuL jf cGo sf/0fn] gf]S;fg ePdf

;f] cfly{s jif{sf] cfo u0fgf ug{sf] nflu o;/L
gf]S;fg ePsf] j:t'sf] nfut vr{sf] /sd s;/L
lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] af/]df cfos/ P]g, @)%* df
5'} Joj:yf gul/Psf] x'gfn] of] k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f
ubf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-!_ df ul/Psf]
Joj:yfnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . df}Hbft
/x]sf] ;fdfgsf] laqmL ubf{ k|fKt ePsf] laqmL
d"NoeGbf pQm df}Hbft /x]sf] ;fdfgsf] nfut
vr{ a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] ;fdfg laqmL lg;u{_ ubf{ gf]S;fg x'g] x'bF f pQm a9L x'g hfg]
nfut vr{sf] /sdnfO{ cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu vr{df bfjL ug{ kfpg] eGg] s'/f cfos/
P] g , @)%* sf] bkmf !%-!_ df ul/Psf]
Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . o;/L df}Hbft ;fdfg
laqmL -lg;u{_ ubf{ ePsf] gf]S;fgLsf] /sd osLg
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu df}Hbft /x]sf] ;fdfgsf]
nfut vr{ s;/L osLg ug]{ eGg] af/]df pQm
P]gsf] bkmf !%-@_, bkmf !%-#_ tyf bkmf !%-$_
df ul/Psf] Joj:yf x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 .
#= cfosf/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !%-@_
n] bkmf !%-!_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu df}Hbft
;fdfgsf] nfut vr{ sL ug{ kfpg] /sd
lgwf{/0f ug]{ tl/sfsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ut cfly{s jif{af6 ;l/cfPsf] df}Hbft
-h;nfO{ z'? df}Hbft klg dflgG5_ / ;DalGwt
cfly{s jif{ -k|:t't ljjfbdf cf=j= @)%*.%(_
sf] Jofkf/ df}Hbft;d]t u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf]
df}Hbftsf] kl/sNkgf u/L o; k|sf/sf df}Hbftsf]
nfut d"No jf vr{ klg km/s x'g ;Sg] u/L
pQm bkmf !%-!_ df Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;} u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-#_ tyf !%-$_
df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ df}Hbft /x]sf]
;fdfgsf] nfut d"No tyf clGtd d"Nosf]
/sd klg km/s x'g] / nfut d"NoeGbf clGtd
d"No sd x'g klg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L pQm bkmf !%-$_ cg';f/ df}Hbftsf]
1126
clGtd d"No lgwf{/0f x'Fbf df}Hbftsf] nfut

d"NoeGbf clGtd d"No cyf{t\ laqmL d"No sd
ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq bkmf !% -@_ df lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] tl/sfcg';f/ bkmf !%-!_ cg';f/
nfutsf] vr{ sL ug{ kfOg] /sd olt x'g]
eGg] osLg x'G5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-@_, !%#_ tyf !%-$_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{
;dli6ut ?kdf x]bf{ df}Hbft /x]sf] j:t'sf]
laqmL d"No, ;f]sf] vr{ nfut -d"No_ eGbf sd
ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq df}Hbft /x]sf] j:t' laqmL
x'Fbf k|fKt /sdaf6 ;f] j:t' pTkfbg jf k|fKt
ubf{ nfu]sf] nfut vr{ klg p7\tL jf c;"n
gePsf] cj:yfdf dfq pQm df}Hbftsf] laqmLdf
gf]S;fg ePsf] dflgg] x'G5 / o;/L c;"n jf
p7\tL x'g g;s]sf] /sdnfO{ g} nfut vr{sf]
?kdf sL ug{ kfpg] eGg] s'/f pQm P]gsf]
bkmf !% df ul/Psf] plNnlvt Joj:yfxaf6
:ki6 x'G5 . o;}n] df}Hbft /x]sf] s'g} j:t'
cfunfuL jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] gf]S;fgL ePdf
o:tf] j:t'sf] laqmL x'g] cj:yf gx'Fbf o:tf]
j:t'sf] jhf/ d"No jf lg;u{ jf laqmLaf6 k|fKt
x'g] /sd jf laqmL d"No klg z"Go x'g] x'Fbf bkmf
!%-@_ cg';f/ nfut vr{ sL x'g] /sd osLg
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu o;sf] ahf/ d"No klg
z"Go x'g] x'bF f gf]S;fgL ePsf] df}Hbftsf] clGtd
d"No / clGtd nfut Pp6} x'g] x'Fbf nfut
d"NonfO{ g} bkmf !%-!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
df}Hbft ;fdfgsf] nfut vr{ jf d"No dfGg'kg]{
b]lvof] .
$= ca cfly{s jif{ @)%*.)%( sf]
cjlwdf ljkIfL pBf]usf] Joj;foaf6 ePsf]
cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu pQm cf=j= df
df}Hbft /x]sf] ;fdfgdWo] cfunfuLdf k/L gf]S;fg
ePsf] ;fdfgsf] nfutafkt slt /sd gf]S;fgL
cyf{t\ nfut vr{df sL ug{ kfpg] xf] eGg]
ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf ljj]rgf
ul/Psf] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-!_ b]lv bkmf !%
-$_ ;Dddf ul/Psf] Joj:yfxnfO{ x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 .

df}Hbft /x]sf] pTkflbt ;fdfg lkmlg; :6s
@$#**&=^% dL6/ /x]sf] / ;f]dWo] cfunfuLaf6
gf]S;fg eO{ aLdf bfjL ul/Psf] ;fdfgx pTkflbt sk8f_ sf] kl/df0f hDdf !%!#!(=*
ld6/ -;'l6 lkmlg; %%*#) dL6/ / ;l6{
lkmlg; (%$*(.* dL6/ /x] ePsf] / pQm
;fdfgxsf] k|ltld6/ d"No ;'l6tkm{sf] =^#.^&
;l6{tkm{sf] =#&)# eO{ gf]S;fg ePsf] pQm
gf]S;fg ;fdfgsf] d"No qmdzM =#%,%$,^(!=!
tyf =#%,#%,(*&=@( ;d] t hDdf
=&),(),^*#. ePsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
o;} u/L df}Hbft /x]sf] pTkflbt ;fdfg lkmlg;
:6s_ sf] hDdf d"No =!,!&,!$,(@( /
=$),&!,#$@. ;d]t hDdf =!,%&,*^,@&!.
/x]sf] s'/f klg lglj{jfb b]lvG5 . of] tYonfO{
ljkIfL pBf]usf] ldlt @)^@.@.@^ sf] kqaf6
lghn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ljkIfL pBf]un]
gf]S;fg ePsf] sk8f !%!#!(=* dL6/sf]
d"Nofg ubf{ cfkmFn
} ] :jLsf/ u/]sf] d"NoeGbf
a9L d"No /fvL =(@,)^,%%$. sfod u/L
pQm /sd df}Hbftdf /x]sf] sk8fsf] d"Nofg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cfkm"n] /fv]sf] lx;fj
lstfjdf df}Hbft /x]sf] sk8fsf] nfut d"No
lgwf{/0f ubf{ sd d"No b]vfpg] t/ pQm df}Hbft
sk8fdWo] s} gf]S;fg ePsf] sk8fsf] d"Nofg
ubf{ d"No a9L b]vfPsf] sf/0fn] df}Hbft /x]sf]
sk8fsf] d"No s]jn =^%,&(,&!&. dfq
b]vfPsf] sf/0fn] =@!,!%,#^$.%# laqmL nfut
a9L bfjL u/]sf] -cyf{t\ gf]S;fg ePsf] sk8fsf]
a9L d"No bfjL u/]sf]_ b]lvg'sf] ;fy} o:tf] sfo{
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !%-!_, bkmf !%@_, bkmf !%-#_ tyf bkmf !%-$_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
b]lvof] . o;/L pQm P]gsf] plNnlvt bkmfxdf
ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L gf]S;fg
ePsf] sk8fsf] d"No a9L x'g] u/L d"Nofg
u/]sf] sf/0fn] =@!,!%,#^$.%# a9L laqmL nfut
1127
vr{ bfjL u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ pQm

/sdnfO{ vr{ dfGotf lbPsf] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fsf] ldlt @)^$.#.!( sf] km};nf
pQm bkmf !% sf] ljk/Lt b]lvPsf] x'bF f ;f]
xb;Dd pN6L e} pQm /sdsf ;DaGwdf 7"nf
s/bftf sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
%= bf];f| ] k|Zg, cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf]
bkmf !$ sf] k|of]u / k|of]hg;Fu ;DalGwt
b]lvG5 . cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ cfkm";uF
kof{Kt gub df}Hbft gePsf] egL C0f lnO{
;f]df Aofh ltg]{ / o;/L lt/]sf] Aofhsf] /sdnfO{
s/ nfUg] cfo lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu vr{
bfjL u/L sf ug]{ s'g} s/bftf pBf]u, JolQm jf
lgsfon] cGo JolQm jf sDkgL jf lgsfonfO{
lgAof{hL ;fk6L jf C0f lbPsf] cj:yfdf s/bftf
cfkmFn
} ] Aofh ltg]{ u/L lnPsf] C0fsf] /sdnfO{
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ lnPsf] C0f egL dfGotf
lbg ;lsG5 jf ;lsFb}g / o;/L C0f lng]
JolQmn] lnPsf] C0f /sddWo]af6 c?nfO{ lbPsf]
lgAof{hL ;fk6Lsf] /sddf nfUg] Aofhsf] /sdnfO{
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$ cg';f/ vr{
sf ug{ kfOG5 ls kfOFbg} eGg] k|Zg g} d"n
?kdf lg/fs/0f ug{k' g]{ b]lvof] . s'g} s/bftf
JolQmn] s'g} cfo jif{df cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{sf nflu lnPsf] C0fdf lt/]sf] Aofhsf]
/sdnfO{ ;f] cfly{s jif{sf] cfo u0fgf ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ sf ug{ kfpg] eGg] af/]df
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$ df Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmf !$ df ul/Psf] ;du|
Joj:yfsf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg x]bf{ s'g} s/bftf
JolQmn] cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu
cfjZos d]l;g, pks/0f h'6fpg] nufot
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ /sd
cfkm";uF g/x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm /sd h'6fpg
a}s
+ , ljlQo ;+:yf jf cGo JolQmaf6 C0f lng
;Sg] / o:tf] qmddf lt/]sf] jf ltg{k' g]{ ePsf]
AofhnfO{ cfgf] Joj;foaf6 ePsf] cfo u0fgf
ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu vr{ s6[f ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf

k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ of] ;'ljwf lg/k]If
geO{ pQm bkmf !$ df g} lgwf{l/t zt{x k"/f
u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq pQm Jofhsf] /sdnfO{
Joj;flos vr{sf] ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt x'g]
b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf !$-!_-s_ / -v_ df
ul/Psf] ;du| Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{ egL lnPsf] C0fdf lt/]sf] jf ltg{ kg]{
ePsf] Aofh /sd vr{ s6[f ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf
k|fKt ug{sf] nflu lgDg zt{x k"/f u/]sf] x'gk' g]{
b]lvG5 M
-s_ h'g cfly{s jif{df C0f lnPsf] xf] ;f] C0f
;f]xL cfly{s jif{df k|of]u ePsf] jf ;f]
jif{df k|of]u ePsf s'g} ;DklQ v/Lb ug{
k|of]u ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
-v_ k|fKt ul/Psf] C0f jf o;sf] bfloTj cfgf]
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ jf cfo cfh{g ug]{
sfddf dfq k|of]u ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
^= pk/f]Qm sfg"gL zt{x x]bf{ Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ jf Joj;flos k|of]hgsf] nflu
lnPsf] C0f cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu k|fKt
u/]sf] / k|of]u x'gk' g]{ b]lvG5 . s'g} C0fsf] /sd
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ sfddf k|of]u gePsf] jf
cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfddf k|of]u gePsf] cj:yfdf
o:tf] C0fdf lt/]sf] jf ltg{ kg]{ ePsf] Aofhsf]
/sdnfO{ cfo u0fgf ubf{ vr{ s6[f ug{ gkfpg]
ePkl5 cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ cfkm";uF
gub /sd gePsf] egL s'g} cfly{s aif{df C0f
lng] s'g} JolQm jf s/bftfn] ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df
cGo s'g} JolQm jf kmd{nfO{ Aofh lnO{ jf glnO{
h'g;'s} zt{df ;fk6L jf C0f lbPsf] cj:yfdf
o:tf] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] C0fsf] /sd k"0f{?kdf
cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ jf cfo cfh{g
ug]{ sfo{df k|of]u ePsf] 5 egL dfGg ;lsg]
cj:yf x'bF g} . of] s'/f o;/L C0f lng] s/bftfn]
1128
cGo s'g} JolQm jf kmd{nfO{ clwljsif{ ;'ljwf jf

pwf/f]df ;fdfg laqmL u/]sf] jf pwf/f] laqmL
-Credit limit_ lbPsf] cj:yfdf klg nfu" x'G5 .
cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ gub /sd ck'u
ePsf] egL C0f lng] / ;f] C0fdf lt/]sf] AofhnfO{
vr{df sL ug]{ jf vr{ sLsf] bfjL ug]{ t/
cfkm";uF ePsf] gub /sd cGo JolQmnfO{ s'g}
Joxf]/fn] ;fk6L lbPsf] cj:yfdf o;/L ;fk6L
lbPsf] /sdnfO{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ jf cfo
cfh{g ug{ k|of]u ePsf] /sd egL eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf xFb' g} . o;}n] ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{df
k|fKt u/]sf] hDdf C0f dWo]af6 cGo JolQmnfO{
lbPsf] ;fk6Lsf] /sd sf u/]kl5 dfq ;DalGwt
s/bftf JolQmn] cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{
jf cfo cfh{g ug{sf] nflu lnPsf] C0fsf]
jf:tljs /sd osLg x'g ;Qm5 / lghn] pQm
P] g sf] bkmf !$ cg' ; f/ C0fdf lt/] s f]
Aofhafkt vr{ sf ug{ kfpg] /sd klg
osLg x'g ;Qm5 . o;/L cfgf] Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ cfkm";Fu gub /sd ck'u ePsf]
eGg] cfwf/df C0f lng], o:tf] C0fsf] Aofh
vr{ sf ug]{ t/ o;/L C0f lng] s/bftf
JolQmn] cGo JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] ;fk6L jf C0fsf]
/sddf nfUg] jf nfUg ;Sg] Aofh cfodf
;dfj]z gug]{ jf lgAof{hL ;fk6Lsf] /sdnfO{
hDdf C0f /sdaf6 g36fpg] xf] eg] o;af6
pQm P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] Joj:yfsf] b'?kof]u
x'g'sf] ;fy} s/ bfloTj sd ug]{ jf s/ bfloTj
5Ng] ;+oGqsf] ?kdf pQm bkmf !$ sf] Joj:yf
k|of]u x'g ;S5 .
&= pk/f]Qm cj:yf jf kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf
x'gaf6 /f]Sgsf] nflu s'g} s/bftfsf] s/ nfUg]
cfo u0fgf ug]{ qmddf lgDg b'Od
{ Wo] s'g} Ps
ljsNk jf tl/sf cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 /
clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ lgsfoxn] klg Jojxf/df
lgDg b'O{dWo] s'g} Ps ljsNk tyf tl/sf
cjnDag ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5M
-s_ ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{df lnPsf] hDdf C0f

/sdaf6 ;fk6L lbPsf] /sd / Aofh jf
lgAof{hL h] eP klg s6[f u/L afFsL /x]sf]
C0f /sddf dfq nfUg] Aofhsf] u0fgf
u/L o:tf] AofhnfO{ dfq vr{ s6[f ug]{ jf
vr{ dfGotf lbg] .
-v_ C0f /sdaf6 ;fk6L lbPsf] /sd g36fpg]
t/ h'g b/df C0fsf] Aofh e'QmfgL ePsf]
5 ;f]xL b/df ;fk6L lbPsf] /sdsf] Aofh
u0fgf u/L o:tf] /sdnfO{ nufgL cfodf
u0fgf u/L s/ nfUg] cfo jf v"b cfo
lgwf{/0f u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
*= k|:t't ljjfbdf pk/f]Qm b'O{ ljsNkdWo]
kl5Nnf] ljsNk tyf tl/sfnfO{ cjnDag u/L
ljkIfL pBf]usf] cf=j= @)%*.%( sf] s/ lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL pBf]un] cf=j= @)%*.%(
df hDdf =#@,@&,)&,)$). C0f lnO{ ;f]df
jflif{s !!=% k|ltztsf b/n] =#,**,^%,!@(.
Aofh vr{ bfjL u/]sf] / ;f] /sdnfO{ s/ lgwf{/0f
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ dfGotf lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
t/ ;f]xL cjlwdf ljkIfL s/bftf pBf]un] cGo
kmd{nfO{ lbPsf] =!,)),)),))). lgJof{hL
;fk6Lsf] /sdnfO{ nufgL dfgL ;f]df !!=%
k|ltztsf b/n] x'g] =@,(#,%^(.#( nfO{ nufgL
cfosf] ?kdf u0fgf u/L k'g/fj]bs 7"nf s/bftf
sfof{non] ljkIfL pBf]usf] s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L a}s
+ xaf6 C0f lnO{ pQm C0fdf
a}s
+ nfO{ e'QmfgL /x]sf] Aofhsf] /sdnfO{ vr{
s6[f ug]{ ljkIfL s/bftf pBf]un] cGo kmd{nfO{
lbPsf] lgAof{ h L ;fk6Lsf] /sd
=!,)),)),))). nfO{ nufgL dfgL ;f] /sddf
a}s
+ nfO{ lt/]sf] Aofhsf] b/ cyf{t\ jflif{s !!=%
k|ltztn] x'g] /sdnfO{ nufgL cfosf] ?kdf
u0fgf u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ 7"nf s/bftf
sfof{nosf] lg0f{o cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
!$-!_ cg'sn
" eP u/]sf] x'bF f ;f] /sdnfO{ v"b
1129
cfodf ;dfj]z gu/L vr{ ldGxf lbPsf] /fhZj

Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] lg0f{o pQm P]gsf]
bkmf !$-!_ sf] p2]Zo, dd{ / k|fjwfg ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt eO{ q'l6k"0f{ b]lvof] .
(= ca t];f| ] k|Zg cyf{t\ ljkIfL pBf]un]
cf=j= @)%*.%( df lgof{t laqmL u/]sf] ;fdfgdf
ef/tLo ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] eG;f/ z'Nssf]
/sd / v/Lbstf{nfO{ ;fdfg a'emfpg 8]lne/L
KjfOG6af6 ef/tLo If]q cyf{t\ v/Lbstf{sf]
ef/tl:yt uf]bfd;Dd laqmL ePsf] ;fdfgsf]
9'jfgL ef8fafktsf] vr{ /sdnfO{ cfocfh{g
ug{sf] nflu eP u/]sf] vr{sf] ?kdf dfGotf
lbg] jf glbg] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ cfos/
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# df ul/Psf] Joj:yf
x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . pQm Joj:yf x]bf{ sf/f]jf/;Fu
;DalGwt s'g} vr{nfO{ s6[L ug]{ ;'ljwf k|fKt
ug{ s/bftfn] lgDg tLg tYox k|dfl0ft ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 .
-s_ ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{df ePsf] vr{
-v_ ;DalGwt s/bftf JolQmaf6 g} vr{ ePsf]
eGg] tYoo'Qm k|df0f
-u_ vr{ egL bfjL ul/Psf] /sd Joj;foaf6
cfo cfh{g ug]{ jf x'g] sfo{df g} eP
u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] j:t'lgi7 k|df0f .
!)= cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !#
df ul/Psf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yfdf x]bf{ cfo cfh{g
ug]{ sfdsf] nflu g} eP ul/Psf] eP klg
;DalGwt cfly{s jif{ afx]s cGo cfly{s jif{df
eP u/]sf vr{nfO{ cfo u0fgf ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu s6[f ug{ kfOG5 eGg] xf]Og . o:tf] vr{
h'g cfly{s jif{sf] cfo u0fgf ubf{ bfjL ePsf]
xf], ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df ul/Psf] jf vr{ e'QmfgL
ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . o;}u/L ;DalGwt s/bftf
-h;sf] cfo u0fgf ul/Psf] xf]_ cfkmF}n] g} bfjL
ul/Psf] vr{ e'Qmfg u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ / o:tf] vr{
cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfdsf] nflu g} ePsf] x'g'kg]{

eGg] klg pk/f]Qm Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 .
pQm Joj:yfcg';f/ s'g} s/bftfn] s'g} cfly{s
jif{df u/]sf] vr{ cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{;Fu
;DalGwt gb]lvPdf o:tf] vr{nfO{ s/of]Uo
cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ dfGotf lbg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} .
csf]{ s'/f vr{ sLsf] nflu bfjL ul/Psf] s'g}
vr{sf] /sd cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu eP
u/]sf] eg]/ dfq x'Fb}g . of] s'/f vr{;DaGwL
aLn, ef}r/ jf laqmL jf v/Lb ;Demf}tfaf6
lglj{jfb ?kdf ;dy{g ePsf] x'gk' b{5 . agfj6L,
clgoldt jf ;DalGwt Joj;fodf dfGo
k|rngljk/Lt tof/ ePsf] jf zt{ /x]sf] b]lvg]
ljn, ef}r/, v/Lb jf laqmL cfb]z jf v/Lb
laqmL ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df o:tf] vr{ ;dy{g
x'g ;Qm}g / o:tf ljn, ef}r/, v/Lb jf laqmL
cfb]z jf v/Lb laqmL ;Demf}tfsf zt{xnfO{
s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cdfGo
7flgG5 . cGoyf s/ /fhZj 5Ng] 5nfpg]
sfddf o:tf cjf:tljs, cJojxfl/s tyf
j:t' laqmL;DaGwL /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ljlw
tyf dfGo k|rngljk/Lt x'g] u/L lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf zt{x /flvPsf v/Lb laqmL ;Demf}tf
tyf aLn, ef} r /xsf] clgolGqt tyf
csNkgLo k|of]u x'g ;Sg] jf:tljstfnfO{
OGsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g .
!!= k|:t't ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf x]bf{
cfly{s jif{ @)%*.%( df ljkIfL pBf]un] pTkfbg
u/] s f h' 6 sf ;fdfgx ljleGg ef/tLo
kmd{xnfO{ laqmL u/]sf] / o:tf j:t' v/Lb u/L
ef/tdf cfoft ug]{ ljleGg ef/tLo kmd{xn]
ef/t ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] eG;f/ z'Ns /
ef/tdf ePsf] 9'jfgL vr{;d]t =$&,^(,((&.
-ef/tLo eG;f/df lt/]sf] =$%,)*,&*!. /
ef/tLo If]qdf ePsf] 9'jfgL ef8f =@,^!,@!^.
;d]t_ ljkIfL pBf]un] vr{ s6\6Lsf] bfjL u/]sf]
t/ k'g/fj]bs s/ sfof{non] clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f
1130
ubf{ ef/tLo eG;f/df ef/tLo ;/sf/nfO{ lt/]sf]

eG;f/ z'Ns / ef/tLo If]qdf ePsf] 9'jfgL
ef8fsf] /sdsf] ?kdf bfjL ul/Psf] vr{ Joxf]g{]
bfloTj ljkIfL s/bftf pBf]u -laqm]tf_ sf] gePsf]
eGg] cfwf/ b]vfO{ pQm =$&,^(,((&.nfO{
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# cg';f/ vr{
s6\6L ug{ gldNg] egL pQm /sdnfO{ v"b cfodf
;dfj]z ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{opk/
ljkIfL pBf] u sf] k' g /fj] b g k/L /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/n] s/bftf pBf] u
-k'g/fj]bs_ / v/Lbstf{aLr ePsf] laqmL
;Demf}tfdf ;fdfg cfk"lt{ ug]{ 7fpF Pkm=cf]=lj=
-FOB_ hf]ujgL, ;'gf}nL /x] ePsf] / s/bftf
pBf]u -k'g/fj]bs_ n] pTkfbg u/]sf] ;fdfg
v/Lbstf{;dIf k'ofpFbf ePsf] aLnadf]lhdsf]
vr{ egL pQm vr{nfO{ s6[L ug{ kfpg] egL
vr{ ldGxf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f
lj/f6gu/sf] pQm lg0f{odf lnPsf] cfwf/ /
ldGxf lbPsf] s' / f k| r lnt sfg" g , j:t'
laqmL;DaGwL dfGo k|rng / Jojxf/ cg's"n
5 jf 5}g eGg] k|Zg ;j{k|yd lg/fs/0f u/]/
dfq pQm /sdnfO{ vr{ dfGotf lbg] lg0f{o
ldn]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug{'kg]{
b]lvof] .
!@= cf=j= @)%*.%( df k|ToyL{ s/bftf
pBf]un] ljleGg ef/tLo kmd{xnfO{ ;fdfg
laqmL ug]{ ;Demf}tf -Agreement_ ubf{ ljleGg
kmd{;uF u/]sf] ;Demf}tf -Agreement_ sf] Joxf]/f
x]bf{ s'gd} f delivery at CIF Sunauli eGg] Joxf]/f
n]vL Above rate includes all expenses from
factory gate to Sunauli custom egL pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] s'gd} f delivery at CIF Jogbani
egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;f]emf]
cy{ laqmL ;Demf}tf -Plu|d]G6_ df pNn]v
ul/Psf] laqmL d" N oleq ljkIfL pBf] u sf]
sf/vfgfb]lv ;'gf}nL jf hf]ujgL;Dd k'ofpFbf
nfUg] 9'jfgL tyf aLdf vr{ klg ;dfj]z
ePsf] dflgg] eGg] a'lemG5 . To;} u/L Delivery

at CIF Sunauli or CIF Jogbani eGg' s f]
:jfefljs cy{ v/Lbstf{ ef/tLo kmd{nfO{
;Demf} t fdf plNnlvt ;fdfg ;' g f} n L jf
hf]ujgLdf a'emfpg] / lghn] ToxLF a'lemlng]
eGg] a'lemG5 . lgof{t Jofkf/ jf Ps b]zdf
pTkflbt j:t' csf]{ b]zdf laqmL ubf{ x'g] j:t'
laqmL;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -Agreement_ df laqmL
ePsf] j:t' laqmLstf{n] h'g 7fpFdf v/Lbstf{nfO{
a'emfpg] xf] ;f] :yfg;Ddsf] 9'jfgL tyf aLdf
vr{ s;n] Joxf]g]{ eGg] s'/f pNn]v ul/G5 . of]
s'/f pNn]v ubf{ laqmL ePsf] j:t' laqmLstf{n]
laqmL ePsf] j:t' v/Lbstf{ jf lghsf] Ph]G6nfO{
a'emfpg] 7fpF pNn]v u/L ;f] 7fpF;Dd laqmL
ePsf] j:t' 9'jfgL ug]{ ef8f / laqmL ePsf]
j:t'sf] d"No dfq laqmL aLn -Sale invoice_ jf
laqmL ;Demf}tf -Agreement_ df plNnlvt
d"Nodf ;dfj]z ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] klg
x'g ;Qm5 . cGt/f{li6o j:t' laqmL;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o rng rNtLsf] zJbdf o:tf] d"NonfO{
FOB -Pkm=cf]=la=_ d"No elgG5 eg] pQm laqmL
aLn jf laqmL ;Demf}tf -Agreement_ df
plNnlvt d"Nodf j:t'sf] d"No, 9'jfgL ef8fsf]
cltl/Qm gf]S;fgL aLdfsf] vr{;d]t ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] cj:yfdf CIF -l;=cfO{=Pkm=_ d"No Cost insurence and frieght_ elgG5 . o:tf] zt{
/x]sf] s'/f hgfpg CIF, Delivery at === eGg]
klg k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . FOB d"No jf CIF
d"NodWo] h'g d"No j:t' laqmLsf] ;Demf}tf
-Agreement_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] eP klg oL
b'Od
{ Wo] aLdfsf] /sd laqmL d"Nodf ;dfj]z
ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] hgfpg] dfq xf] / o;n]
v/Lbstf{n] a'emfpg kg]{ eG;f/ dx;"n tyf
lghn] ;fdfg a'lemlnPkl5sf] 9'jfgL ef8f klg
j:t' laqmLstf{n] g} a'emfpg kg]{ eGg] cy{ ug{
ldNb}g . h'g ljGb"df ;fdfg a'emfpg] elgPsf]
5 Tof]eGbf kl5sf] vr{ v/Lbstf{ cfkmFn
} ] Joxf]g'{
1131
kg]{ eGg] s'/f cGt/f{li6o:t/df dfGo k|rngsf]

