Tobias Scheer

Universit de Nice
scheer@unice.fr

Formal Description of Slavic Languages 4

Potsdam, 27-30 November 2001

The key to Czech vowel length

Arabic rule in Middle Europe
Appendix to the Handout

Data-Collection
1. Iteratives ...........................................................................................................2
1.1. Basic e-o-a alternations ...................................................................................................2
1.2. Iterative lengthening X>3, X>5.......................................................................................2
1.3. Iterative shortening X>6..................................................................................................4

2. Diminutives.......................................................................................................5
2.1. ek, -ko, -ka, -................................................................................................................5
2.1.1. masculine -ek, -.......................................................................................................5
2.1.1.1. short roots ..........................................................................................................5
2.1.1.2. prefixed items (long or short prefixes) do not lengthen ....................................8
2.1.1.3. lengthening seems to be blocked if the derivational basis is (or was: -ec)
a diminutive itself, i.e. if it is built on items suffixed by -ek, -ec......................8
2.1.1.4. long roots ...........................................................................................................8
2.1.2. neuter -ko, -...........................................................................................................10
2.1.2.1. short roots ........................................................................................................10
2.1.2.2. morphological identity of alternating vowels..................................................11
2.1.2.3. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening ...........................................................11
2.1.3. feminine -ka, -.......................................................................................................12
2.1.3.1. short roots ........................................................................................................12
2.1.3.2. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening ...........................................................14
2.2. -k...................................................................................................................................18
2.2.1. long roots ................................................................................................................18
2.2.2. short roots ...............................................................................................................18
2.2.3. -/ -a produces odd forms and doublets ...............................................................19
2.2.4. stems in : fake shortening .....................................................................................19
2.2.5. no effect with -k in case it is not a diminutive ......................................................19

3. Comparatives of adjectives and adverbs.....................................................20

3.1. Comparative of adjectives in - ....................................................................................20
3.1.1. existing types ..........................................................................................................20
3.1.2. templatic restriction on .....................................................................................21
3.2. Comparative of adverbs in ........................................................................................21
3.2.1. comp adv is derived from comp adj .......................................................................21
3.2.2. concurrence of short and long comp adv................................................................22
3.2.3. existing types ..........................................................................................................22
3.3. Summary alternating items............................................................................................23
3.4. Total record of comparatives (adj and adv)...................................................................23

-2-

1. Iteratives
1.1. Basic e-o-a alternations
(1)
1>4>3 e-o-a nst
vst
vzt
-o-a hnt

iterative
-it
nosit
vodit
vozit
honit

double iterative
-et
-net
-vdt, -vzet
-vet
-hnt

1.2. Iterative lengthening X>3, X>5

(2)
X > 3 e, -t

X > 5 at
iterative lengthening

iterative lengthening
derivation
1>3
i-
2>3
3>3
4>3

i-
e-
o-
a-

e-
-
i-
o-

V
pt
vt
bt
minout
hledt
vont
hasit
kalit

VV
pjet
vjet
-bjet
mjet
-hlet
-vnt
-het
klet

kazit
platit
pravit
razit
sadit
tratit
svait
valit
vait
tlait
jezdit
stelit
dlit
klidit
honit
hodit
chodit
kotit
kojit
klonit
klopit
krojit
kroit
moit
nosit
pojit
robit
toit
topit
potopit
tvoit
vodit

-ket
-plcet
-prvt
ret
szet
-trcet
svet
vlet
-vet
-tlet
jdt
stlet
-dlet
-klzet
-hnt
hzet
chzet
kcet
kjet
-klnt
klpt
krjet
kret
met
-net
-pjet
-rbt
-tet se
-tpt
tpt se
tvet
-vzet, -vdt

derivation
1>5
e-
e-
o-
-

2>5

i-

y-
e-
e-

e-
a-
o-
e-ou
-

V
lzt
pci
vlci
mst
moci
st
dt
za-t,
odpoinout
ci
u-mt
pt
stt
tt
vt
zt
moci
vimnout si
zdvihnout
mihnout
stihnout
svitnout
oivnout
odplynout
poskytnout
lehnout
zapomenout
tesknout
vesknout
vybednout
zeknout se
zeehnout
vyslechnout
chladnout
ukradnout
uhodnout
poslechnout
jmout
pnout
-dechnout
dmout se

VV
-lzat
-pkat
-vlkat
-mtat
-mhat
tat
-drat
-nat
kat
-mrat
-prat
-strat
-trat
-vrat
-zrat
-mhat
vmat si
zdvhat
mhat
sthat
svtat
o-vat
od-plvat
posktat
lhat
zapomnat
tskat
vskat
vy-bdat
zkat se
zhat
vy-slchat
vy-chldat
ukrdat
hdat
poslouchat
-jmat
-pnat
dchat
dmat

-3(2)

X > 3 e, -t
iterative lengthening

u-ou

y-

(3)
2>3
4>3

vozit
zvonit
strojit
zaclonit
kulit
kusit
poruit
pustit
pudit
poruit
suit
budit
myslit

vet
zvnt
-strjet
zaclnt
koulet
kouet
porouet
poutt
-pouzet
-porouet
-souet
-bouzet
-mlet

X>3
no shortening of VV
VV
VV
-
bdnout
-bzet
-
hlsit
ohlet
hjit
hjet
ou-ou trousit
-trouet

X > 5 at
iterative lengthening

3>5

e-

4>5

e-
-
y-
a-

5>5

o-
u-ou
-

1>5
2>5

ou-ou
-
-
-

(4)
2>3

i-i

4>3

y-y
-
a-a

X>3
but no lengthening
V
V
mihnout se
mizet
chybit
vit
stavit

2>5

chybt
vet
stavt

a-a
e-e

-
y-y
i-i
o-o
u-u

(5)
4>3

-a
-i

X>3
but shortening
VV
vrtit
svtit

V
vracet
-svcet

2>5

-a
-e
-a

hnout
zamknout
schnout
dotknout
hasnout
usnout
leet
lett
vidt
hledt
bet
slyet
patrit
skoit
chopit
mluvit
-slat
rt
srt

hbat
-mkat
-sychat
-tkat
-hasnat
-snat
lhat
ltat
vdat
hldat
-bhat
slchat
ptrat
skkat
chpat
-mlouvat
-slat
-rat
-srat ?

