Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OF
SHIVA J
SHIVAJI
AND
HIS TIMES
JADUNATH SARKAR,
m.a.,
SECOND EDITION
Revised and enlarged.
I.
,,
II.
III.
War
of Succession.
1645-1689.
Records.
Economics of British
India,
up
to 1917.
Anecdotes of Aurangzib,
'.(Pfcrisfai text of Ahkam-i-Alamgiri with English
to&ans.,* notes, and a life of Aurangzib.)
...
.
Mughal Administration,
a study of
its
machinery,
official duties,
policy,
biography.
PREFACE.
First Edition, ( April, 1919.)
new and
critical
study of Shivaji's
life
and
To
put the
briefly,
present work differs from
eminently readable and still valuable History of
the
case
Mahrattas,
(3 Vols.,
his
the
preference of
among
44&U3&
6
of
[preface.
SHIVAJI.
many
historical
Muhammad and
letters
in
Persian,
text of
Hindu
historian in Persian,
viz.,
Ishwardas Nagar,
worked on
chronicles
but
we
live in
a happier age
when
these
and notes.
of
all
respect
PREFACE.
From
so
many
book
shorter.
But
false legends
have considered
it
historical truth to
web
of
Deccan
the
many
history in the
and
policy,
knowledge
it
of the
is
internal
The present
empire, Bijapur and Golkonda also.
work is more than a mere biography of Shiva it
;
my
Second Edition,
History of
June, 1920.)
Ponda
affairs,
full
discussion
SHIVAJI.
[preface.
parative
estimate
of
the
evidential
and a com-
value of the
English, Persian
the very
first
first
time), Shivajfs
power
in
successive
ages.
His
been reproduced
most
authentic
in this edition.
Jadunath Sarkar.
CONTENTS.
Preface
...
Chapter
...
...
I.
I 18
the People
boundaries of
Population speaking Marathi,
3 isolated
Maharashtra, 2 rainfall and crops,
valleys of the western belt, 5 hill-forts, 6 all
lack of elegance
people work hard, 7 character
and taste, 9 pride, courage and hardiness, 9 social
language.
religious reformers,
and
10
equality,
11
literature
15
Chapter
II.
...
1954
Birth of Shivaji, 19
neglected by father, 21
miserable condition of Puna,
lonely boyhood, 21
23 Dadaji Kond-dev's improvements, 24 love of
25 the Mavals
25 Shivaji's education,
justice,
described, 27 subdued by Dadaji, 28 Shivaji's
Hindu spirit, 29 love of independence, 30 decline
of Bijapur, 32 Shiva captures Torna, 32 seizes
Puna district, 33 gains forts, 34 invades N.
Konkan, 35 Shahji imprisoned, 37 Shiva appeals
to
41
Murad, 40nShahji released, why?
Baji
Shyamraje's expedition, 42 Mores of Javli, 43
Mores murdered, 45 criticism of Shiva's conduct,
46 gains from the conquest of Javli, 47 early
48 extent of territory, 49 Appendix I.
officers,
Murder of the Mores, evidence discussed, 50.
55 81
10
SHIVAJI.
Aurangzib guards
frontier,
distrust
61
at
71
affray,
local
II.
affair,
Chapter IV.
Strenuous Warfare
...
82 110
Khan
Jauhar
besieges
factors,
first
movements
101
life,
in 1664, 109.
Chapter V.
Shivaji
...
Ill 151
his character,
sent to Deccan,
his Singh
the enemies of
5 unites
plan of war,
Shiva, 115 theatre of war described, 118rMughal
outposts, 120march on Purandar, 121 Purandar
described, 124 Mughal siege-positions, 125
126Daud Khan's faithless
Vajragarh stormed,
127Shiva's
conduct,
villages
ravaged,
Marathas make diversions, 130outer towers of
Purandar stormed, 132 Murar Baji's death, 135
Shiva opens negotiations, 136
Singh, 137
treaty of Purandar
terms, 139Shiva
1 1
1 1 1
all
1 1
hill
126*
visits
Dilir,
141
Jai
visits
its
forts
forts
CONTENTS.
and
fights Bijapuri
Chapter VI.
Visit to
Aurangzib
...
152179
hopes
1667 1670
Chapter VII.
...
180212
185
causes of Shiva's rupture with Mughals, 186
captures Kondana, named Singh-garh, 188 sieges of
Mahuli, 189 Daud Khan's vigorous campaign, 190
Dilir disobeys Prince Muazzam, 192
investigation
by
Iftikhar
203 Shivaji
195
201
battle of
gains
Shiva captures
Karinja, 208
Bundela
Chapter
visits
205 sack of
Chhatra
Sal
Shiva, 211.
VIII.
Mughals,
Vani,
Salhir, 21
Struggle
1670 1674
with
the
...
213237
Daud
214
12
SHIVAJI.
defeat
216
Ikhlas
of
Khan near
of Puna,
217
Salhir,
Mughals expelled from Puna, 217 Marathas conquer Jawhar and Ramnagar, 218 chauth demanded
from Surat, 219 Koli Rajahs, 221 Mughal officers
Hambir
Rao's
defeated
weakened, 235
raids,
232
Bahlols
victory,
234
234 Mughal
Shiva,
power
extent of Shiva's territory, 236.
by
Dilir
Chapter IX.
Coronation of Shiva ji
...
238259
South Konkan
Chapter X.
CONTENTS.
13
doings in Kanara, 272 loot of Barcelore and blackmailing of Karvvar, 274 Bijapuris recover and lose
S. Konkan, 277
siege of Ponda raised, 280 plot to
rebellion
capture Goa by stratagem, detected, 281
Bahlol
of Rustam-i-Zaman, 282 sack of Hubli, 283
expels Marathas from Karwar district, 284 Shiva's
grand raid into Kanara fails, 285 Mian Sahib's
rebellion in Bijapuri Kanara, 286 Shiva captures
Ponda, 288 and other forts, 290 Maratha failure in
Sunda and success in Bednur, 291.
Chapter
The
XL
Naval Enterprises
...
293321
with
Siddis,
322352
322Karnatak
14
SHIVAJI.
Vyankoji, 352.
...
Chapter XIII. His Last Years
Route of return from Karnatak, 353
Savitri
354
Bai,
attempt
353383
fight with
gain Bijapur fort by
to
358
second
bhadra,
Shivner, 359disorder
in Bijapur and weakness of Masaud, 361 Shambhuji
deserts to
362 Maratha stratagem to seize
detected, 363 Mughals and Bijapuris
Bijapur
against Shiva, 364
captures Bhupalgarh, 364
Marathas
Ikhlas Khan, 365 and capture a
to
Karkamb, 366Shivaji's
Mughal convoy
366
invades
Aurangzib against the
Bijapur, 371 Shiva arrives near Bijapur to help,
372
ravages environs of Bijapur, 373 sacks
375
Athni, 374Shambhuji returns to
376
Panhala as a
Shivaji defeated by
refuge, 376raids Khandesh, 377sack of Jalna, 377
curse of
378Shiva defeated by Ranmast
379anxiety
Khan, 378escapes with heavy
about succession, 380lectures
Shambhu, 380
intrigues among Shiva's wives, 382 death of
bribery, 355
territory,
Dilir,
fort,
Dilir
fight
at
letter
Dilir
jaziya,
Dilir
father,
Dilir,
fortifies
saint,
loss,
to
Shivaji,
factors
kept
in
prison,
their
384
CONTENTS.
15
paid, 404.
405
territory
officers,
artillery,
their
41
titles
clerks,
forts,
salaries
his
officers,
fiefs,
district
effect
spirit
Shivaji,
Chapter XVI.
Shivaji's achievement,
character and place in History
...
427-449
16
SHIVAJI.
Bibliography
Abbreviations
...
...
...
...
...
...
449-459
459
AND
SHIVAJI
HIS TIMES
CHAPTER
I.
entire
Bombay
the
of
population
claim
parts,
tongue.*
ground since the days of the Peshwas, and its peaceful annexation of the children of ruder and less
literary
is
The Census
Marathi
speaking
total
in
1911
C.
the
P.,
18*23
and
3*5
millions
Konkan
division,
of
85 p.c.
Bombay
Haidarabad State 26
city.
p.
c.
of
In
p.
the
of
total
millions
Bombay and
spoken by above 86
is
c.
showed a
(against
Marathi
54 p.
of
in
c.
19*8 millions as
in
its
the
1901.)
Of
this
Haidarabad
State.
Deccan
division,
the C. P. 31
p.
c.
and nearly
and
it.
in
the
SHIVAJI.
;2
[CH.
I.
Four centuries ago the name Maha-rashtra was confined to the western edge of the Deccan plateau,
i.e., to a tract bounded on the north by the Tapti,
on
The Maratha
rough
total
of
was also
settled in Konkan or the narrow land between the
Here the
Western Ghats and the Indian Ocean.
28,000 square miles.
of
districts
State
with
miles, are
Savant- vadi,
of
10,000
race
square
area of
total
now
over
predominantly
Marathi-speaking but in the 16th century a considerable portion of the population, probably one-half,
;
was very
and
forests
of the
to
thin
Krishna.
and
of the land.
Deccan plateau
rainfall,
expresses
that lying
have been
much
covered
cultivation
the
subject
is
poor
country watered
by
and
the
between
also
is
that river
seems
at
one time
to
{Bom. Gaz.
587;
i.
pt.
ii.
p.