?kdf dfGotf lbOg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 .
!#= pk/f]Qm ljj]rgfsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL
s/bftf pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf j:t' ljleGg
ef/tLo kmd{xnfO{ laqmL ubf{ ;f] af/]df ePsf
;Demf}tf -Agreement_ df delivery at CIF
;'gf}nL, hf]ujgL egL pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf
pQm ;fdfgsf] v/Lbstf{ ef/tLo kmd{xn]
;'gf}nL jf hf]ujgLdf ;fdfg a'g' kg]{ ePkl5
oL kmd{xn] ef/tLo eG;f/df a'emfpg' kg]{
eG;f/ z'Ns / ef/tLo If]qsf] 9'jfgL;d]t
ljkIfL pBf]un] e'QmfgL u/]sf] jf Joxf]/]sf] egL
o:tf] vr{nfO{ dfGotf lbg' eg]sf] j:t' laqmL
;DaGwL plNnlvt ;Demf}tf -Agreement_ sf]
delivery at CIF, Sunauli or Jogbani eGg]
zt{xsf] ck JofVof dfq geO{ cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf !# sf] 7f8f] pNn+3g ;d]t x'g
hfg] b]lvof] .
!$= pk/f] Q m k| s /0fdf ljj] r gf
ul/Pcg';f/ ljkIfL pBf]un] ef/tLo eG;f/df
a'emfPsf] elgPsf] =$%,)*,&*!. / ef/tLo
If]qdf ePsf] 9'jfgLafkt vr{ u/]sf] elgPsf]
=@,^!,@!^.;d]t =$&,^(,((&.nfO{ vr{
dfGotf lbg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf]]
lg0f{o j:t' laqmL ;DaGwL plNnlvt dfGo l;4fGt,
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !# tyf k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{
q'l6k"0f{ eO{ ;f] xb;Dd pN6L x'g] 7x5{ .
!%= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
cfunfuLdf k/L gf]S;fgL ePsf] sk8fsf] gf]S;fgL
ePsf] kl/df0fsf] d"No;DaGwL ljkIfL cfkm}n
+ ]
/fv]sf] n]vf ;|:] tfaf6 k|dfl0ft lx;fjaf6 b]lvg]
d" N onfO{ cGoyf u/L laqmL nfut
=@!,!%,#^$.%# a9L bfjL ul/Psf]n] ;f] /sd
s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] / ;fy} Pp6}
Joj:yfkg ePsf] /3'klt h'6 ldN;nfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ lbOPsf] !,)),)),))).=sf] a}s
+ b/cg';f/
x'g cfpg] Aofh =@,(#,%^(.#( tyf ef/tLo

If]qsf] 9'jfgL ef8f / ef/tdf lt/]sf] eG;f/
=$&,^(,((&. nfO{ ;d]t s/of]Uo cfodf
;dfj]z ug]{ 7x/ ePsf]n] pQm /sdnfO{ vr{sf]
?kdf ldGxf lbg] u/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0f
lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^$.#.!( sf] km};nf ;f]
xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm km};nf s]xL pN6L
eO{ plNnlvt vr{ /sdxnfO{ vr{ dfGotf
glbg] u/L 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] @)^@.#.!%
sf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f, ldlt @)^@.#.@) sf]
clGtd s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf cfGtl/s /fhZj
ljefusf] ldlt @)^@.(.& sf] lg0f{o sfod x'G5 .
c? tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"M{
tk;Ln
dfly 7x/v08df n]lvPadf]lhd /fhZj
Gofoflws/0f lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L
xg] 7x/ ePsf]n] b]xfoadf]lhd ug'{ egL 7"nf
s/bftf sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg" ====!
-s_ df}Hbft /x]sf] sk8fsf] hDdf nfut
d"Noaf6 cfunfuLaf6 gf]S;fg ePsf]
elgPsf] sk8fsf] d"No 36fpFbf df}Hbft
/x]sf] sk8fsf] nfut d"NoeGbf a9L
=@!,!%,#^$.%# laqmL nfut a9L bfjL
u/]sf] ldGxf x'g g;Sg] x'bF f To;nfO{ s/of]Uo
cfo sfod u/L sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] s/
tyf z'Ns c;"n ug"{ ==========!
-v_ a}s
+ xaf6 C0f lnO{ ljkIfL s/bftf pBf]un]
cGo kmd{nfO{ lbPsf] lgAof{hL ;fk6Lsf]
/sd =!,)),)),))). nfO{ nufgL dfgL
;f] /sddf a}s
+ nfO{ lt/]sf] Aofhsf] b/
cyf{t\ jflif{s !!=% k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
=@,(#,%^(.#( s/of]Uo cfo sfod x'g]
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] /sdsf] sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg]
s/ tyf z'Ns c;"n ug"{ ==== @
1132
**^# - g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=6]saxfb'/ lji6
hftLo lje]bhGo sfo{x JolQmsf]

;Ddfg / k|lti7fdf cfFr k'ofpg]
cfk/flws sfo{ xf] . o:tf ljs[lt /
la;Fultsf s'/fx x'g lbg gx'g] .
hftLo e]befjsf] s'/f All human
-u_ ef/tLo If]qsf] 9'jfgL ef8f / ef/tdf

lt/]sf] eG;f/ =$&,^(,((&. nfO{ ldGxf
gx'g] ePsf]n] ;f] /sdnfO{ s/of]Uo cfo
sfod u/L sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] s/ tyf
z'Ns c;"n ug"{ ======= #
beings are born free and equal in

dignity and rights eGg] dfgjlwsf/sf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n

lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" ====@
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn ebf} ^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] klg ljk/Lt

x'g hfG5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf] o:tf]
lje]bsf/L Jojxf/ / ;F:sf/sf] cGTo
ug'k{ 5{ . o:tf hftLo 5'jf5"t / lje]bsf]
cGTo ug]{ clek|fon] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$ df 5'jf5"t
tyf hftLo e]befj lj?4sf] xs k|bfg
u/L e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ b08gLo
dflgg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
&
lg0f{o g+= **^#
;jf]R{ r cbfnt,;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
)^^CR)^(&
km};nf ldltM @)^(.$.@@.@
d'2fM hftLo 5'jf5"t .

wd{/fh kf}8n
]
ljkIfL k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'nsL P]g cbnsf] dxnsf] !)-s_ g+=
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM uf]kfn ;"rLsf/sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn

;/sf/
lj?4
ljkIfL k|ltjfbLM lhNnf 8f]6L lbkfon l;nu9L
gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !$ a:g] 6]saxfb'/
lji6
km};nf
Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lbkfonsf] ldlt @)^^.*.@( sf]
km};nfpk/ jfbLsf] bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL lgj]bg
k/L Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_
adf]lhd lg:;f k|bfg eO{ o; cbfntsf]
If]qflwsf/leqsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
;lxt 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
ldlt )^%.@.! ut] rqm] g]kfnsf] ljjfx
kfs/L a:g] j]n' cfphL;+u x'g] ePsf]n] ljjfx
eO/x] s f] cj:yfdf u} / blnt 6] s axfb' /
lji6nufotsf @).@% hgf JolQmxn] ljjfxdf
z'? km};nf ug]M{

df=Gof=>L lxdfno/fh kf7s
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M
df=sf=d'=Gof=>L uf]ljGbs'df/ >]i7
df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb vgfn
1133
uPsf] uf]kfn ;"rLsf/;lxt cGo hGtLxnfO{

blnt hGtLn] 8f]nL af]Sg kfObFg} eGg] ljifo
lnO{ em} emu8f xftkft u/L uf]kfn ;"rLsf/
d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf /x]sf] / lgh;Fu ePsf]
cfwf tf]nf ;'gsf] l;qmL ?=$,))). gub / Ps
df]jfOn ;]6 n'l6Psf] x'+bf 3fphf+r kmf/d
ul/lbg'sf ;fy} Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{ kfpFm egL
h+uaxfb'/ ;"rLsf/n] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no 8f]6Ldf
lbPsf] ldlt @)^%.@.@ ut]sf] lgj]bg .
k"jd
{ f kfs/Laf6 h+un hfg] uf]/6] f] af6f],
klZrddf xs{axfb'/ kfsL{sf] b'Otn] kSsL 3/,
pQ/ euLl;+x kfsL{sf] b'Ot{ n] kSsL 3/, blIf0f
v]tjf/L olt rf/ lsNnfleq xs{axfb'/ kfsL{sf]
3/ glhs af6f]df s'6kL6 tyf hftLo 5'jf5"t
u/L ufnLunf}h ePsf] elgPsf] ldlt @)^%.@.*
ut]sf] 36gf:yn d'rN' sf .
d]/f] ef~hf rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnLsf] ljjfx
@)^%.@.! ut] kfs/L hfg] ePsf]n] ljjfx;+u}
hoGtL eO{ uPsf] x'F . ljjfx kfs/L ufpFsf]
dlGb/ glhs k'uL pQm :yfgdf b'nfxf jf]Sg]
8f]jL -sfkf]{6_ /fvL ysfO{ dfg{ a;]sf] j]nfdf
6]saxfb'/ lji6nufotsf cGo gfd yfxf
gePsf $.% hgf cfO{ b'nfxfnfO{ s'6kL6 ug{
yfn]sf]n] d}n] lsg s'6kL6 ug'{x'G5 eGbf pN6}
xfdLnfO{ 8'd rdf/x xfd|f] ufpFsf] af6f] ljjfx
Nofpg] egL 6]saxfb'/ lji6nufotsf glrg]sf]
$ hgf ;d]t cfO{ s'6kL6 u/L dnfO{ s'6kL6
ubf{ d;+u ePsf] gub ?=$,))). / ! tf]nf
;'gsf] l;qmL df]jfOn yfg ! ;d]t n'6L nu]sfn]
lghxnfO{ sfg"gL sf/jfxL u/L Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t
e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] uf]kfn
;"rLsf/sf] ldlt @)^%.@.( ut]sf] hfx]/L
b/vf:t .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] d 3/ glhs}sf]
lrof k;ndf lyPF . pQm lbg ljz'kj{ dgfpg
dlGb/df k"hf lyof] . a]n'sflt/ %.^ hgf
ckl/rt s]6fx cfO{ s] 5 of/ eg]sfn] d}n]
dnfO{ glrlgsg} lsg of/ eGg'x'G5 eGbf

jfbljjfb eO/x]sf] j]nf hfx]/jfnf klg cfO{
k'u]sf lyP . lghn] lsg emu8f ul//fv]sf]
eGbf lghnfO{ cn eGg] s]6fn] dnfO{ xftkft
u/L s'6lk6 ug{ yfn]kl5 lghn] uNtL eof]
eg]sf] lyof] . lghxn] /S;L ;]jg u/]sf
lyP . s'6kL6 ubf{ d]/f z/L/sf ljleGg efudf
rf]6 nfu]sf] xf] . hfx]/jfnfnfO{ sf] s;n]
s'6kL6 u/] yfxf ePg . hftLo 5'jf5"tsf]
;DaGwnfO{ lnO 8"d,rdf/ 9f]nL sfkf]{6df r9\g
kfOb}g . xfd|f] ufpFaf6 ljjfx Nofpg] egL
s;}n] eg]sf 5}gg . lgh hfx]/jfnfsf] df]jfOn,
l;qmL / gub nu]sf] eGg] s'/f klg em"7f xf]
hfx]/jfnf 3fOt] eof] eGg] s'/f d}n] ef]nL kN6
;'gL yfxf kfPsf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
6]saxfb'/ lji6n] ldlt @)^%.@.!$ ut] k|x/Ldf
u/]sf] jofg .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnLsf]
ljjfx kfs/L ufpFdf uPsf]n] d klg hGtL
uPsf] lyPF . ljjfx ;f] ufpFsf] dlGb/df k'uL
hGtLx cf/fd ul//x]sf] a]nf $.% hgf
s]6fs]6Lx cfO{ 8'd rdf/x xfd|f] ufpFsf]
af6f] ljjfx Nofpg], xfd|f] cufl8 sf/kf]6df
r9\g] egL 6]saxfb'/ lji6nufot glrg]sf
JolQmxn] s'6kL6 u/L b'nfxfjf6 ;'gsf] l;qmL
df]jfOn / gub ?=$,))). ;d]t n'6kf6 u/]sf
x'gf:\ eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] u0f]z g]kfnLn] ldlt
@)^%.@.!^ ut] df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] d]/f] ef~hf gftf
kg]{ rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnLsf] ljjfx kfs/Ldf ufpFdf
ePsf]n] d klg hGtL uPsf] lyPF . ljjfx ufpFsf]
dlGb/df k'uL cf/fd ul/x/sf] a]nf gfd yfxf
gePsf $.% hgf ;;fgf s]6fs]6Lx cfO{ 8'd
rdf/x xfd|f] ufpFsf] af6f] ljjfx Nofpg] ufpFdf
5'jf5"t x'G5 . xfd|f] cufl8 sfk]6{ df r9\g] egL
6]saxfb'/ lji6 nufot glrg]sf JolQmxn]
b'nfxfnfO{ xftkft ug{ yfn]kl5 lghaf6 ;'gsf]
1134
l;qmL df]jfOn / gub ?=$,))). ;d]t n'6kf6

u/]sf x'g eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] z+s/ ;"rLsf/n]
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] bfh' gftf kg]{
rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnLsf] ljjfx kfs/Ldf hGtL uPsf]
lyPF . ljjfx ufpFsf] dlGb/df k'uL hGtLx cf/fd
ul//x]sf] a]nf gfd yfxf gePsf $.% hgf ;
;fgf s]6fs]6Lx cfO{ 8'd rdf/x xfd|f] ufpFsf]
af6f] ljjfx Nofpg] ufpFdf 5'jf5"t x'G5 egL
b'nfxfnfO{ s'6kL6 ug{ yfn]kl5 6]saxfb'/
lji6nufot glrg]sf JolQmxn] lghaf6 ;'gsf]
l;qmL df]jfOn / gub ?=$,))). ;d]t n'6kf6
u/]sf x'g eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k'is/ ;"rLsf/n]
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut]sf] uf]kfn ;"rLsf/sf]
/ @)^%.@.$ ut]sf] 6]saxfb'/ lji6sf gfpFsf]
3fphf+r s]z kmf/fd .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] rqmaxfb' /
g]kfnL;+u d]/L 5f]/L j]n' g]kfnLsf] ljjfx x'g]
ePsf]n] d ljjfx d08kdf j;]sf] lyPF .
hGtLxnfO{ u}/blntx sf], s;n] s] s:nfO{
s'6kL6 u/] yfxf ePg . hGtL k'Ubf ;j} ;s'zn
g} lyP . ;f] /flt !! jh]lt/ 6]saxfb'/ lji6
d]/f] 3/df cfO{ tkfO{sL 5f]/L xfd|L jlxgL xf]
lrGtf gug'x{ f]nf elg dnfO{ ;DemfPsf lyP .
;f] 36gfsf af/]df d}n] ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;'lg
yfxf kfPsL x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] zf/bf
cfphLn] df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] d ;d]t *.!) hgf
xs{l;+x lji6sf] k;ndf j;L lrof lkO/fv]sf
lyof}+ . ;f]xL ;dodf $.% hgf s]6fx cfO{ /S;L
kfOG5 ls elg ;f]lw/x]sf lyP . xfdLn] oxfF /S;L
kfOb}g eGbf 6]saxfb'/ lji6n] lghxnfO{
;Demfpg vf]Hbf tL rf/} hgfn] lghnfO{ s'6kL6
ug{ yfn]kl5 s] s] eof] yfxf ePg . 5'jf5"t
jf/]df s]xL yfx ePg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] vu]Gb|
lji6n] d}fsfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] lbp;f] d kfs/L

lbbLsf] 3/df lyPF . ;fFem &.#) jh]lt/ d
cfkmgf] 3/tkm{ uO/x]sf] a]nf dflyjf6 $.%
hgf cfO{ 6]saxfb'/ / vuL lji6nfO{ nv]6L
/fv]sf]bl] v k'gM 6]saxfb'/ lji6nfO{ s'6kL6 ug{
vf]Hbf ltgLx tnlt/ uPsf x'g\ . lbkfonsf
s]6fxn] 6]saxfb'/nfO{ s'6kL6 u/L 3fOt]
jgfPsf] eGg] s'/f ef]lnkN6 ;'gL yfxf kfPsf]
xF' . hftLo lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf] eGg] s'/f
em"7f xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] eQm ldhf/n]
df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] gfltgL gftf kg]{
j]n' cfphLsf] ljjfx x'g] ePsf]n] ;f] ljjfxsf]
lbg 3/df lyP ljjfxdf cfPsf] ;j} hGtL
;s'zn g} lyP . xfdL blntx dfly ;f] 7fpF
j:g] u}/blntxn] s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5"tk"0f{
Jojxf/ u/]sf] d}n] b]lvg To:tf] Jojxf/ slxNo}
5}gg\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] uugl;+x cfphLn]
df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] alxgL gftf kg]{ j]n'
cfphLsf] ljjfx lbkfonjf6 ;fFem * jh]lt/
cfO{ k'us
] f] lyof] . ljjfxdf cfPsf ;j} hGtL
;s'zn g} lyP . xfdL blntx dfly u}/blntxn]
s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5"tk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/]sf 5}gg .
/flt af6f]df 6]saxfb'/ lji6 ;d]tsf s]6f /
b'nfxf kIfsf s]6fx aLr emu8f ePsf] / b'nfxf
kIfsf] Ps hgf 3fOt] ePsf] eGg] s'/f ;'gL yfxf
kfPsf] x'F . s;n] s'6kL6 uof] yfxf ePg eGg]
jfhL l;+ cfphLn] df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] d 3/df g} lyPF .
;f] lbg u}/blntn] s] s:tf] Jojxf/ u/] dnfO{
yfxf 5}g . hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|=6]saxfb'/ lji6n]
s'6kL6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/f ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] x'+ .
;f]xL ufpFdf a:5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l6sf
kfsL{n] d}fsfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] d]/f] ljjfx kfs/L
ufpF a:g] j]n' cfphgL;Fu x'g] ePsf]n] ^).^%
1135
hgf hlGt eO{ b'nxLsf] 3/df hfg] qmddf ;fFem

c= !(=#) jh]lt/ kfs/L ufpF glhs k'uL
cf/fd ul/x]sf] cj:yfdf 6]saxfb'/ lji6 ;d]tsf
*.!) hgf u}/blntx cfO{ ltdLx 8'd rdf/,
xfd|f] ufpFdf blntnfO{ lgif]w 5 . 8f]nLdf r9\g
kfOb}g egL ufnLunf}h u/L d nufot c?
hGtL ;d]tnfO{ ws]n kfs]n u/L dfdf uf]kfn
;"rLsf/n] lsg emu8f ug'x{ G' 5 egL ;Demfpg
vf]Hbf 6]saxfb'/ lji6 ;d]tsf s]6fxn] dfdfnfO{
8'd rdf/ egL s'6kL6 u/L 3fOt] agfPsf x'g
eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^%.@.@) ut] rqm]
g]kfnLn] df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] d]/f] alxgL j]n'
cfphLsf] ljjfx rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnL;+u x'g] ePsf]n]
d 3/df lyPF . ;f] /flt c+= @), #) jh]sf]
;dodf hGtL cfPsf] lyof] . hGtL cfO/x]sf]
a]nf 6]saxfb'/ lji6 / b'nfxf kIfsf aLr
jfbljjfb x'g uO{ emu8f xFb' f hfx]/jfnfnfO{
rf]6 nfuL l;nu9L uPsf] eGg] s'/f ;'gL yfxf
kfPsf] xF' . hGtLdf cfPsf blntxnfO{ 6]saxfb'/
lji6 ;d]tn] 8'd rdf/ egL 5'jf5"tk"0f{ Jojxf/
u/]sf] d}n] ;'gg] . pQm s'/f unt xf] hfx]/jfnfsf]
gub tyf lhG;L dfn;dfg x/fPsf] eGg] s'/f
yfxf 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] axfb'/ cfphL,
aL/axfb'/ lji6 / g/L cfphLsf] tyf ldlt
@)^%.@.! ut] ef~hf rqm] g]kfnLsf] ljjfx
kfs/L hfg] ePsf]n] d klg hGtL uPsf] lyPF,
;fFem @)=#) jh]lt/ ljjfx kfs/L ufpF glhs
dlGb/df k'uL al;/x]sf] cj:yf 6]saxfb'/ lji6
;d]tsf %.^ hgf u}/blntx cfO{ b'nfxfnfO{
8'd rdf/nufotsf cZnLn zJb k|of]u u/L
dlGb/ cufl8 8f]nLdf lsg a;]sf egL xftkft
ug{ vf]h]kl5 hfx]/jfnfnfO{ 8'd ;fnf egL
lghsf] 6fpsf] / z/L/df xfgL 3fOt] jgfO{
lghsf] df]jfOn ! yfg ;'gsf] l;qmL ! tf]nf /
gub ?=$,))). ;d]t n'6L nu]sf x'g eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] huaxfb'/ ;"rLsf/ / xs{axfb'/
g]kfnLn] ldlt @)^%.@.@! ut] u/]sf] Ps}

ldnfgsf] j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sf .
k|ltjfbLn] jf/bftdf OGsf/ /xL jofg
u/]sf] ePtfklg ls6fgL hfx]/LnfO{ ;dy{g x'g]
u/L jf/bft:yndf cfkm" klg ePsf] egL ljleGg
JolQmxn] sfuh ul/lbPsf] / ldl;n ;+nUg
hfx]/jfnfsf] 3fphfFr s]zkmf/fdaf6 klg pQm
jf/bft k'li6 ePsf] x'gfn] pQm ldlt @)^%.@.!
ut]sf lbg lhNnf 8f]6L lb= l; =g= kf jf=g+ &
a:g] rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnLsf] ljjfxsf] hGtL P] j8f
g+= !$ kfs/L ufpFdf hfg] qmddf ;f]xL kfs/L
ufpF glhs dlGb/ glhs hGtL k'uL b'nfxf
af]Sg] 8f]nL -sfk]6{ _ lj;fO{ jl; /fv]sf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbL 6]saxfb'/ lji6 ;d]tsf gfd gv'ns
] f
cGo $.% hgf JolQmx cfO{ 8'd rdf/x
xfd|f] ufpFdf ljjfx Nofpg] blnt eP/ 8f]nLdf
r9\g] elg b'nfxfdfly xftkft ug{ vf]Hbf
lghxnfO{ ;Demfpg] tj/n] lgh hfx]/jfnf
Toxf uO{ lsg emu8f ug'{x'G5 eGbf pN6}
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ 8'd egL 6]saxfb'/ lji6 ;d]tn]
s'6kL6 u/L lghjf6 Ps yfg df]jfOn, Ps
tf]nf ;'gsf] l;qmL / gub ? $))). ;d]t n'6L
nu]sf] tYo k'li6 ePsf] x'gfn] lgh k|ltjfbL
6]saxfb'/ lai6nfO{ d'ns
' L P]g cbnsf] dxnsf]
!)-s_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfosf] dfubfjL lnPsf]
ldlt @)^%.@.@$ ut]sf] cleof]u kq .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] lb=l;=g+=kf j8f
g+=& af6 xfd|f] ufpFdf cfpg] v8s] cfphLsf]
5f]/Lsf] hGtL lyof] . d}n] hfx]/Ldf pNn]v
ul/Pcg';f/sf] sfd sfo{ ufnL af]nL / n'6kL6
;DaGwL sfd u/]sf] 5}g, lsg To;/L d dfly
ls6fgL hfx]/L lbP yfxf 5}g . a? hfx]/jfnf
kIfs} &.* hgf dflg;xn] d d]/f] 3/tkm{ hfg]
;dodf d;Fu ljjfb u/L d]/f] bflxg] xft cfFvf,
b]j]| v'6f[ df 3fprf]6 kfl/;s]kl5 o;n] xfdLxsf
gfpFdf ph"/ unf{ d'2f b]nf eGg] rnfsLjf6
ddfly d'2f lbPsf x'g . hfx]/jfnfnfO{ sf] s;n]
1136
s'6kL6 u/] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

k|ltjfbL 6]saxfb'/ lji6n] ldlt @)^%.@.@$
ut] cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] kfs/L ufpF ljjfx
k|j]z x'+b} lyof] . ufpFsf] dlGb/df hGtLx
a;L/fv] s f] lyPF . k| l tjfbL 6] s axfb' /
lji6nufotsf s]xL JolQmx cfO{ b'nfxf
nufotnfO{ lk6L /fv]sf] lyP . d}n] lsg lk6\g'
x'G5 elg ;f]2f 8'dx xfd|f] ufpF 8f]nL r9]/
lsg cfof} eGb} dnfO{ s'6kL6 u/]/ xfd|f] 6fpsf]
/ xftdf, lk7\od
F" f lgn 8fdx / ;flxnL cf}nf
efFlrPsf] 5 / d]/f] cfkmGtxn] c:ktfn
k'ofPsf] / 6]saxfb'/ lji6n] ;d]t dnfO{ 8'd
rdf/ cfdf rsf/L ufnL u/]sf] lyP eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnf uf]kfn ;"rLsf/n] u/]sf]
askq .
hfx]/jfnf ;d]t / k|ltjfbLx aLr
hftLo lje]b;DaGwL ufnLunf}h ePsf] xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsf] eQm
ldemf/n] u/]sf] askq .
d}n] hfx]/jfnf / k|ltjfbLnfO{ Tof] 7fpFdf
e]6]sf] x'F . 36gf 3l6;s]kl5 e]6]sf] x'+ ;f]
36gf:yndf d]/f] pkl:ytL lyPg eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsf z+s/ ;"rLsf/n]
u/]sf] askq .
k| l tjfbL 6] s axfb' / lji6n]
hfx]/jfnfnufotsf dflg;xnfO{ 8'd rdf/
eGg] h:tf zJb jf]n/] ufnLunf}h u/]sf] xf]Og .
lsgeg] d klg kfs/L ufpFdf a:g] blnt x'+ .
k|ltjfbL To:tf] ug]{ lsl;dsf dflg; xf]Ogg\
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsf jfhL
cfphLn] u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] xfd|f] ljjfx kfu/L
uPsf] lyof] . uP/ ufpFsf] dlGb/df a;]sf lyof}+ .
ToxfFsf u}/blnt hfltxn] xfd|f] ufpFdf 8f]nL
Nofpg] 8'd, rdf/ eGb} uf]kfn ;"rLsf/nfO{
s' 6 lk6 u/] . xfdLdfyL 9' + u f k| x f/ u/] .
b'nfxf;lxt dlGb/jf6 nv]6/] tn;Dd k'ofP