X>5
no shortening of VV
VV
VV
tlouci
-tloukat
rst
-rstat
lznout
lzat
-dmnout
dmat
mvnout
mvat
vldnout
-vldat
mldnout
-mldat
X>5
but no lengthening
V
V
padnout
padat
klapnout
klapat
seknout
sekat
zvednout
zvedat
blednout
-bledat
sedt
sedat
kleknout
klekat
bet
bhat
chytnout
chytat
plivnout
plivat
bodnout
bodat
kopnout
kopat
puknout
pukat
X>5
but shortening
VV
shnout
znout
lpnout
thnout

V
sahat
ezat
lapat
tahat

-41.3. Iterative shortening X>6

(6)

2>6

-a

-i
-y
2/4> 6 ou-u
3>6

-a

4>6

-a

-i

-
ou-u

-u
-y

shortening
VV
-phnout
shnout
lpnout
thnout
lznout
znout
pchnout
dchnout
stoupnout,
-stoupit
szet
hzet
-hjet
chvlit
shromdit
przdnit
krlit
krtit
hlsit
chrnit
plit
prit
vzit
vyjdit
stnit
blit
nit
tit
ctit
tdit
ntit
zmnit
slit
umstit
navtvit
-louit
souit
koupit
hloubit
kroutit
rmoutit
soudit
slouit
kouit
dlouit
snoubit se
slouit
brousit
trousit
it
vit
chlit
ptlit
mtit

X > 6 ovat
iterative shortening
V
-pahovat
-sahovat
-lapovat
-tahovat
-lizovat
-ezovat
-pichovat
-dychovat
-stupovat
-sazovat
-hazovat
-hajovat
-chvalovat
shromad'ovat
-prazdovat
-kralovat
-kracovat
-hlaovat
-chraovat
-palovat
-praovat
-vaovat
-vyjadovat
-stiovat
-bliovat
-niovat
-tovat
cit'ovat
tid'ovat
-ncovat
zmiovat
-silovat
-mist'ovat
na-vtvovat
-luovat
suovat
kupovat
-hlubovat
-krucovat
-rmucovat
-suzovat
-sluhovat
-kuovat
-dluovat
-snubovat
sluovat
-bruovat
-truovat
zuovat
vyovat
-chylovat
-ptylovat
-mycovat

1>6
2>6

e-
i-i
i-i
i-i
e-e
-y
-
2/3> 6 i-i
2/4> 6 y-y
4>6

a-a

e-e

i-i

o-o

o-a
-

no lengthening
V
V
mst
-movat
inout se
-inovat
tisknout
-tiskovat
zdvihnout
-zdvihovat
dechnout
-dechovat
hnout
-hybovat
trhnout
-trhovat
kiknout, kiet -kikovat
chytnout, chytit -chycovat
tlait
patit
strait
-pravit
-plazit
zobrazit
vait
-mrazit
-tarasit
adit
tratit
hradit
chladit
sladit
mastit
ernit
lechtit
-mezit
soustedit
kreslit
cedit
stelit
mit
tit
-ddit
svcet
-init
-cizit
koistit
klidit
istit
jistit
-lodit
plodit
vodit
prosit
hrozit
hostit
prostit
pozdit se
clonit
lomit
drtit
-hltit

-tlaovat
-patovat
-straovat
-pravovat
-plazovat
zobrazovat
-vaovat
-mrazovat
-tarasovat
-ad'ovat, -azovat
-tracovat
-hrazovat
-chlazovat
-slazovat
-mat'ovat
-erovat
lecht'ovat
-mezovat
-sted'ovat
-kreslovat
-cezovat
-stelovat
-movat
-tovat
-dd'ovat
-svcovat
-inovat se
-cizovat
-koist'ovat
-klizovat
ist'ovat
-jit'ovat
-lod'ovat
-plozovat
-vozovat
-proovat
-hroovat
-hot'ovat
-prot'ovat
-pod'ovat
-cloovat
-lamovat
-drcovat
-hlcovat

-5(6)

X > 6 ovat
iterative shortening
5>6

-a

shortening
VV
tzat
vzat
kzat
dat
skkat

V
-tazovat
-vazovat
-kazovat
-adovat
-skakovat

u-u

y-y

no lengthening
V
V
tvrdit
-tvrzovat
-ruit
-ruovat
pudit
-puzovat
dusit se kn.
duovat se
hustit
-hut'ovat
chytit
-chycovat
sytit
-sycovat
hyzdit
-hyd'ovvat
myslit
-mylovat zast.

2. Diminutives
2.1. ek, -ko, -ka, -
2.1.1. masculine -ek, -
2.1.1.1. short roots
(7) short roots + -ek / -
alternation
y-
i-

-
e-

noun
jazyk
byt
dobytek
id
pisklav
?
Vavin(-ec)
blin
piplat
jedin
koich
vich
list
seit
vtr
medvd
zv
ert
heb(-ec)
ved
jen
ech
jezevec
jelen
vrabec
zahuben
ptenec
zelen
zahuben
Vde
ves
beh
jemen
jelen
ples
plech