134,
xxiv. 81.)
is
is
narrow
assured
away
untilled,
subsistence."*
P.
unwatered and
to
yields
so that
and Mat.
(Moral
Prog.
1911-12,
10.)
The
rain
is
precipitated
on the
coast-line
[i.e.,
Konkan]
from the
where
hills
the
rainfall
is
very
precarious
and
W.
the
the
west,
black-soil plain
Transition
to the
east.
in
the
The
centre,
soil,
however,
is
not
fertile,
and there are ranges of bare rocky hills running east and west,
spurs so to speak of the Ghats, which neither store water for
nor
cultivation
attract
the
rainfall...
The Karnatak
[i.e.,
the
vii. pt.
I,
pp. 4-6.)
The western
Dang
(i.e., Baglana), Maval in the centre (i.e.,
the Nasik, Puna and Satara districts), and Mallad in the south
The Konkan, on the other hand, is an area
(i.e., Karnatak.)
in
the
north
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
addition to the
by
human
would perish
tens of thousand.
2.
There were no
rich courts,
as
empire
of
certain
to
another.
and heavy
rainfall,
with
rice
for
cut
up by
the predominant
wherever there
is any soil... a
mango-gTOves and plaintain orchards add to
the beauty of the landscape and the wealth of the inhabitants,
crop,
sea-coast,
fringe of palms,
forgot.
more level portion of the tableHindu times and Muslim, had sent
both
forth
their
in
flood of invasion
or their
Through
it
their ports of
embarkation
Europe.
SH1VAJI.
[CH.
I.
But
such
Desh
tract.
only brought a
breath of the outer world to the sequestered vales
of Maharashtra
they did not disturb the noiseless
occasional
visitors
tenor of the
life
them-
easily
defensible
forts
close
at
a tenacious resistance.
be conquered and
annexed by one cavalry dash or even one year's
campaigning. Here the natives had the chance of
making a long struggle against superior numbers
plain,
this
country
could
not
on insulated
where the only labour
the level space, which
form natural
hills,
required
generally
fortresses,
to get access to
is
lies
different times
fortified
the
entrance with a
succession of gateways, and erected towers to command the approaches and thus studded the whole
;
"In
with forts."
many
and
Ghats and
of
in
branches
their
from
May
to
October."
The
soft
trap
dis-
and smooth
precipices
3.
tops,
which
form
natural
sheltered
life.
Gaz.,
6th
Elphinstone's History,
xviii.
pt.
1,
pp. 9-10
xix.
ed.
16.
615.
Duff.
i.
7.
Bom.
SHIVAJI.
Some
silver.
of
[CH.
I.
had
pilgrimage,
accumulations
of
wealth, but
In a society so circumstanced,
yf
woman, has
often every
hand.
If
to
for culture
the
to
bare
necessaries
of
employment
is no room
to sacrifice pleasure
life.
Where Nature
be
no
enforces
no
priests),
aesthetic
The
power,
did
not
To
favourably.
impress
the
subject
population
Mughal
They had no
manners.
elegance of address,
of social
life.
Even
their
and
graceless,
richer
by a
of
and
narrow
staircases
relieved
wooden
facade.
Maratha character.
4.
But
such
country
compensating advantages,
rough
sense
straightforwardness,
As
man.
as
self-
a stern simplicity,
man
their
They develop
too.
courage, perseverance,
reliance,
of
social
the dignity of
"The
inhabitants
Chwang,
ii.
they
revenge,
(Beal,
239.)
ii.
first
insultingly."
"If
they
give
(Watters's
Yuan
to
seek
are
their
going
enemy warning."
256.)
The
disappear-
the
In
1880
an
English
observer
wrote
of
the
Maratha
10
SHIVAJ1.
[CH.
I.
same,
courage,
activity,
self-reliance,
self-respect
soldiers
extricate
to
sharp
distinctions
among
richer
and
man was
all
Asiatic races.
less
more
communities.
civilised
among
The rich
a simple society
at
peasantry
(of
the
Kunbi
temperate,
hospitable,
strangers.
At
seldom scruple
{Bom. Gaz.
the
to
xviii.
caste),
fond
of
"They
their
are
I,
288.)
hard-working,
children
in
and
kind
to
revenge, and
their creditors."
RELIGIOUS REFORMERS.
lead the
pampered
life
and hangers-on of Agra or Delhi. Poverty and immemorial custom alike preserved the womankind of
Maharashtra (except among those castes that aspired
to be Kshatriyas) from seclusion in the harem, and
thus the effective strength of society
while
life
gained
in health
5.
was doubled,
and sweetness.
Religious teachers.
sort of spiritual
movements
aristocracy.
and
arose
swept
superiority
oF a
"
the
was a
in
religious,
Europe in
social, and
on
birth,
and ethical
in
its
12
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
I.
tailors,
carpenters, potters,
more
names
of
than
often
(scavengers)
[b. 1608], of
Vaman
Pandit
The
Ramdas
Brahmans.
1568], of
[b. 1636],
and
of
Eknath
[b. 1528]
ascendency over the minds
of the people of Maharashtra."
(Ranade, 10 also
Bom. Gaz. xx. 473 Sardesai, i. 38-78.)
still
retain their
The
fairs
Literature
and Language.
bond of union in
were taken from the
ancient scriptures and epics which are the heritage
of all the Hindus.
The devotional songs and moral
maxims of popular teachers like Tukaram and
Ramdas, Vaman Pandit and Moro Pant, made their
way to every home where Marathi letters could be
Literature afforded another
Maharashtra.
Its
themes
13
read.
the
friends
Pothi
the
of
recitation
and
1679],
[b.
enjoying
of
indeed.
it
Shridhar
Except
an
when one
unless
pathos
of
those
passages of supreme
reached, which affects the whole of the
is
Ballads, xxvii.)
The
simplicity
in
the
Their
language.
apopthegms or
monotonous metrical couplets like the epics, with
no lyric outburst, no long-flowing sonorous verses,
no delicate play on the whole gamut of sounds. Like
had no
literary
The prose
century.
prose
till
18th
prose that
period.
is
now
used,
(Rajwade,
viii.
Persian element.)
"
On
the whole
it
is
Intro,
may be
fully
discusses
the
does
in
such very
SHIVAJI.
measure of moral
large
[CH.
and
disquisitions
I.
reflections,
it
would
admiration
the
if it
command
not
or
attention
their
immense majority
it
is
can neither
of the peasantry
mere truism
literature of their
them.*
are
It is
Gondhali (minstrel)
still
travels,
and
still
to rapt
and
when
the
armed
fathers of
the spear's
retreated
the
of
point
to
all
the
princes of
haligram,
Powadas,
ballad literature
was
and
the
ii.)
But
creation
and
national
this
of
or
the sword
(Acworth
stranger."
sea-dwelling
India,
at
the
age of
race
was
the
common
of
and
traditions
classes
of
of
the
people
property
throughout the land and gave them cultural homogeneity.
all
COMMUNITY OF MARATHA
LIFE.
15
incapable of expressing
indirectness,
Thus,
creed,
1
and
by
was
life
7th century,
ferred
remarkable
all
ranks are
community of language,
even before
What
Shivaji.
solidarity of the
political
little
with
]
I
of
national State, the long struggle
the
invader from Delhi under his sons, and the imperial/
expansion of the race under the Peshwas. Thus, in
7.
Maratha
soldiers
and peasants
of to-day.
to
the
The Marathas
ryot
they
gram's Powadas,
are
glory
iii.)
in
nation,
the
fact."
(Acworth
and
Shali-
16
SHIVAJI.
name which
[CH.
(of the
all
numbered
I.
Marathi-
five millions
Bombay
Presidency alone),
1911, and they bear the
in
character
our
times
following
millions, in
"^s.jiclass, Marathas
(i.e.,
when
and,
kindly treated,
manly and
They
trusting.
are
of their former
proud
and careful to hide poverty
...Stronger, more active, and better made than the
Kunbis, many of the Marathas, even among the
race,
intelligent
Very
and
well-behaved,
orderly,
frugal,
in
good-tempered, the
courage and generosity.
unassuming,
respectable
and
are [now]
all
cultivators,
and hard~woTk'ffig...A very quiet, easytempered and orderly class, singularly free from
In the
crime, they have much respect for the gods.
Deccan they are strong, hardy, enduring and
muscular, [but in Konkan, smaller, darker and more
steady
slightly
made.]
husbands,
are
and hardy,
but
like
the
their
veiled
women
Maratha
17
are
121
123,
i,
now
shall
285, 307.)
When
Maratha character.
Government
into
no immorality
see
themselves.
off
70;
8.
We
xviii. pt.
The
in
taking
lives
its
on
officers
bribes
for
These Indian
Brahman
officers
The
Shivaji.
disastrously reacted
^ack
on
of business capacity.
is
their
Peshwas,
political success,
18
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
I.
had
led armies
and debated
in the
chamber
things
is
In
the
man,
in the
among
Would
also
of
India.
equality,
the
that
they
possessed
the
organising
in the management of instruments and colleagues,
the foresight, and the saving common sense of the
skill,
Anglo-Saxon race
CHAPTER
II.
Shahji
Shivaji* s birth
Bhonsla,
1627-1656.
and infancy.
captain
of
mercenaries,
5Kah~Jahan's
was born
reign.
Shivaji,
in the hill-fort
of
named him
Of
Even
silent
child,
and
of his boyhood,
is
His mother
district.
there
is
no contemporary record.
found
in
1694,
of
is
them
still
preserved in
20
SH1VAJI.