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsf u0f]z
g]kfnLn] u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] xfdL dlGb/df a;]sf
lyof}+ . ToxfFsf dflg;xn] 8'd rdf/ eGb}
6]saxfb'/nufot ufpFnx] n] uf]kfn ;"rLsf/nfO{
cfs| d 0f u/] / lk6L ;s] s f lyP uf] k fn
;"rLsf/nfO{ c:ktfn NofpFbf k]ml/ 9'f d'9f
k|xf/ u/]sf x'g\ . To;kl5 s] s] eof] yfxf 5}g
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf j'lemPsf k'is/
;"rLsf/n] u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] hj ljjfx ufpFsf]
dlGb/df k'us
] f] % ldg]6kl5 d ToxfF k'us
] f] x'F .
hlGtx cfcfkmgf] 7fpFdf a;]sf lyP .
b'nfxfnfO{ wsn ksn u/L/fv]sf] b]v]kl5
pgLxn] ltdL 8'd rdf/xn] oxfF 8f]nfdf
a:g kfOG5 eg]/ ufnL ug{ nfu] . To;kl5
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ klg 8'd rdf/ a]xn
' fnfO{ 8f]nLdf
/fv]/ Nofpg] egL s'6kL6 u/]sf x'g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] / hfx]/jfnf ;d]tnfO{ ufnLunf}h /
s'6kL6 ug]{ u}/blntxsf] gfd v'nfpg ;Sb}g
eGg] ;d]t j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sfsf JolQm h+uaxfb'/
;"rLsf/n] u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] ;f+ e m kfs/L
ufpFl:yt jfhL lji6sf] xf]6ndf lyPF . kf}g]
;ft jh]sf] ;dodf uf]kfn ;"rLsf/ ;lxtsf
$ hgf cfP/ /S;L 5sL eg]/ ;f]wk'5 u/]sf
lyP . d}n] /S;L kfOb}g eg] kl5 hfx]/jfnfn]
6]saxfb'/ lji6nfO{ oxf+ /S;L lsg ldNb}g eGb}
u/]sf jvt k|= 6]saxfb'/n] afa' oxfF /S;L
kfOGg Snjsf] ;b:o d klg x'F eg] kl5 nf}
xfdLnfO{ afa' eGg] eGb} emu8f eO{ tL $
hgfn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ Rofk]sf x'g\ s'6kL6 ug{
nfu]sf] b]v]sf] x'F hfx]/jfnfxnfO{ To:tf] s'g}
8'd sfdL cflb zJb jf]n]/ ckdfg u/]sf] xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] xl/ l;+x lji6n] u/]sf]
askq .
1137
ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] ;fFem d :yfgLo

nfnaxfb'/ lji6sf] xf]6ndf lyPF . pQm lbgsf]
;f+ e m hlGt cfpF g ' e Gbf cufl8
hfx]/jfnfnufotsf dflg;xn] /S;Lsf] af/]df
;f]wk'5 ubf{ d}n] /S;L kfOb}g{ eg]sf] lyPF .
k|ltjfbL d;Fu xFb' f jfFu] ledn eGg] 7fpFdf
hfx]/jfnf nufotsf $ hgfn] k|= 6]saxfb'/
lji6sf] 3fF6L ;dft]/ s'6\g nfu] . d}n] xl/
lji6nufotsf dflg;xnfO{ ldn]/ emu8f
5' 6 \ o fPsf xf} + . hfx] / L Joxf] / f em" 7 f xf]
hfx]/jfnfnufotsf dflg;xnfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
8'd cflb s'g} klg ckzJb k|of]u u/L ufnL
af]nL / s'6kL6 / n'6kL6 u/]s} 5}g . lgh dfly
cleof]ukq dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo x'gk' g]{ xf]Og
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dxfb]j lji6n] u/]sf]
askq .
k|=6]saxfb'/ lji6 s;"/df OGsf/ /x]sf
/ lghsf] OGsf/LnfO{ dxfb]j lji6 / xl/ lji6sf]
askqjf6 ;dly{t u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . kLl8t
elgPsf j]xn
' fsf] 3f hf+r s]z kmf/fd ldl;n
;+nUg b]lvb}g eg] lghnfO{ jfbL kIfjf6 cbfntdf
pkl:yt u/fpg ;d]t ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
df}sfdf a'lemPsf] afhL cfphL , eQm ldemf/n]
hfx]/jfnfnufotsf dflg;xnfO{ ckdflgt x'g]
u/L s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] xf]Og elg ls6fgL;fy
n]vfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} b'nxLsf] cfdf
zf/bf cfphLn] ;d]t df}sfdf ePsf] sfuhdf
hftLo 5'jf5"t ePsf] s'/fdf klg cgle1tf
k|s6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf/bftsf] ljifoj:t' /
d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'df k[ystf b]lvPjf6 / ldl;n
;+nUg sfuh k|df0fxjf6 cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd
s;"/ k|ltjfbLjf6 ePsf] gb]lv+bf cf/f]lkt
s;"/jf6 k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg]
ldlt @)^^.@.#! sf] 8f]6L lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf .
df}sfdf a'lemPsf] tyf 36gf:yndf
k|ToIf?kdf /x]sf k'is/ ;"rLsf/, z+s/ ;"rLsf/,
h+uaxfb'/ ;"rLsf/ ;d]tsf JolQmxn] k|x/Ldf

sfuh ubf{ oL k|ltjfbLn] dlGb/df ljjfx k'uL
cf/fd u/L/x]sf] ;dodf ;f] :yfgdf cfO{
hfx]/jfnf ;d]tsf cGo JolQmxnfO{ 8'd rdf/
ckzJb k|of]u u/L ufnL j]OhtL / s'6kL6 u/L
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L s'6g\ s
' f ;fy}
lghsf] ;fyjf6 gub tyf df]jfOn ;'gsf] l;qmL
;d]t n'6L nu]sf x'g\ egL sfuh u/L askq
;d]t u/L lbPjf6 hftLo 5'jf5"t u/]sf] k|i6
x'bF f s;"/ 7x/ gu/]sf] z'?sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf
jb/ u/L cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ldlt @)^^.%.@! sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lbkfondf k/]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
k|:t't d'2fdf 3l6t jf/bftsf]?kaf6
cbnsf] dxnsf] !)-s_ g+=sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
cfs[i6 x'g] cj:yfsf] gb]lv+bf z'? 8f]6L lhNnf
cbfntjf6 cleof]u bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7xofPsf]
ldlt @)^^.@.#! sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/
x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfonsf]
ldlt @)^^.*.@( sf] km};nf .
k|:t't d'2fdf hfx]/L b/vf:t / ;f]nfO{
k'li6 x'g] u/L u/]sf] askqaf6 s;"/ jf/bft
:yflkt ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 k|ltjfbLsf] OGsf/L
vl08t ePsf] 5 . lbkfon l;nu9L gu/kflnsf
j8f g+=!$ kfs/L ufpFdf 8f]nL r9L ljjfxsf]
jl/oft lnO{ cfPsf a]xn
' f rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnL /
hfx]/jfnf uf]kfn ;"rLsf/ ;d]tnfO{ blnt hftL
eO{ 8f]nL r9\g kfOb}g egL lgif]w Pj+ alxisf/
ug]{ sfo{n] 5'jf5"tsf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePsf]
egL ls6fgL hfx]/L k/]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbL 6]saxfb'/
lji6n] cbfnt ;d]tdf jofg ubf{ 36gf:yndf
/x]sf] / hGtLx;Fu egfeg / xftkft ePsf]df
OGsf/L b]lvb}gg\ . 36gfjf6 kLl8t Pj+ k|ToIfbzL{
JolQmx u0f]z g]kfnLsf] sfuh ;d]taf6
k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/ :yflkt ePsf]n] ;kmfO lbg]
7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfonsf] km};nf
1138
q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]

jfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg kq .
hfx]/jfnf uf]kfn ;"rLsf/sf] ef~hf
rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnLsf] ljjfxdf b'nfx af]Sg] 8f]nL
-sfkf]6{ _ blntn] r9]sf] egL s'6kL6 u/]sf] /
8'd rdf/ cflb egL hftLo e]befj u/]sf] eGg]
hfx]/L 3f hfFr tyf k'is/ ;"rLsf/, u0f]z
g]kfnL / z+s/ ;"rLsf/ ;d]tsf] sfuh /
askqaf6 k'li6 ePsf] kfOof] . o; cj:yfdf
3/leq /x]sL b'nxLsf cfdf zf/bf cfphL ;d]tsf]
sygnfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfonsf] ldlt @)^^.*.@(
sf] km};nfdf d'ns
' L P]g cbnsf] !)s g+= c=j+=
!*$s / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ sf]
uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvFbf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08-s_
adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f bf]xofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.@.#
sf] cfb]z .
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bgkq
;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt /xg'ePsf ljfg
;xGofofwLjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8n
] n] lhNnf /
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lg0f{ofwf/ agfPsf] zf/bf
cfphLsf] cbfnt ;dIf askq ePsf] 5}g .
cg';Gwfgdf sfuh;Dd ePsf] x'bF f To;nfO{
k|df0fdf lng ldNb}g . 3fprf]6 nfu]sf] s]z
kmf/djf6 b]lvG5 . uf]kfn ;"rLsf/ 3fOt] ePsf]
5 . bf]xf]/f] s'6kL6 ePsf] lglj{jfb b]lvG5 .
jf/bft :yflkt u/L jfbLtkm{sf ;fIfLxsf]
askq ePsf] cj:yf ;d]t xF'bf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
bfjLadf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ax;
k|:t't ug'e
{ of] .
plNnlvt ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL x]bf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfonsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5,
5}g < / jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf],

xf]Og ;f]xL ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ldlt @)^%.@.!
ut]sf lbg lhNnf 8f]6L lbkfon l;nu9L
g=kf=j8f g+=& a:g] rqmaxfb'/ g]kfnLsf] ljjfxsf]
hGtL P]= j8f g+= !$ kfs/L ufpFdf hfg] qmddf
;f]xL kfs/L ufpF glhs b'nfxf af]Sg] 8f]nL
la;fO{ a;L cf/fd ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf oL k|ltjfbL
6]saxfb'/ lji6 ;d]tsf JolQmx cfO{ 8'd
rdf/x xfd|f] ufpFdf ljjfx u/L 8f]nL r9\g]
eO;\ egL b'nfxfdfly xftkft s'6kL6 ;d]t
u/L d/0ff;Gg kf/L df]jfOn, ;'gsf] l;qmL /
gub ?=$,))). ;d]t n'6L nuL d'ns
' L P]g
cbnsf] dxnsf] !)-s_ g+= ljk/Ltsf] s;"/
u/]sf]n] k|=6]saxfb'/ lji6nfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf]
;f]xL g+=adf]lhd ;hfo dfu u/L cleof]ukq
bfo/ u/]sf]df k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO kfpg] 7xofO{
z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lbkfonaf6 ;b/ ePsf] /x]5 .
#= ls6fgL hfx]/L / kLl8t Pj+ k|ToIfbzL{
;d]tsf] sfuhaf6 k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/ :yflkt
ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf d'2f
bf]xfofO{ x]/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t lgj]bg k/]sf]df o; cbfntaf6 bf]xf]ofO{
x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k|:t't d'2f lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g
cfPsf] /x]5 .
$= ldlt @)^%.@.! ut] rqm g]kfnLsf]
ljjfx e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf u}/blnt 6]saxfb'/
lji6 nufotsf @).@% hgf JolQmxn] blntn]
8f]nL r9\g kfOb}g eGb} emu8f xftkft u/L
uf]kfn ;"rLsf/ d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf /x]sf] /
;'gsf] l;qmL tyf gub ;d]t n'l6Psf]n] Ifltk"lt{
;d]t lbnfO{ kfpFm egL h+u axfb'/ ;"rLsf/n]
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no 8f]6Ldf ldlt @)^%.@.@
df lgj]bg lbPaf6 k|:t't d'2fsf] p7fg ePsf]
kfOG5 . xs{axfb'/sf] 3/ glhs af6f]df s'6kL6
tyf hftLo 5'jf5"tsf] e]befj ufnLunf}h ePsf]
1139
eGg] 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf /x]sf] 5 . uf]kfn

;"rLsf/n] k'gM ldlt @)^%.@.( df 6]saxfb'/
lji6nufot lrghfg gePsf cGo % hgf cfO{
klxn] b'nfxfnfO{ xftkft u/L pN6} xfdLxnfO{
8'd rdf/x egL dnfO{ d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L
s'6kL6 / n'6kL6 u/L ;'gsf] ns]6 tyf df]jfOn
kmf]g nu]sf] egL lbPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tdf pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
%= oL k|ltjfbL 6]saxfb'/ lji6 cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L ;dIf jofg ubf{ %.^ hgf ckl/lrt
s]6fxn] cfkm"nfO{ of/ eGbf jfb ljjfb x'bF f
cfkm"nfO{ s'6kL6 u/L cfFvf, 3fF6L / 5ftLdf
rf]6 nfu]sf] xf . hGtLsf sf]xL JolQmnfO{ hftLo
5'jf5"t ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/ 8'd rdf/ ;d]t
geg]sf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf xfd|f] ufpFdf kfs/Lsf
blntxnfO{ a'em\bf x'G5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v
u/L cf/f]lkt s;"/nfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
^= df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ uugl;+x cfphL
klg ;f]xL ljjfxdf /x]sf], j]xn
' Lsf cfdf zf/bf
cfphL ;d]tn] hGtLxnfO{ u}/blntn] s] s:tf]
Jojxf/ u/] cfkm"nfO{ yfxf gePsf] egL pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sfsf
axfb'/ cfphL, aL/axfb'/ lji6, g/L cfphL
;d]tn] 6]saxfb'/ lji6 ;d]tn] hftLo 5'jf5"tsf]
efjgf lnO{ ufnLunf}h u/]sf] eGg] d}n] ;'lgg,
hflgg ;f] s'/f unt xf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
&= oL k| l tjfbL 6] s axfb' / lji6n]
cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ jofg ubf{ d} n ]
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ xfd|f] ufpFdf ljjfx Nofpg] 8'd
rdf/ cflb zJbx k|of]u u/]sf] 5}g . a?
hfx]/jfnf kIfs} &.* hgf d]/f] 3/tk{m hfg]
;dodf d;Fu ljjfb u/L bflxg] xft / cfFvf
;d]tdf 3f rf]6 kfl/;s]kl5 xfdLnfO{ ph"/
unf{g\ egL pN6f] ddfly d'2f lbPsf x'g s;"/
gu/]sf]n] ;hfo ug'k{ g]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
*= hfx]/jfnf uf]kfn ;"lrsf/, df}sfdf

sfuh ug]{ u0f]z g]kfnL, k'is/ ;"rLsf/ ;d]tn]
u}/blntn] s'6kL6 u/]sf] eGg];Dd pNn]v u/L
cbfntdf askq u/]sf] ePklg df}sfdf a'lemPsf
afhL cfphL tyf eQm ldhf/ ;d]tn] ;f] 36gf
ePsf] elgPsf] 7fpFdf pkl:yt lyPF, t/ k|ltjfbL
6]saxfb'/ lai6n] 8'd rdf/ eGg] h:tf zJb
af]n/] ufnLunf}h u/]sf] xf]Og, d klg ToxL
kfs/L ufpFdf j:g] blnt JolQm x'F . hfx]/jfnf
;d]tsf dflg;xnfO{ ckdfg x'g] lsl;dn]
s'g} klg sfo{ ePsf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]tsf] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
(= hftLo lje]bhGo sfo{x JolQmsf]
;Ddfg / k|lti7fdf cfFr k'ofpg] cfk/flws
sfo{ xf] . o:tf ljs[lt / la;Fultsf s'/fx x'g
lbg' x'bF g} . hftLo e]befjsf] s'/f All human
beings are born free and equal in dignity and
rights eGg] dfgjlwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf]
klg ljk/Lt x'g hfG5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf] o:tf]

lje]bsf/L Jojxf/ / ;F:sf/sf] cGTo ug'k{ 5{ .
o:tf hftLo 5'jf5"t / lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{
clek|fon] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !$ df 5'jf5"t tyf hftLo e]befj lj?4sf]
xs k|bfg u/L e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ b08gLo
ul/Psf] 5 .
!)= k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn] hfltkfltsf]
cfwf/df xf]Rofpg] u/L 8'd ;d]t egL e]befjk"0f{
Jojxf/ u/]sf]n] d'ns
' L P]g cbnsf] dxnsf]
!)s g+ = adf] l hd ;hfosf] dfu ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf z'?df h+uaxfb'/n] @),
@% hgf JolQmxn] hftLo lje]bk"0f{ sfd u/]sf]
egL lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . kl5af6 %.^ hgfn]
To:tf] sfo{ u/]sf] egL Ps hgf 6]saxfb'/
lji6sf] dfq gfd ls6fgL u/]sf] kfOG5 eg]
cg';Gwfgaf6 klg cGo JolQmsf] gfd v'nfpg
;s]sf] kfOb}g . ;fy} ;'gsf] l;qmL / gub ;d]t
n'6L nu]sf] / s'6kL6 u/]sf] eGg] klg hfx]/L
1140
**^$ - clDjsfb]jL ;fx ;d]t lj=k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fh ;d]t
b/vf:tnufot cleof]ukqsf] k]6jf]nLdf pNn]v

lg0f{o g+= **^$
ul/P klg To;tkm{ bfjL ul/Psf] 5}g .
!!= oL k|ltjfbL Ps hgfsf] dfq gfd
ls6fg u/L ljkIfL hfx]/jfnf nufotsf hGtLnfO{
' m Ohnf;
hftLo lje]b u/]sf] egL cleof]u nufOPsf] 5 .
oL hfx]/jfnf ;d]tnfO{ s'6kL6 u/L rf]6 nfu]sf]
eGg] pNn]v ePklg ;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} d'2f k/]sf]
)^% WO)(@!
b]lvb}g . cleof]u dfu bfjL / k'g/fj]bg
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.%.%.#
lhsL/adf]lhd k|ltjfbLjf6 hftLo e]befjsf] sfd
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f, k/dfb]z .
sf/jfxL ePsf] eGg] tYodf k|ltjfbL df}sfdf / lgj]bsM lhNNff ;Kt/L, gs6L /fok'/ ufpF ljsf;
cbfnt ;dIfsf] jofgdf ;d]tdf OGsf/ /x]sf
;ldlt jf8{ g+= @ a:g] clDjsfb]jL ;fx
5g\ . 36gf:yn ljjfx:yndf pkl:yt /x]sf
;d]t
egL df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ jfbL kIfs} ;fIfLx
lj?4
afhL cfphL tyf eQm ldhf/ ;d]tn] To:tf] ljkIfLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fh ;d]t
36gf gePsf] egL cbfnt ;dIfsf] askqdf
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . :jo+ j]xn
' Lsf] cfdf zf/bf
d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !&( g+= df j]/Lt;Fu
cfphLn] To:tf] jf/bft ePsf] gb]vs
] f] egL df}sfsf]
l8;ld; ePsf]df ;f] j]/Lt ePsf] s'/fdf
sfuhdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;af6
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg
:jo+ jfbLsf] k|df0fsf dflg;xsf] egfO g} Ps
/x]sf] x'Fbf hfn;fh d'2f j]/Lt;Fu
cfk;df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]lvg cfpF5 . o;af6
l8;ld; ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm c=j+=
cbnsf] !)s g+= adf]lhd hftLo lje]b / 5'jf5"t
!&( g+= sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgcg';f/
h:tf ck/fwhGo sfo{ u/L ckdfghgs sfd
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] .
sf/jfxL oL k|ltjfbLjf6 ePsf] xf] egL 7f];
-k|s/0f g+=#_
k|df0ff/f k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] b]lvg cfPg .
lhNnf cbfntaf6 l8;ld; km};nf
!@= t;y{, plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
e};s]sf] d'2fsf] /f]xdf d'ns
' L P]g c=j+=
cleof]u bfjL gk'Ug] 7xofPsf] z'? km};nf ;b/
!& g+=+ adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lbkfonsf] ldlt
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ePsf] cGt/\sfnLg
@)^^.*.@( sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvbf ;b/ x'g]
cfb]z ab/ ug's
{ f] s'g} cf}lrTo gx'g] .
7x5{ . o; cbfntaf6 bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f
-k|s/0f g+=$_
k|bfg ubf{ lnPsf] cfwf/;Fu of] Ohnf; ;xdt
lgj]bg bfjLdf plNnlvt d'2f lhNnf
x'g ;s]g . jfbLsf] cleof]u bfjL / k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 l8;ld; km};nf e};s]sf]
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L
cj:yfdf j]/Lt;Fu l8;ld; ePsf]
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ j'emfO{ lbg" .
cj:yfdf c=j+= !&( cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
nfUg ;Sg] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
e}/x]sfn] ;f] ;DaGwdf bfjLcg';f/
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ;fpg @@ ut] /f]h @ z'ee\
ljrf/ ug{ gldNg'sf] ;fy} ;DalGwt
Ohnf; clws[tM r'/fdg v8\sf
hfn;fhL d' 2 f lhNnf cbfntaf6
1141
km};nf ;d]t e};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]

d'2f ;DaGwdf ePsf] cGt/\sfnLg
cfb]zpk/ l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfWodaf6 x]l/g'
cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
>L ;gb b]jsf]6f
ljkIfL tk{maf6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf 7f]sk|;fb
lzjfsf]6L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !&, !&( g+=
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhd
o; cbfnt;dIf k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
xfd|f] xs ef]u btf{sf] lhNnf ;Kt/L,
gs6L /fok'/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= %-v_
ls=g+= #)! sf] @!!!& !@ hUufsf] ;DaGwdf
ljkIfL a'rfO{ rf}w/L jfbL xfdL lgj]bs k|ltjfbL
ePsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] ;f=b]=g+= @#^# sf] ldnfkq
ab/, lg0f{o ab/, bf]x/f] btf{ ;|:] tf ab/ d'2f /
xfdL lgj]bs jfbL ljkIfL a'rfO{ rf}w/L ;d]t
k|ltjfbL ePsf] @)^% ;fnsf] ;f=b]=g+= @&#%
sf] bf]x/f] btf{ ab/ d'2f Pj+ xfdL lgj]bs jfbL
/ k|ltjfbL cbfntx afx]ssf pGgfO{;} hgf
k|ltjfbL ePsf] ;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf] hfn;fh
d'2f u/L xfdL lgj]bsn] k|df0fsf] ?kdf lnO{
cfPsf] # yfg d'2f ;d]t ;f]xL ls=g+= #)! sf]
#!!!& !@ hUufsf] ;DaGwdf hDdf !% yfg
d'2f ljkIfL ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg
cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . plNnlvt tLg} yfg Ps}
ljjfbsf nufpsf d'2fx Pp6} kmfF6df /x]sf /
pQm tLg} yfg d'2fsf] tfl/v ;d]t Ps} lbg
tf]lsg] u/]sf]df ldlt @)^% ;fn sflQs $
ut]sf lbg xfdL lgj]bs ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntdf

tfl/v lng hfFbf @)^% ;fn d+l;/ !^ ut]
tfl/v tf]lsPsf] lyof] . ;f]xLadf]lhd xfdL lgj]bs
@)^% d+l;/ !^ ut] tfl/vsf lbg ;Kt/L
lhNnf cbfntdf xfhL/ x'g hfFbf plNnlvt Ps}
kmfF6df ls=g+= #)! s} hUufsf] Pp6} ljjfbsf
tLg yfg d'2f dWo] ;f=b]=g+= @#^# / ;f=b]=g+=@&#%
sf b'O{ yfg d'2fdf xfdL lgj]bsnfO{ kmFf6jfnfn]
tfl/vdf xfhL/ u/fO{ csf]{ tfl/v tf]ss
] f] Pj+
tfl/vdf xfhL/ eO{ ;s]sf] eGg] e|dn] ubf{ xfdL
lgj]bs jfbL ePsf] ;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf] hfn;fh
d'2fdf xfdL lgj]bsnfO{ tfl/vdf xfhL/ gu/fOPsf]
s'/f tTsfn yfxf hfgsf/L x'g g;s] tfklg
dfGo Goflos kl/kf6Lsf cfwf/df ;DalGwt
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntn] nufps} cGo d'2f
;d]tsf] csf]{ tfl/v @)^% kmfu'g ! ut]sf] lbg
xfdL lgj]bsnfO{ tfl/vdf xfhL/ u/fPsf]df
plNnlvt ;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf] d'2fdf sf/jfxLdf
;fd]n lyof}+ . ldlt @)^%.!!.!* df xfdL lgj]bs
xfhL/ eO{ tfl/v lnPsf] s' / fdf ljkIfL
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ lrQ ga'em]sf]n] ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz;dIf ljkIfL
k|ltjfbLxn] ldlt @)^%.!!.@( df lgj]bg
lbO{ tfl/v 6'6fO{ kfpg dfu u/]sf]df ldlt
@)^%.!!.#) df tfl/v 6'6fpg gkg]{ cfb]z
ePsf]df ljkIfLnfO{ pQm @)^%.!!.#) sf] cfb]zdf
lrQ ga'emL pQm cfb]z ab/ u/L xfdL lgj]bssf]
tfl/v 6'6fO{ kfpFm egL d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !& g+=
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhdf ldlt
@)^%.!@.@* df lgj]bg lbO{ ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^%.!!.#) sf] cfb]z ab/ u/L xfdL
lgj]bs jfbLsf] tfl/v 6'6fO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{
egL ldlt @)^^.@.! df cfb]z ePsf] x'bF f ;f]
cfb]z ab/ u/L kfpg k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{
cfPsf] 5f}+ . xfdL lgj]bs jfbL jf k|ltjfbL
ePsf plNnlvt tLg} j6f d'2f Pp6} lsQf
1142
hUufsf] xsj]xs lgwf{/0f ug]{ Ps} ljjfbsf]

ljifosf d'2f x'g\ . tL ;a} d'2f Pp6} ls=g+= #)!
sf] hUufsf] emu8fsf ljifosf] / Pp6} kmfF6sf
d'2f ePsf]df kIfnfO{ tfl/vdf xfhL/ u/fpFbf
;DalGwt kmfF6jfnfn] q'l6a; @ yfg d'2fdf
xfhL/ u/fPsf] / Ps yfg d'2fdf xfhL/ u/fpg
5'6fPsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhn] g]sfk @)^%, lg=g+= *))*, k[i7
!)%% sf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] ckAofVof
u/L d'2fxnfO{ c;DalGwt d'2fx 7x/
u/L ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.!!.#)
sf] cfb]z ab/ u/L tfl/v 6'6fpg u/]sf] cfb]zdf
>L ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ghL/ ;d]tsf]
q'l6 x'g'sf] ;fy} pQm tfl/v 6'6L d'2f l8;ld;
ePdf d lgj]bssf] ;DklQsf] Iflt x'g] cj:yf
x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt
@)^^.@.! sf] sfg" g ljk/Ltsf] cfb] z nfO{
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L plNnlvt @)^%
;fnsf] ;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf] hfn;fh d'2fdf
xfdL lgj]bssf] tfl/v g6'6fO{ tfl/vdf /fvL
sf/jfxL ug' { u/fpg' egL ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntsf gfpFdf k/dfb]znufotsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm, ;fy} k|:t't d'2f km};nf gx'Gh]n
;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf] d'2f l8;ld; gug'{ egL
ljkIfL ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf gfpFDff cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf],
of] cfb]zk|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n;fy /fvL ;"rgf
k7fO{ Dofbleq lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ tTsfn lgj]bsnfO{
ck"/0fLo IftL x'g] cj:yf gb]lv+bf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ug'{ k/]g eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.#.* sf] cfb]z .
;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf] hfn;fh d'2f cGo