-ek
jazek

lengthening
jung individual

-ek

no lengthening
jung individual

comments

bytek
dobyte
d
pskle
holope
Vavine
blin
piple

pple
jedn

from adj
from verb
from adj

koek
vek
lstek
seitek
vtrek
medvdek

medvd
zve
rt
hb
vd
jen
ee
jezeve
jelen
vrabe
zahubene
ptene
zelene
zahubene
vdee

vska
bek
jemnek
jelnek
plsek
plek

from adj

from adj
from adj
from adj

-6(7)

short roots + -ek / -

alternation

e-

e-ej
a-

noun
sklep
ved
kmen
pramen
stupe
koen
list
zjev
es
dti
knz
spch
smch
kvt
mch
pakatel
uitel
ohe
nehet
pes
cucav
mlad
tvan
macek
bratranec
fakan
drak
havran
odstavec
smrad
prak
vrab(-ec)
plan
chlap
kyrysarka
had
rak
beran
skivan
krkavec
brav
padav
padal
padan
dank
chlapec
capart
zajc
vlak
dar
mrak
prach
plat
chlad
klas
hlas

-ek
sklpek
vdek
kamnek
pramnek
stupnek
konek
lstek

lengthening
jung individual

-ek

no lengthening
jung individual

comments

zjevek
esek
dt
kne
spek
smek
kvtek
mek
pakatlek
uitlek
ohnek,
ohnek
nehtek
pejsek

hdek
rek
bernek
skivnek

cucve
mld
tvn
me
bratrne
fakn
dre
havrn
odstve
smrd
pre
vrb
pln, plne
chlp
kyrysre
hd
re
berne
skivne

from adj
from adj
from adj

prae
vrabe
plane

krkave
brav
padave
padale
padane
dae
chlape
capart
zaje
vlek
drek
mrek
prek
pltek
chldek
klsek
hlsek

from adj

from adj
from adj
from adj

-7(7)

short roots + -ek / -

alternation

o-

o-ou

o-
u-ou

noun
vlas
sak
sval
los
(n-)nos
kozel
dochodit
odchov
dorodit
jalovec
kantor
doktor
krocan
hoch
slon
kot
tvernoec
osel
norek
vl
hol
batolit
spolu
krok
potok
most
roh
sochor
nos
lenoch
?
bor
strom
zvon
bloch
ernoch
staroch
tlust'och
atom
telefon
kluk
pupen
pstruch
vnuk
holub
kur, kura
kudlit
zubr
pulec
fuk(al) ?
dub
buk
zub
sud
suk
kus
kruh

-ek
vlsek
sek

lengthening
jung individual

-ek

no lengthening
jung individual

comments

svalek

kantrek
doktrek

lse
ne
kzle
nedochde
odchve
nedorde
jalv, jalve
kantre
doktre
krt
he
sln
lid. kt

nka
from verb
from verb

volek

hoe
slon
kot
tvernoe
osle
nore
vole
hole
batole
spole

krek
potek
mstek
rek
sochrek
nsek
lenek

from adj
from verb
from adv

nosk !
pacholek
borek
stromek
zvonek

pachole

blouek
ernouek
starouek
tlust'ouek
atmek
telefnek

vnouek
holoubek

doubek
bouek
zoubek
soudek
souek
kousek
krouek

kloue
poup
pstroue
vnoue
holoub

holub
kue
kudle
zube
pule
fue

from verb

-8(7)

short roots + -ek / -

alternation

r-?

noun
pruh
suh
duch
vrub
kadlub
mrnt
kvrnt
srna
srnec
vlk
vrch

lengthening
-ek
jung individual
prouek
souek
douek
vroubek
kadloubek

-ek

no lengthening
jung individual

kadlubek

mrn
kvrn
srn
srne
vle

from verb
from verb

vrek

2.1.1.2. prefixed items (long or short prefixes) do not lengthen

(8) prefixed items (long or short prefixes) do not lengthen
noun
lengthening
no lengthening
a-a
e-e
-
o-o
i-i

comments

sval
zjev
es
spch
smch
zvon
seit

svalek
zjevek
esek
spek
smek
zvonek
seitek

comment
(< valit)

2.1.1.3. lengthening seems to be blocked if the derivational basis is (or was: -ec) a diminutive
itself, i.e. if it is built on items suffixed by -ek, -ec
(9) lengthening seems to be blocked if the derivational basis is (or was: -ec) a diminutive
itself, i.e. if it is built on items suffixed by -ek, -ec.
suffix
-ek
-ec

noun
dobytek
dank
norek
myslivec
staec
jezevec
vrabec
ptenec
krkavec
chlapec
tvernoec
pulec
odstavec
jalovec

no shortening

shortening
dobyte
dae
nore
mysliveek
staeek
jezeve
vrabe
ptene
krkave
chlape
tvernoe
pule

comment

odstve
jalv, jalve

2.1.1.4. long roots

(10) long roots + -ek / -
alternation

noun
mln
sc
bk
vch
dl
kamzk

-ek
mlnek

no shortening
jung individual
se
be

vek
dlek
kamze

-ek

shortening
jung individual

comment

-9(10) long roots + -ek / -

alternation

-
-

ou-ou

noun
tr
podbahnk
slavk
koroptvk
orlk
oslk
prask
psk
sokolk
tatak
nedochcpl
chlv
rz
trm
sl
vl
plt
d'k
p
ba
ptk
cikn
cikn(-ec)
dudk
kozk
krlk
mk
mrzk
skivnek
Slovk
svik
tulk
ubok
vojk
k
ebrk
krtk
sloup
pouk
brouk
oupat
bh
pedchdce

-ek
trek

chlvek
rzek
trmek
slek
vlek
pltek
d'ek

no shortening
jung individual
te
podbahne
slave
koroptve
orle
osle
prase
pse
sokole
tatae
nedochcple

-ek

shortening
jung individual

comment

from adj

d'e
p
b
pte
cikn
cikne
dude
koze
krle

mek

sloupek

mrze
skivne
Slove
svie
tule
uboe
voje
e
ebre
krte

from adj

poukle1
broue
oup

from verb

bek
pedchde

Perhaps from German/ Austrian diminutive -le, cf. cz vimrle < germ wimmern "whimper".