[CH.
II.
unwritten memory.
They place his birth on 6th
that date.*
near
about
1627
or
April,
own
life
up
to
events, unsupported
We
know
by any evidence.
from
the
histories
roving
much
of
the
1630
period
Persian
contemporary
life,
enemy
to
attacks, during
Under these
1636.
to
subject
he seems
work
traditional
later
eldest son
to
Shambhuji was
asserts
killed
at
time his
this
Kanakgiri and
This reasoning
It is,
S.
6a
The
of his birth.
unconvincing and
Dig.
Chaturtha Sam.
gives
would come
53
Britta,
111-113.)
life
up
Chit.
22.
by
Bai
the origin
dates.
now
wrong about
lost
the year
T. S. )a-4b, Sabh.
no
175) is clearly
traditions
( i.
Jija
to
( T. S.
9a.)
falsified
* T.
(in
is
Jija
5 (meagre.)
Chit.
Khan Khan
to 1636 in
Modern Review,
Sept.
1917.
1630]
JIJA
BAI
DESERTED.
21
and 64
is
It
all
T. S. 9a
expressly
Padishahnamah
Shahji's
B.
(I.
family was
Shed.
stated
that
in
contemporary
March
1636
This shows^
after 1636. This
living at Shivngr.
Puna
till
is
states that
(Chit. 22
15.)
the
in
150)
view
and wealth.
his affection
(8a),
which
after
(October
1636) and securing from that Government a grant
of the
Shirwal,
as
Kond-dev
his
jagir,
Shahji
to
Indapur and
appointed
and
Dadaji
told him,
'My wife
Jija
Bai
is
and
Shivaji
was,
for
their
therefore,
necessary
a
practically
Her husband's
Bai
inwards
spi rit,
whi ch
in solitude,
or father.
and
mind
of Jij^
sh?*IrrTrja rtcd
The
drew mother
From
was
naturally
thrown on
22
SHIVAJI.
own
his
resources,
and
[CH.
II.
own
boyhood,
early
and
life
training,
and
the
grew up amidst
2.
like circumstances.
Condition of the
Puna
jagir, 1637.
Bijapur in
1636,
placed
Shahji,
this
jagir
when
in
retiring to
charge of a
administrative
* Chit.
Patas
19
and Dig. 47
subdivision.
But
T.
call
S.
8a
him
says
kulkarni
that
of Malthan
in
he was formerly
1636]
The Puna
district that
to
23
had
by
by the anarchy.
Indeed, the province had so recently passed from the
soldiery
who
robber chiefs
tried
Nizam-Shahi ownership
authority of the
to
established there.
It
rule of a strong
and warfare.
extreme
north-western
corner
of
districts at
the
kingdom
the
of
Bijapur, therefore,
none
to
them."
sion of
{B. S. 227.)
them by
force.
terrible
Buzurg, 3 m.
s.
w. of Puna.
(Ind.
There
Atlas, 39 S.
in
the sad
is
a Hingana
W.)
critic
accept.
24
SHIVAJI.
history of the
or North
invasions
Puna
in
[CH.
II.
(July
October
he
1636),
farmer (deshpande)
rebel,
Bhima, had raised a tumult and seized the neighbourhood of Puna. These disorders had devastated the
The
desolation caused
to the
boundary
by man preying on
his
The
Puna
the
new
the
first
in
under
fifth,
Rs. 20 in the
from the
brought
26.)
jagir,
its
Rs.
When
1,60,000,
rate
of
this
the
to
according
exchange.)
(Sabh. 102.)
amount was
actually collected.
body
25
current
he organised a
district
and
26.)
(Chit.
set
up
out-
The memory
An
anecdote
illustrates
his
punctilious
(T. S. 9a.)
sense
of
justice
"He
plucked even a
punished.
leaf
One day
from the
trees,
he would be
own hand
pluck-
or
a long glove!"
(Chit.
3.
On
is
silent.
in
29.)
Shivaji's education.
The
became
skilled
in
26
SH1VAJI.
riding*
fighting,
/The weight
of evidence
was
unlettered,
Shivaji
[CH.
Akbar,
(9a.)
that
other heroes of
three
like
11.
and Ranjit
Singh. The many Europeans who visited him never
saw him write anything
when they presented any
him
the
to
petition
Rajah always passed it on to his
ministers to be read to him.
No piece of writing in
his own hand is known to exist. t
But though he may not have pored over books,
he certainly mastered the contents of the two great
* Hindu
epics by listening to recitations and storyThe noble examples of doing and suffering,
tellings.
of action and sacrifice, of military skill and statecraft,
which the stories of Rama and the Pandavas afford,
the political lessons and moral maxims with which
mediaeval
India,
Haidar
Ali,
He
mirid.
^ songs
*
(kirtan)
Muslim
rilled,
saints
No mention
is
made
of
Hindu and
The want of book-
society of
wherever he went.
Chitnis,
book-learning.
28,
vaguely says that Shivaji at the age of ten became very learned
(bahut vidvan.)
words
At
in
which
have
been
taken
list
of every
boyhood
by
Ramdas
the
known
art
few
Ramdasi
there are a
editor
of
4.
in a
27
mind a
man
dull
and
of action
The western
belt of the
Puna
district,
running along
a^Maval
is
From- the
above
and forms
rise,
terrace,
wood.
green forests
The people
in the
of ancient ever-
northern valleys
Kolis
number exceeds
of 12
Puna.
twelve.
28
SHIVAJI.
( Di
adaji, established
[CH.
II.
The
Mavals.
won
over.
possession.
(Sabh. 7
Chit. 26.)
From
this region
5.
the hills
Raj.
reverses
12
xv.
records
the
to
story
of one
Shivapur.
of
his
Among
the
Maval,
them up.
forced to retreat
as getting a first-hand
29
EARLY IDEALS.
SHIVAJl'S
The deeply
ascetic,
solitude imparted
by
her
stoical
precepts,
its
religious,
led
earnestness
mingled
to
almost
Bai
that Jija
some Muslim
if
at this
life
of servile"
It is,
king.
with
He began
how-
time he conceived
his brother
Hindus from
An
Hindus
g en^raj, at all pvpnts nnt till Jnnprl^f^r(Chit. 29; Dig. 100-103, 112.)
in
wards,
The
Mughal
was a no better alternative to Shivaji. The
imperialists had killed Kheloji Bhonsla, his grandit
service
how
Basatin-i-Salatin, 332
the
and
334,
palmy days
of
Muhammad
of the
Adil Shah.
30
SHIVAJI.
and
uncle,
made
II.
and organisation
Hindus of the Deccan to
it
[CH.
Muhammadan,
city,
with an alien
who would
pitilessly
was no doubt
career of independence
it
On
had undreamt
risks,
if
of
only he
came into
Dadaji Kond-dev was,
humdrum
as the sign of
would
/Shivaji,
and
rise
to
spirit,
which
He
/ a ncestors
\
He
complained
to
Shahji,
Worn
but
without
out by anxiety
1647]
became
his
own
31
in 1647,*
and
6.
The death
of Dadaji
He had
and
exercises
'.
civil
liarised himself
Initiative
investigations
legal disputes
(mahzar.)f
The band
were men
of
tried
ability
name
is
scholars)
Dikshit
round him
Rozefyar, according to
* Letters
Shiva was
(wrong.)
17 years old.
Dig.
113-117.
Dig.
1640
Chit. 29-31.
32
SHIVAJI.
was
Pant
Sonaji
secretary
[CH.
(dabir)
and
II.
Raghu-
now added
them
Shivaji
(Sabh. 7 and 8
as divisional paymaster.
Chit. 21
T. S. 10b.)
Hashim
Uluvi, given
During
was attended
by
expansion of
to
this
Muhammad
territory in the
some of the
was inert, and
nobles,
away by
but
at the
the administration
of the
Bijapur
is
significantly silent
The
Adil Shah.
fell
The
about
into the
official
king
hands
history
Muhammad
of
Adil
In
commandant.
it
The captured
fort
33
1647]
new
named Rajgarh,
with three walled redoubts (machi) on the successive
terraces of the hill-side.
30; Dig. 117;
(Chit.
same spur
of
hills,
he
built a
fort
T. S. 126.)*
These
acts of aggression
were reported
to Bijapur.
whom
Shahji also
wrath
by
he had dispossessed.
is
similar
(K. K.
away
of
assertions
ii.
14.)
the king's
Shivaji 's
loyal
own
by one
authority.
Supa
subdivision.
wanted
On
the death of
from Shahji.
But
Shivaji imprisoned
all his
576,
Sabhasad
is
and following
silent
K. K.
it
(ii.
115),
A. N.
say that
34
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
II.
&
The
b.)
T. S. 126
The
thanahs
Dig 120.)
and Indapur on the eastern margin of
of Baramati
The
was
fort of
Kondana,
(Sabh.
its
Adil-Shahi governor.
9.)
charge of
stern
grasping
brothers, Pilaji
it
and
its
Ahmadnagar
man who
dynasty.
denied
his
or emolument.
their birth-right
between them.
They resented
this
Nilo
was
younger
his
power
exclusion from
The Nayak's retainers, "all faithand disorderly men," were expelled and a Mavle
garrison was placed there by Shivaji. According to
fort for himself!
less
INVASION OF KALIAN.
1647]
35
tion.
estates elsewhere as
Chit. 40
Dig. 121-122
compensaT. S. 11b-
12a.)