s'g} rfn' cj:yfsf] d'2f;Fu nufp ePsf] 5}g
eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntn] klg
:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 / lgj]bsn] klg of] d'2f;Fu
nufpsf] d'2f xf] eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} cfb]z jf
;a"b k]z ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . cGo d'2fdf
k6sk6s u/L tfl/v lng' kg]{ / ljjflbt
d'2fdf tfl/v lng e"n ug'{kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g
lgj]bsn] hfgf hfg tfl/v tf]8s
] f] xf] . tf]lsPsf]
tfl/vdf xfhL/ x'g gcfpg] JolQmn] cbfntL
sfd sf/jfO{df g} c;/ kg]{ u/L # dlxgf / ;f]
eGbf klg clws ;do Joltt u/L lgj]bsn]
tfl/v lng] u/L u/]sf] sfo{ k|fs[lts Gofosf]
l;4fGt / k|rlnt sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf]n] ;f]
sfo{ ab/ ug] { u/] s f] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
/fhlj/fhsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt 5 . c=j+=%(
g+= / ^@ g+= df pNn]v ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
afx]s cGo s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yfdf u'hs
]| f] tfl/v
ydfO{ kfpg] s'/f pNn]v 5}g . pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfcg';f/ jfbLn] tfl/v ydfO{ lnPsf]
b]lvb}g, ;fy} jfbLnfO{ kmfF6jfnf sd{rf/Ln]
tfl/v lb+bfsf] cj:yfdf tfl/v lng 5"6 ePsf]
s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;/L tfl/v lng
5"6 ePkl5 tfl/v lbg'kg]{ s'g} sfg"gL Joj:yf
gePsf]n], sfg"gljk/Lt tfl/v hf]8fO{ kfpFm
eGg] u/L lgj]bsn] lnPsf] bfjL vf/]hefuL
5 . ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ljkIfL lgj]bs
jfbLn] tfl/v u'hf/]sf] elgPsf] d'2f ldlt
@)^^.#.!* ut]sf lbg l8;ld; x'g] 7x/L
km};nf eO{ ;s]sf] / ;f] d'2fsf] km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ ljkIfL lgj]bssf] j}slNks
pkrf/sf] dfu{ /xL /x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
/fdnf]rg ;fx, b'nf/Lb]jL ;fx, ljGbfb]jL ;fx,
a'rfO{ rf}w/L, of]u]Gb|k|;fb rf}w/L, s'+hLnfn
;fx, j}hgfy ;fx, hu/gfy ;fx / /fdnvg
;fxsf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm .
1143
tf]lsPsf] lbgsf] tfl/vdf pkl:yt ge}

nfdf] ;dokZrft\ cfO{ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Lsf]
cfb]z a]u/ kmFf6jfnfn] tfl/v e/kfO{df nufpsf]
;f=b]=g+= @#^# df tfl/v ln+bf / k|:t't d'2fdf
tfl/v lbg lng 5"6 x'bF f eGg] Joxf]/f hgfO{
ldlt @)^%.!!.!* ut] jfbLnfO{ pkl:yt u/fO{
ldlt @)^%.!!.@% sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] tfl/v
tfl/vsf] cjwf/0ff tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf cg'sn
"
gePsf] tyf lgj]bs k|df]bs'df/ rf}w/L lj?4
ljgf]bs'df/ rf}w/L ePsf] lnvt ab/ d'2fdf g]sfk , )^%, k[i7 !)%%, lg=g+= !!@(_ nfdf]
;do kZrft\ tf]lsPsf] tfl/vsf lbg cbfntdf
cGo c;DalGwt d'2fdf pkl:yt ePsf] k|df0f
k|:t't u/]sf] cfwf/df tfl/v yfDg] sfo{ d'2fdf
tfl/vsf] cjwf/0ff ljk/Lt x'g] egL ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt To:tf]
j]/Ltsf] tfl/vnfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L To; cbfntaf6
ldlt @)^%.!!.#) df ePsf] cfb]z ldn]sf]
gb]lv+bf ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . jfbL jf=;=
efujtk|;fb ;fxsf] tfl/v 5'6fO{ sfg"gadf]lhd
ug'{ xf]nf eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.@.!
df ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf eP u/]sf]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] tkm{af6
k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
>L ;gb b]jsf]6fn] ;f=b]=g+= @#^#, @&#% /
;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf d'2fx ls=g+= #)! sf]
hUuf;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx x'g\ . nufpsf pQm
# yfg d'2fx ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntdf Pp6}
kmfF6df /x]sf / Ps} lbg tfl/v tf]lsg] u/]sf]df
@)^%.*.!^ ut] lgj]bs ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntdf
xfhL/ x'g hfFbf ;f=b]=g+= @#^# / @&#% sf @
yfg d'2fdf kmfF6jfnfn] tfl/vdf xfhL/ u/fO{
;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf] hfn;fh d'2fdf sd{rf/Lsf]
q'l6n] ubf{ tfl/v lng 5'6s
] f] xf] . nufpsf]
d'2fdf tfl/vdf ePdf tfl/v 6'6fpg gldNg]

eGg] ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg
ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm k|ltkflbt l;4fGtljk/Lt
x'g] ul/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 tfl/v
6'6fpg] ul/ ePsf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f lgj]bg
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kb{5 egL
k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; tyf ljkIfL tkm{af6
pkl:yt dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6Ln] l/6
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ;f=kmf}=g+=*!# sf] hfn;fh
d'2f ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.#.!*
df l8;ld; km};nf e};s]sf] 5 . ;DalGwt d'2f
g} l8;ld; km};nf ePsf]n] lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf ljBdfg
gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
lgj]bs tkm{sf ljfg clwjQmf tyf
ljkIfL tkm{sf ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfn] k|:t't
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] gldNg]
s] /x]5 x]/L lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ xfd|f] xs
ef]u btf{sf] ;Kt/L lhNnf gs6L /fok'/ ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= % -v_ ls=g+= #)! sf]
hUufsf] ;DaGwdf @)^$ ;fnsf] ;f=b]=g+= @#^#
sf] ldnfkq ab/, lg0f{o ab/, bf]xf]/f] btf{
;|]:tf ab/ d'2f / @)^% ;fnsf] ;f=b]=g+=
@&#% sf] bf]xf]/f] btf{ ab/ d'2f Pjd\ ;f=kmf}=g+=
*!# sf] hfn;fh d'2f sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf
/x]sf] / pQm tLg yfg d'2fxsf] tfl/v ;d]t
Ps} lbg tf]lsg] u/]sf]df @)^%.*.!^ ut]sf]
tfl/vsf lbg ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntdf xfhL/
x'g hfFbf ;f=b]=g+= @#^# / @&#% sf b'O{ yfg
d'2fdf tfl/vdf xfhL/ u/fO{ ;f=kmf}=g+= *!#
sf] hfn;fh d'2fdf tfl/vdf xfhL/ eO{ ;s]sf]
eGg] e|dn] ubf{ tfl/vdf xfhL/ x'g 5"6 ePsf]
/ @)^%.!!.! df pQm hfn;fh d'2f ;d]tdf
1144
xfdLnfO{ tfl/vdf xfhL/ u/fPsf]df ;f] pk/

ljkIfL k|ltjfbLxn] ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfnt;dIf
lgj]bg lbO{ tfl/v 6'6fpg dfu u/]sf]df tfl/v
6'6fpg gkg]{ u/L ldlt @)^%.!!.#) df cfb]z
ePsf] / pQm cfb]z ab/ u/L xfdL lgj]bssf]
tfl/v 6'6fO{ kfpFm egL c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd
ljkIfL k| l tjfbLxsf] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt
/fhlj/fhdf lgj]bg k/L pQm cbfntaf6 xfd|f]
tfl/v 6'6fpg] u/L ldlt @)^^.@.! df cfb]z
ePsf] 5 . kmfF6jfnfn] q'l6j; d'2fdf xfhL/
u/fpg 5'6fPsf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
/fhlj/fhn] tfl/v 6'6fpg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]zdf
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
q'l6 ePsf] x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
xfdL lgj]bssf] tfl/v g6'6fO{ tfl/vdf /fvL
sf/jfxL ug' { u/fpg' egL ;Kt/L lhNnf
cbfntsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL ePsf]df tfl/v
lng 5"6 ePkl5 tfl/v lbg'kg]{ s'g} sfg"gL
Joj:yf 5}g . lgj]bssf] tfl/v 6'6fpg] u/L
ldlt @)^^.@.! df ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt
x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lnlvt
hjfkm k|:t't ePsf] kfOG5 .
#= l/6 lgj] b gdf plNnlvt jfbL
clDasfb]jL ;fx ;d]t k|ltjfbL ;Tob]j ;fx
;d]t ePsf] @)^% ;fnsf] ;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf]
hfn;fh d'2f ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.#.!* df c=j+= !&( g+= cg';f/ l8;ld;
km};nf e};s]sf] eGg] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
k|df0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] pQm d'2fsf] ldl;naf6
b]lvG5 . d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !&( g+= df j]/Lt;Fu
l8;ld; ePsf]df ;f] j]/Lt ePsf] s'/fdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf]
x'bF f l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf]
hfn;fh d'2f j]/Lt;Fu l8;ld; ePsf] cj:yfdf
pQm c=j+= !&( g+= sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgcg';f/
k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
$= dfly plNnlvt d'ns

' L P]g c=j+=
!&( g+= sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgcg';f/ j]/Lt;Fu
l8;ld; x'g] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] /
;f] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/x ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L
;DalGwt cbfntn] lg0f{o lbg ;Sg] g} x'bF f
k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] h:tf] ;zQm pkrf/ x'g
;Sg] cj:yf x'bF f x'bF } ;f] tkm{ guO{ lgj]bsn]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfjL lnP/ cfPsf] b]lvgfn]
;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ Gofof]lrt\ b]lvPg .
l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ;f=kmf}=g+= *!# sf]
hfn;fh d'2f ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^^.#.!* df l8;ld; km};nf g} e};s]sf] x'bF f
pQm d'2fsf] /f]xdf d'ns
' L P]g c=j+= !& g+=+
adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ldlt @)^^.@.! df ePsf]
cGt/\sfnLg cfb]z ab/ ug's
{ f] s'g} cf}lrTo
;d]t x'g ;Sb}g .
%= ctPjM lgj]bg bfjLdf plNnlvt
d'2f ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 l8;ld; km};nf
e};s]sf] cj:yfdf j]/Lt;Fu l8;ld; ePsf]
cj:yfdf c=j+= !&( cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg
;Sg] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf e}/x]sf] x'gfn]
;f] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bg bfjLcg';f/ ljrf/
ug{ gldNg'sf] ;fy} ;DalGwt hfn;fhL d'2f
;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ;d]t e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] d'2f ;DaGwdf ePsf] cGt/\sfnLg
cfb]zpk/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfWodaf6 x]l/g'
cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvPg . t;y{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf]
nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{
lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5'
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} % ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
]
1145
&
;f] hUuf a}s

F df lwtf] /fVg] k|of]hgsf
nflu :jtM sRrf 7x/]sf] l:ylt cj:yfdf
C0f g} glng] / a}s
F ;Fu s'g} ;/f]sf/ g}
gePsf] jf:tljs hUufwgLsf] hUuf
/f]Ssf /fvL /xg] / ;f]xL hUufaf6 a}s
F sf]
C0f c;"n ug'k{ 5{ eGg' sfg"g Pj+ Gofosf]
b[li6n] pko'Qm gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=+ $_
lg0f{o g+= **^%

;jf]R{ r cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
;+jt\ @)^& ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=)^&CI-)()^
cfb]z ldltM @)^(.!.@*.%
d'2fMk/dfb]z .
k'g/fj]bs ljkIfLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}F

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=@@ l:yt g]kfn
a}s
F lnld6]8, k|wfg sfof{nosf] tkm{af6
clVtof/k| f Kt Joj:yfkg ;d" x sf
;+of]hs dx]Zj/nfn >]i7
lj?4
ljkIfL lgj]bsM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=@& 7lx6L a:g]
ljBfk|;fb pkfWofo uf}td
z'? km};nf ug{] M
df=d'=Gof=>L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
df=Gof=>L ljZjDe/k|;fb >]i7
a}Fsn] lwtf] /fvL shf{ k|jfx u/]sf]
cj:yfdf shf{ k|jfx ug'{ cl3 shf{
lng] JolQmn] /fv]sf] lwtf] sRrf kSsf
s] xf], jf:tljs hUufwgL xf] xf]Og,
vf]nf] klx/f] nfu]sf] hUuf xf] xf]Og, d'2f
k/]sf] hUuf xf] xf]Og, hUuf ;fa't a];fj't
s] xf] cflb ;a} x]/L shf{ k|jfx ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 / a}s
F n] lwtf] /fv]sf] hUuf h'g;'s}
cj:yfdf uP/ a];fa't 7x/]df C0f lng]
;DalGwt JolQmsf] cGo rn crn
>L;DklQ hfoh]yf /f]Ssf /fvL ;f]af6
cfgf] C0f c;"n ug{ ;Sg] .
gSsnL JolQmx ldnL cs}s
{ f] hUuf
lwtf] /fvL C0f lnPsf] cj:yf 7x/]sf]df
k'g/fj]bs ljkIfL tkm{af6M

ljkIfL lgj]bs tkm{af6M
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfnM Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.@.% ut]sf] km};nfpk/
ljkIfLsf tk{maf6 o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L
lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
d ljBfk|;fbsf] gfdsf] nlntk'/ lhNnf,
nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= &-v_
ls=g+= @$& sf] If]qkmn #*)) hUuf d]/f]
gfdwf/L gSsnL JolQmaf6 ldnfkq u/L 1fn]Gb|
>]i7n] bf=vf=u/]sf]nfO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]
clGtd km};nfadf]lhd pQm ls=g++ @$& sf]
hUufdf lghsf] gfddf ePsf] bf=vf= Pj+
k|bLkrGb| pk|]tL / 1fn]Gb| >]i7aLr ePsf]
ldnfkq;d]t ab/ ePsf]n] d lgj]bsn] nlntk'/
lhNnf cbfntsf] k"hL{;lxt d]/f] gfddf bf=vf=
btf{ ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no
nlntk'/df lgj]bg u/]sf]df pQm hUuf d'2f
kbf{kb}s
{ f] cj:yfdf /f]Ssf cfb]z;d]t ePsf]
hUuf 1fn]Gb| >]i7n] hj/\h:tL cfkm\gf] gfddf
nuL ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no / g]kfn a}s
F
lnld6]8sf sd{rf/Lxsf] ldn]dtf]df pQm hUuf
lwtf] /fvL shf{ lnO{ ldlt @)%%.!.# df ljkIfL
1146
**^% - g]kfn j}s

+ ln=k|=sf= lj=ljBfk|;fb pkfWofo uf}td
g]kfn a}s
F af6 /f]Ssf /x]sf] /x]5 . /f]Ssf /x]sf]
hgfO{ km};nfadf]lhd d]/f] gfddf bf=vf= btf{
gu/L tfd]nLdf /fvL lbPsf] x'bF f sfg"gL /
;DdfgLt ;jf] { R r cbfntaf6 k| l tkflbt
l;4fGtnfO{ ljkIfLxn] kfngf ug'k{ g]d
{ f gu/L
l;4fGtk|lts"n x'g] u/L bf=vf= gu/L tfd]nLdf
/fv]sf] pQm hUuf 1fn]Gb| >]i7sf] gfdsf] ljkIfL
a}s
F sf] /f]Ssf km'sj' fnufot h] hf] ug'k{ g]{ xf]
u/L d lgj]bssf] gfddf & lbg leqdf bf=vf=
btf{ u/L lbg' egL ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)^^.!).!& ut]sf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] .
dfu adf]lhd cfb]z x'g' gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f
eP ;a"b k|df0f;lxt Dofb ;"rgf kfPsf ldltn]
af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm
k]z ug{' egL cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk
;d]t ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxsf gfddf Dofb
;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf cjlw
Joltt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^^.!).@) ut]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df lgj]bs kIf ljBfk|;fb pkfWofo
uf}tdsf] dfu bfjLsf] ;DdfgLt k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nfadf]lhd bf=vf=ul/lbg' kg]{
nlntk'/ lhNnf nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf
j8f g+= &-v_ ls=g+=@$& If]qkmn #*))
hUuf g]kfn a}s
F lnld6]8af6 ldlt @)%%.!.#
sf] kqn] /f]Ssf /lx/x]sf]df ;f] a}s
F nfO{ bf=vf=
ug{ ;xdlt dfu ul/Psf]df ;xdlt k|fKt gePsf]
/ ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] km};nfdf g]kfn a}s
F
lnld6]8sf] /f]Ssf ;DaGwdf s] ug]{ eGg] tYo
:ki6 cfb]z gePsf]n] sfg"gL lljwf e} g]kfn
a}s
F lnld6]8sf] ;xdlt jf ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]
:ki6 cfb]z e} cfPsf avt bf=vf=ug]{ u/L
xfnnfO{ ldl;n tfd]nLdf /fVg] sfo{ ePsfn]
o; sfof{nosf xsdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm

eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.! sf] ljkIfL
dfnkf]t sfof{no / P]=sf clws[t em+sgf/fo0f
>]i7sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLsf gfpFdf ;fljsadf]lhd bf=vf=
x' g ' k g] { nlntk' / lhNnf, nlntk' /
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= &-v_ sf] ls=g+=
@$& If]qkmn #*)) hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{no
/ cbfntsf] km};nfaf6 a}s
F sf] /f]Ssf ab/
gePsf] / C0fLsf] shf{ afFsL g} /x]sf]n] tTsfnLg
afl0fHo a}s
+ P]g, @)#! tyf a}s
F tyf ljQLo
;+:yf P]g, @)^# adf]lhd shf{ afFsLdf C0fLsf]
h]yf /f]Ssf ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Aoj:yf ePsf]
cfwf/df / C0fLsf] d~h"/Ln] g} /f]Ssf u/]sf]n]
shf{ r'Qmf geP;Dd /f]Ssf km'sj' f ug{ g;lsg]
ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^&.!.( ut]sf] ljkIfL g]kfn
a}s
F lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljjfbsf] ls=g+=@$& sf] hUuf ljifodf
ljleGg d'2fx rnL o; cbfnt ;d]taf6
ldlt @)^%.!.@( df jfbLsf] gfpFdf btf{ ;|:] tf
sfod x'g] u/L km};nf ;d]t ePsf] lgj]bg
kq ;fy k]z ePsf] km};nfsf] 5fofFk|ltaf6
b]lvG5 . ;f]xL km};nfsf] cfwf/ lnO{ lgj]bs
dfnkf] t sfof{ n o uPsf] d f pQm hUuf
g]=j}+=ln=af6 /f]Ssf ePsf] lgj]bg dfnkf]t
sfof{no cndndf k/L bf=vf= ug{ j}+saf6
;xdlt klg gkfPsf] / a}s
F sf] C0fsf ;DaGwdf
cbfntaf6 gaf]n]sf] cfwf/ b]vfO{ cbfnt jf
j}+saf6 n]vL cfPkl5 bf=vf=x'g] egL ldlt
@)^^.!).!) df tfd]nLdf /fVg] sfd ePsf]
b] l vg cfof] . lgj] b sn] km} ; nfadf] l hd
bf=vf=ug{ uPsf]df bf=vf= ug]{ jf gug]{
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{o dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . a}Fsn] ;xdlt klg
glbg] / cbfntaf6 s]xL cfPg egL cgfjZos
tj/af6 clglZrt\sfn;Ddsf] nflu clg0f{osf]
1147
3]/fdf ;DklQsf] clwsf/ kg]{ u/L tfd]nLdf

/flvPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] ;DklQsf] xs
s'l07t x'g] / dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ btf{ bf=vf=
ug{ egL sfg"gn] ;'Dk]sf] sfo{ gu/L tfd]nLdf
/fVg] cfb]z u/L cfkm\gf] sfg"gL bfloTj /
st{Jo lgjf{x u/]sf] gb]lvFbf cfkm";dIf cfPsf]
lgj]bgcg'k cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd hUuf
bf=vf= x'g kg]{ xf] xf]Og :ki6 / clGtd cfb]z
jf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
t;y{ k|:t't km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk k|fKt
ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhd bfjL u/]sf] ls=g+=@$& sf] hUuf lghsf]
gfddf btf{ ug'k{ g]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o ug'{
egL ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{no nlntk'/sf] gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^&.@.% ut]sf] km};nf .
o; a}Fssf C0fL ldng 6]S;6fonsf
k|f=] 1fn]Gb| >]i7n] o; a}s
F ;Fu ljleGg lsl;dsf]
shf{ lnPafkt ;f]sf] ;'/If0fsf] nflu lghsf
gfpFdf btf{ ;|:] tf sfod /x]sf] nlntk'/ lhNnf,
nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= &-v_
sf] ls=g+=@$& sf] If]qkmn #*)) hUuf
/f]Ssf /fvL kfpg dfnkf]t sfof{no nlntk'/df
o; a}Fsaf6 n]vL uPsf] xf] . ;f] cj:yfdf
pQm hUuf lgh C0fL 1fn]Gb| >]i7sf] gfpFdf
;|]:tf k|dfl0ft eO{ slxFst}af6 s'g} lsl;dsf]
/f]Ssf ;d]t geO{ ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx ldn]sf] b]lvFbf
dfnkf]t sfof{non] /f]Ssf /fvL o; a}FsnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fPsf] xf] . pQm hUuf /f]Ssf /fvL
lgh C0fLn] lnPsf] ;fFjf Aofh ;d]t ltg{
a'emfpg afFsL g} /x]sf] x'bF f a}s
F n] ;'/If0fafkt
lnPsf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf oyfjt\ sfod /fVg]
ljifo C0fL / a}Fssf] shf{ c;"nL;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifo xf] .
;DdfgLt k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g
nlntk'/af6 ldlt @)^&.@.% ut] ePsf]
cfb]zadf]lhd pQm /f]Ssf hUuf km'sj' f eO{

bf=vf= x'g] ePdf o; a}s
F sf] shf{ c;"nLdf
uDeL/ ;d:of kg]{ / C0fLaf6 c;"npk/ u/L
lng] cGo hfoh]yf klg gb]lvPsf] x'bF f tTsfnLg
afl0fHo a}s
F P]g, @)#! tyf a}s
F tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# adf]lhd C0fLaf6 C0f
r'Qmf gx'Gh]n;Dd /f]Ssf km'sj' f ug{ gldNg]
k|i6 g} 5 . o;} u/L ljjflbt hUuf km'sj' f ug]{
;Gbe{df cbfntaf6 o; a}s
F nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf]
cfb]z lgb]z
{ g ;d]t g/x] gePsf] cj:yfdf
C0f c;"nL geO{ pQm hUuf km'sj' f ug{ gldNg]
x'bF f pQm ljjflbt hUuf lgj]bssf gfpFdf btf{
ug'k{ g]{ xf] xf]Og lg0f{o ug'{ egL dfnkf]t sfof{no
nlntk'/sf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
ab/efuL x'bF f pQm cfb]z ab/ u/L o; a}s
F af6
C0fLn] lnPsf] C0f r'Qmf ePkl5 dfq ;f]
hUufsf] cGo sfdsf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg' egL
cfjZos cfb]z ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
F sf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
z'? k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldl;n ;d]t cWoog
u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 ;f]xL ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ d]/f] gfd btf{sf]
plNnlvt hUuf d]/f] gfdwf/L gSsnL JolQmn]
laleGg tl/sf ckgfO{ cfgf] gfddf agfO{
a}s
F af6 C0f lnO{ ljkIfLsf gfddf a}s
F n] /f]Ssf
/flvlbPsfn] d}n] ljleGg d'2f u/L k'gM d]/f]
cfgf] gfddf x'g] 7x/ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
hUuf km'sj' f u/L lbg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg b]lvG5 eg]
:ki6 cfb]z gePsfn] km'sj' f ug{ g;lsPsf]
eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no nlntk'/sf] tkm{af6
k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm / o; a}Fsaf6 shf{
1148
**^% - g]kfn j}s

+ ln=k|=sf= lj=ljBfk|;fb pkfWofo uf}td
lnPsf]n] ;f]afkt C0fLsf] d~h"/L e} pQm hUuf

/f]Ssf /flvPsf] xf] pQm l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn a}s
F lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6
lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf]df k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
km};nfpk/ ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
F sf] tkm{af6 o;
cbftndf k'g/fj]bg k/L lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf]
/x]5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ plNnlvt ls=g+=
@$& sf] hUuf a]rlavg ug]{ egL jf:tljs
hUufwgL ge} k|bLkrGb| pk|t] L / 1fn]Gb| >]i7
b'O{ hgf pgfp gSsnL JolQm v8f e} hUUffsf]
d"No u/L hUuf lng'lbg' ug{sf] nflu a}gfafktsf]
/sd lng' lbg' u/]sf]df ;f] a}gfadf]lhd hUuf
lng'lbg' ug]{ sfd k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] axfgf agfO{
Ps cfk;df ldnL s/f/adf]lhdsf] bfloTj
k"/f u/fO{ kfpFm eGg] d'2f u/L ;f] d'2fdf t'?Gt}
ldnfkq ul/Psf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
vf; hUufwgLn] ;f] ldnfkq ab/ / sLt]{
hfn;fhL lkm/fb u/]sf]df jfbL bfjL k'Ug] u/L
km};nf ePsf] / ;f]xL aLrdf pgfp gSsnL
JolQmxsf gfddf dfnkf]t sfof{non] dfly
plNnlvt ldnfkq ab/ x' g ] 7x/] s f]
ldnfkqadf]lhd bf=vf= u/L lbPpk/ gfd;f/L
bfv]n vf/]h ab/ ul/kfpFm egL jf:tljs
hUufwgL oL l/6 lgj]bsn] g} lkm/fb bfo/
u/]sf]df pQm d'2fdf ;d]t jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x/
e} ldlt @)^%.!.@( df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf clGtd e} a;]sf]
b]lvG5 .
#= ;f] km};nfkZrft\ jf:tljs hUUffwgL
cyf{t\ oL l/6 lgj]bs ljBfk|;fb pkfWofo
uf}tdn] km};nfadf]lhd plNnlvt hUuf cfgf]
gfddf gfd;f/L bf=vf= btf{ ul/kfpFm egL
dfnkf]t sfof{no nlntk'/df ldlt @)^%.$.@^
df lgj]bg u/]sf]df dfnkf]t sfof{non] klg
o;/L km};nfaf6} clGtd e};s]sf] cj:yfdf
jf:tljs hUUffwgLs} gfddf bf=vf= u/L

lbg'kg]d
{ f ;f] bf=vf= gu/L /f]sL /fv]sf] cj:yf
b]lvg cfof] .
$= o;/L a}s
F n] s'g} klg hUuf lwtf]
/fVg] eP / ;f] hUUff lnnfd ug'k{ g]{ eP jf:tljs
JolQm tyf jf:tljs hUufwgLaf6 lwtf] /fVg]
/ ;f]xLaf6 c;"n ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf
a}s
F n] C0fL ldng 6]S;6fonsf ;~rfns 1fn]Gb|
>]i7nfO{ C0f lbPsf] b]lvG5 . a}s
F n] lwtf] /fvL
shf{ k|jfx u/]sf] cj:yfdf shf{ k|jfx ug'{
cl3 shf{ lng] JolQmn] /fv]sf] lwtf] sRrf
kSsf s] xf], jf:tljs hUufwgL xf] xf]Og, vf]nf]
klx/f] nfu]sf] hUuf xf] xf]Og, d'2f k/]sf] hUuf
xf] xf]Og, hUuf ;fa't a];fj't s] xf] cflb ;a}
x]/L shf{ k|jfx ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 / a}s
F n] lwtf]
/fv]sf] hUuf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf uP/ a];fj't
7x/]df C0f lng] ;DalGwt JolQmsf] cGo rn
crn >L;DklQ hfoHo]yf /f]Ssf /fvL ;f]af6
cfgf] C0f c;"n ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . dfly
plNnlvt k|ToyL{ lgj]bsaf6 u/]sf d'2fxaf6
;d]t gSsnL JolQmx ldnL cs}s
{ f] hUuf
lwtf] /fvL C0f lnPsf] cj:yf 7x/]sf]df ;f]
hUuf a}s
F df lwtf] /fVg] k|of]hgsf nflu :jtM
sRrf 7x/]sf] l:ylt 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf C0f
g} glng] / a}s
F ;+u s'g} ;/f]sf/ g} gePsf]
jf:tljs hUufwgLsf] hUuf /f]Ssf /fvL /xg] /
;f]xL hUufaf6 a}s
F sf] C0f c;"n ug'k{ 5{ eGg'
sfg"g Pj+ Gofosf] b[li6n] pko'Qm xFb' g} .
%= t;y{ pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0fxaf6
dfnkf]t / a}s
F h:tf lgsfon] cbfntaf6
sfg"gadf]lhd clGtd km};nf e};s]sf] cj:yfdf
jf:tljs hUufwgLsf] gfddf hUuf bf=vf=
gfd;f/L gu/L lagf sf/0f /f]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf
gb]lvPsf] / cbfntsf] km};nfaf6 ;d]t a];fj't
sRrf 7x/]sf] hUuf a}s
F n] /f]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ cj:yfsf]
ljBdfgtf klg gb]lvFbf lgj]bssf] gfpFdf
bf=vf=btf{ ;DaGwdf !% lbgleq lg0f{o ug{
1149
dfnkf]t sfof{no nlntk'/sf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf]

cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.@.% sf] OG;fkm ldn]s} b]lvFbf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs g]kfn a}s
F lnld6]8sf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . ;f] 7xgf{n] !%
-kGw|_ lbgleq l/6 lgj]bssf] /f]Ssf /x]sf]
plNnlvt ls=g+= @$& sf] hUuf bf=vf=;DaGwdf
lg0f{o ug{ hfgsf/L dfnkf]t sfof{no nlntk'/nfO{
lbg' egL ljkIfL g]kfn a}s
F lnld6]8 k|wfg sfof{no
wd{ky sf7df8f}FnfO{ ;d]t k|:t't cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L lbg' . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=ts{/fh e6[
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn j}zfv @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM x]daxfb'/ ;]g
&
lg0f{o g+= **^^
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
)^%WO )^$#
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.(.%.#
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fldl>t k/dfb]z .
lgj] b sM sf7df8f} F lhNnf, sf7df8f} F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( a:g] clgtf
Gof}kfg] ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno
;d]t
;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] sf/0faf6 s'g}
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g tyf
;+ljwfgadf]lhd k|fKt /f]huf/L tyf
1150
;DklQsf] xsaf6 jl~rt ug{] jf u/fpg