- 10 2.1.2. neuter -ko, -

2.1.2.1. short roots
(11) short roots + -ko / -
alternation
y-
i-

e- ()

-
-

a-

lengthening
jung
individual

noun

-ko

koryto
kopyto
kruidlo
bicho
stipendium,
tipendium
pivo
veteno
elezo
devo
elo
stevo
koleno
poleno
vemeno
poleno
rameno
jezero
pole
tlo
kvt
bidlo
slo
divadlo
dno
hovno
jdro
jtra
mslo
mdlo
okno
pdlo
pltno
povslo
prdlo
prkno
rdlo
sdlo
sedlo
semno
sdlo
slunce
srdce
sukno
dlo
vdro
vetno
vdlo
zrcadlo
ebro
rdlo
zrcadlo
hovado
sak

kortko
koptko
krutko
bko
stpko, tpko

-ko

no lengthening
jung
individual

morphological
identity of the
alternating vowel
-yt-yt-idlrad
rad

pivko
vetnko
elzko
dvko
lko
stvko
kolnko, kolnko
polnko
vemnko, (vemnko)
polnko, (polnko)
ramnko, ramnko
jezrko, (jezrko)
pole
tlko
kvtko
bidlko
slko, slko
divadlko
dnko, (dnko)
hovnko
jadrko, jadrko
jatrka, jatrka
mslko
mdlko, mejdlko
oknko, oknko
pdlko, pdlko
pltnko, pltnko
povslko
prdlko, prdlko
prknko, prknko
rdlko, rdlko
sdlko
sedlko
semnko, semno
sdlko
slunko, slunko
srdko, srdko
suknko, suknko
dlko, dlko
vdrko
vetnko
vdlko
zrcadlko
ebrko, ebrko
rdlko, (rdlko)
zrctko
hovdko
sko

selko

hovd

-en
rad
rad
rad
rad
-en
-en
-en
-en
-en
rad
case suff
rad
rad, < masc.
-l
-l
-adlrad
-n
-r
-r
-l
-l
-n
-l
-n
-l
-l
-n
-l
-l
-l
-n
-l
-c
-c
-n
-l
-r
-n
-l
-l
-r
-l
-adl-ad
rad, < masc.

- 11 (11) short roots + -ko / -

alternation

o-

u-ou

noun

-ko

house
dti
kue
pte
vnoue
loe
olovo
slovo
oko
ucho

houstko
dt'tko
kutko
pttko
vnoutko
lko
olvko
slvko

lengthening
jung
individual

-ko

morphological
identity of the
alternating vowel
-at-at-at-at-atrad
rad
rad

no lengthening
jung
individual

oko
ouko

rad

2.1.2.2. morphological identity of alternating vowels

(12) with -ko, the alternating vowel may be
suffix
simple
a. radical
bicho
b. suffixal
-c-e
slunce
-e
pole
-yt-o
koryto
-l-o
mslo
-n-o
prkno
-r-o
jdro
c. thematic
-V-d-l-o
kruidlo
-a-d-o
hovado
d. stem-building
-at-a
kue
(kmenotvorn) -en-o
koleno

diminutive
bko
slunko
pole
kortko
mslko
prknko, prknko
jadrko, jadrko
krutko
hovdko
kutko
kolnko, kolnko

nb
15
2
1
2
15
7
4
3
1
5
6

15

31
4
11
61

2.1.2.3. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening

(13) long roots + -ko
alternation
-

- ()
-
-

noun
dlo
lce
msto
sto
dt
vko
pero, pro
dlto
mikdo
stdo
sta

shortening in __#, __CCV

-ko
GENpl -CV
dl

per

no shortening in __#, __CCV

-ko
GENpl -CV
dlko
dln
lko
mstko
mst
mstn
stko
st
dtko
vko
prko, prko
dltko
dlt
mikdko
mikd
stdko
std
stdn
stka
st
stn

(14) long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening for items without attested diminutive
alternation

noun
eldordo
jmno
kpo
lto
lno

shortening
GENpl
-CV
jmen

jmenn

let

letn

no shortening
GENpl
-CV
eldord
kp
ln

comment

comment

- 12 (14) long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening for items without attested diminutive
alternation

noun
lko
mlto
prvo
rno
slo
torndo
torpdo
dlo
jmno
lto

shortening
GENpl
-CV

GENpl
lk
mlt
prv
rn
sl
tornd
torpd

rann

d l
jmen
let
5

jmenn
letn
5

no shortening
-CV

10

comment

(15) long roots: residual shortening before yers in 3 items

alternation
-a
-
-

noun
jdro
jtra
jhla
mdlo
slo
jdlo
kdlo
povslo
sdlo
dlo
stbro
tslo
vdlo
ztra
zdlo
ltro
mslo
mzdra
pdlo
prdlo
rdlo
sdlo
sdra
rdlo

shortening
GENpl
-CV
jader
jadern
jater
jatern
jahel
jaheln

no shortening
GENpl
-CV

mdel
sel
jdel
kdel
povsel
sdel
del
stber
tsel
vdel
zter
zdel
lter
msel
mzder
pdel
prdel
rdel
sdel
sder
rdel
21

mdeln
seln
jdeln
kdeln
sdeln
stbrn
tseln
vdeln

comment
(diminutives, cf. (11))
jadrko, jadrko
jatrka, jatrka
jahlka
mdlko, mejdlko

povslko
sdlko
dlko, dlko
vdlko

zdeln
lternk
mseln

rdeln
sdeln
rdeln
14

pdlko, pdlko
prdlko, prdlko
rdlko, rdlko
rdlko, (rdlko)