Puna
corner of the
district,
And now
from before.
had belonged
to
him
same
direction
7.
The northern
part of this
coast-strip
ing
nobles
of
Muhammad
K. K.
of disaffection
among
ii.
114.)
considerable amount
to
have prevailed
which was
district,
36
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
II..
of the
The
Thana
city of Kalian,
district,
T. S. 13a.)
Surgarh
(8
Ghosalgarh
m.
(5
miles
(5
s.
w.),
Roha town,
the
all
the
Lingana
*
Kolaba
(5
Shivaji's
34 and 41
district
to
him.
At Birwadi and
T. 5. 14a
Muhammadan
Tavernier
girl,
Chit.
Chitnis calls
(ii.
205) tells
Chit
(31)
Prachandgarh or Torna.)
SHIVA CHECKED
1648]
IN N.
town
37
KONKAN.
Mahad
at this time.
Abaji
8.
be described
in
Chapter XI.
had reached
when
his career of
checked
this point
by
conquest was
news from the
by alarming
Kamatak. On 6th August his father was arrested
and all his property and contingent attached by the
Bijapuri commander-in-chief, Mustafa Khan, then
suddenly
investing
historians
Later
in the South Arcot district.
have misunderstood the cause of this act.
Jinji
The contemporary
about the
it
38
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
II.
work
of the siege.]
Then
[the
for
retire to his
permission
[from
own
country without
the
commander-in-
with
such
that
A
pur,
later
viz.,
additional
Basatin-i-Salatin
information:
(309-311),
"Shahji,
supplies
some
withdrawing his
to the Nawab Mustafa Khan,
began to oppose him, till at last the Nawab decided
to arrest him.
One day he made Baji Rao Ghorpade
camp.
39
1648]
of
it
Shahji
Bijapur,
and according
Maratha
tradition the
to a late
walled up,
in order to
to give
up
(Chit. 37-38
Shivaji
and come
Dig. 143-146.)
in a terrible dilemma
was
to Bijapur.
he could not
nor,
on the other
his father,
as
Deccan by
\
\
40
Shiva ji
first
II.
[CH.
SHIVAJI.
Bakhsh,*
To
and take
He
his orders.
Emperor
to
Shivaji
Emperor
neither
at Delhi.
wrote
nor
sent
any
Murad
The Emperor
to
envoy
the
letters
as
letters
viii.
of
2-3,
HOW
1649]
letter
SHAHJI
WAS RELEASED.
41
his
historian mentions
it.
me very improb
Shah Jahan always treatei
Muhammad Adil Shah with marked courtesy and
kindness, while Shahji was bitterly hated at the
Mughal Court for the trouble he had given them in
1633-1636.
Then, again, the Mughal Emperor had
promised
definitely
Bijapur not
when he
(chitnis)
is
right
39
Shahji
of
in
Dig. 147.)
Jinji (17th
Dec. 1649)
made
in prison
till
the capture
so
that in
the
42
SHIVAJl.
On
any mischief.
for
some time
the
rebellious
on
attack
lived
of
his
in
jagir
Northern
Shambhuji fell in an
he himself afterwards
but
Kanakgiri,
he seems to have
II.
chieftains
Here
Mysore.
his release
in the
[CH.
by
assault.
(Chit.
23
Dig. 61-62
T. S. 8b.)
an attempt was made by the Bijapuri Court to capFor this purpose a Maratha named Baji
ture Shiva.
reached
Satara
district,
hoping
town
the
of
Mahad,
just
detachment from
his
army
As
/*
fell
on
Baji
seems
*
to
He
Chitnis,
Khan
source
of
36.
Rahamatpur and
of
information
Mahabaleshwar,
is
Baji
usually
19 (legendary.)
unreliable.
Parasnis's
his
JAVLl
1655]
and organising
conquests
their
43
administration,
Conquest of
new
1655.
Javli,
lies
of
the
was
nearly
the
whole
subdivision of Javli
pro-
is
of
that
"throughout
district.
The
and
thickly
hilly
trees... Trie
narrow rugged
luxuriant, forming
growth
high forests." (Bom. Gaz. xix, 3.) Within a length
of 60 miles as many as 8 passes cross the range,
is
first
Sultan
they
around
and
They kept
same
as
the
Mavles,
and
succeeded
district of
in
getting
44
[ch. B.
SHIVAJI.
The head
Konkan.
of
of
title
hereditary
of
the
bore
family
the
succeeded
The
State of Javli,
by
its
about 1652.*
barred the
situation,
path of Shivaji's ambition in the south and southAs he frankly said to Raghunath Ballal Korde,
west.
be secured.
you
to
of
marriage
dauiKteT
(babh.
10,
Chit.
41,
Dig
128,
Shed.
20-21.)
On
opening
the
first
marriage
negotiations.
of drink
out
and usually
that
lived in
and be
after
Parasnis
Itih.
it
Sangr.
Sfuta lekh,
i.
26.
1655]
45
The
soldier.
way through
band
of pursuers
of hid-
to
follow
up(^/
his agent's
crime
plea of a pilgrimage.
the
thorn
(Sabh.
10.)
removed from
So, he sent a Maratha officer
would
not
be
Javli."
of his
Javli
of
Kolhapur
now passed
1655 .J
int<
46
[CH. U.
SHIVAJI.
The
acquisition
deliberate
of the
means
of strengthening himself.
similar circumstances,
Sher Shah,
is
In exactly
South Bihar
hypocrisy.
that
it
in self-defence
expected brawl.
Even
desire to found a
his
reform.
This
last
touch of infamy
it
has been
left to
Some Maratha
the
writers
1655]
Ghorpade
Baji
to
47
when
greater
Jai
hope
._^S
of success.
infantrymen from
retainers of
ground
Chandra Rao.
his
recruiting
range,
lated
vast
reasure
Two
*
In short,
rule,
Parasnis
Itih.
(Eng.),
14a;
Dig.
i.
26-29
17-21.
132;
of
Mahabaleshwar
t T. 5.
generations
eight
new
and
ii.
fort
II.
yS
48
SH1VAJI.
[CH.
II.
named
and
ings
to this shrine
(Sabh. 26
Chit. 42
Dig. 132.)
West
of Javli,
in
the
ity
owned by
As Shiva entered
Konkan
district,
by
near the
a chieftain
named
plain,
(Sabh.
11.)
away
became
giri
Shiva's,
even
later.
The
greatly
ow
letter
June
1661
says,
castle to Kharepatan."
(Orme MSS. Vol.
"Singapur, 7 gav to the northward of Rajapur."
pp.
1-21.)
R. Surat,
104.)
1656]
shiva's territory
Nilkanth
Ranjhekar,
Nilo
&
49
officers.
Accountant-
Sondev
Pant, and
(majmuadar)
Horse
(sar-i-naubat.)
Netaji Palkar as Master of the
vice
General
Two new
(News-writer) were
and Gangaji
Sondev
Abaji
and
Correspondence)
created
Balkrishna
and given
Waqnis
to
The
Mangaji respectively.*
cavalry
now mustered
10,000, out of whom 7,000 were mounted on Government horses and the rest on their own the Mavle
infantry numbered 10,000 and their commander was
The forts, new and old,
.)
Yesaji Kank. (Sabh.
were
this
time
held by Shivaji at
(A. N. 576.)
TortyT
In June 1657 the newly-founded kingdom was blessed
;
ill-fated
Shambhuji.
We
of
may
At the cautious
outset
of
his
independenr-career
and
his
own
early annexations
from Bijapur.
Mughal
and avoiding the Mughal forts Junnar, Visaand Parnir i.e., for some distance the Ghod river
district
pur,
as Surnis)
official
50
[Ch.
shivaji.
II.
Junnar and
Chamargunda belonged
to the
Thana
town of Mahad.
The above was his position
district
down
and the
to but not
including the
in
1648.
But in
Satara
he
now became
and the
of the Thana and
Siddis,
APPENDIX
I.
1655]
'Unless
Chandra Rao
this
deed,"
the murder
(p. 10),
and
that
is
killed,
do
51
Raghunath committed
on
This
getting a suitable opportunity.
book was written by a courtier of Shivaji, by order of
of
knowing the
it.
It is
truth
latter
was
.The Marathi
when
it
importance to
lost,
attach no
it.
known
modern Rajahs
and
and
Chitnis's bakhars
of
the papers of
while of Sabhasad
among
Satara,
52
SH1VAJI.
[Ch.
II.
the
critic,
MS. contains a
it
was written by order of Rajah
do not know the authority for this entry,
nor whether the colophon was contemporaneous with
the body of the MS. or is a modern addition.
Now, Shahu overcame his domestic rivals, curbed
his Muslim enemies and became firmly seated on his
statement that
We
Shahu.
in
own
affair,
till
courtier? Could
any
contemporaneous
1740 and then dis-
composed
survived
even
if
therefore,
had no other
basis
To
is
to
evidence.
And
even
then,
the
Mahabaleshwar Bakhar
FALSIFICATION OF HISTORY.
1655]
Rao
deny
Rao
Chandra
accuses
it
that Shiva's
or that Shiva
53
of
implacable
It
merely
hostility
to
Shivaji, but tells us nothing of what actually happened at the fatal interview. And yet on its slenderor
non-existent
rather
imagination builds
presses
true
basis,
Mr.