;Sg] cj:yf klg pTkGg x'g ;Sg] x'bF f
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &$ cGtu{t
eP u/]sf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf zt{x
cbfntL k/LIf0f tyf Goflos lg/f]k0fsf]
ljifo x'g] / ;f] ;DaGwdf cbfntn]
Goflos k/LIf0f tyf x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg]] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
s'g} k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sfdbf/ tyf
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf s6f}tL ug]{ af/]df
k"0f{ tyf :jtGq sfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
>d P]g, @)$* bkmf !@ sf] Joj:yf
bkmf &$ cg';f/sf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf]
ljifoj:t' x'g} g;Sg] ePsf]n] sd{rf/L
/ sfdbf/sf] ;fd"lxs xs, lxt /
;'ljwf;DaGwL yk Joj:yfsf] nflu dfu
/fVg ;lsg] / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tf x'g ;Sg] egL bkmf &$ df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df ePsf]
;Demf}tfn] k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfksn] /
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] afWofTds ?kdf
kfngf ug{k' g]{ u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf !)
tyf !@ nufot afWofTds ?kdf kfngf
ug{k' g]{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;+sl' rt ug{ tyf
lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
:yfoL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'/Iffsf]
;DaGwdf k|Tofe"lt lbg] >d P]gsf] bkmf
!) sf] Joj:yf tyf s]jn v/fa cfr/0f
k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo
cj:yfdf :yfoL sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
;]jfaf6 x6fpg jf lghsf] ;]jf ;dfKt
ug{ jf ;]jfaf6 x6fpg gkfOg] eGg]
;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf %@ tyf %# n]
k|bfg u/]sf] xsnfO{ s'l07t ug{] u/L
;fd" l xs ;f} b fjfhLsf] gfddf s' g }
k|lti7fg / pQm k|lti7fgsf] 68] o'lgog
**^^ - clgtf Gof}kfg] lj=>d tyf oftfoft dGqfno ;d]t
jf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltlglw elgPsf

JolQmx aLr s'g} ;Demf}tf x'g g;Sg]
/ o:tf] ;Demf}tfn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf &(
cg';f/sf] ;+/If0f tyf sfg"gL dfGotf
;d]t k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
lgj]bs tkm{af6Mljfg clwjQmf /fdk|;fb e/fO{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf /]jtL/fh
qLkf7L
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !), !@, @*,
@(, #), #!, #@, #@s, ##, #$, $!,
%@, %#, ^), &$ / &%
>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] bkmf @#,
@(, #!
cfb]z
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-@_ adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qleq kg]{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
g] k fn afog{ On] l S6 s n k| f =ln=sf]
:yfkgfsfn @)%) b]lv g} xfdL lgj]bsdWo]sf
clwsf+z sfdbf/x sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] / xfdL
s'g} 6]8 o'lgogdf cfj4 lyPgf},+ 5}gf}+ . >d P]g,
@)$* -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd k|lti7fgdf
sfo{/t\ @&$ hgf sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/LdWo]
%) k|ltzt s6f}tL ug]{ ldlt @)^%.!!.)% sf]
lg0f{o :jLs[ltsf cfwf/df k|lt/IfL sDkgLn]
ldlt @)^%.!!.)^ df s6f}tLdf kg]{ !#& hgfsf]
gfd k|sflzt u/]sf]df xfdL s6f}tLdf k/]sf
lyPgf},+ g]kfn afog{ On]lS6sn g]kfn :jtGq
s]ldsn tyf cfO{/g dhb'/ o"l[ gogsf] ;b:otf
glng] xfdL lgj]bsxnfO{ sDkgLsf] ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] jb\lgotLsf ;fy sDkgL / dhb'/
o'lgogaLr u7aGwg eO{ ldlt @)^%.!@.)( df

;Demf}tfkq v8f u/L xfdL lgj]bs;lxt !$
hgfsf] sfg"gljk/Lt ;]jf s6f}tL ug]{ lg0f{o
u/]sf] 5 .
k| l tkIfL sDkgLn] k| l tkIfL >d
ljefu;dIf >d P]g, @)$* -;+=;=_ sf] bkmf
!@ adf]lhd k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ @&$ hgf
sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/LdWo] %) k|ltzt s6f}tL
ug{ :jLs[lt kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bgpk/ >d
P]g, @)$* -;+=;_ sf] bkmf !@ cGtu{tsf]
Joj:yf clgjfo{?kn] nfu" u/L k|ltkIfL sDkgLn]
ldlt @)^%.!!.)^ df s6f}tLdf kg]{ !#& hgfsf]
gfd k|sflzt u/L lg0f{o sfof{Gjog eO;s]kl5
xfdL lgj]bs eGbf w]/} ;dokl5 dfq sDkgLsf]
;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ sfdbf/nfO{ ;]jfdf /fvL
xfdLnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 . dhb'/ o'lgogaLr ldlt
@)^%.!@.)( df ePsf] ;Demf}tf xfdLpk/ nfu"
x'g ;Sb}g . ldlt @)^%.!@.)( sf] ;Demf}tfkqsf
cfwf/df xfdLnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 . a9Ldf !#&
hgf;Dd sfdbf/ sd{rf/L s6f}tL ug'k{ g]d{ f !$)
hgfsf] ;]jf s6f}tL u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ljkIfLxsf] pQm sfo{ n ] xfdL
lgj]bsxsf] df}lns xsdf k|ToIf?kdf cf3ft
k/]sf] x'bF f ljkIfL >d ljefusf] ldlt @)^%.!!.)%
sf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/ lnO{ g]kfn afog{ On]lS6sn
k|f=ln=n] xfd|f] ;]jf s6f}tL ug]{ xfdLnfO{ sfdaf6
x6fpg] ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o
sfdsf/jfxL pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
k'g/\jxfnL u/]sf] ldlt;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ tna, ;'ljwf
;d]t kfpg] u/L k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L of]
l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Ddsf nflu
;fljss} kbdf /xL sfd ug{ kfpg] u/L cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg .
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
1151
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm

k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfLx g]kfn ;/sf/, >d tyf oftfoft
Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ / cfkm} jf cfgf]
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm
lnO{ pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! -Ps_
k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL g]kfn afog{
On]lS6sn k|f=ln=kf6g9f]sfnfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf
cbfntdfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt
ePkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug"{ .
;fy} cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu u/]sf] x'bF f
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf
5nkmn lgldQ ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df >d ljefusf] @)^%.!!.% sf]
kqcg';f/ %) k|ltzt s6f}tL ug{ :jLs[lt
kfPsf]df !#& hgf;Dd sfdbf/ sd{rf/L s6f}tL
ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ljkIfL Joj:yfkg kIfaf6 :jLsf/
ul/Psf]df k6s k6s u/L !$) hgfsf] ;]jf
s6f}tL u/]sf] b]lvg'sf] ;fy} 68] o'lgog;Fu ePsf]
@)^%.!@.( sf] ;Demf}tfsf] kl/df0f :j?k
afWotfjz lgj]bsxnfO{ s6f}tL ug'{ k/]sf],
lgj]bsxnfO{ s6f}tL ug]{ lgot g/x]sf] eGb}
ck|ToIf ?kn] lgj]bssf] dfunfO{ :jLsf/o'Qm
tj/n] ljkIfLtkm{sf] clwjQmfsf] ax;df efu
lng' ePsf] ;Gbe{ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;'ljwf
;Gt'ngsf] b[li6sf]0fn] kl5 7x/]adf]lhd x'g]
u/L xfnnfO{ lgj]bsxnfO{ k"j{jtM sfddf
nufpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsn] cfgf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o;
dGqfnosf] of] lg0f{oaf6 cfgf] xs clwsf/
xgg\ ePsf] 5 egL bfjL lng ;Sg' ePsf]
b]lvFbg} . o; dGqfnosf] lg0f{oaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf]

xs clwsf/ xgg\ gePsf]n] dGqfnosf xsdf
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLsf] plNnlvt dfu bfjLsf] ;Gbe{df
ljrf/ ubf{ ljZj cfly{s dGbLsf] k|efj:j?k
k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg dfusf] s6f}tL ePsf] sf/0f
afWo e} sfdbf/ sd{rf/LdWo] %) k|ltztsf]
s6f}tL ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf P]gsf] bkmf !@
adf]lhd :jLs[ltsf] dfu ul/Psf]df ldlt
@)^%.!!.% df :jLs[t lg0f{o kfPsf] ef]lnkN6
ldlt @)^%.!!.^ df P]= bkmf !@-@_ cg';f/ ;j}
eGbf kl5 lgo'Qm ePsfxsf] s6f}tL gfdfjnL,
;"rLs[t u/L P]=bkmf !@-#_ / lgodfjnLsf],
lgod @% adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ ;d]tsf] ;]jf
;'ljwfsf] /sd a'emL lngnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
ul/Psf]df ldlt @)^%.!!.^ sf] kq cg';
' r
" L!
adf]lhdsf] gfdfjnL ;"rLdf k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lf/f ul7t Pj+ :yflkt dhb'/
o'lgog / Joj:yfks k|lti7fgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfdsfh
7Kk eO{ c;xh cj:yf pTkGg ePsf]n] ;f]sf]
;dfwfgfy{ o'lgogsf] dfu ul/Psf] k|:tfjcg'sn
"
o'lgog / Joj:yfks b'j} kIfaLrdf ldlt
@)^%.!@.( df P]gsf] bkmf &( adf]lhd ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tf ePsf] tYo lglj{jfb 5 .
bkmf !@ adf]lhd s6f}tLdf :jLs[lt
kfPsf]df k'/fgf :yfoL sfdbf/nfO{ x6fpg gkfpg]
egL sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] 5}g . bkmf !@-@_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] qmdfg';f/
s6f}tL gu/L cufl8 lgo'Qm ePsfnfO{ s6f}tL
ug'{ k/]df To;sf] sf/0f vf]nL s6f}tL ug{ ;Sg]
sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5 . ljkIfLxnfO{ ul/Psf] s6f}tL
P]= pQm P]gsf] bkmf !@-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
afSof+zcGtu{tsf] / ldlt @)^%.!@.( df ;DkGg
;Demf}tfsf] sf/0fn] g} ePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5 . ljz]if kl/l:yltj; g]kfn
1152
;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lg0f{on] s6f}tL ul/g] sfdbf/

sd{rf/LnfO{ s6f}tL ubf{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg]{
cj:yf, ckl/xfo{tf cf}lrTotf tyf k|rng ;d]t
g/x]sf]n] ;kmfOsf] df}sf a]u/ egL bfo/ l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn
afog{ On]lS6sn k|f=ln= sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
lgj]bg kq, lnlvt hjfkmnufot ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0f sfuhft cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bs tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L /fdk|;fb e/fO{n]
lgj]bsxnfO{ >d ljefusf] :jLs[lt eGbf aflx/
uP/ s6f}tLsf] ;"rL k|sflzt eO;s]kl5 k'gM
68] o'lgog;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L ;]jf s6f}tLsf]
lg0f{o u/]sf]n] pQm sfo{ u}/sfg"gL x'bF f lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'gk' 5{ egL ax; k|:t't
ug'e
{ of] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7Ln]
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd s6f}tLsf]
:jLs[lt kfPsf]df k'/fgf sfdbf/nfO{ x6fpg
gkfpg] egL lgif]w gu/]sf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd
lgj]bsxsf] ;]jf s6f}tL ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g' k5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug'e
{ of] . b'j}
kIfsf] ax; lhsL/ ;'gL cj lgj]bg dfu
bfjLadf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g] gx'g] ljifodf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ xfdL lgj]bsx
g]kfn afog{ O{nl] S6sn k|f=ln=df :yfkgfsfnb]lv
g} sfo{/t\ /x]sf]df >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@
adf]lhd pQm k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ @&$ hgf
sfdbf/dWo] krf; k|ltzt sfdbf/ s6f}tL ug]{
:jLs[lt k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;f] adf]lhdsf]
s6f}tLdf kg]{ !#& hgfsf] gfpF ldlt @)^%.!!.^
df k|sflzt x'bF f xfd|f] gfd s6f}tLsf] ;"rLdf
k/]sf] lyPg t/ ldlt @)^%.!@.( df sDkgL /
dhb'/ o'lgogaLr ;Demf}tf x'bF f xfdL lgj]bsx
!$ hgf ;d]t s6f}tL ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ul/Psf]n]
pQm u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo

lgj]bg lhsL/sf] ;f/ b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ Joj:yfks
/ o'lgogaLr ldlt @)^%.!@.( df ePsf] ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tfadf]lhd lgj]bsxsf] ;]jf s6f}tL
ul/Psf] tyf lgj]bsx o'lgogsf] ;b:o gePs}
cfwf/df o'lgog / Joj:yfksaLrdf ePsf]
;Demf}tf tyf ;f]sf] kl/0ffd nfu" gx'g] eGg
ldNb}g eGg] b]lvG5 . cj k|:t't lgj]bgdf b]xfosf
k|Zgxdf ljj]rgf u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]M
-!_ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &$ cg';f/
ePsf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] bfo/f / pQm
;emf}tfsf] sfg"gL dfGotf s] xf] <
-@_ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &$ cg';f/
ePsf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] a}Btf tyf
o;sf] bfo/f ;DaGwL ljjfb ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] ljz] i f If] q flwsf/cGtu{ t
lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g <
-#_ pQm bkmf &$ cGtu{t ePsf] elgPsf]
;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfn] s'g} k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffnufotsf
cGo sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] jf/]df >d
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !), !@, $!, %@,
tyf %# nufot cGo bkmfxdf ul/Psf]
Joj:yfsf] k|of]u / bfo/fnfO{ lgliqmo jf
;+sl' rt ug{ ;Qm5 jf ;Sb}g <
-$_ bkmf &$ adf] l hd ePsf] ;fd" l xs
;Demf}tfaf6 s'g} k|lti7fgsf] :yfoL sfdbf/
jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf lghsf] OR5fljk/Lt
cGTo ug{ ;lsG5, ;lsb}g < / lgj]bg
dfu bfjLcg';f/ l/6 hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og <
klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !), !@, $!, %@, %#, &$
tyf &% df ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]hg /
p2]Zosf] jf/]df ;du| ?kdf ljj]rgf ug{'kg]{
1153
b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf >d P]g, @)$* sf]

bkmf &$ cg';f/ ePsf] elgPsf] ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df oL l/6 lgj]bsxsf] ;]jf
s6f}tL u/L lghxnfO{ k|lti7fgsf] ;]jfaf6
cjsfz lbPsf] / lghxsf]] OR5fljk/Lt
;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf !)
n] :yfoL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'/Iffsf]
k|Tofe"lt u/L >d P]g, @)$*, >d lgodfjnL,
@)%) jf pQm P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] ljlgodsf]
k| l qmof k" / f gu/L k| l ti7fgsf] sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] cGTo ug{ gx'g] eGg]
afWofTds Joj:yf u/] s f] b] l vG5 . pQm
k|Tofe"ltsf] cltl/Qm >d ahf/sf b'O{ kIfx
-Actors_ cyf{t\ k|lti7fg tyf sfdbf/ sd{rf/L
b'j}sf] lxtsf] /Iffsf] ljifonfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{sf]
nflu / >d ahf/sf b'O{ kIfx /f]huf/bftf
tyf >d ;] j f pknAw u/fpg] sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lx dWo] s'g} kIfn] csf]{ kIfaf6
gfhfoh kmfObf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf x6fO{
b'j}sf] xs clwsf/ tyf bfloTjsf] aLrdf
;Gt'ng Nofpg] p2]Zon] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf]
;]jfsf] ;'/Iff tyf lghxn] k|lti7fgaf6 kfpg
;Sg] kfl/>lds ljbf, cfjf; ;'ljwfnufot
cGo sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfxsf] af/]df >d P]g,
@)$* n] ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL
Joj:yfxnfO{ ;du| ?kdf x]bf{ ;Qm tLg
;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ :yfoL sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jfsf]
;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yfx,
-v_ k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ ;j} sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf]
:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s ;'/Iff /
-u_ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxn] cfkm" sfo{/t\
k|lti7fgaf6 kfpg] kfl/>lds, eQf,
pkbfg h:tf cfly{s ;'ljwf tyf o;
;DaGwdf k| l ti7fgn] k" / f ug' { k g] {
bfloTj;DaGwL Joj:yf,
klxnf] ;d"xdf kg]{ Joj:yfxnfO{

afWofTds dflgG5 . oL afWofTds Joj:yf >d
ahf/sf b'j} kfqxn] afWofTds ?kdf kfngf
ug'{ kb{5 . of] ljifodf s'g} b'O{ kIfLo, ax'kIfLo
jf ;fd"lxs s'g} ;Demf}tf x'g ;Qm}g . h:tf] pQm
P]gsf] bkmf !) n] :yfoL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] x'gfn] pQm
P]gsf] bkmf %@ df lgwf{l/t v/fa cfr/0f k|dfl0ft
ug]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f ePdf dfq bkmf %# sf]
k|lqmof k'ofO{{ s'g} sfdbf/sf] ;]jf cGTo ug{ jf
;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsG5 . pQm Joj:yf jfWofTds
sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n] s'g} JolQmn] :jR5fn]
;]jfaf6 /fhLgfdf lbPdf jf ;]jf kl/Tofu u/]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s jf k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ ;Dk"0f{
sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Ln] k|lti7fgaf6 cfkm"n]
kfpg] ;'ljwf tyf Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd ;d]t osLg
u/L ;j}nfO{ ;dfg?kdf nfu" x'g] u/L ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tf ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s s]xL sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf] dfq ;]jf s6f}tL ug]{ jf lghxnfO{
cjsfz lbg] k|of]hg jf cfzo /x]sf] ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tf pQm P]gsf] bkmf !), %@ tyf %# sf]
afWofTds Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g] x'G5 . o;}n]
s'g} k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ :yfoL sfdbf/ tyf
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf eP
ul/Psf afWofTds Joj:yfxsf] ljk/Lt x'g] jf
afWofTds ?kdf kfngf ug{k' g]{ cGo sfg"gL
Joj:yf jf k|lqmofnfO{ cj?4 ug]{ jf lgliqmo
kfg]{ jf lgik|of]hg x'g] ljifoj:t' jf cfzo
/x]sf] ax'kIfLo b'O{ kIfLo jf ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf
pQm P]gsf] bkmf &$ sf] bfo/fleq kg{ ;Qm}g .
o;}n] o:tf] ;Demf}tfn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf &(
cg';f/sf] sfg"gL dfGotf tyf ;+/If0f kfpg
;Sg] b]lvPg .
ca bf];|f] ;d"x cyf{t\ k|lti7fgdf
sfo{/t\ sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lxsf] :jf:Yo tyf
;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwdf P]gsf] kl/R5]b\ % df ul/Psf]
ljleGg k|fjwfgxn] ;d]6s
] f] ljifosf] k|sl[ t
1154
x]bf{ s'g} klg k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfksn] sf/vfgf

jf sfo{:ynnfO{ ;kmf /fVg'sf] ;fy} sd{rf/Ln]
sfd ug]{ :ynnfO{ kmf]x/ d}nf tyf k|bi" f0fd'Qm
/fVg'kg],{ sfo{:yndf k|of{Kt k|sfz, xfjf tyf
pko'Qm tfkqmdsf] Joj:yf ug{s
' f] ;fy} sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf lg:sg] cfjfhaf6 sfdbf/sf]
:jf:Yodf kg{;Sg] k|lts"n c;/ /f]Sgsf] nflu
pko'Qm k|jGw ldnfpg kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf @*,
@(, #), #!, #@, #@s, ## tyf #$ nufotsf
bkmfxdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ sfdbf/ tyf
sd{rf/Lxsf] cfFvfsf] arfp, pTkfbg k|lqmofdf
k|of]u x'g] /;folgs kbfy{, cfuf] vt/fhgs
d]lzg, a9L ef/ axg, k|;
] / KnfG6 ;d]taf6 x'g
;Sg] vt/faf6 sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lxsf]
zf/Ll/s tyf ef}lts ;'/Iffsf] nflu kof{Kt
Joj:yf ldnfpg kg]{ afWofTds bfloTj lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . pQm afWofTds Joj:yfdf v'sn
' f]
u/fpg] jf o;sf] kfngf ug{ u/fpgaf6 k|lti7fg
jf o;sf] Joj:yfksnfO{ pGd'lQm lbg] cfzo jf
k|of]hg b]lvg] u/L eP ul/Psf] s'g} ;Demf}tf jf
;dembf/LnfO{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] lxtsf] nflu
eP ul/Psf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] dfGotf lbg
g;lsg]] x'bF f pQm afWofTds k|fjwfgxsf] ljk/Lt
x'g] u/L ePsf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfx klg bkmf
&$ sf] bfo/leq kg]{ cj:yf b]lvb}g .
>d P]g tyf >d lgodfjnLcGtu{t
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxn] k|lti7fgaf6 k|fKt ug{ kfpg]
;'ljwf tyf o; ;DaGwdf s'g} k|lti7fgn] k"/f
ug{k' g]{ bfloTjdWo] t];f| ] ;d"xdf kg]{ xs, ;'ljwf
tyf bfloTjsf] k|sl[ t km/s 5 . of] ;d"xdf kg]{
clwsf+z ;'ljwfx sfg"gL k|lqmofaf6 :jtM k|fKt
x'g] ;'ljwf jf xs geO{ s'g} k|lti7fgsf] sfdsf]
k|sl[ t, o;sf] cfly{s l:yt ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f eO{ k|fKt
x'g] ;'ljwfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . oL ;'ljwf / o;;DaGwL
bfloTjsf] ;"rL klg nfdf] g} 5 . h:tf] >d P]g,
@)$* tyf >d lgodfjnL, @)%) n] sfdbf/

sd{rf/Lxn] cfkm" sfo{/t\ k|lti7fgaf6 kfpg]
dfl;s kfl/>lds, dx+uL eQf, kfl/>lds;lxt
kfpg] ljbf, cjsfz x'Fbf k|fKt ug{ kfpg]
pkbfgnufotsf df}lb|s d"Nodf osLg ug{ ;lsg]
cGo s]xL ;'ljwfxsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug's
{ f]
;fy} sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] nflu :jR5 cfjf;sf]
Joj:yfsf] nflu k|lti7fgn] cfgf] s'n d'gfkmf u|; k|fl] km6_ sf] s]xL k|ltzt k|To]s jif{ 5'ofOg]
Pp6f 5'} sf]ifdf /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf % -sfddf
nufpg] ;do_ bkmf @! -Go"gtd\ kfl/>lds tyf
d+xuL eQf lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf_, bkmf @#
-kfl/>lds cjlw tf]Sg]_ tyf bkmf $! -sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf] nflu cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ s'n
d'gfkmfsf] % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd 5'ofpg kg]{
Joj:yf_ / >d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod @#
-pkbfgsf] Go"gtd\ b/ tf]Sg]_, lgod @( -;fj{hlgs
ljbfsf] lgwf{/0f_, tyf lgod #! -cfwf tna
kfpg] u/L Ps jif{df !% lbg lj/fdL ljbf kfpg]_
Joj:yfnfO{ pQm s'/fsf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng
;lsG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ df}lb|s
d"Nodf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] Go"gtd\ kfl/>lds,
dx+uL eQf, pkbfgsf] /sd s]jn Go"gtd\ /sd
dfq x'g\ . oL ;'ljwfdWo] s]xL ;'ljwf c:yfoL,
:yfoL ;j} k|sf/sf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf
nfu" x'G5g\ eg] s]xL ;'ljwf s]jn :yfoL sfdbf/
sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq k|fKt x'G5g\ . k|lti7fgsf]
cfly{s cj:yf, ahf/ d"No / d+xuLsf] cj:yf
tyf k|lti7fgdf s'g} vf; sfd ug]{ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf] bIftf, k|lti7fg k|ltsf] sl6a4tf
cflbsf] cfwf/df plNnlvt P] g tyf
lgodfjnLcg';f/ lbg'kg]{ Go"gtd\ kfl/>lds, d+xuL
eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf eGbf yk kfl/>lds, eQf
tyf ;'ljwf lng] lbg] ;DaGwsf] ljifodf k|lti7fgsf]
Joj:yfkg / sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] k|ltlglwxsf]
aLr ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf x'g ;S5g\ . oltdfq
1155
xf]Og k|lti7fg cfly{s ;+s6df kl/jGb x'g] cj:yf