2.1.3. feminine -ka, -

2.1.3.1. short roots
(16) short roots + -ka / -
alternation
y-y
i-

noun
ryba
my
vydra
kniha
nosidla
lavice
koile
lika
sestino

-ka

lengthening
jung individual

-ka

no lengthening
jung
individual

rybka
myka
vyde
knka
nostka
lavika
koilka
lie
sestn

comment

- 13 (16) short roots + -ka / -

alternation

e-

-
e-
a-

o-

u-ou

noun
lvice
tika
opice
hnida
fabrika
vtev
jiskra
jhla
sukn
ovce
klec
dvee
stecha
postel
eka
vela
dcera
kepelka
panenka
veverka
kamej(e)
v
Bta
dva
konev
vrata
hlava
pata
Praha,Praan
babka
durance
Hanka
kachna
kavka
kukaka
rajka
rajsk
abka
vlaka
straka
ka(ka)
otava
potvora
kost
hora
komora
noha
sova
potvora
roba
pastorka
sirota
sojka
vlatovka
duha

-ka

opka

lengthening
jung individual

-ka

no lengthening
jung
individual

comment

lve
te
ope
hnd
fabrika

fabrie

vtvka
jiskrka
jahlka
suknka,
suknka
oveka
klcka
dvka
stka
postlka
ka
velka
dcerka
kepele
panene
vevere
kameje
vka
Btka
dvka
konvka
vrtka
hlvka

dve

dve

patka
Pre
babe
durane
Hane
kachn
kave
kukae
raje
rajse
abe
vlae
stre
ke
otve
potvrka
kstka
hrka
komrka
noka
sv
potvre
sirte
douka

rob
pastore
sirote
soje
vlatove

from adj

- 14 (16) short roots + -ka / -

alternation

noun

lengthening
jung individual

-ka

kuna
labut'
ua
ruka
stuha
Jakub

-ka

no lengthening
jung
individual
kun
labut
un

comment

ruka
stuka
jakoubka
(hruka)
housek

husa
okurka
sluka

jakoube
house
okure
slue

2.1.3.2. long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening

(17) long roots + -ka
alternation
-y

-i

-e
-a

noun
dha
dka
kta
rha
skva
bza
chvle
a
ccha
dra
hlna
hlza
jva
lcha
lpa
lsa
lce
mca
mra
msa
plna
na
slva
pna
vitrna
la
barira
cva
frza
bba
blna
brcha
brna
okolda
drha
fasda
jma
ka
Ka
kra
katedrla

-ka

shortening in #, CCV
GENpl -CV

skyvka
chvilka
ika
hlinka

chvil
cka
drka

dr
hlin

lipka

lip

lika
micka

lic

miska

no shortening in #, CCV
-ka
GENpl -CV
dka
dh
dka
dk
ktka
kt
rka
rh
skvka
skv
bzka
bz

sliv

ilka

il

babka
blanka

bab
blan

branka

bran

hlzka
jvka
lka

hlz
jv
lch

lska

ls
mc

mr
mis

slivka
pinka

cch

mrka

vitrnka

ms
pln
n
slv
pn
vitrn

barirka
cvka
frzka

barir
cv
frz

plnka
nka
slvka
iln, iln

brka
drah
jamka
kaka
Kaka

okoldka okold
drka
fasdka
fasd

fasdn

k
K
krka
kr
katedrlka katedrl

katedrln

jam

comment

- 15 (17) long roots + -ka

alternation

-o
ou-u

-o

noun
klda
Klra
klobsa
krva
limonda
pka
rna
rulda
skla
kra
slma
spirla
t'ra
vda
vza
vrna
ba
sezna
bouda
houba
hrouda
koule
kroupa
louka
moucha
mouka
pazoura
prouha
roura
mouha
strouha
trouba
kra
stvra
pda
mra
krta

shortening in #, CCV
-ka
GENpl -CV
kladka
klad
kravka

no shortening in #, CCV
-ka
GENpl -CV
kld
Klrka
Klr
klobska klobs

krav
limondka limond
pka
pk

ranka

ran

skalka

skal

slamka

slam

vranka
abka

vran
ab

budka
hubka
hrudka
kulka

bud
hub
hrud
kul
krup
luk
much
muk

muka

struka
trubka

ruldka

ruld

krka
slmka
spirlka
t'rka
vdka
vzka

kr

skaln
spirl
t'r
vd
vz

abnk
seznka
boudka

lun

struh
trub
kor

krupka
louka

sezn

seznn

louk

mouka
pazourka
prouka
rourka
mouka
strouka

mouk
pazour
prouh
rour
mouh

krka
stvrka
pdka
mrka
krtka

kr
stvr
pd
mr
krt

pdn

(18) long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening for items without attested diminutive
alternation
-y
-i

noun
kla
markza
pcha
bda
devza
dra
ra
galra
hlna
hva
jcha
jva
jzda
kda
latrna
lha

shortening
GENpl
-CV

GENpl
kl
markz
pch

b d
devz
dr
r
galr
hln
hv
jch
jiv
jzd
kd
latrn
lh

no shortening
-CV

comment

comment

- 16 (18) long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening for items without attested diminutive
alternation

-e

-a

noun
mcha
mle
mra
mza
pka
plce
za
sfra
sla
sra
sirna
slda
mra
svce
svda
tha
tda
vla
vra
rva
tma
vba
vna
ra
arkda
armda
barikda
blokda
brigda
ka
centrla
chtra
chvla
cikda
mra
dma
dekda
dlha
drha
esplanda
fma
Jva
kaskda
kva
lma
lva
marmelda
oza
olympida
palisda
pra
pomda
rna
remulda
Renta
kvra
slva

shortening
GENpl
-CV
mil
m r

milnk

GENpl
mch

no shortening
-CV

mz
pk
plic

plicn
z
sfr

sil

sfrn

siln
sr
sirn
sld
mr

svic (svc)
svd
th
td
vil
v r

tdn

vilnice,
vilnost
vrnost
rv
tm
vb
vn

ar
arkd
armd
barikd
blokd
brigd
k
centrl
chter

armdn
barikdn
blokdn
brigdn

chval
cikd
mr
dm
dekd

dam
dlah
drah

espland
fm
jva
jvsk
kaskd
kaskdn
kv
lm
lv
marmeld
oz
ozn
olympid olympidn
palisd
par

parn
pomd

ran
remuld
Rent
kvr
slv

comment

- 17 (18) long roots: Closed Syllable Shortening for items without attested diminutive
alternation