Kincaid's
of Marathi as the
and attested
"From
recently
account,
the
is
it
brilliant
discovered
Mahabaleswar
win More to
his
side,
that
More
as
often
tried
fell in
Ballal Atre,
ultimatum.
Ragho
More's death."
"What happened
is
obscure.
Balaji [i.e.,
and
[at the
It is
Maratha People,
I
272, 150-151.)
method
of appraising
54
SH1VAJI.
[Ch.
II.
way
in
The
historian
who
CHAPTER
First
III.
Bijapur,
1.
first
assertion of in-
dependence,
the Mughals.
secure, and
after his
Shivaji carefull y
it
>
*"
singular
in
his charge.
On
1656),
the death of
Muhammad
Aurangzib began
and
invasion of Bijapur,
Adil Shah
(4
Nov.
to
seduce as
many
Shivaji
'
then wrote a
letter
to
Mughal
if
conciliatory
his
desires
reply was
were granted.
given,
in
To
accordance
this
with
56
shivaji.
[Ch.
III.
more devoted
to the imperial
Mughal Deccan.
Even
man
would amount
|
/{
war broke
known
out,
would be
Bijapur
over.
made
a less astute
to nothing in practice
of the imperialists
The
made by
of Bijapur territory.
when
So,
the need
when
higher bid
the
and
Two
beyond his south-eastern frontier.
Maratha leaders, Minaji Bhonsla at the head of 3,000
horse, and Kashi, crossed the Bhima and plundered
the Mughal villages in the Chamargunda and Raisin
subdivisions respectively, late in March 1657. They
carried devastation and alarm to the very -gates of
Bidar,
65 7]
57
trict in
was busy
in the north.
One night he silently
scaled the walls of Junnar city with rope-ladders and
subdivision
hun
clothing and
much
in cash,
jewellery.
(Sabh. 8
Adab.
was due
costly
153k.)
The
success of
into the
Ahmadnagar
3.
district.
at the
* Bir
(or
Ahmadnagar.
Ahmadnagar.
Chamargunda.
Bid)
is
68 m.
Chamargunda
(Ind.
At.
e.
and Ashti
(or
39 N.
is
Shrigunda)
E.)
Raisin
is
35
is
m.
33
20 m.
s.
e.
of
m.
s.
of
e.
of
s.
58
[Ch. hi;
SHiVAji.
154b.)
fort
outpost at
Chamargunda by defeating
Minaji, (28th
April.)
retainers of Multafat
their victory
and
subdivision.
Shivaji
the
at last cleared
had stayed
in the
Chamargunda
me time, robbing the villages, as the Mughal reinorcements were late in arriving there and he found
he field clear. But, at the approach of Rao Karn
and Shaista Khan, he fled from the neighbourhood
of Junnar city and wandered over the district for
some time, as he could not be caught and crushed.
Jr
But
(Adab. 110b,
111b,
became
he slipped away
great,
112a.)
when
the pressure
to the
Ahmadnagar
Khan and
;
other
MUGHAL REPRISALS.
1657]
59
make
reprisals
sides,
all
the village
inslaymg- jMuL,enalaving,,.tKe. people
headmen and peasants of the imperial territory who
had secretly abetted the enemy, must be slain with;
out pity.
Aurangzib's
new
dispositions
for
guarding his
Panda
and 3 m.
s.
(in Pers.
Pandeh) is
Kara is 9 m.
text,
of Karmala.
16
n.
m.
n.
w. of Parenda
w. of Ashti.
have
but Kambu
Adah) above
omits Garh Namuna and says that Abdul Munim was posted
I
have failed to trace Garh Namuna, unless
at Chamargunda.
it was a name given to the old and ruined outpost at Pedgaon,
followed
8 m.
s.
of
Aurangzib's
letters
Chamargunda.
(in
60
[Ch. HI.
shivaji.
(A dab. 147b.)
Maratha attempt to loot the city of Ahmadnagar was defeated Multafat Khan, the qiladar of
the fort, took effective steps to defend the city at
its foot, and removed the property of the inhabitants
;
(Adab. 148b.)
Ahmadnagar
district,
now
on their appointed
"There was peace
156a,
watching the
frontier.
(Adab.
stations,
in
149a.)
September the
was fompli^at^d by the illneps^of Shah
Jahanand
a mong
h is
Mughals/Biit
Bijapur
of Succession
month
of
with
the
September
War
made peace
throughout the
Aurangzib continued
In
W.
frontier in force,
About
the middle
Ahmadnagar
65 7]
61
Shivaji
When
the Mughals.
Bijapur,
the
in
September
made
He
must
try to
ciliatory
Then
as
Shiva,
requested, sent a
the
to
Khan
to state his
on
his
march
to
Northern India
(25
Jan.,
have repented.
You propose
that
if
You
MS., Letter
5.)
are called
will
upon
to
send
be granted." (Parasnis
62
SHIVAJI.
[Ch.
III.
gratitude
favours
received.
He
wrote to Mir
92a)
Adil
land.
him
If
you wish
to entertain his
services,
give
jagirs in the
dominions,
so
(Adab. 163a.)
left the Deccan without
and
ranting peace
pardon to Shivaji. The iMughals
also repaired and garrisoned the old and ruined fort
Aurangzib, therefore,
<*~
of
5.
63
1659]
Government gained
to
Northern
and a
respite
a false
war
administrator.
who
Mecca
was a woman
(1660),
in the
of masterful spirit
and
Freed for
conduct of business.
experienced
the time being from the constant menace of the
Government
free to punish
therefore, to
(Sabh.
be taken
consi-
Measures had,
by
force.
12.)
This
military
was,
however,
strength
was
no
not
Shiva's
task.
easy
despicable
and
the
campaign
among the hills and jungles of the Western Ghats.
The command of the expedition against him went
abegging
at
accepted it.
Shed. 24.)
6.
the
Bijapur
(Sabh.
13
Court,
Chit.
54
till
Afzal
Powadas,
Khan
6-7
64
[Ch. HI.
shivaji.
in the recent
But the
war
and the disorder and impoverishment natural in a
regency under a veiled woman. Only 10,000 cavalry*
could be spared to accompany Afzal, while popular
report had raised the strength of Shiva's Mavle inresources of Bijapur had been crippled by that
(Chit.
33
T. S. 15b.)
&gal Khan,
there-
Shiva.
Queen
This
quoted
much
7,
viz.,
later,
put
13);
the locality."
misprint
fabrication
it
of Afzal's
Tarihh-i-Ali
next
the
in
Sabh.
the strength
is
temporaries,
note.
II.
76
army
and
The Maratha
as
given by con-
the
English
accounts,
all
letter
very
(Powadas,
30,000 "including 3,000 Mavles familiar with
In A. N. 577, du hazar is evidently
(Chit. 54.)
for
dah
hazar.
The
letter
in
Shed.
25
is
1659]
65
The
Bijapuri general
a spirit of bravado,
in
From
diplomacy.
due north
to Tuljapur,
Thjfexposed
or to provoke
Puna through
^ajok\LibjVlaratrTa
S hiva, by a
gross outrage
kingdom.
on
his faith.
and meeting th e
At Tuljap ur he ordered
Bijapuri army^ in the open.
the atone image of Bhavani to be TSrofcen and.^^
coming out of
into
pounded
54
his fastnesses
(SaEKTTT;
Chit.
Dig. 157.)
Puna
she
(Chit.
counselled
which he
did.
intelligence
toward
10 Oct.,
or
Afzal
54,
now gave up
Dig.
158),
him
to
And
the other
suspicion
the objective of
pretend friendship
it
is
him &c."
(Factors
1659, F.
R. Rajapur.)
at
[i.e.,
with
his
enemy,
Rajapur
to
Council
at
Surat,
66
SHIVAJI.
towards Pratapgarh.
[CH.
On the way
III.
he committed fresh
Manikeshwar,
(Powadas, 8-9), and
at
158
the
Chit.
He
54.)
deshmukh
army
men
as directed.
(Raj.
xvii.
and 317
Dig.
T. S. 16a.)
While these
Afzal
sent
his
"Your
been a greal friend of mine, and you
Come and see
are, therefore, no stranger to me.
me, and I shall use my influence to make Adil Shah
confirm your possession of Konkan and the forts you
now
hold.
and
military
you
will
be exempted.**
(Sabh. 13-14.)
1659]
67
7.
Shivaji's danger and perplexity.
Meantime, the news of Afzal's coming had
caused great terror and perplexity among Shiva's
followers.
Hitherto they had surprised obscure forts,
was
their
first
led
Bijapur,
10,000 with
transport,
artillery,
and
all
fh*e"~Other
he had crossed.
that
of
his
irresistible
reached
(Tarikfr-i-Ali
strength
and
Maratha
the
II.
Tales
76-77.)
had
ruthlessness
camp.
from the idea of resistance.
Shivaji's
officers
At the
first council of war which he held, they urged him
to make peace, as the enemy was strong and
naturally shrank
hostilities
their side.
If
loss of life to
Chit. 55.)
critical
he capitulated
moment
to Afzal
in the career
Khan,
all
his
tame vassal of
Bijapur,
even
if
he escaped
open defiance
of Bijapur authority
Lis
Yet,
now would
68
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
III.
to in the
to confront
(Sabh.
full
14.)
made up.
Moved by
council
met
again.
Shiva's
Palkar were
respectively,
and ordered
reach of Pratapgarh.
8.
Plots
(Sabh. 15
and
counter-plots.
Krishnaji
Bhaskar,
69
1659]
him
Khan's
of the
real
intentions.