jf bfdf;fxLdf kg]{ cj:yf ePdf o:tf] cfly{s
;+s6sfn ;dfKt geP;Dd k|lti7fgnfO{ rfn'
xfntdf /fVg tyf /f]huf/L u'Dgaf6 arfpg]
sfo{af6 k|lti7fgsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf]
;fd"lxs xslxt / ;'ljwf ;d]t /Iff x'g] ePdf
cfly{s ;+s6df k/]sf] k|lti7fgnfO{ cfly{s ;+s6af6
psf;L bfdf;fxL jf lnSjL8]z
] g x'gaf6 arfpgsf]
nflu to ul/g] sfo{gLlt, sfo{of]hgf jf k'g/\;/+ rgf
of]hgfsf] lglZrt cjlw;Ddsf] nfuL Go"gtd\
kfl/>lds eGbf sd kfl/>lds, eQf jf ;'ljwf
lng] u/L pQm sfo{of]hgf jf k'g/\;/+ rgf of]hgfsf]
cleGg csf] ?kdf P]gsf] bkmf &$ cg';f/
;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf x'g ;S5 .
o;}u/L >d P]g jf lgodcg';f/ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf] lxt jf ;'ljwfsf] nflu ug'k{ g]{ s'g}
Joj:yf jf ;'ljwf slt lbg] / s;/L lbg] eGg]
af/]df pQm >d P]g jf >d lgodfjnLdf :ki6
Joj:yf gul/Psf] s'g} ;'ljwf lbg] lng] k|lqmof
tyf cfwf/x tf]Sgsf] nflu ul/g] ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tf klg pQm bkmf &$ sf] bfo/fleq kg{
;S5 . h:tf] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!
cg';f/ Joj:yf ug{k' g]{ cfjf; ;'ljwfsf] nflu
v8f ul/g] sf]ifsf] kof{Kttf, pQm sf]ifaf6 lbOg]
e'tmfgL tyf pQm sf]ifaf6 k|afx x'g] cfjf;
;'ljwfsf] k|sl[ t cflbsf af/]df klg pQm bkmf &$
cg';f/ ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf x'g ;Sg] / bkmf &( df
plNnlvt cjlwe/ To:tf] ;Demf}tf b'j} kIfsf]
nflu afWofTds x'g] b]lvG5 .
pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf ul/Pcg';f/
bkmf &$ cg';f/ s'g} k|lti7fg tyf o;sf sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lx aLrdf x'g] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] bfo/f
;Lldt /x]sf] / pQm >d P]g tyf lgodfjnLcg';f/
k|lti7fg tyf sfdbf/xn] afWofTds ?kdf kfng
ug{k' g]{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] ljifox -h:tf]
k|lti7fgsf :yfoL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jfsf]
;'/Iff / ;j} sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] :jf:Yo tyf
zf/Ll/s ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yfx_ b'j} kIfn]

afWofTds ?kdf kfngf ug{k' g]{ Joj:yf dflgg]
x'bF f o:tf ljifodf bkmf &$ cg';f/ ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tf x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPg . df}lb|s d"Nodf
dfkg ug{ ;lsg] kfl/>lds, eQf tyf cGo
;'ljwfx k|lti7fgn] cfgf] cfly{s Ifdtfcg';f/
sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] b/ eGbf a9L klg lbg ;Sg] /
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxn] klg lghxsf] ;dli6ut
lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfg"gL k|lqmofaf6 tf]lsPsf]
kfl/>lds jf ;'ljwfnfO{ klg :j]R5fn] c+flzs
?kdf kl/Tofu u/L s]xL ;dosf] nflu sd
kfl/>lds jf ;'ljwf lng] lbg] ljifo / P]g
lgoddf :ki6?kdf ls6fgL gePsf] s'g} ;'ljwf
lng] lbg] ljifo jf k|lti7fgn] kfngf ug{ u/fpg
kg]]{ elgPsf sltko bfloTjxsf] kfngf / o;af6
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt ug]{ ;'ljwfsf] k|sl[ t
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f gePsf] jf gul/Psf] ljifodf
yk s'/f :ki6 kfg{ jf o;sf k|of]ufTds kIf Operational Part_ df :ki6tf Nofpg bkmf &$
cg';f/ ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf x'g ;Sg] t/ >d P]g
jf lgodfjnLdf g} ls6fg eO{ afWofTds?kdf
kfngf ug{k' g]{ ljifodf pQm bkmf &$ cg';f/
;Demf}tf x'g g;Sg] x'bF f ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf]
bfo/f ;Lldt /x]sf] b]lvof] .
>d P] g sf] bkmf &$ df ul/Psf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ s'g} k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;fd"lxs xs, lxt / ;'ljwf;DaGwL
bfjLsf ;DaGwdf pQm k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfkg /
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] k|ltlglwaLr ePsf]
;Demf}tfsf] a}Btf tyf o;sf] ljifoj:t'sf
;DaGwdf p7]sf] s'g} ljjfb o; cbfntsf] ljz]if
If]qflwsf/cGtu{t Goflos lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo x'g
;Qm5 jf ;Qm}g eGg] bf];f| ] dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg klg
k|:t't d'2fdf lg/f]k0f ug{ kg]{ ljifo /x]sf] 5 . of]
k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ubf{ pQm oxL k|Zg;Fu ;DalGwt
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgxsf] cyf{t\ s'g} ;Demf}tfsf
kIfx aLr pQm ;Demf}tfsf zt{xsf] kfngf
1156
eP gePsf] eGg] ljifodf pTkGg ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f

o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t
kb}g{ eGg] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntn] clxn];Dd
cjnDag ul/Psf] dfGo l;4fGt pQm P]gsf] bkmf
&$ cg';f/ ePsf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] ;DaGwdf
nfu" x'G5 jf x'bF g} eGg] ;xfos k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, d"n
?kdf lgDg b'O{ ljifodf lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 M
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;fd"lxs xs, lxt ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf

bfjL k]z ug{ ;Sg] / o; ;DaGwdf bkmf &$-@_
cg';f/ ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf x'g ;Sg] x'bF f bkmf &$
-!_ cg';f/ dfu bfjL k]z x'g ;Sg] ljifo / ;f]
;DaGwdf x'g] ;Demf}tfsf] ljifoj:t' / bfo/f Jofks
geO{ ;Lldt eP /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;sf ;fy} pQm
P]gsf] bkmf &$ cg';f/ x'g] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf]
bfo/f tyf ;Ldfsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ubf{ pQm
P]gsf] bkmf &% df ul/Psf] Joj:yf klg x'gk' g]{
s_ bkmf &$ cg';f/ x'g] ul/g] ;Demf}tfsf] x'G5 . pQm bkmf &% df lgDg ljifodf bkmf &$
bfo/f s] xf] < tyf o:tf] ;Demf}tfn] ;d]6g\ cg';f/ s'g} klg bfjL k|:t't ug{ gkfOg] egL
g;Sg] ljifo 5g\ jf 5}gg\ <
k|ltjGw nufPsf] b]lvG5M
v_ pQm P]gsf] bkmf &$ cg';f/ ePsf] elgPsf]
;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfdf lrQ ga'g] jf ;f] bkmf &% bfjL k|:t't ug{df k|ltaGwM o; cl3
;Demf}tfdf ul/Psf] Joj:Yffcg';f/ >d
h' g ;' s } s' / f n] l vPsf] eP tfklg
P]gcGtu{t k|bQ s'g} xslxtaf6 s'g}
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] dfu jf bfjL k|:t't
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ jl~rt u/]sf]
ug{ kfOg] 5}g M
cj:yfdf ;f] pk/ pkrf/k| f Kt x' g ]
k|efjsf/L Joj:yf 5 jf 5}g <
-s_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg k|lts"n x'g,]
-v_ ck| d fl0ft jf + c fwf/xLg cf/f] k sf]
@= bkmf &$ cg';f/ ul/g] ;fd"lxs
cfwf/df s;}sf] lxt k|lts"n x'g] .
;Demf}tfsf] bfo/f ;Lldt ePsf] / s'g} sfdbf/
-u_ s'g} sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] :jf:Yo
cfr/0fdf c;/ kg]{ ljifo,
tyf z/Ll/s ;'/Iffsf] nflu jfWofTds ?kdf kfng
-3_ cfgf] k|lti7fg;Fu c;DalGwt ljifo, /
ug'k{ g]{ >d P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf jfWofTds
-_ ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf ePsf] b'O{ jif{ Joltt
Joj:yfx ljk/Lt x'g] u/L bkmf &$ cg';f/ s'g}
geO{ .
;Demf}tf x'g g;Sg] eGg] af/]df pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf
lj:t[t ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] x'bF f o:tf ljifo bkmf
#= pk/f]Qm Joj:yf x]bf{ d"n ?kdf s'g}
&$ cg';f/ ;Demf}tf x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . pQm sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] df}lns
afWofTds Joj:yf afx]s k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yf / xsnufot cGo xsdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L jf
o;sf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] ;xdltaf6 lgwf{/0f s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfwf/xLg jf ck|dfl0ft cf/f]k
x'g ;Sg] egL pQm P]g / lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] nfUg] jf JolQmut cfr/0fdf c;/ kg]{ ljifo,
ljifox -h:tf] lbgdf * 306f ga9fO{ sfd ug],{ k|lti7fg;Fu c;DalGwt ljifodf / ;fd"lxs
l;6 jf sfddf xfhL/ x'gk' g]{ ;do_ df pQm P]g ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO{ b'O{ aif{sf] cjlw ;dfKt
/ lgodfjnLcg';f/ df}lb|s d"Nodf dfkg x'g ;Sg] geO{ bkmf &$-!_ cg';f/ bfjL k]z x'g g;Sg] /
kfl/>lds, eQf, cfjf;nufotsf] cGo ;'ljwfsf] bkmf &$-@_ cg';f/ o:tf] bfjLsf ljifo ;fd"lxs
;DaGwdf bkmf &$-!_ cg' ; f/ sfdbf/ ;Demf}tf x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
1157
$= pk/f] Q m k| s /0fxdf ljj] r gf

ul/Pcg';f/ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf ;fd"lxs lxt jf
xs s} ljifo eP klg bkmf &% df plNnlvt
sltko ljifo / sltko ;dodf bkmf &$-!_
cg';f/sf] ;fd"lxs bfjL k]z x'g g;Sg] eO{ o:tf
ljifodf bkmf &$-@_ cg';f/ ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf
x'g} g;Sg] eO{ pQm bkmf &$ sf] Joj:yf lg/k]If
gePsf] tyf pQm bkmf &$ cg';f/ k]z x'g] bfjL
tyf ;f] ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] bfo/f Jofks geO{
;Lldt /x]sf] / pQm ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] sf/0faf6
s'g} sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g tyf
;+ljwfgadf]lhd k|fKt /f]huf/L tyf ;DklQsf]
xsaf6 jl~rt ug{] jf u/fpg ;Sg] cj:yf klg
pTkGg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] pQm bkmf &$
cGtu{t eP u/]sf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf zt{x
cbfntL k/LIf0f tyf Goflos lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo
x'g] / ;f] ;DaGwdf cbfntn] Goflos k/LIf0f
tyf x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg]] g} b]lvof] .
%= ca pQm bkmf &$ cGtu{t eP
ul/Psf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf ljifoj:t' / o;sf
zt{x cbfntL k/LIf0f / lg/f]k0fsf ljifo x'g]
ePkl5 pQm ;Demf}tfaf6 dsf{ kg]{ sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/Ln] s'g txsf] cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfodf
hfg] eGg] csf]{ k|Zg klg p7b\5 . o; ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ^) df
ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ s]jn v/fj cfr/0fpk/
Joj:yfksaf6 ePsf] sf/jfxL jf lg0f{opk/
dfq >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf
ePsf] t/ bkmf &$ cg';f/ ePsf] ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tfnfO{ Joj:yfksaf6 v/fj cfr/0f
;DaGwdf ePsf] sf/jfxL dfGg g;lsg] x'bF f
o:tf] ;Demf}tfaf6 s'g} sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
k|fKt s'g} sfg"gL jf ;+jw} flgs xs xgg\ ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;f] pk/ pkrf/ dfUg] k|efjsf/L
j}sNkLs pkrf/ eP u/]sf] gb]lvFbf o:tf] ljifo
o; cbfntsf] ljz]if clwsf/If]qleq kg]{ g}
b]lvof] . pQm bkmf &$ cg';f/ ePsf] ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df g} l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{ cjsfz

lbPsf] b]lvPsf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg klg o;
cbfntsf] ljz]if clwsf/If]qleq kg]{ g} b]lvof]
^= t];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ >d P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf !@ / bkmf &$ k[ys / :jtGq
?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . bkmf !@ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] s6f}tL / k'gM sfddf
nufpg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . pQm bkmf !@
df g} lgwf{l/t cj:yf pTkGg eO{ ;f] adf]lhd
s'g} k|lti7fgdf sf/0fj; sfdbf/ s6f}tL ug'{
k/]df Joj:yfksn] >d ljefu dfkm{t\ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ k|lti7fgsf s]xL jf
;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/ s6f}tL ug{ ;Sg]] Joj:yf ub{}{
To;/L sfdbf/ s6f}tL ug]{ sfo{ljlw ;d]t pQm
bkmf !@-@_ df tf]ss
] f] b]lvG5 . ;f] adf]lhd
k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sfdbf/ s6f}tL ug'{ k/]df
Ps} lsl;dsf] sfddf sfo{/t\ :yfoL sd{rf/L jf
sfdbf/dWo] To:tf] sfdbf/ ;j}eGbf kl5 lgo'Qm
ePsfnfO{ klxn] s6f}tL ug]{ s|dn] s6f}tL ug'k{ g]{
Joj:yf u/L olb cufl8 lgo'lQm ePsfnfO{ s6f}tL
ug'k{ g]{ ePdf ;f]sf] sf/0f vf]nL s6f}tL ug{
;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
pQm bkmf !@ df ul/Psf] k|fjwfg / o;sf]
k|lqmof tyf s6f}tLdf kg]{ sd{rf/L tyf
sfdbf/nfO{ lbOg] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]tsf] af/]df ul/Psf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf cfkm}df k"0f{ x'gs
' f] ;fy} pQm
bkmf !@ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ :jtGq sfg"gsf] ?kdf
th'd
{ f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L s'g} k|lti7fgdf
sfo{/t\ sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf s6f}tL
ug]{ jf/]df k"0f{ tyf :jtGq sfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
pQm bkmf !@ sf] Joj:yf bkmf &$ cg';f/sf]
;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] ljifoj:t' x'g} g;Sg] ePsf]n]
sd{rf/L / sfdbf/sf] ;fd"lxs xs, lxt /
;'ljwf;DaGwL yk Joj:yfsf] nflu dfu /fVg
;lsg] / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tf x'g
;Sg] egL bkmf &$ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf]
cfwf/df ePsf] ;Demf} t fn] k| l ti7fgsf]
1158
Joj:yfksn] / sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] afWofTds

?kdf kfngf ug{k' g]{ u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf !)
tyf !@ nufot afWofTds ?kdf kfngf ug{k' g]{
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+sl' rt ug{ tyf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yf b]lvb}g .
&= rf}yf] k|Zg >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
&$ adf]lhd ePsf] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfaf6 s'g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 afWofTds ?kdf x6fpg
;lsG5 ;lsb}g eGg] /x]sf] 5 . dfly ljj]rgf
ul/Padf]lhd P]gsf] bkmf !@ tyf bkmf &$
k[ys k[ys / :jtGq ?kdf /x]sf tyf bkmf &$
cg';f/ ePsf] ;Demf}tfn] bkmf !@ nfO{ ;+sl' rt
ug{ g;Sg] eGg] 7x/ eO;s]sf] 5 . >d P]g
@)$* n] k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sfdbf/ /
sd{rf/Lsf] s6f}tL ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf cfPdf ;f]sf]
lg/fs/0f ug{sf] lgldQ :jtGq bkmf !@ sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf !@ df sfdbf/
sd{rf/L s6f}tL ug'k{ g]{ ePdf >d ljefudfkm{t\
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ clgjfo{
Joj:yfsf ;fy} Ps} lsl;dsf] sfddf sfo{/t\
:yfoL sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/dWo] To:tf] sfddf
;a}eGbf kl5 lgo'ltm ePsfnfO{ klxn] s6f}tL
ug]{ qmdn] s6f}tL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . o;af6 pQm bkmf !@ sf] s'g} klg
Joj:yf bkmf &$ tyf &( df ul/Psf] Joj:yf;Fu
;DalGwt b]lvb}g . pk/f]tm k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf
ul/Pcg';f/ s'g} sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cGt
jf s6f}tLsf] ljifodf pQm bkmf &$ cg';f/
dfubfjL k]z ug{ g;lsg] dfq geO{ o:tf] dfu
>d P]gsf] bkmf !@, %@, %# tyf &%, g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !* f/f
k|ltjlGwt ljifo ePsf]n] o:tf] ljifodf bkmf
&$ adf]lhd dfu kq k|:t't x'g g} g;Sg] eO{
pQm bkmf &$-@_ adf]lhd ;Demf}tf g} x'g g;Sg]
/ o:tf]] u}/sfg"gL =;Demf}tfn] bkmf &( cg';f/sf]
;+/If0f jf dfGotf k|fKt x'g] cj:yf b]lvPg .
o;}n] pQm >d P]gsf] bkmf !@, %@ tyf %# sf]
ljk/Lt x'g] u/L eP u/]sf] ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df

s'g} klg sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;dfKt x'g
;Sg] cj:yf klg /x]g .
*= ca clGtd k|Zg k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
lgj]bsx ljkIfL g]kfn afog{ O{n]lS6sn
k|f=ln=sf sd{rf/L /x]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFbg} .
pQm ljkIfL sDkgLn] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@ adf]lhd krf; k|ltzt sfdbf/ s6f}tL ug{
>d ljefu;dIf cg' / f] w ul/Psf] d f pQm
ljefuaf6 ldlt @)^%.!!.% df krf; k|ltzt
sfdbf/ s6f}tL ug{ pQm bkmf !@ adf]lhdsf]
Joj:yf clgjfo{ ?kn] nfu" ug]{ zt{df :jLs[lt
lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
(= >d ljefuaf6 sfdbf/ s6f}tLsf]
:jLs[lt k|fKt u/]kl5 sDkgLn] s6f}tLdf k/]sf
!#& hgf sd{rf/Lsf] ;"rL k|sflzt ubf{ oL
lgj]bsx pQm ;"rLdf ;dfj]z gePsf] ldl;n
;+nUg sd{rf/Lsf] ;"rLaf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{
ljkIfL sDkgLn] cGoyf eGg ;d]t ;s]sf]
kfOb}g .
!)= ljkIfL sDkgLsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{
dhb'/ o'lgog / Joj:yfks aLr ldlt )^%.!@.(
df >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &$ adf]lhd ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tf ePsf] / ;f] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/
lgj]bsxsf] ;]jf s6f}tL ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
pQm bkmf &( df sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L tyf
Joj:yfkssf] aLrdf pTkGg ljjfbsf] 6'f] nufpg
ul/Psf] ;Demf}tf b'j} kIfnfO{ sfg"g ;/x x'g] /
pQm ;Demf}tf >d sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} pQm bkmf &( sf]
;DaGw ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf &$ ;Fu /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQm bkmf &$-!_ / &$-@_ df k|lti7fgsf sfdbf/
jf sd{ r f/Lxsf] ;fd" l xs xs, lxt /
;'ljwf;DaGwL ljifodf dfq sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/L
/ Joj:yfksaLr ;Demf}tf x'g ;Sg] x'bF f pQm
bkmf &$ cg';f/ x'g] ;Demf}tfsf] bfo/f ;Lldt
1159
/x]sf] 5 eGg] ljifodf pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf lj:t[t

ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] 5 . k|lti7fgsf] ;]jfdf /x]sf]
:yfoL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt
ug]{ u/L >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !) n] pQm P]g
/ ;f] P]g cGtu{tsf] lgod jf ljlgoddf tf]lsPsf]
/Lt gk'ofO{ k|lti7fgsf] :yfoL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jf cGTo ug{ gx'g] eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . bkmf !) df ul/Psf] ;]jf ;'/Iffsf]
k|Tofe"ltsf] Joj:yfnfO{ g} cem :ki6 kfb}{ s'g}
k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ :yfoL sd{rf/LnfO{ s]jn v/fj
cfrf/0fsf] cfwf/df dfq ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]
/ o;/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf s'g} sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf]
lj?4df nufOPsf] v/fj cfr/0fsf] cleof]u jf
s;"/;DaGwL kof{Kt ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg kg]{ nufot
cGo ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf k|lti7fgsf] tkm{af6 afWofTds
?kdf cjnDag ug{ kg]{ k|lqmofsf] af/]df pQm
P]gsf] bkmf %# df lj:t[t Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L :yfoL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf
;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwdf k|Tofe"lt lbg] >d P]gsf] bkmf
!) sf] Joj:yf tyf s]jn v/fa cfr/0f k|dfl0ft
ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf :yfoL
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg jf lghsf]
;]jf ;dfKt ug{ jf ;]jfaf6 x6fpg gkfOg] eGg]
;DaGwdf pQm P]gsf] bkmf %@ tyf %# n] k|bfg
u/]sf] xsnfO{ s'l07t ug{] u/L ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf]
gfddf s'g} k|lti7fg / pQm k|lti7fgsf] 68]
o'lgog jf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltlglw elgPsf
JolQmx aLr s'g} ;Demf}tf x'g g;Sg] / o:tf]
;Demf}tfn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf &( cg';f/sf] ;+/If0f
tyf sfg"gL dfGotf ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
!!= pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf
u/fPcg';f/ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &$
cg';f/ k|lti7fgsf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;fd"lxs
xs, lxt / ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf dfq ;fd"lxs
;Demf}tf x'g' ;Sg] x'bF f pQm P]gsf] bkmf !), %@
tyf %# sf] k|lqmof k"/f gu/L k|lti7fgsf s]xL
sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf ;dfKt ug]{ jf lghxnfO{

;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L s'g} klg k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
cfzo, k|of]hg jf kl/0ffd lg:sg] ;Demf}tf ug{
jf x'g g;Sg] x'bF f lgj]bsxnfO{ k|lti7fgsf]
;]jfaf6 x6fpg] ljkIfL k|lti7fg / 68] o'lgog
aLr ldlt @)^%.!@.( df ePsf] ;Demf}tfn]
sfg"gL dfGotf gkfpg] b]lvof] .
!@= k|:t't d'2fdf ax;sf] s|ddf
ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
tyf clwjQmfxn] ab|L kf;jfg ;d]t lgj]bs
/ >d cbfnt ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%(
;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!^# ePsf] pTk|i] f0fo'Qm cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bgsf] ljjfb / k|:t't
lgj]bgsf] ljjfb Ps} k|sl[ tsf] ePsf]n] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bg ;d]t ;f]xL ghL/sf] cfwf/df vf/]h
x'gk' 5{ eGg] lhsL/ ug'{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df pQm
lgj]bgsf] ljjfbdf k|lti7fgsf s]xL sfdbf/
s6f}tL dfq ug]{ jf s]xL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jf ;dfKt ug]{ ljifodf ePsf] geO{ 6]8
o'lgog;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L sf/vfgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ efu
aGb u/L ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf s6f}tL ul/Psf]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;Dk"0f{ sf/vfgf aGb u/L P]gsf]
bkmf !@ adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
s6f}tL u/L bkmf !@-#_ adf]lhd ;'ljwf k|bfg
ul/Psf] ljifo / >d P]gsf] bkmf !@, %@ tyf
%# ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s]xL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jfdfq s6f}tL ug]{ u/L bkmf &$-!_ adf]lhd
dfu kq k|:t't eO{ bkmf &$-@_ adf]lhd ;Demf}tf
u/L lghxnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fO{ cjsfz lbg]
ljifo km/s ePsf] x'bF f k|:t't ljjfbdf pQm
ghL/ ;fGble{s b]lvg cfPg .
!#= pk/f]Qm k|s/0fxdf ljj]rgf
ul/Pcg';f/ >d ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L
;]jf s6f}tLdf kg]{ sfdbf/sf] ;"rL ;d]t
k|sflzt ul/;s]kZrft\ dhb'/ o'lgog /
Joj:yfksaLr ;Demf}tf u/L lgj]bsxsf] ;]jf
s6f}tL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / pQm sfo{ >d P]g,
1160
**^& - rGb|ks
| fz j:g]t lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]=sf= ;d]t
@)$* sf] bkmf !), !@, %@ tyf %# sf]

h'g;'s} k/LIffdf k/LIffyL{n] kfng ug'k{ g]{
ljk/Lt ePsf] b]lvPsf] / o:tf] ;Demf}tf
s]xL clgjfo{ zt{, dof{bf / lgod /x]sf
u}/sfg"gL x'g] eO{ o:tf] u}/sfg"gL ;Demf}tfn]
x'G5g\ . k/LIff;DaGwL zt{, dof{bf /
P]gsf] bkmf &( cg';f/sf] ;+/If0f kfpg g;Sg]
lgodsf] kfngf ePg eg] k/LIffsf] z'tf
x'Fbf o:tf] u}/sfg"gL ;Demf}tfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
/ lgikIftf /xg g;Sg] .
lgj]bsxsf] ;]jf s6f}tL ug]{ u/L ljkIfL
k/LIff ejgdf lgif]lwt j:t' n}hfg],
afog{ O{n]lS6sn k|f=ln=af6 eP ul/Psf] ldlt
pQ/k'l:tsf ga'emfO{ aflx/ n}hfg], xf]xNnf
@)^%.!@.!& sf] lg0f{o tyf ;f] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df
ug]{ h:tf sfo{ k/LIff;DaGwL clgoldt
lgj]bsxnfO{ lbOPsf] ldlt @)^%.!@.@! sf]
sfo{ dfGg'kg]{ x'bF f k/LIff ejgdf pQ/k'l:tsf
kq pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/lbOPsf] 5 .
ga'emfO{ aflx/ n}hfg] sfo{nfO{ k/LIff;DaGwL
lgj]bsxnfO{ ;fljsadf]lhd sfddf nufpg'sf]
clgoldt sfo{ gdfGg] xf] eg] k/LIffsf]
;fy} lghxn] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd kfpg]
z'tf, dof{bf, lgikIftf sfod /xg g;Sg] .
tnj, eQfnufot cGo ;a} ;'ljwf ;d]t
-k|s/0f g+=$_
lgj] b sxnfO{ pknJw u/fpg' egL
k/LIffdf clgoldttf u/] s f] tYo
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t
lglj{jfb kdf k'li6 e};s]sf] cj:yfdf
hf/L ul/lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;"rgf ljkIfLxnfO{
To:tf] ljifodf k/LIffyL{nfO{ yk ;'gj' fOsf]
lbO{ k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
df}sf lbO{ /xg'kg]{ cj:yf g/xg] .
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
lgj]bstkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf bLk]Gb| emf
Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fhLjL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn k'; % ut] /f]h # z'ed\=
l3ld/]
Ohnf; clws[tM /fdk|;fb e/fO{
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
&
cfb]z
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
lg0f{o g+= **^&
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf wf/f !)&-@_
adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q cGtu{tsf]
' m Ohnf;
eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M
dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk]t| L
d lgj]bs rGb|ks
| fz a:g]tn] ljkIfL nf]s;]jf
;+jt\ @)^* ;fnsf] l/6 g+=)^*WO)$)$ cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{no cgfdgu/ sf7df8fFs
} f] cf=
cfb]z ldltM @)^*.!@.@!.#
j= )^&)^* df kbk"lt{ u'gk{ g]{ ;]jfx k//fi6,
ljifoM pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
k|zf;g nufotdf kmf/fd e/L cfof]uf/f ;~rflnt
lgj]bsM lhNnf emfkf, uf=lj=;= ch'g{ wf/f, j8f lj= g+= %!&)^&)^* k//fi6 ;]jf /f= k= cg+=
g+= ^ a:g] rGb|ks
| fz a:g]t
k|yd >]0fL /f]n g+= !^^^&^ dfkm{t ldlt @)^*.!.!&
lj?4
ltLo kqsf] k/LIff lbg] qmddf j:t'ut k|Zgkq
ljkIfLM nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
dfgjLo q'l6n] e"na; k/LIff xn aflx/ uPsf]
1161
lyof] . pQm j:t'ut k|Zgkq d;Fu} e"na;n] k/LIff

xn aflx/ cfPsf] yfxf kfPkl5 tTsfn} d}n] k/LIff
lbPsf] s]Gb| hgsgfy cfb{z pRr df= lj= n}grf}/sf]
k/LIff uf8{nfO{ e]6L s]Gb|fWoIf vu]Gb| ;'ab] LNffO{ ;d]t
;Dks{ u/]sf]df s'g} hjfkm gkfPkl5 ef]lnkN6
nf]s;]jf cfof]u dWodf~rn If]qLo sfof{nodf cfgf]
Joxf]/f ;lxtsf] j:t'ut k|Zgkq a'emfPsf] lyPF . o;}
qmddf PSsf;L nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{no,
cgfdgu/af6 d]/f] pQm k/LIff /2 u/L lgnDag
ul/Psf] ;"rgf g+= ^#!)^&)^* af6 k|sflzt
uof] h;df ldlt @)^*.!.!& ut]bl] v nfu" x'g] u/L
cfof]usf] s'g} klg k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g gkfpg]
u/L @ aif{;Dd lgnDag ul/Psf] ;"rgf ldlt
@)^*.#.@@ sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . d}n]
;"rgf g+= %@$)^*)^( dfkm{t k|zf;g ;]jf,
;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"x gfoj ;'Jjf kbdf v'Nnftkm{
lnlvt k/LIff ;d]t kf; u/]sf]df cfof]un] ldlt
@)^*.&.( ut] ;"rgf g+= !$()^*)^( dfkm{t
ldlt @)^*.&.* sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ lnlvt k/LIffsf]
glthfaf6 dnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 h'g sfo{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_ !*-!_
sf] ljk/Lt eO{ d]/f] df}lns xsdfly aGb]h
nufOPsf] 5 .
d lgj]bsn] lj1fkg g+= %!&)^&
)^* k//fi6 gfoj ;'Jjf kbsf] k/LIffsf] k/LIff
;DaGwL lgodsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] 5}g . dnfO{
:ki6Ls/0fsf] df}sf ;d]t glbO{ d]/f] eljiodf g}
c;/ k'offpg] u/L k//fi6 ;d"xsf] k/LIffsf]
s;"/sf] cfwf/df k|zf;g ;d"xdf ;d]t cGt{jftf{
lbg gkfpg] u/L lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf ;"rLaf6
x6fpg] sfo{ sfg"gk|lts"n 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]u
s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^*.#.@) sf] lg0f{o /
ldlt @)^*.&.* sf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L d]/f] df}lns xssf] prf/fy{ ljkIfLnfO{
eljiodf sfg"gf/f lgb[i6 ;"rgf k|sfzgsf] sfo{
ug{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFmF . ;fy} d
lgj]bsn] dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]z
{ gfnosf] lj1fkg
g+= %@$)^*)^( k|zf;g ;]jf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g