-o

-o

ou-u

noun
spla
spra
t'va
tra
trva
vha
vlda
vlha
ha
arma
dza
fazna
rba
tga
Trja
zna
blza
brna
chva
drezra
drza
dra
frizra
fra
hrza
hra
krta
kra
lhta
medza
mra
mza
odrda
prba
pda
smla
ra
stvra
sva
tra
zrda
boura
smlouva
mouha
coura
foua
louda
slouha
touha

shortening
GENpl
-CV

trav
vah

no shortening
-CV

travn

trojsk

for

prubn

smluv

GENpl
spl
spr
t'v
tr
vld
vlh
h
arm
dz
fazn
rb
tg
Trj
zn
blz
brn
chv
drezr
drz
dr
frizr
fr
hrz
hr
krt
kr
lht
medz
mr
mz
odrd
prb
pd
sml
r
stvr
sv
tr
zrd
bour

vn
vldn

prbn

smluvn
mouh
cour
fou
loud
slouh

tuh
22

10

102

toun
14

comment

- 18 2.2. -k
2.2.1. long roots
(19) long roots + -k
alternation
-i
-y
-e
-a

noun

hlna
kbl
chlb
rno
vrna
tta
kov
mlyn
d'bel
-o
citrn
examples to be verified
kndl ??
bl
blna
brna
drb
stblo, stblo
skla
real counter-examples
krl

shortening
-k
hlink
kyblk
chlebk
rank
vrank
tatk
kovak
mlynak
diblk
citronk

no shortening
-k

kovk
mlynk
d'blk

comment

-i

knedlk
blk, bilk
Blank
Brank
drabk
styblk

knedl is attested, but < germ Kndel []

bejlk - ej n'est plus une V longue
hora v echch - diminutive?
st Prahy - diminutive?
p vojk - ?
blade (grass) - ?

skalnk

"div skaln muk", via skaln

krl-k

plt'
fake counter-examples
roub

plt-k
roubk

polt

poltk

kalend
olt
tlout'
(tlust ?)
pel

kalendk
oltk
tlout-k
p-l-k
pelk
zjmek

zjem

krlk "krl mal zem" a "rabbit", germ

Knigelhase < lat cuniculus, pol krlik
with irregular long , ru krolik
"coat", "little coat, cover"
both "stake, gag (mouth)", not a
diminutive
- is suspect anyway, does -t'- play a
role?
- is suspect anyway
- is suspect anyway
+ plt': does -t'- play a role?
fake VVCC-k: VVCeC-k
prefixes are out of scope

2.2.2. short roots

(20) short roots + -k
alternation
i-i
y-y
e-e
e-
a-a

o-o

noun
bi
pytel
erv
vep
Petr
pes
orel
cval
chlap
hadr
kapr
tank
nos

lengthening
-k

no lengthening
-k
bik
pytlk
ervk
vepk
Petk
psk
orlk
cvalk
chlapk
hadk
kapk
tank
nosk

comment

- 19 (20) short roots + -k

alternation

u-u

r-r

noun
sokol
hoch
roh
pokoj
bobr
orel
mu
kus
prut
prst

lengthening
-k

no lengthening
-k
sokolk
hok
rohlk
pokojk
bobk
orlk
muk

*kousk

comment

kousek, kousek: -- is the

lengthened -ek, not -k
proutek
Slovak = ?

proutk
prstk

2.2.3. -/ -a produces odd forms and doublets

(21) -/ -a
alternation
-a

-y

noun
kalend
olt
polt
kov
mlyn

shortening
-k

kova-k
mlynak

no shortening
-k
kalend-k
olt-k
poltk
kov--k
mlynk

remarks

2.2.4. stems in : fake shortening

(22) stems in : fake shortening, any following V triggers short forms
alternation
-o

-e
-i
-a

noun
kn
vz
n
kl
dt'
vtr
mrz

shortening
-k
kon-k
voz-k
no-k
kolk
det-k
vt-k
mraz-k

no shortening
-k

remarks

2.2.5. no effect with -k in case it is not a diminutive

(23) if -k is not a diminutive, no effect is observed
alter- noun
nation
1. -k agentives
o-o
zvon
a-a
strana
karban
ou-ou aloun
-
bse
pchnout
vythnout
e-e
celit
hledt
lepit
u-u
dusit

no effect
zvonk
strank
karbank
alounk
bsnk
pchnk (zool. brouk)
vythlk
celk
hledk
lepk
dusk

lengthening

shortening

- 20 (23) if -k is not a diminutive, no effect is observed

alter- noun
nation
2. -k attributives
a-a
mlad
e-e
ern
-
st
dial stl
-

ba
dlek (?)

no effect

lengthening

shortening

mladk
ernk
stlk (ptk)
thlk brouk
vy-b-l-k (ptk)
dlk tech. nstroj

3. Comparatives of adjectives and adverbs

3.1. Comparative of adjectives in -
3.1.1. existing types
the allomorphy long j- vs. short is unpredictable
(24) no effects other than concatenation observed for j- (apart from one single word,
bl, on which cf. below)
adjective
comparative
nb
nb
morae
items
CVC -
-
CVC
-j - 4
nov
novj
CVC -C -
CVC
-C -j -
-l
4
tepl
teplej
-r
4
chytr
chytej
-n
4
jasn
jasnj
-n
-
4
jarn
jarnj
-VC -
-ov
5
hladov
hladovj
-iv
5
paliv
palivj
-av
5
zvdav zvdavj
-it
5
dleit dleitj
-at
5
bohat
bohatj
CVVC -
-
CVVC
-j - 5
hloup
hloupj
3
-r
5
moudr
moudej 1
-n
5
krsn
krsnj
1
-
CVC
-j - 4
bl
blej
1