Krishnaji
Khan seemed
to
army and other useful inand learn for himself what the
formation about
Khan's
it
aim was.
Through Gopinath Shiva
vowed that no harm would be done to Afzal during
the interview, and Afzal, on his part, gave similar
real
assurances
of
his
honesty
of
purpose.
learnt
But
that
Gopinath
Afzal's
by
officers
open
Gopinath told
anticipate
at
On
his
return,
to
Shiva
treacherous
army.
18.)
all
it
the
murdering Afzal
prising his
(Sabh.
fight."
(Sabh.
attack
159-164.)
feigned
and refused
concession.
By
to visit
Shiva's
orders
path
was cut
70
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
III.
army
at various points of
Mahabaleshwar
'Bombay
By way
it.
Point' of the
Khan marched to
below Pratapgarh on
Afzal
plateau),
groups,
in a mbush at intervals
tents
and
set
up a
richly decorated
canopy with
f
[
What
hand was a
offensive
arms he
left
to the fingers
by a
pair of rings,
and up
dagger
his right
called
the
AFZAL AT MEETING-PLACE.
1659]
agility,
Mahala,
Jiv
an
71
and
swordsman,
expert
the murderer of
Hanumant Rao
Shambhuji Kavji,
Each of them carried two swords and a
More.
shield.
As
fort
It
was
Jija Bai.
blessed
him
bowed
Shiva
She
and
to his mother.
'
saying,
be
'Victory
yours
'
'
9.
started
from
his
Khan
left
his
way up
by two soldiers
and a famous swordsman named Sayyid Banda, as
well as the two Brahman envoys, Gopinath and
the hill-path in a palki accompanied
Krishnaji.
Arrived in the
tent,
Afzal
Khan
angrily
first fruits
of Shiva's submission.
72
[CH.
SHIVAJI.
HI.
tent.
On
pavilion.
last
men were
present,
the
But
who
moment he
passed his left arm round the Khan's waist and tore
his bowels open with a blow of the steel claws.
Then with
*
came
the right
Khafi Khan,
to
no sword
ii.
117,
states
on the
waist,"
that both
into
But \amar
wa karda
>
with
attitude of the
1659]
73
own men
outside.
Jiv
off
his
to parry.
But
him.
then
made
to the
their
,,,
burj) in
short distance
Shivaji.
(Bom.
from
Gaz.
it
is
xix,
Parasnis's Mahabaleshwar,
143
fort.
the
and
144.
74
SHIVAJI.
and
officers
news
of
attack,
their
to
camp from
III.
soldiers alike
in that
seemed
[CH.
be
But the
way
of
common
Marathas fought on
flush of their initial
close
behind,
The
their
The
chiefs.
terrible.
"All
who
The Mavle
hacked
infantry
tails,
Even
at
the fleeing
into
the
hands.
victors'
65
and
10 lakhs of
Rupees
in
cash and
jewellery.
The
two sons
chiefs
namely
1659]
75
and
of
the
Koyna,
Khopde and
his
review
if
if
the
enlisted
otherwise, their
wounded
soldiers
widows
The
The
robes,
165-169;
12-18; Shed.
62; Dig.
29-30.
170; T. S.
Khan: Sabh.
Adil Shah II., 76-81,
of Fazl
rhetorical
meagre
in
flourishes
details,
but few
maximum
facts.
but concise.
170-171.
B.
Chit.
S.
of
352
62 says
Shivaji; Dig.
Escape
Tarikh-i-Ali
171.
that
Khandoji
76
The
foundly
11.
HI.
[CH.
SHIVAJI.
pro-
own
of
fate
tragic
stirred the
Afzal
and
bungij^M^.^L wives,
lest
The peasants
still
of
the traveller
grass,
now
brambles
emblem
us that
^p^itset
i|l-f>mfng
of his
Powadas,
of a
7,
the
buildings,
life
tell
and broken
wonted presence
/
teeming population,
beholds a lonely wilderness of tall
its
startled
dogged
his steps
1916.
traditions
Shivaji.
(Shed. 24
11.)
in Oct.,
of
by the un-
campaign against
fittest
visited
it
1659]
12.
Among
77
Khan caused
dawn of their
national independence.
it
marked the
The
defeat of
panded the
details
to
listen
first
triumph of their
made
short
The
lines
the
of
rival
taunts,
chiefs,
their
the death-grapple,
Maratha
To
march or
fight
catches them.
78
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
III.
f rightfulness,
and
defies
who combines
God and man
courage and
agility
Powadas,
15.)*
Flushed
with
their
victory
over
Afzal
Khan
Colhapur
Feb.,
1659
1660),
which
will
absolutely
silent
ignores him.
about
Shivaji's
elder
brother
and
totally
CRITICISM
1659]
OF EVIDENCE.
79.
APPENDIX
on
hisj
II.
Was
Khan
treacherous
on the part of
Shivaji? No careful student of the sources can deny
that Afzal Khan intended to arrest or kill Shivaji by
murder or
an
act
of
self-defence
The
absolutely contem-
by
his
Government
to secure Shivaji
by
made
induced to divulge
Who
struck the
blow
at the interview?
The
old Maratha chroniclers (as distinct from the Englisheducated 20th century apologists of the national hero)
80
all
[CH. HI.
SH1VAJI.
assert
that
it
was
Afzal.
struck the
Sabhasad
(1694)
and Chitnis
(1810) at least
by
In saying
falsifying history.
first
b low, they
truly record a
invention.
bowelled
man
disem-
elaborate
of
his
person
going to the interview and his placing an
ambush round Afzal 's forces cannot be taken as
Shivaji's
protection
before
J
the favourite
weapon
Secret assassination
of decadent monarchies,
and
in the sultanates
WHY
1659]
AFZAL
of the
Deccan before
in the
Modern Review,
fully
WAS
this time, as
I.
(vol.
showed
1907.)
that Afzal
wanting
in
81
KILLED.
Shivaji
as
He would
meant treachery.
common prudence
if
in detail
was
we know,
have been
friend (Prof. A.
"If
He
on
ignorant
two
la rge
marches
would be necessary.
the position and
and did not know that
had arrived by rapid
was, moreover,
Maratha_ .armies
of
...
in his
neighbourhood.
The weight of recorded evidence as well as the
Khan
struck the
first
blow and
calls,
Shivaji
only
a 'preventive murder'.
CHAPTER
IV.
Shaista
Among
the
at his
Aurangzib
Khan
Deccan,
Khan
Muazzam.
This able
among
recent
invasion
of
Golkonda.
Chief
And
of Shivaji.
in
army
into
to
be defeated
in
march
AH
Adil Shah
II. felt it
many
necessary
But
just at this
submission
if
his
make his
The
SIDDI
1660]
83
to
the
Mughals.
Maratha resistance
into Panhala,
2.
The
all
siege dragged
Shivaji
on
found himself
he wrote a secret
his
begging
protection
letter
and
months
to
his
in a fatal trap.
Jauhar,
offering
to
deceitfully
make an
easily
in the open,
the garrison.
So,
Jauhar
^^
fool
he assured Shivaji
protection,
flattered
be able to create a kingdom of his own in independence of Adil Shah. Next day Shivaji with only two
or three followers visited Jauhar at midnight, and was
After oaths of co-operation had
been taken on both sides, Shivaji returned quickly
to the fort, and the pretended siege was continued.
received in darbar.
When
84
[CH. IV,
SHIVAJi.
mission
was
and
Miraj
When, however,
a failure.
Ali reached
his
it
still
and Panhala returned to Adil Shah's possession without a blow (about 25th August, 1660.) As the Bijapur
Court-poet sang in exultation, "Ali took Panhala from
Salabat in a twinkle."
353-357
(Tarikfi~i~Ali, 82-93
B. S.
Dig. 175-176
T. S. 18b-19a.)
Khan
of
pursuit
near
(probably
men
there
On
reaching
Malkapur), Shiva
under
Baji
set
out in
narrow
ravine
left
Pradhu
(the
thousand
deshpande
of
of
the
at
pass
all
costs
till
main body of
the
when
at
three
all
last
The
Bijapuris
the
from
gave
Shivaji had
anxiously expected signal
reached safety within its walls, the gallant Baji Prabhu
gun-fire
the
was
The
The
Vishalgarh
that
lying mortally
faithful servant
had done
his
of his followers.
appointed duty.
retired to their
own
territory, after
and
recovering Pavan-
1660]
85
forts of
Ran-
On
extreme north.
Chakan,
its
18 miles north of
commencement.
3.
Shaista
Khan
occupies Puna.
Khan opened
the campaign
all
The Marathas
at
first
retreated before
him with-
is
Halal.
The
Persian
T. S.
(i.
19a
181) only,
&
b; the
miles
name
of
while T. S. reads
is
27
Vishalgarh
(Ind. At. 40 S. W.)
retreat.
Malkapur.
182-185;
given by Duff
from
silent
about
Panhala
via
86
[CH. IV.
SHIVAJI.
worked
river,
his
Khan
left
Shirwal,
26 miles
d etachments
(22
From Shirwal
Nira river
the
16
(near
Saswad
/ Up
1st May.
Mughal advance had been
M arathas
.hovering at a distance
off
parties.