;d"xsf] gfoj ;'Jjf kbsf] v'nftkm{sf] lnlvt
k/LIffsf] glthf ;"rLaf6 x6fO{ cGt{jftf{df
;xefuL gu/fpg] egL ljkIfLxn] ldlt
@)^*.&.* df lg0f{o u/L ldlt @)^*.&.( df
uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]af6 lgj]bsnfO{
cGt{jftf{ lbgaf6 al~rt ug]{ ;Defjgf ePsf]n]
ldlt @)^*.&.* sf] lg0f{o tyf ldlt @)^*.&.(
sf] ;"rgf sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' / d lgj]bsnfO{
cGt/jftf{df ;xefuL u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% -kGw|_ lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm
k7fpg" egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy}
/fvL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofolwjQmfsf] sfof{ondf k7fO{ lbg" / lnlvt
hjfkm k/]kl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ . ;fy} lgj]bs #@ aif{sf] b]lvO{ nf]s;]jf
cfof]udf pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] pd]/ xbsf sf/0faf6
5f]6f] lg0f{o x'g af~5gLo ePsf]n] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ^#-#_-r%_ adf]lhd
k|:t't d'2fnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 eGg] o;
cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)^*.&.@( sf] cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf lghn] lj1fkg
g+= %!&)^&)^*, k//fi6 ;]jf gfoj ;'Jjf kbsf]
ltLo kqsf] k/LIff lbg] qmddf j:t'ut k|Zgkq
k/LIff xn aflx/ nu]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] eP klg
lghn] pQm k/LIffdf j:t'ut k|Zgsf] pQ/k'l:tsf
cfkm";uF } nu]sf] cj:yf x'bF f k|Zgkq lnP/ uPsf]
egL em"7f ljj/0f pNn]v u/L ;DdfgLt cbfntnfO{
u'd/fxdf kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf] b]lv+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^*.!.!& df ;~rflnt
1162
**^& - rGb|ks
| fz j:g]t lj=nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]=sf= ;d]t
lj1fkg g+= %!&)^&)^*, k//fi6 ;]jf /fhkq

cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] ltLo kqsf] j:t'ut
pQ/k'l:tsf cfFkm}n] lnP/ uPsf]n] lghsf] k/LIff /2
u/L lghnfO{ plNnlvt k/LIff z' ePsf] lbgb]lv
b'O{ aif{;Dd cfo]uaf6 lj1fkg ePsf] s'g} klg kbsf]
k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g gkfpg] u/L lgnDjg ug]{ /
k/LIff z' ePsf] ldltb]lv cfhsf lbgleq k/LIff
lbPsf] eP ;f] ;d]t /2 ug]{ u/L nf]s;]jf cfof]u
P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf #! sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd o;
cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.#.@) df ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt 55: . l/6 lgj]bsn] g]kfn k|zf;g
;]jf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xsf] /fhkq cg+lst k|yd
>]0fL gfoa ;'Aaf kbsf] nflu ldlt @)^*.!.#! df
lbPsf] k/LIff o; cfof]usf] ldlt @)^*.#.@) df
ePsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ /2 ePsf]n] lgh ;f] kbsf]
cGt{/jftf{df ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf] x'bF f
lghsf] gfd lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthfaf6 x6fO{
cGtjf{tf{d{ f ;xefuL gu/fpg] u/L cfof]uaf6 ldlt
@)^*.&.* df ePsf] lg0f{o tyf ;f]adf]lhd k|sflzt
;"rgf ;d]t sfg"g;Ddt ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo
sfof{nosf]tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj Zofdk|;fb d}gfnLsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L o;
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
ldl;n cWoo u/L lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L bLk]Gb| emfn] d]/f] kIf l/6 lgj]bsn]
ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]uf/f ;~rflnt la1fkg
g+= %!&)^&)^* sf] k//fi6 ;]jfsf] /f=k=
cg+= k|yd >]0fL gfoj ;'Jjf kbsf]] ltLo kqsf]
k/LIff lbg] qmddf dfgjLo q'l6n] e"na; j:t'ut
k|Zgkq k/LIff xn aflx/ lnP/ uPsf]df ;f] s'/f
;dodf ;DalGwt s]Gb|df uO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{
ef]lnkN6 Odfgbf/L ;fy k|Zgkq ;d]t a'emfPsf]
xf] . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] d]/f] kIfnfO{ ;kmfOsf]
df}sf ;d]t k|bfg gu/L ldlt @)^*.#.@) sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt @)^*.!.!& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L
b'O{ aif{;Dd cfof]usf] s'g} klg k/LIffdf ;xefuL

x'g gkfpg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o Pj+ gfoa ;'Aaf
k|zf;g ;d"xsf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf ;"rLaf6
ldlt @)^*.&.* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ u}/sfg"gLkdf
x6fOPsf] x'bF f ldlt @)^*.#.@) / ldlt @)^*.&.*
sf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L eljiodf
sfg"gf/f lglb{i6 ;"rgf k|sfzgsf] sfo{ ug{
k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt
ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]n] l/6
lgj]bsn] k//fi6 ;]jf gfoj ;'Jjf kbsf] k/LIffdf
k/LIff ejgaf6 k|Zgkq dfq aflx/ nu]sf] geO{
pQ/k'l:tsf g} ga'emfO{ aflx/ lnO{ uPsf x'g\ .
k/LIff ejgdf pQ/k'l:tsf g} ga'emfO{ aflx/
n}hfg' k/LIff ;DaGwL dof{bfsf] ljk/Ltsf] sfo{
xf] . lgj]bsn] k/LIffdf clgoldttf u/]sf] x'bF f
lghnfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf #!
sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bssf] k/LIff /2 u/L
b'O{ aif{sf] nflu lgnDjg ul/Psf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt
5 . k/LIffdf clgoldttf ug]{ lgj]bsnfO{
;'gj' fOsf] df}sf k|bfg ul//xg' cfjZos kb}g{ .
lgj]bssf] k|zf;g ;d"xsf] k/LIff ;d]t lgnDjg
cjlwleqsf] x'bF f ;f]df ;d]t lnlvt k/LIff ;"rLaf6
gfd x6fpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax;
;d]t ;'lgof] .
plNnlvt ax; ;'gL lgj]bssf] dfu
adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf g} lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, l/6 lgj]bsn]
cfgf] lgj]bgdf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;kmfOsf] df}sf
;d]t k|bfg gu/L ldlt @)^*.#.@) sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
ldlt @)^*.!.!& b]lv nfu" x'gu] /L b'O{ aif{;Dd
cfof]usf] s'g} klg k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g gkfpg]
u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ldlt @)^*.&.* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
gfoa ;'Aaf k|zf;g ;d"xsf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf
;"rLaf6 u}/sfg"gLkdf x6fOPsf] x'bF f ldlt
1163
@)^*.#.@) / ldlt @)^*.&.* sf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf]

cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L eljiodf sfg"gf/f lglb{i6
;"rgf k|sfzgsf] sfo{ ug{ k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLsf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf lgj]bsn] k//fi6 ;]jf gfoj ;'Jjf kbsf]
k/LIffdf k/LIff ejgaf6 pQ/k'l:tsf g} ga'emfO{
aflx/ nuL k/LIff;DaGwL dof{bfsf] ljk/Lt sfo{
u/]sfn] lghsf] k/LIff /4 u/L b'O{ aif{sf] nflu
lgnDjg ul/Psf] Pj+ k|zf;g ;d"xsf] k/LIff ;d]t
lgnDjg cjlwleqsf] x'bF f ;f]df ;d]t lnlvt
k/LIff ;"rLaf6 gfd x6fpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#= lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf nf]s;]jf
cfof]usf] lj1fkg g+= %!&)^&)^* k//fi6
;]jf ;d"x gfoj ;'Aaf kbsf] ldlt @)^*.!.!& df
k/LIff ;DkGg ePkZrft\ k|Zgkq ga'emfO{ e"na;
cfFkm}n] nu]sf] eGg] tYo pNn]v u/] tfklg ljkIfLsf]
lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f Pj+ lgj]bsnfO{ ul/Psf]
sf/jfxL ;DaGwL nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|fKt ;Ssn
kmfO{n x]bf{ lgj]bsn] k/LIff ejgaf6 k|Zgkq dfq
aflx/ lnO{ uPsf] geO{ pQ/k'l:tsf g} aflx/ lnO{
uPsf] b]lvg cfof] . pQm tYo lgj]bs :jo+n]
nf]s;]jf cfof]u dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]z
{ gfnodf
ldlt @)^*.!.@) df lbPsf] lgj]bgdf cGhfgdf
j:t'ut ax'pQm/ k'l:tsf cfkm";uF } lnP/ uPsf]
lyP eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] ;fy} hgsgfy :d[lt pRr
dfWolds ljBfno n}grf}/ -v_ s]Gb|sf s]Gb|fWoIf
;"og{ fy sf]O/fnfn] lgj]bsn] j:t'ut pQ/ k'l:tsf
ga'emfO{ :jo+ lnO{ uPsf] x'bF f lgj]bsnfO{ cfjZos
sf/jfxL ug{ egL k|ltj]bg k]z u/]af6 ;d]t k'li6
x'g cfof] .
$= lgj]bsn] k/LIff ejgdf j:t'ut
pQ/k'l:tsf ga'emfO{ :jo+n] aflx/ lnO{ hfg] sfo{
k/LIff;DaGwL clgoldttf sfo{ xf] xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf x]bf{ h'g;'s} k/LIffdf k/LIffyL{n] kfng
ug'k{ g]{ s]xL clgjfo{ zt{, dof{bf / lgod /x]sf
x'G5g\ . k/LIff;DaGwL zt{, dof{bf / lgodsf]

kfngf ePg eg] k/LIffsf] z'tf / lgikIftf /xg
;Sb}g . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
/f]huf/Lsf] nflu pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{
k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ / To:tf] k/LIffsf] lgod /
zt{x k|jz
] kq Pj+ pQ/k'l:tsfsf] cu|efudf
;d]t pNn]v u/sf] x'G5 . k/LIff ejgdf lgif]lwt
j:t' n}hfg], pQ/k'l:tsf ga'emfO{ aflx/ n}hfg],
xf]xNnf ug]{ h:tf sfo{ k/LIff;DaGwL clgoldt
sfo{ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . k/LIff ejgdf pQ/k'l:tsf
ga'emfO{ aflx/ n}hfg] sfo{nfO{ k/LIff;DaGwL
clgoldt sfo{ gdfGg] xf] eg] k/LIffsf] z'tf,
dof{bf, lgikIftf sfod /xg g;Sg] x'G5 . t;y{
lgj]bsn] k/LIff ;dfKt e};s]kZrft\ j:t'ut
pQ/k' l :tsf ga' e mfO{ aflx/ nu] s f] sfo{
k/LIff;DaGwL clgoldt sfo{ x'g] b]lvof] .
%= cj, ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lj1fkg
g+= %!&)^&)^* k//fi6 ;]jf ;d"xsf] gfoa
;'Aaf kbsf] ldlt @)^*.!.!& ut] ;~rflnt
k/LIffdf lgj]bsn] clgoldt sfo{ u/]sf] egL
pQm k/LIff /2 u/L pQm ldltb]lv b'O{ aif{;Dd
cfof]uaf6 x'g] s'g} klg kbsf] k/LIffdf ;deflu
x'g gkfpg] u/L ldlt @)^*.#.@) df u/]sf] lg0f{o
/ lj1fkg g+= %@$)^&)^* k|zf;g ;]jf
gfoa ;'Aafsf] lnlvt k/LIff glthf ;"rLaf6
x6fpg] u/L ldlt @)^*.&.* sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt
5 jf 5}g eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof] . dfly
k|s/0fxdf n]lvPcg';f/ lgj]bsn] k//fi6 ;]jf
;d"xsf] hgsgfy :d[lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno
n}grf}/ -v_ k/LIff s]Gb|af6 ;~rflnt k/LIffdf
ldlt @)^*.!.!& ut] j:t'ut pQ/k'l:tsf ga'emfO{
cfFkm}n] lnO{ aflx/ uPsf] sfo{ k/LIff;DaGwL
clgoldt u/]sf] k'li6 e};s]sf] 5 . k/LIffdf
clgoldttf u/]sf] tYo lglj{jfb kdf k'li6
e};s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ljifodf k/LIffyL{nfO{
yk ;'gj' fOsf] df}sf lbO{ /xg'kg]{ cj:yf ;d]t
x'bF g} . nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf #! sf]
1164
**^* - OGb|lglw pkfWofo lj=g]kfn ;/sf/
pkbkmf -!_ df s'g} pDd]bjf/n] s'g} k/LIff

s]Gb|df clgoldt sfdsf/jfxL u/]df jf cfof]un]
tf]ss
] f] zt{sf] pNn+3g u/]df cfof]un] To:tf]
pDd]bjf/sf] k/LIff /2 u/L To;kl5 x'g] s'g}
la1fkgadf]lhdsf] k/LIffdf cfof]un] tf]ss
] f]
calw;Dd lghnfO{ pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg] u/L
lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df
lgj]bssf] k/LIff /2 u/L cfof]usf] k/LIffdf ldlt
@)^*.!.!& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L b'O{ aif{;Dd ;xefuL
x'g gkfpg] u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^*.#.@) sf]
lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 kfOPg .
^= cfof]usf] la1fkg g+= %@$)^&
)^* k|zf;g ;]jf, gfoa ;'Aaf kbsf] lnlvt
k/LIff glthf ;"rLaf6 lgj]bssf] gfd x6fpg]
cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt eP geP ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{, dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd ldlt
@)^*.!.!& ut] b ] l v lgj] b sn] cfof] u af6
;~rfng x'g] jf ePsf] s'g} klg kbsf] k/LIffdf
;lDdlnt x'g gkfpg] u/L b'O{ aif{;Dd lgnDagdf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lgnDag calwdf g}
nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]z
{ gfnosf]
la1fkg g+= %@$)^&)^* k|zf;g ;]jf,
;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xsf] gfoj ;'Jjf kbsf]
v'Nnftkm{sf] ldlt @)^*.&.% df k|sflzt lnlvt
k/LIffsf] glthfdf lgj]bssf] gfd /x]sf] x'bF f
ldlt @)^*.*.! sf] nflu cGt/jftf{ tf]lsPsf]df
lghsf] gfd lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf ;"rLaf6
x6fPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] lgnDjg cjlwdf
cfof]usf] s'g} klg k/LIff lbg gkfpg] / lbPsf]
eP klg sfod /xg g;Sg] x'bF f lgj]bssf] gfd
lnlvt k/LIff glthf ;"rLaf6 x6fpg] u/L
cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.&.* df ePsf] lg0f{o
;d]t sfg"g;Ddt b]lvof] .
&= t;y{, dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd
lgj]bs rGb|k;
| fb a:g]tnfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]u
dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]z
{ gfnosf] la1fkg g+=
%!&)^&)^* k//fi6 ;]jfsf] gfoj ;'Jjf

kbsf] lnlvt k/LIffdf clgoldt sfo{ u/]sf]n]
lghsf] pQm k/LIff /2 u/L ldlt @)^*.!.!&
b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L cfof]uaf6 ;~rfng ePsf /
x'g] s'g} klg kbsf] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g
gkfpg] u/L b'O{ aif{sf nflu lgnDag ug]{ / s'g}
klg k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt e};s]sf] eP ;f] k/LIff
/2 ug]{ egL nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^*.#.@)
df ePsf] lg0f{o / la1fkg g+= %@$)^&)^*
sf] k|zf;g ;]jf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xsf]
%!&)^&)^* kbsf] v'nftkm{sf] k|sflzt
lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf ;"rLaf6 lgj]bssf] gfd
x6fpg] u/L ldlt @)^*.&.* df ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt x'bF f lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ldn]g- . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ . k|:t't l/6sf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=e/t/fh pk|t] L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn r}t @! ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM lzjk|;fb vgfn
&
lg0f{o g+= **^*
' m Ohnf;
k'g/fj]bg g+= )^%-CR-))^)
km};nf ldltM @)^(.^.@.#
d'2f M sLt]{ .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM afUn' lhNnf, afUn' g=kf=,
j8f g+= & a:g] OGb|lglw pkfWofo
lj?4
k| T oyL{ jfbLM c~rn k| z f;g sfof{ n o,
wjnflu/Lsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/
1165
z'? km};nf ug]M{

df=Gof=>L ef]nfgfy rf}nfufO{
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]M{
df=Gof=>L laZjDe/ k|= >]i7
df=Gof=>L O{Zj/k|;fb vltj8f
;/sf/L c8\8fsf] 5fk jf ;/sf/L sfddf
;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt ePsf]
;/sf/L sfuh dfGg'kg]{ / To:tf] lnvtdf
u/]sf] sLt]{ s;"/df sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@
g+= adf]lhd yk ;hfo x'g] .
;/sf/L cf cbfntsf] lhDdfdf /xg]
;Ssn lnvtsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cbfntsf]
km};nf cfk\mgf] lhDdfdf /xg] u/L lnPsf]
cbfntsf] 5fk / cbfntsf] ;/sf/L
clwsf/Lsf] b:tvt ;d] t ePsf]
km};nfsf] k|dfl0ft gSsn k|ltlnlksf]
lnvtdf yk36 u/L sLt]s
{ f] s;"/ u/]sf]
egL dfGg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg j}tlgs
clwjQmf /fhg clwsf/L
k|toyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
/]jtL/fh lqkf7L
cjnlDat ghL/M
g]sfk @)^! ;fpg, lg0f{o g+= &#^! k[= $!^_
;Da4 sfg"gM
sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+=
km};nf
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofoM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
afUn'sf]] km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf ( cg';f/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
k/L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
/ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
hUuf btf{ ;DaGwdf OGb|lglw pkfWofon]
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf lbg'ePsf]
ph"/L ;DaGwdf sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf lgj]bs
OGb|lglw pkfWofon] wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf]

ldlt @)$#.)%.@@ sf] km};nf ;RofO{ d'ns
' L
P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] s;"/ u/]sf] x'bF f
lghpk/ cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{; x'g eGg]
;d]tsf] wjnflu/L c~rn k|zf;g sfo{fno,
afun'sf] kq .
lhNnf afun', afun' g=kf=, jf8{ g+= &
d"nkfgLdf kg]{ hUuf @)#&.)(.!% b]lv h]7L cfdf
vGt/L pkfWofogLaf6 d]/f] gfddf /fhLgfdf u/L
lnPsf] x'F . ;f]xL ;fn gfkL x'bF f qm=;= ( / !* g+=
sf] hUuf e}/axfb'/ vqL ;d]t hgf ^ n] pQm hUuf
gfkL btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ph"/ u/]sf]df @)#*
;fndf gfkL sfof{noaf6 d]/f] gfddf btf{ x'g] u/L
lg0f{o eof] . kl5 k'gM e}/axfb'/ vqL;d]t hgf $
n] afun' lhNnf cbfntdf gfln; lbPsf]df ;f]
cbfntaf6 @)$! ;fndf d]/f] gfddf g} btf{ x'g]
u/L km};nf ePsf] lyof] . ;f] pk/ >L wf}nflu/L
c~rn cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] /x]5, ;f] s'/f
dnfO{ yfxf ePg . @)$# ;fndf ;f] cbfntaf6
km};nf x'bF f e}/axfb'/ vqLsf] gfddf btf{ x'g] u/L
km};nf ePsf] /x]5 . pQm km};nfsf] kmf]6f]skL NofO{
kfgf * df 7fpF 7fpFdf d cfkm}n] s]xL cIf/x?
yk36 u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no afun'df km};nfsf]
kmf]6f]skL / lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] x'F eGg] ;d]tsf]
k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw pkfWofosf] aofg .
wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf] km};nfsf]
gSsn u/L NofO{ kfgf g+= * sf] x/kmdf s]xL
cIf/x? OGb|lglw pkfWofo cfkm}n] ;RofO{ dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 . lghn] s] s'g
p2]Zon] yk36 u/]sf x'g\ yfxf ePg eGg]
;d]tsf] a'lk|;fb uf}tdsf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
kfgf g+= * sf] x/kmdf yk36 u/L OGb|lglw
pkfWofon] cfk\mgf] gfddf hUuf gfkL btf{ u/fpg]
lgotn] sLt]{ u/]sf] x'g' k5{ . yk36 u/]sf]
cIf/ lgh k|ltjfbLsf] xf] eGg] ;d]tsf] rGb|k;
| fb
uf}tdsf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
1166
wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf] ldlt

@)$#.)%.@@ sf] km};nfsf] gSsn kfgf g+= *
sf] laleGg x/kmdf yk36 u/L OGb|lglw pkfWofon]
cfk\mgf] gfddf hUuf gfkL btf{ u/fpg] lgotn]
sLt]{ u/]sf] x'g' k5{ . yk36 u/]sf] cIf/ lgh
k|ltjfbLsf] xf] eGg] ;d]tsf] lxdfnok|;fb kGtsf]
36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
kfgf g+= * sf] laleGg s]xL x/kmx?df OGb|lglw
pkfWofo cfkm}n] yk36 u/]sf x'g, c? s;}n]
xf]Og . lghn] s] s'g p2]Zon] yk36 u/]sf x'g
dnfO{ yfxf ePg eGg] ;d]tsf] s]bf/gfy lgp/]sf]
36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
OGb|lglw pkfWofon] eg]sfn] dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf btf{ u/]sf] hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bg d}n] n]vs
] f] xf] . cGo sfuhftx? ;2]
sLt]{ s] xf] dnfO{ yfxf ePg eGg] ;d]tsf]
s[i0fk|;fb zdf{sf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
gSsn kfgf g+= * sf] laleGg x/kmdf s]xL
cIf/x? ylkPsf] b]lvof] . pQm cIf/ k|ltjfbL
OGb|lglw pkfWofos} ;Fu d]nvfg] x'bfF lgh}n]
yk36 u/]sf] x'g' k5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] l6sf/fd
uf]tfd]sf] 36gf ljj/0f sfuh .
k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw pkfWofon] afun'
lhNnf cbfntsf] 5fk b:tvt ;d]t ePsf]
tTsfnLg wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf] ldlt
@)$#.)%.@@ sf] km};nf ;RofO{ em"7f agfO{
km};nfsf] gSsn dfnkf]t sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf]
b]lvFbf lghn] d'ns
' L P]g sLt]{ sfuhsf] !, ( /
!^ g+= cg';f/sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf]df ;f]xL
dxnsf] ( / !@ g+= adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]tsf] afUn' lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/
cleof]u kq .
d}n] wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf] ldlt
@)$#.)%.@@ sf] km};nf ;RofO{ s'g} sLt]{
u/]sf] 5}g . pQm km};nfsf] gSsn b'O{ rf]6L
;f/L nu]sf] lyP . km};nfsf] kmf]6f]skLsf] kfgf

g+= * / tkl;nsf] ljleGg x/kmx?df s]/d]6 /
yk36 d}n] u/]sf] xf]Og . km};nfsf] gSsn
dfnkf]tdf s;n] ;RofO{ lbP yfxf 5}g .
cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] dnfO{ g;'gfO{ aofgdf
;lx5fk u/fPsf x'g\ . d}n] ;RofP/ sLt]{ gu/]sf]
x'Fbf cleof]u dfu bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpFm eGg]
;d]tsf] k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw zdf{n] cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg .
k|ltjfbLn] hUuf btf{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu Joxf]/f km/s kf/L k]z u/]sf] km};nfsf]
kmf]6f]skLnfO{ ;/sf/L c8\8f jf sd{rf/Lsf]
5fk b:tvt sLt]{ u/]sf] eGg] ;+1f lbO{ oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= cg';f/ yk
;hfo ug{;Dd gldNg] x'bF f ;f] xb;Dd cleof]u
dfu bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g . cleof]u kqdf ljuf]
v'Ng cfPsf] cj:yf gx'Fbf oL k|ltjfbLnfO{
sLt]{ sfuhsf] ( g+= cg';f/ ?=%). -krf;_
h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] afun' lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf .
km};nfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk sLt]{ u/]sf]
tYo k|i6 eO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ Vofn
jf:tf gu/L sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= sf] q'l6k"0f{
JofVof u/L afun' lhNnf cbfntn] sLt]{
sfuhsf] !@ g+= adf]lhdsf] ;hfo gx'g] egL
u/]sf] xb;Dd z'? km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ;f] xb;Dd
ab/ pN6L u/L cleof]u dfu bfjLcg';f/ ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
afun'df jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ePsf] aofg
d]/f] :j]R5fljk/Lt ePsf] xf] . ljjflbt lnvt
d}n] k]z u/]sf] gx'bF f ;gfvt ;d]t gu/]sf]
gePsf]n] sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= cfslif{t gx'g]
x'bF f afun' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{
x'bF f ab/ u/L k"0f{tM ;kmfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, afun'df k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw
pkfWofosf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
1167
o;df bf]xf]/f] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvFbf c=j+=