- 21 3.1.2. templatic restriction on

(25) templatic restriction on : comparatives are invariably CVC-, i.e. weigh exactly 3
morae.
adjective
comparative
nb
nb
morae
items
CVC -
-
CVC
-
- 3
slab
slab
24
CVC -C
CVC
-
-
-n
-
-
- 3
snadn
snaz
1
-n
-
-
- 3
zadn
zaz
1
CVC -VC
CVC
-VC -
-at -
-VC - 4
bohat
bohat
1
-av -
-VC - 3
tmav
tmav
1
CVC -ok -
CVC
-
- 3
hlubok
hlub
4
CVVC -k
-
CVC
-
- 3
blzk
bli
6
CVVC -n
-
CVC
-
- 3
krsn
kra
1
CVC -k
-
CVC
-
- 3
hebk
heb
12
-
- 3
tk
t
2
tenk
ten
-t,d
-
- 3
sladk
slad
5
-t,d
-
- 3
bitk
bit
1
(26) remarks
a. complementary distribution between the presence of k- and root-length:
-k- is present if the root is short
-k- is absent if the root is long
b. why? Why do we not get
/CVC-k-/ > CVC-
heb-k- --> heb-, *heb-
/CVVC-k-/ > CVC-k- ?
blz-k- --> bli-, *bliz-
c. is there an allomorph ?
CVC-k- > CVC-
or
CVC-k- > CVC-- = CVC-tS-S > CVC-tS ?
d. comp. Adj ble (Adj bl)
must be the ji- suppletive form of unattested bl, where the shortness would be
regular.
3.2. Comparative of adverbs in
3.2.1. comp adv is derived from comp adj
(27)
the allomorphy long j-i vs. short is predictable: it depends on the comparative of
Adjectives:
comp. Adj
comp. Adv
long -j- > long -j-i absolute
short
> short -
widespread diachronic suppletive mouvement towards j-i: some
items possess both forms, others have completely lost the short
allomorph.
Generalization: - is found only with adjectives that have in
Adj comparative.

- 22 3.2.2. concurrence of short and long comp adv

(28) items with both comp. Adv ji, -
adjective
comp. adj
adverb
tich
hust
snadn
zadn
irok
zk

ti
hust
snaz, snadnj
zaz kn, zadnj
ir
u

ticho, tie
hust
snadno, snadn
zadn
iroko, iroce
zko

comp. adv
-
te
hout
snze
zze
e
e

chud
mlad
tvrd

chud
mlad
tvrd

chud
mlad
tvrd, tvrdo

st chze
st mlze
st tvrze

-ji
tieji
hustji
snadnji
zadnji
eji
eji
chudji
mladji
tvrdji

3.2.3. existing types

(29) no effects other than concatenation observed for ji (apart from one single word, hlubok
hloubji, on which cf. below)
adjective
comparative adverb nb adjective comp. Adj comp.
nb

Adv
it.
CVC -
- CVC
-j -i 3 slab
slab
slabji
-
3 ciz
cizej
cizeji
CVC -C
- CVC -C -j -i 3
-l
3 svtl
svtlej
svtleji
-r
3 chytr
chytej
chyteji
-n
3 jasn
jasnj
jasnji
-sk
3 lidsk
lidtj
lidtji
-ck
4 praktick praktit praktitji
-n
-
3 jarn
jarnj
jarnji
-VC -
-ov
4 hladov
hladovj hladovji
-iv
4 paliv
palivj palivji
-av
4 zvdav zvdavj zvdavji
-it
4 dleit dleitj dleitji
-at
4 bohat
bohatj
bohatji
CVVC -
- CVVC
-j -i 4 hloup
hloupj
hloupji 3
-r
4 moudr
moudej moudeji 1
-n
4 krsn
ksnj
krsnji
1
(30) remarks
comp. Adv is derived from comp. Adj and not from the Adj itself because only the
comp. Adj allows to predict the allomorphy ji vs. .
Thus:
a. comp. Adv krateji, ideji, radji are not shortened forms of Adj krtk, dk, but
regular, length-unmodified derivations based on comp. Adj krat, id, rad.
b. comp Adv ble, e, ne are not length-unmodified forms of Adj. blzk, zk,
nzk, but lengthened derivatives based on comp. Adj bli, u, ni.
c. comp. Adv hloubji (Adj hlubok, comp. Adj hlub)
must be the ji- suppletive form of unattested hloub, where the length would be
regular.

- 23 -

3.3. Summary alternating items

(31) adjective
comp adj
drah
dra
dlouh (<dl-g) del
tich
ti
hust
hust
chud
chud
mlad
mlad
tvrd
tvrd
(< men) (mal) men
(brz)
(mnoh)
vt
(patn, zl)
hor
(< lep) (dobr) lep

adverb
draho, draze
dlouze, dlouho
ticho, tie
hust
chud
mlad
tvrd, tvrdo
(mlo)
(brzy)
(mnoho)
(patn, zle)
(dobe)

comp adv
dre
dle
te, tieji
hout, hustji
(< st chze) chudji
(< mlze) mladji
(< st tvrze) tvrdji
mn
dve
vce
he
lpe

snadn
zadn

snaz, snadnj
zaz kn, zadnj

snadno, snadn
zadn

snze, snadnji
zze, zadnji

hlubok
irok
vysok
dalek

hlub
ir
vy
dal

hluboko, hluboce
iroko, iroce
vysoko, vysoce
daleko

hloubji
e, eji
ve
dle

blzk
zk
nzk
krtk
dk

bli
u
ni
krat
id
rad

blzko, blzce
zko
nzko, nzce
krtko, krtce
dko
rd

ble (< k adj bli)