Puna) on
Xmopposed, the
/ to cut
(13
16 miles south-east of
_^)trily
They made
their
first
body
of 3,000
From Saswad
a small
by
though they
wounded. Reinforcements
arrived, routed the enemy, and pursued them to the
pass which was commanded by the guns of Purandar.
lost
50
in
killed
and
1660]
The Mughals,
87
Shaista
Mughal faujdar (Salabat Khan Deccani) with a contingent of Maratha friendlies, among whom Babaji
Bhonsla and Raghuji are mentioned in the official
Aurangzib (A. N. 584), while the Chitnis
Bakhar (p. 97) speaks of Shambhuji Kavji and Babaji
Ram Honap, deshpande of Puna, as having joined
history of
the Mughals.
4.
Shaista
Khan
captures Chakan.
Mu ghal
no provision
to
had
army
undergo great
hardship from scarcity. He, therefore, decided to
remove his camp from Puna to Chakan, 18 miles
northwards, as being nearer to Ahmadnagar and the
the
reached
his
fro ntier
camp, and
being in flood,
his
88
[CH. IV.
SHIVAJI.
(A. N.
Oinknnji
On
easily
584-'5.)
it is separated from the imperial terriby the shallow upper courses of the Bhima and
Ghod rivers only, with no difficult mountain pass to
cross.
Its possession would have greatly shortened
Shaista Khan's line of communication with his base
of supplies at Ahmadnagar and also secured his camp
against any attack from the north. Moreover, Chakan
is only 31 miles due east of the Bhorghat pass and
commands the shortest route leading from Ahmad-
the east
tory
na^far^rf^oIiEarr
in the vicinity of
The
fort of
Chakan
is
among
a square enclosure
The
wide
around.
and
face,
Beyond
The only
five
through
passes
is
deep and
ft.
entrance
is
or
six
an outwork of
xviii. pt.
iii.,
p. 121
Ind. Antiq.
ft.
gateways.
with
mud
Gaz.
15
in the eastern
ii.
(Bom.
Shaista Khan, after throwing up defensive earthworks round the positions taken up by the four divisions of his army,
began
to run
trenches towards
brought
in
the
Deccan.
1660]
Though
89
his
ham-
pered
galling
he pressejd^the siege vigorously. After 54 days
his own
of hard
|abour a min^ was carried from
fire,
eastern corner,
and
blown away
found to
it
was exploded
its
at 3
P.M
on
defenders were
a high
embankment
of earth
bombs and
The storming
stones.
loss,
party
was
putting
many
In a short time
had
97
Dig. 216.)
Firangji Narsala,
an old
officer of
the days of
Chakan,
140 miles
away
in
the north.
For nearly
90
[CH. IV.
SHIVAJI.
two months
had defended
Firangji
He had
disputed every
And
he capinow,
tulated with honour.
Shaista Khan greatly admired
the gallant qiladar and pressed him to enter the
hopeless of his master's aid (Dig. 217),
5.
The capture
of
Khan
return of Shaista
Duff
(i.
Kh an
194)
rel uctance
to
siege of
Maratha
heavy
hill-forts.
that
we
is
3,000
was
at
217
',
once sent
to
But Digvijay,
Bhupalgarh as qiladar.
by Shiva for capitulating to
1663]
making preparations
when
1661,
Shivaji
91
was reported
to
be
was not made or it failed, for these two places continued in the hands of the Mughals till February 1670,
when the Marathas once more got possession of them.
(Dil.
37-38
Orme MSS.
vol.
155,
pp.
1-21.)
we have no
In
March
1663, the
Mughals
to Netaji, the
Master
He had
much ado
to
escape with
Bijapur."
telling them
was dangerous for any strange army
to march in and also promising to go himself and
follow him, by which deceit Netaji got away, though
not without loss of 300 horse and himself wounded."
(F.
R. Surat,
and 8 April
vol.
103,
1663.)
this
reverse to
92
[CH. IV.
SHIVAJI.
arms,
his
dealt
Shivaji
Mughals, a
his
on Shaista Khan.
Shivaji's night-attack
6.
Shaista
Khan
May
in
August next.
had, as
we have
Puna
Chakan
residence in what
seen, seized
in
He
took up his
home
fall
of
Maratha
of the future
capital,
His
of Shivaji's childhood.
nant,
Night-attack
on Shaista Khan
the
one sentence!);
Khafi
Khan
(ii.
own
Storia,
172-*5)
his
earliest
(F.
lieute-
contingent
records
R. Sural,
vol.
are
103)
104-106;
reports the
Sabh.
35-37;
Dil.
44-46.
but Khafi
T. 5.
19b-20a.
1663]
The
required
enterprise
no
less
93
agility
and
and took them with him, while two supporting divione thousand each (including cavalry and
Mavles) under Netaji Palkar and Moro Pant the
Peshwa, were directed to take post on the two flanks
sions of
of the vast
at a mile's distance
Mughal encampment,
from
its
outer side.
The Maratha
men
in this enterprise.
force,
lightly
Shivaji entered
of the imperial
corner
of
Khans
ins
the
at
of the house
the
camp,
quarters
party
midnight.
arrived
Shiva
near
knew
the
the
youth.
It
was Ramzan,
The
Muslims.
had mostly
the
servants of the
Some cooks
who had
and prepare
risen
is
taken a
little
fire
before
dawn
in the
94
SHIVAJI.
[CH. IV.
room
harem once had a small door in it, but
the opening had been closed with brick and mud
within the
The
complete the seclusion of the harem.
Marathas began to take out the bricks and make an
to
trifle.
man
in the wall
to creep through.
was
large
enough
women
bis
Khan's
safety.
that
and
slaVe-girls to carry
1663]
95
probably
force, the
in derision,
it
men, as
if
drowned
of the kettle-drums
of the
the
enemy swelled
harem,
too,
to play.
all
voices,
the confusion.
now became
The
loud noise
and the
yells
The tumult
in
that
the
was
so
great
the
first
to
hasten
his
to
father's
rescue
without
harem
enclosure, finding
its
just
behind the
inside
at
arming,
enemies
delayed no longer,
camp by
men
fully
awakened and
but promptly
all
left
the
searched
by
once
their
camp.
fruitlessly
96
SHIVAJl.
[CH. IV.
jYhis night-attack
retreat from the camp
suit
was made.
girls,
Surat.)
rXwere
there
was
bitter
morning following
it, all
The
came to
oppose the
he
had
horse
10,000
though
under him and lay encamped across the road taken
by Shivaji. Shaista Khan, with the polished sneer
retreat of his assailant,
of a high-bred
97
1663]
me,
connivance
the
to
exploit
of
Jaswant.
Shivaji,
God and
not of any
agent
human
from
it,
counsellor.
he wrote
Rajapur, boasting
Immediately
to Raoji
Rao,
his
the
Shaista Khan.
The Mughal
grief, retired to
Emperor heard
the
way
to
viceroy,
Aurangabad
The
when
on
May,
As
it
to the viceroy's
mark
of his dis
pleasure, he transferred Shaista Khan to the government of Bengal, (1 Dec. 1663) which was the
words7~"a
new
charge.
Prince
visit
the
The Khan
1664,
left
on being relieved by
Muazzam.
7.
While
Surat described.
fc
From
7
98
[CH. IV.
SHIVAJI.
who
It
was impregnable
a body
But
tj*
troopers.
and
rich
Rupees a year
The
city
(in
1666, ace. to
of Surat covered
12
lakhs
Thevenot,
of
v. 81.)
upon a
large plain of
many
for defence.]
In
some
miles' extent.
They had
town
show than
was a dry
ditch
ii.
99
1664]
90-91
301,
Letter
Early in the
viii.
256.)
morning
3664, Surat was suddenly alarmed by the news that
Shivaji had arrived with an army at Gandavi, 28
miles southwards, and was advancing to plunder the
town.*
At once the people were seized with a
and began
panic,
to flee
away with
their
wives and
Rich
men found
by bribing its
day a courier brought the
that Shivaji had come still nearer, and
was learnt that he had halted only five
commandant. Later
intelligence
at night
it
town who
was
in the
had
commandant
fort,
vol.
263,
1664),
vol.
details
and graphic
Log
of the Loyal
Co.
18
188-190;
Storia,
ii.
29,
112,
120,
132,
iv.
428.
vol.
Sabh. 63 and
silent.)
27,
Bernier.
52a.
100
SHIVAJI.
[CH. IV
also prevented
from dying
at his post.
money-loving traders, poor artisan s, punctilious fireworshippers and tender-souled Jains, cannot readily
take
war
to
even
in
self-derence.
The
richest
8.
to
defend
their
own
not built
safety
by escaping
coast,
10 miles
more
like
defend our
a flight to
on the
but "it was thought
west of Surat
Englishmen
to
make
ourselves ready to
people."
/
Sir
1664]
ICM
stood at their posts in Surat, and improvised a defence of the factory. They procured
two small brass guns from a merchant in the town
his Council
ships at Swally,
to melt lead
and every man quartered and order taken for relieving one another upon necessity. To secure the
approaches to the factory, the English went outside
and took possession of a temple just under their
house, and cleared
it
of
its
refugees,
and
also shut
Oxenden
at the
head
"drawn out
in rank
this
The Dutch,
too,
defended
their house,
though
402
its
[CH. IV.
SH1VAJI.
made
The
Shivaji
1664.
way
At
6th
January, 1664,
pitched his tent in a garden a quarter of a mile outside
the Burhanpur or eastern gate.
The night before
and
richest
men
in
the city,
viz.,
1664]
103
on
to
and
them.
A body
of Shivajis musketeers
was
fire/
set "to
had got
in,
plundered
and
fired
upon them
whilst the
houses.]'