@)@ g+ =;d]tsf] k|of]hgfy{ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tkm{af6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgsf] hgfp k|ltjfbL
OGb| l glwnfO{ / lgh k| l tjfbL OGb| l glwsf]
k'g/fj]bgsf] hgfp k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn
sfof{no, afun'nfO{ lbO{ c? sfg"gadf]lhd u/L
k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, afUn'sf]
ljkIfL lemsfpg] cfb]z .
jfbL e}/axfb'/ vqL ;d]t k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw
pkfWofosf aLr rn]sf] gfkL btf{ ab/ d'2fdf
tTsfnLg wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntaf6
@)$#.)%.@@ df km};nf x'bF f ljjflbt hUuf ;f]
d'2fsf jfbL e}/axfb'/ ;d]tsf] gfpFdf btf{ x'g]
km};nf ePsf] kfOof] . cyf{t\ k|ltjfbL OGb|lglwsf]
gfpFdf btf{ ug]{ u/L lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf]
OG;fkm ab/ x'g] 7x/ ePsf] tYodf ljjfb b]lvPg .
c~rn cbfntaf6 pQm km};nf x'bF fsf cj:yfdf
d'2fdf b'j} kIfnfO{ /f]xj/df /fv]sf] / oL k|ltjfbL
OGb|lglw pkfWofosf jf/]; a'l4k|;fb pkfWofonfO{
km};nf ;'gfO{ lg:;f ldl;n ;fd]n u/]sf] ;d]t
pQm @)$#.)%.@@ sf] km};nf;lxtsf] ;Ssn
ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfof] . ctM d'2fsf Ps kIf k|ltjfbL_ sf] ?kdf /x]sf oL OGb|lglwsf jf/];n]
wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntaf6 @)$#.)%.@@ df
ePsf] km};nf tTsfn} ;'gL yfxf kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
jf/];n] yfxf kfPsf]nfO{ kIfn] g} yfxf kfPsf]
dfGg'kg]{ x'bF f c~rn cbfntsf] km};nfaf6 cfkm"n]
d'2f xf/]sf] hfgsf/L 5Fbf5Fb} oL k|ltjfbLn] b=g+=
!$^$ ldlt @)%(.(.!% df hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm
egL dfnkf]t sfof{nosf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf
jf=lh=c=-afun' lhNnf cbfnt_ sf] @)$!.)#.#)
sf] km};nfpk/ ljkIfLx? 6Lsf/fd, e}/axfb'/
;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg gk/L afun' lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nfdf lrQ a'emfO{ a:g' ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . o;/L e}/axfb'/
;d]t;Fu d'2f rnL lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
km};nfpk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgsf ;Gbe{df d'2fdf
jf/];dfkm{t\ xfhL/ /xL k}/jL u/L @)$# ;fndf

g} ePsf] km};nf ;'gL kfPsf] osLg tYo nf]k
u/L, n'sfO{ lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg gk/]sf] eGg] c;To / em"7f] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L dfnkf]t sfof{nodf hUuf btf{sf]
nflu lgj]bg u/]sf] tYoaf6 g} oL k|ltjfbL
OGb|lglwsf] h;/L klg hUuf cfkm\gf] gfpFdf btf{
ug]{ b'lift cyjf sn'lift dg;fo /x]sf] k|i6
ePsf] 5 . log} k|ltjfbL OGb|lglwn] dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf afun' lhNnf
cbfntsf] @)$!.)#.#) sf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg
gk/]sf] eGg] em"7f ljj/0f n]vL lbPsf] eP klg
dfnkf]t sfof{non] sf/jfxLsf] qmddf cbfnt;Fu
;f] tYosf] hfgsf/L dfu]sf] / cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg
k/L km};nf ePsf] hgfpF lbPkl5 dfnkf]t
sfof{non] c~rn cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$#.)%.@@
df ePsf] km};nf lgj]bs -oL k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw_
af6} k]z ug{ nufPsf] kfOof] . o;/L ePsf]
cfb]zadf]lhd k|ltjfbL OGb|lglwn] lbPsf]
@)^@.)!.@) sf] lgj]bg ;fy Joxf]/f ;RrfO{ sLt]{
ul/Psf] cj:yfsf] tTsfnLg wjnflu/L c~rn
cbfntsf] @)$#.)%.@@ sf] km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk
k]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . pQm @)^@.)!.@) sf]
lgj]bgdf wjnflu/L c~rn cbfnt, afun'af6
ePsf] km};nf ;d]tsf k|df0f sfuhx?sf] kmf]6f]skL
k]z u/]sf] 5' . plNnlvt k|df0f sfuhx? a'emL
d}n] ldlt @)%(.)(.!% df btf{ g+= !$^$ df
btf{ u/fPsf] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd hUuf btf{
ul/kfpFm egL oL k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw pkfWofon]
;lx5fk u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/ k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw
cfkm}n] ;lx5fk u/L hUuf btf{sf] nflu k|ltlnlk
;+nUg u/L k]z u/]sf] sfuhnfO{ d}n] k]z u/]sf]
gx'bF f ;gfvt ;d]t gePsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
dgfl;j b]lvg cfPg . wjnflu/L c~rn
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfsf] kmf]6f]skLsf] ;Ssn
k|lt;Fu oL k|ltjfbL OGb|lglwn] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
k]z u/]sf] k|:t't ljjflbt km};nfsf] kmf]6f]skL
1168
le8fO{ x]bf{ ;Ssn km};nfsf] 7x/ v08sf] cf7f}+

kfgfsf] x/km @ sf] g+= ^! b]lv ^!) ;Ddsf]
7fpFdf d"nkfgL ufpF k~rfot j8f g+= & ls=g+=
*@ sf] k"/} lsQf rf}yf] x/kmsf] q'l6k"0f{ eGg]
7fpFdf ljrf/0fLo ab/sf] 7fpFdf s]xL pN6L
kfFrf} x/kmsf] ^! eGg] b]lv ^!) ;Ddsf]
7fpFdf ls=g+= *@ sf] pQ/tkm{sf] ! /f]kgL 5}7f}
nx/sf] 7x5{sf] ;f afFsL k|ltjfbL sf] eGg]
pNn]v u/L Joxf]/f ;RrfO{ k]z u/]sf] kfOof] .
;fy}, tkl;n v08df ab/ eGg] 7fpFdf x]/km]/
kfFrf} x/kmsf] Ps;osf] ;f dWo]afFsL / ;qf}
x/km/sf] jfbL dWo] 7fpFdf k|=jfbL eGg] zJbx?
/fvL km};nfsf] kmf]6f]skL ;RrfO{ k]z u/]sf] kfOof] .
k|ltjfbL OGb|lglwsf] lgj]bg ;fy /x]sf] ljjflbt
k|ltlnlk x]bf{ gSsn lbg] clwsf/Ln] k|dfl0ft
u/L lbPsf] / afun' lhNnf cbfntsf] 5fk
;d]t nfu]sf] kfOG5 . cbfntsf] 5fk nufO{
;/sf/L sd{rf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] wjnflu/L
c~rn cbfntsf] @)$#.)%.@@ sf] km};nfsf]
k|lt ;RrfO{, gePsf] Joxf]/f yk u/L, ePsf]
Joxf]/f nf]k u/L hUuf cfkm\gf] gfpFdf btf{ ug]{
lgotn] cfkm}n] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] xf]
egL cf/f]lkt s;"/df ;flat eO{ oL k|ltjfbL
OGb|lglwn] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf aofg u/]sf]
kfOof] . pQm aofg cfkm\gf] OR5f lj?4 ePsf]
egL k|ltjfbL OGb|lglwn] cbfntdf aofg ubf{
pNn]v u/]sf] eP klg ;f] lhsL/sf] k'i6ofO{sf
nflu s'g} lrQa'bf] cfwf/, sf/0f jf k|df0f
v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lvPg . km};nf sLt]{ u/]sf]
sf/0faf6 log} k|ltjfbL OGb|lglwnfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf
k'Ug] ePsf], c? s;}n] sLt]{ ug'k{ g]{ k|of]hg v'Ng
gcfPsf] / dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf lnvt
k|df0fx?af6 klg cleo'Qm k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
OGb|lglw pkfWofon] k|x/L;dIf u/]sf] ;fljlt
aofg ;dly{t x'g cfPsf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw
pk/sf] cleof]u bfjL z+sf/lxt tj/af6 k|dfl0ft
ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . ctM cbfntsf] 5fk nufO{
cbfntsf sd{rf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/L lbOPsf]

km};nfnfO{ ;/sf/L sfuh dfGg'kg]{ / o; k|sf/sf]
sfuhdf e}/x]sf] Joxf]/f d]6fO{ cs}{ dtna jf
cy{ lg:sg] u/L Joxf]/f ldnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf
x'g] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw pkfWofon]
@)$#.)%.@@ sf] km};nf cbfntsf] 5fk /
sd{rf/Lsf] ;xL k/]sf] sfuh sLt]{ u/]sf] tYo
k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf]n] lghnfO{ cleof]u kq dfu
bfjLadf]lhd sLt]{ sfuhsf dxnsf] ( g+= adf]lhd
?=%). h/Ljfgf / ;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ u/]tkm{
P]= sf] !@ g+= adf]lhd yk !-Ps_ jif{ s}bsf]
;hfo x'g] 7x5{ . sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= tkm{sf]
bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf] xb;Dd z'? lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!@.)! sf] km};nf pN6L
x'G5 . cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpFm eGg] k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw pkfWofosf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
afun'sf] km};nf .
dfnkf]t sfof{no, afun'df hUuf btf{sf]
nflu lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] sf/jfxLsf] qmddf
wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf] km};nfsf] gSsn
k]z ug{ elgPsf]df d}n] km};nfsf] gSsn k]z
u/]sf] xf] . ;f] km};nfsf] gSsndf d}n] k]z u/]sf]
x'F egL ;gfvt ;d]t ul/lbPsf] lyP . t/ ;f]
km};nfsf] gSsnsf] ;f cs}{ sfuhft k]z u/L
;RrfOPsf] /x]5 . d}n] gSsn ;RrfPsf] 5}g .
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ePsf] aofg d]/f]
:j]R5fljk/Lt ePsf] xf] . cbfntdf ;xL ;To
Aoxf]/f v'nfO{ aofg u/]sf] 5' . k|df0fsf] ?kdf k]z
ul/Psf] ;RrfOPsf] elgPsf] km};nfsf] gSsn
sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= adf]lhdsf] ;/sf/L sfuhsf]
kl/efiff cGt/ut kb}g{ . AolQmsf] ;fydf /xg]
;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt / cfsf] 5fk nfu]sf]
sfuhsf] c Joxf]/f ;RrfO{ k]z bflvnf u/]df
;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{ gx'g] l;fGt g]sfk
@)^!, c $, k[i7 $!^ df k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 .
1169
plNnlvt cfwf/af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf]

km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bfF ab/ ul/ cleof]u bfjLaf6
;kmfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf
k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw pkfWofosf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 ax; k}/jL
ug{ j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foL lgo'Qm ul/lbg' eGg]
;d]tsf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] cfb]z .
g]sfk @)^!, lg=g+= &#^!, k[i7 $!^ df
k|sflzt lg0f{osf] ljifoj:t' ;/xs} ljifoj:t'
k|:t't d'2fdf /x]sf]n] ;f] ;Gbe{af6 k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf ljkIfL
lemsfpg' eGg] ;d]tsf] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ljkIfL
lemsfpg] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg j}tlgs clwjQmf >L /fhg
clwsf/Ln] sLt]{ u/]sf] eg]sf] km};nfsf] gSsndf
k|ltjfbLn] g} k]z u/]sf] egL s'g} ;gfvt u/]sf]
5}g . km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+=
adf]lhdsf] ;/sf/L lnvtdf kg]{ lnvt xf]Og .
t;y{, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'g'
kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; ug'e
{ of] .
k|ToyL{ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofofwLaQmf >L /]jtL/fh
lqkf7Ln] km};nfsf] k|dfl0ft k}m;nf ;RrfO{
k|ltjfbL :jod\n] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf]n]
sLt]{sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 5 . cbfntsf] 5fk /
;/sf/L clwsf/Lsf] b:tvt ePsf] km};nfsf]
k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlksf] lnvt sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@
g+= adf]lhdsf] ;/sf/L lnvtsf] kl/efiffdf k5{ .
t;y{, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt
/x]sf]n] ;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; ug'e{ of] .
ldl;n ;+nUg k'g/fj]bgnufotsf
sfuhft cWoog u/L ljfg sfg"g Joa;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{
larf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw pkfWofon] tTsfnLg
wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf] ldlt @)$#.)%.@@
sf] km};nfsf] gSsn ;RrfO{ sLt]{ u/]sf] eGg]

s;"/df sLt]{ sfuhsf] dxnsf] ( / !@ g+=
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo dfu bfjLsf] cleof]u /x]sf]df
z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 s;"/bf/ 7x/ ul/
k|ltjfbLnfO{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= cg';f/ yk
;hfosf] dfubfjL k'Ug g;Sg] / ( g+= cg';f/
dfq h/Ljfgf x'g] 7xofO{ km};nf ePsf]df k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= cg';f/ yk
;hfo ;d]t x'g] u/L km};nf ePpk/ cleof]u
bfjLaf6} ;kmfO{ kfpg' kg]{ lhsL/;lxt k|ltjfbLsf]
k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf b]xfosf]
ljifodf ljj]rgf eO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
ldn] gldn]sf] tkm{ lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ b]lvof] .
!= k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u bfljadf]lhdsf] sLt]s
{ f]
s;"/ u/]sf] xf] jf xf]Og <
@= sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= adf]lhdsf] ;/sf/L
sfuh sLt]{ s;"/df km};nfsf] k|dfl0ft
k|ltlnlkdf ;RrfO{ yk36 u/]sf] sLt]{
kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og <
@= k|yd k|Zgtkm{ larf/ ubf{, ;a{ky| d
k|:t't d'2fsf] 36gfsf] ljj]rgf x'g ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .
jfbL e}/axfb'/ vlq ;d]t / k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw
pkfWofo ePsf] gfkL btf{ ab/ d'2f afUn' lhNnf
cbfntdf rnL ldlt @)$!.)#.#) df jfbL bflj
k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] / ;f]xL km};nfsf]
k|ltlnlk /fvL ;f] km};nfpk/ jfbL e}/axfb'/x?sf]
k'g/fj]bg gk/L lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf]n] ;f]
km};nfadf]lhd hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm egL k|ltjfbL
OGb|lglw pkfWofon] ldlt @)%(.)(.)* df dfnkf]t
sfof{no, afUn'df lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t
sfof{no, afUn'n] lhNnf cbfntsf] ;f] km};nfpk/
k'g/fj]bg k/] gk/]sf] egL cbfntdf ;f]wgL x'bfF
tTsfnLg wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg
k/L z'? OG;fkm ab/ x'g] u/L ldlt @)$#.%.@@ df
km};nf eO{ clGtd ePsf] hjfkm k7fP kl5 ;f]
km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk lga]bs OGb|lglw pkfWofoaf6
k]z ug{ nufpg] u/L dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 cfb]z
1170
ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm cfb]zadf]lhd OGb|lglw

pkfWofon] ldlt @)^@.!.@) ut] k|df0f sfuh k]z
u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bg ;fy afUn' lhNnf cbfntsf]
5fk nufO{ gSsn k|dfl0ft ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] b:tvt
;d]t ePsf] tTsfnLg wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf]
ldlt @)$#.%.@@ sf] km};nfsf] k|dfl0ft kmf]6f]skL
gSsnsf] kmf]6f]skL k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL k|ltjfbL
OGb|lglw pkfWofon] k]z u/]sf] pQm tTsfnLg
wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntsf] ldlt @)$#.%.@@ sf]
km};nfsf] k|dfl0ft kmf]6f]skLsf] Aoxf]/fdf yk36
u/L ;RrfO{ sLt]{ s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] g} k|:t't d'2fdf
cleof]u bflj /x]sf] 5 .
#= ldl;n ;+nUg k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf]
@)$#.%.@@ sf] km};nfsf] kmf]6f]skL / afUn'
lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|fKt ldl;n ;+nUg k|dfl0ft
km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk cjnf]sg ubf{ / le8fpFbf
cleof]u bfljadf]lhd k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf]
km};nfdf yk36 u/]sf] b]lvG5 . clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf aofg ubf{ ;d]t k|ltjfbLn] km};nfsf]
ljleGg 7fpFmdf cfkm}n] s]lx cIf/x? yk36 u/]sf]
eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]s} / 36gf ljj/0fsf]
sfuh ug]{ AolQmx?n] ;d]t ;f] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 x'g]
u/L sfuh u/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn]
cbfntdf aofg ubf{ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
cbfntaf6 k|dfl0ft u/]sf] gSsnsf] ;Ssn k|lt
/ To;sf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;d]t k]z u/]sf] /
!)!% lbg kl5 Ps k|lt gSsn lkmtf{ lnPsf],
afFls Ps k|ltdf c?n] g} ;RrfO{ lbPsf] xf] egL
s;"/df OGsf/L aofg u/] tfklg lghn] dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf z'?df lgj]bg lbbf lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf clGtd ePsf] egL pNn]v ug's
{ f ;fy}
tTsfnLg wjnflu/L c~rn cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bg
k/L z'? OG;fkm ab/ x'g] u/L ldlt @)$#.%.@@
df km};nf eO{ clGtd ePsf] eGg] afUn' lhNnf
cbfntsf] kq dfnkf]t sfo{nodf k7fO;s]kl5
klg oL k|ltjfbLn] km};nfsf] gSsn k]z ubf{sf]
lgj]bgdf ;d]t z'? lgj]bgadf]lhd g} hUuf btf{

ul/kfpFm egL n]lvPsf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf btf{ u/fPsf k|ltjfbL :jodsf] pQm
b'a} lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/faf6 k|ltjfbLsf] dg;fo h;/L
eP klg hUuf btf{ ug]{ sn'lift efjgfaf6 k|l] /t
/x]sf] b]lvbf lghsf] cbfntdf ePsf] OGsf/L
aofgnfO{ ;xL ;fFrf] / ljZjf;gLo dfGg ldNg]
b]lvg cfPg . o;/L k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] cfk\mgf]
gfddf hUuf btf{ ug]{ O/fbfn] cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf
k|df0f x'g] u/L cbfntsf] km};nfsf] k|dfl0ft
km};nfdf yk36 u/L dfnkf]t sfof{nodf k]z
ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf]n] lghn] d'ns
' L P]g, sLt]{ sfuhsf]
dxnadf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf]df s'g} z+sf / u'~hfo;
/x]sf] b]lvg cfPg .
$= bf];f| ] k|Zg tkm{ larf/ ubf{, k|:t't
d'2fdf sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= cfslif{t x'g] xf] jf
xf]Og egL ljj]rgf x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . pQm !@ g+= df
;/sf/L c8\8fsf] 5fk jf ;/sf/L sfddf ;/sf/L
sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt jf ;f] 5fk b:tvt
ePsf] ;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ ug]n
{ fO{ o;} dxnsf]
c gDa/n] x'g] ;hfodf Ps jif{ / p;} c8\8fsf]
sd{rf/Ln] sLt]{ u/]df b'O{ jif{ yk s}b x'G5 eGg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6
yk ;hfo x'g] tLg lsl;dsf] sLt]s
{ f] s;"/ /x]
ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:tf sLt]{ s;"/df M
!= ;/sf/L c8\8fsf] 5fk sLt],{
@= ;/sf/L sfddf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk
b:tvt sLt]{ /
#= ;/sf/L c8\8fsf] 5fk jf ;/sf/L sfddf
;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt ePsf]
;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ .
%= k|:t't d'2fdf cbfntsf] km};nfsf]
k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlkdf nfu]sf] cbfntsf] 5fk /
k|dfl0ft ug]{ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt ;xL
;fFrf] /x] ePsf]df s'g} ljjfb g/x]sf]n] pk/f]Qm
tLg k|sf/sf] sLt]{ s;"/dWo] k|s/0f ! / @ g+= df
plNnlvt sLt]{ s;"/sf] ljj]rgf ul//xg' k|:t't
1171
d'2fdf ;fGble{s b]lvb}g . k|s/0f g+= # df plNnlvt

sLt]s
{ f] ljifo dfq k|:t't d'2fdf ;fGble{s /x]sf]n]
To; af/]df yk ljj]rgf x'g cfaZos b]lvG5 .
pQm k|s/0f g+= # df plNnlvt ;/sf/L c8\8fsf]
5fk jf ;/sf/L sfddf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk
b:tvt ePsf] ;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ u/]sf] eGg]
s;"/ ck/fwdf d'VotM s] s:tf lnvt sfuhx?
;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;/sf/L sfuh dfGg'kg]{ xf]
eGg] ;Gbe{df ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 laleGg d'2fx?df
xfn;Dd ePsf AofVof / laZn] i f0faf6
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] lnvt sfuhnfO{ sLt]{ sfuhsf]
!@ g+= sf] k|of]hgfy{ ;/sf/L c8\8fsf] 5fk jf
;/sf/L sfddf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt
ePsf] ;/sf/L sfuh dfGg'kg]{ b]lvG5M
!= ;/sf/L cf cbfntsf] lhDdfdf /xg]
;Ssn lnvt,
@= JolQmsf] lhDdfdf /xg] ;Ssn lnvt,
#= k|s/0f g+= ! sf] lnvtsf] AolQmn] cfk\mgf]
lhDdfdf /xg] u/L lnPsf] k|dfl0ft gSsn
k|ltlnlksf] lnvt,
$= k|s/0f g+= @ sf] lnvt x/fP/, gfl;P/ jf
cGo s'g} sf/0fn] ;/sf/L cfaf6 AolQmn]
cfk\mgf] lhDdfdf /xg] u/L lnPsf] k|dfl0ft
gSsn k|ltlnlksf] lnvt .
^= plNnlvt rf/ lsl;dsf] lnvtx?nfO{
sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= sf] k|of]hgfy{ ;/sf/L c8\8fsf]
5fk jf ;/sf/L sfddf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk
b:tvt ePsf] ;/sf/L sfuh dfGg'kg]{ / To:tf]
lnvtdf u/]sf] sLt]{ s;"/df !@ g+= adf]lhd yk
;hfo x'g] dfGg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbL
OGb|lglw pkfWofon] pQm k|s/0f g+= ! df plNnlvt
;/sf/L cf cbfntsf] lhDdfdf /xg] ;Ssn
lnvtsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cbfntsf] km};nfsf] lghn]
cfk\mgf] lhDdfdf /xg] u/L lnPsf] k|s/0f g+= # df
plNnlvt k|sf/sf] cbfntsf] 5fk / cbfntsf]
;/sf/L clwsf/Lsf] b:tvt ;d]t ePsf] km};nfsf]
k|dfl0ft gSsn k|ltlnlksf] lnvtdf yk36 u/L
sLt]s
{ f] s;"/ u/]sf] egL dfGg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
o:tf] sLt]{ sfo{ ug]n
{ fO{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= n]
yk ;hfo ug'{ kg]{ xf] xf]Og elg ljrf/ ubf{ o;
cbfntaf6 ljkIfL lemsfpg] cfb]z x'bF f lnOPsf]
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= ;'/z
] k|;fb u'Ktf ;d]t
ePsf] sLt]{ d'2f -g]sfk @)^!, ;fpg, lg0f{o g+=
&#^!, k[= $!^_ df sLt]{ ul/Psf] elgPsf] lnvt
cfdf x'b} gePsf] cyf{t ;/sf/L c8\8fsf] 5fk
jf ;/sf/L sfddf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] 5fk b:tvt
ePsf] ;/sf/L sfuh} gePsf] gful/stfsf] 5fofFkl| t
k]z ePsf]nfO{ elgPsf]af6 plNnlvt rf/
lsl;dcGtu{tsf] lnvtleq kg]{ b]lvg cfPg .
k|:t't ljjfbdf cfdf /x]sf] ;Ssn sfuhadf]lhd
/Ltk"js
{ lnPsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ;RrfOPsf]
eGg] /x]sf] / plNnlvt ghL/df cfdf gePsf]
lnvtsf] k|ltlnlknfO{ ;/sf/L sfuh dfGg ldn]g
eGg] ljifo ;dfg gb]lvFbf ;dfg ljifoj:t' /x]sf]
egL o; cbfntaf6 ljkIfL lemsfpg] cfb]z x'bfF
lnPsf cfwf/;+u of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
t;y{, k|ltjfbLnfO{ sLt]{ sfuhsf] !@ g+= adf]lhd
yk ;hfo ug{ gldNg] eGg] k'g/fj]bg tyf k'g/fj]bs
tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax; lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt
b]lvg cfPg .
&= ctM dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug
;Sb}g . k|ltjfbL OGb|lglw pkfWofonfO{ sLt]{
sfuhsf] dxnsf] ( g+= adf]lhd ?=%). h/Ljfgf
/ ;/sf/L sfuh sLt]{ u/]tkm{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !@
g+= adf]lhd yk ! -Ps_ jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'g]
7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, afUn'sf] ldlt
@)^$.)(.)# sf] km};nf dgfl;a b]lvFbf ;b/
x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't k'g/fj]bg kqsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn c;f]h @ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM lrqaxfb'/ u'?
1172

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OR5fljk/Lt /fHosf] zlQmf/f tf]lsg]

/ sfof{Gjog x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] :ki6

lg0f{o g+= **%$

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ eGg] o;

**%$ - k'0ok|;fb cof{n lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

adf]lhd cdfGo 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] g} lgj]bssf]

o;jf6 pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf klxnf] k6s tLg

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

egL kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ls6fgL u/]sf k|dv

;dfh s} pTkfbg xf], pm Ps k|sf/sf] /f]uL

**%% - v];axfb'/ tfdf lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

!@= lgj]bsn] k|:t't d'2fdf p7fPsf] d'ns

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

kfPsf JolQmnfO{ eg] ;fd'bflos ;]jfdf

**%% - v];axfb'/ tfdf lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

@)@) sf] pQm Joj:yfaf6 cGo d'2fsf s}bLsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

ldNb}g . /fHon] kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] uDeL/tf x]/L

lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{

**%% - v];axfb'/ tfdf lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

df ePsf] ldlt @)^$.$.#@ sf] bf];f| ] ;+zf]wgn] -!_

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

#= dfly plNnlvt sf/fuf/ P]g, @)!(

;Sg] eGg] b]lvFbg} . d'2fdf s}b 7]lsPsf] JolQmnfO{

**%% - v];axfb'/ tfdf lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|efj, kl/0ffd / c;/ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L

;Gtf]if eGg] l8saxfb'/ sfsL{ ;d]t lj4

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . P]gsf] ;f]xL bkmf @& sf] clwsf/

*= sf/fuf/ lgodfjnL, @)@) sf] lgod

**%^ - xl/gfy k|;fb lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

h/Ljfgfsf] dfq ;hfo ePsf] s'/fnfO{

sf] ;/sf/;dIf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] lyPF . s]Gb|Lo

**%^ - xl/gfy k|;fb lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]

pQm lg0f{odf lrQ ga'emL lgj]bs

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

dfu{ x'bF fx'bF } l/6 If]qdf unt lgotn] k|jz

/ ;hfosf] xf] . kl/R5]b\ ^ sf ;a} bkmfxn]

**%^ - xl/gfy k|;fb lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

#$ sf] s;"/df !% lbgsf] s}b ;hfo u/]sf]n]

;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{noaf6 lemsfO{ k]z ug'{

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

lgj]bsnfO{ dfq c;dfg / e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/

@= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] pk/f]Qm

**%^ - xl/gfy k|;fb lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bkmf !) sf]

$= k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf] sfg"gL pbL{ gdfg]df

cfwf/ lnO{ gf]s/Laf6 avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df

**%& - lrqb]j hf]zL lj=Gofo kl/ifb\ ;d]t

oL l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd tna ;'ljwf

lg0f{o g+= **%&

sfo{ljlw cjnDag u/]kl5 dfq k|df0fsf]

g] k fn sfg" g klqsf @)^(, sflQs

ubf{ dfkb08sf] a]jf:tf ug{ / ;+jw} flgs

GofofwLzxaLr dt}So x'g g;sL lgodfg';f/

**%& - lrqb]j hf]zL lj=Gofo kl/ifb\ ;d]t

@)%% ljk/Lt ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbPsf]n]

;f] ;DaGwdf ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0fsf] hjfkm

xf]Og . ldlt @)%@.!.& / @)^!..! df ;r]t