e, eji
ne (< k adj ni)
(< st krce) krateji
ideji
radji

tk
velk

t
vt

tko, tce

te
vce

3.4. Total record of comparatives (adj and adv)

(32) adjectives
comp. adj
adverbs

-sk

-ck
-n

CVC-n-
CVC-sk
CV(C-c)k
CVC-l-
esk
dtinsk
hrdinsk
lidsk
ptelsk
otrock
praktick
jasn
siln
hodn
pevn
rann
rovn

comp. adv

-j-

etj
dtintj
hrdintj
lidtj
pteltj
otrotj
praktitj
jasnj
silnj
hodnj
pevnj
ranj
rovnj

esky

etji

ptelsky

pteltji

prakticky
jasn
siln

praktitji
jasnji
silnji

- 24 (32) adjectives

-l

-l
-

-r
-
-n

-ov
-iv
-av
-it
-at

schopn
siln
vrn
snadn
svtl
tepl
obsahl
rychl
svtl
vesel
mil
sml
vel
tup
urit
nov
zdrav
iv
krut
zaryt
lut
ist
hrd
pitom
strm
uboh
bystr
chytr
pestr
ciz
jarn
letn
prvn
pedn
hladov
paliv
zvdav
tmav
dleit
masit
bohat

comp. adj
schopnj
silnj
vrnj
snadnj, kn snaz
svtlej
teplej
obsahlej
rychlej
svtlej
veselej
milej
smlej
velej
tupj
uritj
novj
zdravj
ivj
krutj
zarytj
lutj
itj, ist
hrdj
pitomj
strmj
uboej
bystej
chytej
pestej
cizej
jarnj
letnj
prvnj
pednj
hladovj
palivj
zvdavj
tmavj, tmav
dleitj
masitj
boatj, bohat

CVVC-
CVVC-ej-
not a lot, mostly in
ou
hloup-
hloupj
skoup-
skoupj
pouh-
znm-
znmj
pm-
krs-n-
krsnj
moud-r-
moudej
pt-
devt-
dest-
st-l-
stlej

adverbs

comp. adv

svtle
teple, teplo

svtleji
tepleji

vesele

veseleji

urit

uritji

uboze

uboeji

chyte

chyteji

pouze
pmo
krsn
moude

krsnji
moudeji

- 25 (32) adjectives

comp. adj

adverbs

bl

CVC-ej-
shortening
blej

ble

CVC-

CVC-

drah
dlouh (<dl-g)
tich
hust
chud
mlad
tvrd
(< men) (mal)
(brz)
(mnoh)
(patn, zl)
(< lep) (dobr)
tuh
hluch
bled
hrub
slab
star
jist
such
iv
ist
tlust
jin
sprost
bohat
tmav

dra
del
ti
hust
chud
mlad
tvrd
men

CVC-n-

CVVC-

-at
-av

comp. adv

CVC-o
CVC-
draho, draze
dlouze, dlouho
ticho, tie
hust
chud
mlad
tvrd, tvrdo
(mlo)
(brzy)
(mnoho)
(patn, zle)
(dobe)
tuho, tuze
hlucho, hlue
bled
hrub
slab
stae
jist
sucho, sue
ivo, iv
ist, isto
tlust

dre length
dle length
te, tieji length
hout, hustji length
(< st chze) chudji
(< mlze) mladji
(< st tvrze) tvrdji
mn
dve
vce
he
lpe
tueji
hlueji
bledji
hrubji
slabji
staeji
jistji
sueji
ivji

CVC-
CVC-n-j-
snaz, snadnj
zaz kn, zadnj

CVC-n-o
CVC-n-
snadno, snadn
zadn

CVVC-
lengthening
snze, snadnji
zze, zadnji

CVC-ok-
CVC-ek-

CVC-

CVC-ok-o
CVC-oc-e

hlubok
irok
vysok
dalek
divok

hlub
ir
vy
dal
divoej, hapax

hluboko, hluboce
iroko, iroce
vysoko, vysoce
daleko

CVVC-ji
CVVC-
lengthening
hloubji
e, eji
ve
dle

CVVC-k-

CVC-
shortening
bli
u
ni
krat

CVVC-k-o
CVVC-c-e
blzko, blzce
zko
nzko, nzce
krtko, krtce

id
rad

dko
rd

snadn
zadn

blzk
zk
nzk
krtk
dk

vt
hor
lep
tu
hlu
bled
hrub
slab
star
jist, jistj
su
ist, istj
tlust
jin
sprost
bohat
tmav, tmavj

tlustji

CVVC-
ble (< k adj bli)
e, eji
ne (< k adj ni)
(< st krce) krateji shortening
+k
ideji shortening + k
radji
ke

- 26 (32) adjectives

comp. adj

adverbs

comp. adv

CVC-k-

CVC--

CVC--eji
CVC-e lengthening

tk
velk
hebk
hezk
lehk
mkk
mlk
vlhk
tenk
trpk
hork
hok
sladk
ack
hladk
prudk
stydk
kehk
kepk
sypk
sask
vratk
bitk
plytk
krotk
vazk
slizk
mrzk
kluzk
(malouk)

t
vt
heb
hez
leh
mk
ml, mlej
vlh
ten, ten
trp, trpej
horej, hor
hoej, ho
slad

CVC-c-e
CVC-k-y
CVC-k-o
tko, tce

hlad
prud

CVVC-n-
krsn

hebce
hezky
lehce, lehko
mkce, mkko

te lengthening
vce lengthening
hebeji
hezeji
leheji
mkeji

vlhce
tence, tenko
trpce

vlheji
teneji
trpeji

sladce

sladeji

prudce, prudko

hladeji
prudeji

keh
kepej

kehce

vrat
bit
plytej
krot, krotej

vratce
bitce

vrateji

krotko

kroteji

mrzej

mrzce
kluzko

mrzeji

CVC-
shortening
kras kn, kra kn,
krsnj

CVVC-n-

CVVC-n-

krsn

krsnji