[the
The
a constant
fire,
up
damage on the
assailants.
Throughout Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday and Saturday, this work of devastation was
garrison kept
inflicted
more
town destroyed.
As
the English
smoke
in the day-time
it
had turned day into night,
darkened the sun like a great cloud."
Near the Dutch factory stood the grand mansion
of Baharji Borahrthen "reputed the richest merchant
in thT^Wortd;"Tiis property having been estimated at
80
IqJzhs
of
Rupees.
it
at
when
having ransacked
104
[CH. IV.
SHIVAJI.
Close
to
the
English
factory
were the
lofty
away
the
to
defender.
and
fort,
past the
till
noon
and night
of Thursday,
of
Wednesday
the Marathas
much money
as they could.
Entering
one of
his
left it in
the English
a party of 25
on
setting fire
trooper
was
In this encounter
wounded with
one Maratha
and two
bullet,
no further
loss.
Shivaji
English at being balked of his prey, and in the afternoon of Friday he sent them a message calling upon
them
of
1664]
105
Shivaji
to
come
come,
ask you to
To
intend."
He
this
run a needless
How money
10.
The plunder
of Rupees,
in
then]
was extorted.
him above a
been so rich
of Surat yielded
many
years
The
before."
k. ror%
[asj
looting was!
nights,
English
or
other
merchants,
but
only to revenge
and
killed
some
of his relations.
He had
to
But
money was
make
the most of
away,
and
his
cloth
burnt
by the Marathas.
(Letter
106
[CH. IV.
SH1VAJI.
money
cruelty to extort
As
as quickly as possible.
most
from
confessions
extort
his
prisoners,
whips them
cruelly, threatens
much
as
it if
sometimes both."
11.
Attempt
murder
to
Shivaji.
Inayet Khan,
who had
famous
sent
plot
from
follower
young
of
his
in-
On
Thursday he
to
Shivaji
with
that he expects
me
to accept
women
"We
to say to
you
are not
;"
and
whipping
out
concealed
of Escaliot.)
his wealth.
SHIVAJl's
1664]
PERSON ATTACKED.
107
At ten o'clock
Konkan.
For some days afterwards the fear of his return
prevented the townspeople from coming back to
Mr.
to
Shivaji
in
Hindusthani
cut
to
off
his
he was recognised
as an Englishman and spared. On Friday afternoon he was
sent to the English factory with a message from Shiva, but
President
Merchant says
that
Eng. President's
there.
he was ransomed
letter.)
The Log
for
Rs.
of the Loyal
350
(also
the
108
[CH. IV.
SHIVAJI.
Surat on the
17th
Sir
town
situated
his
merchandise in future.
*
Surat 86)
1664,
January,
in
thousands
(F.R.
for
reward from the King to the English that had by their courage
preserved them. We were with the noblemen of the army
that
came
for the
to our
relief,
from
chief,
future
whom we
care
exceedingly
saying... he
now
pistol in his
laid
down
taken,
[the
city
general]
hand, laid
his
arms,
to
them
telling
it
before
leaving the
;
which was
the
President
soldier,
but
12.
of
109
1664]
lay
many hundreds
owing
to
officers
The
in spite
field
of
plundered
1663 to June,
the
height
the
of
Ahmadnagar.
August, 1664.
'64.)
rainy
(Karwar
to
and
Surat,
8th,
On
is
wings, or else
many
They
places as he
ascribe
to
is
said to
him
to
be
at, all at
perform
is
become
one
more
time...
than
the talk of
a
all
1,0
SHIVAJI.
[CH. IV.
we do
hardly believe,
in regard
it
is
none
Goa
of his
defence
nor
guard."
(Surat
to
Karwar.
F.R.
Surat 86.)
And,
Bijapur]
again,
and
all
[i.e.,
[i.e.,
Kanara] are
embroiled
CHAPTER
V.
The
1665.
failure
of Shaista
Khan and
the
sack of
his Court,
deputed
Dilir
Singh Sisodia,
Ihtisham
ii.
with
14,000 troopers.
(A.
N. 868;
120.)
He pushed
at
and
Singh
Upper India
Handia on 9th January,
left
In three
days
Jai
112
[CH. V.
SH1VAJI.
work
ing the
visits
on the Prince, receiving and returnof the local officers and nobles, and
settling
some
of waiting
commanded by
the Emperor.
116a.)
2.
brilliancy
received his
first
appointment
in the
Mughal army
Central Asia to Bijapur in the Deccan, from Qandahar in the west to Mungir in the east. Hardly a year
command
of the
Van
difficult
or delicate
work
to turn to
Jai
to
CHARACTER OF
1665]
113
SINGH.
J AI
of the composi te
at the
hope,
storming of
Mau,
were
in striking contrast
politic chivalry
blunt straightforwardness,
reckless daring,
to associate with
And now
his
armour
who
tain,
enough
this
at the
in
less
and to
and jar-sighted
preparations.
It
Singh*
*
My
copious
light
of
in
Paris
Shivaji,
account
letters
subduing
MS. Suppl.
476,
with
two
Aurangzib's
stray
letters
letters
in
114
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
against
Shaista
whom
Bijapuris
and
Maratha
rival
chiefs,
the grave of
many
a reputation,
he*
of Shiva to
make
common
he had to keep
an eye on Bijapur too. The problem before him was
no easy one. As he wrote to the Emperor, "Not for
a moment, in day or night, do I seek rest or ease
from being busy about the task on which I have been
sent." We see from his letters how he employed
every possible device for dealing with an enemy, how
wide-awake and full of many-sided activity he was,
how he looked far ahead, and how he handled his
miscellaneous
certain
MS.)
Some
Khatut-i-Shivaji
(R.A.S.
other
of
letters
these
given
have
in
been
(meagre.)
and Dig.
The
Bernier,
190
and
but are our only authority for the doings of the Marathas.
1665]
115
enemy
or deal
view of
his
decided to take up a
the eastern part of
pushing the\
Konkan plaint
further west.
So convinced was he of the wisdom
of this plan that when Aurangzib urged him to make
war
into
succeeded
in carrying his
could strike fatally at the heart of the Maratha kingdom, the distant limbs would drop down of
themselves.
4.
Coalition of
all
displeasure,
against Shivaji
all
if
Adil
his
tion
as January
with
letters to
Probably Mello,
according to Manucci
'a
(ii.
116
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
He
co-operation.
had sent
In January he
to various
Shiva.
Deccani
his
Ben. 78a.)
chieftains, to stir
them up
against
reached
Jai Singh's
April (Paris
MS.
camp
132a.)*
of Janu-
Jai
Mughal
side
a contingent of troops.
to Shivaji or envied the
wrested
sent to
in
Javli,
response to
Jai
Singh's invitation,
the Persian
for a
are doubtful,
.1665]
117
The adhesion
of the petty
iStoria,
ii.
132-133.)
service
were
of
high
rank
in
the
employed on Shivaji's
MS. 54b.), and
February Atmaji and Kahar
lavishly
him.
(Paris
b.)
Rama and
toi
artillery,
desert to
Hanumant,*
the
command
all
118
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
V.
Aurangabad.
Jai
Singh rightly
Emperor yielded
gained absolute
to
the
civil
orders.
In
its
heavy
rainfall,
was already
Puna, and
he was to
campaigning
done
we
if
is
anything
From
it
must be
his despatches
how he
learn
swiftly
effect
months.
not scan
did
this
general
for
him
5.
The
theatre of
war described.
wall
eastwards,
valley, the
bed
of
every
two
of
some stream
which enclose
1665]
sisters
its
119
almost locked
land,
vnlnftrab)ft
fro
it
is
hills
is
the cradle
antl---
therefore
JR -^lmof^-imprevetrahlft
in the
hills,
Open;
Maratha kingdom.
on the east, it
the
of
the
among
a nd jungles
And
o f Shivaji are
.
forts
from
Junnar
(which
is
55
miles west of
Puna
lies
cities of
of Singh-garh
its
Puna
is
forts of
in the south-west.
almost
in
distance
(about 26
Purandar
same
the
(18
(6
miles south of
and 24 miles
situated
it),
Singh-
in the west),
and
120
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
Puna
it),
while
the widen-
it
Mughals
6.
set
up outposts.
Jai
near Junnar.
hills to
was
flying co lumn
organised to
embosomed among
the
On
his
eastern side he
was
attack,
from
close to the
line
post at Supa.
Puna
After arriving at
spent
some
establishing
"first of
days
in
outposts,
(3rd
settling
which he
country
regarded
work
as
and
the
of this ex-
(to
up one permanent
be garrisoned by 3,000
to set
1665]
121
men),
enemy, and
jurisdiction
Khan with
4,000 cavalry
was
left
to
guard Puna
and
Mughals.
There was already another thanah
charge of Sayyid
some
Munawwar Khan
Jai Singh
Hindu
at
Supa, in
of Barha,
and
officers.
his position at
* In
the
Tardurg or
Persian
MS.
the
Taldurg.
Not
found
word may
in
the
also
map.
the eastern end
be
I
of
read
as
doubtfully
the
ridge
122
[CH. V.
SH1VAJI.
come
Shiva had
to
Lohgarh
make
to
be turned on Puna.
Qutbuddin
Shiva's
23rd.
Jai
reached
would
Lohgarh to watch
his march on the
of Puna, was next
was
established under
built in 3
with 300
Arriving on 29th
march short
March
the
at
of Saswad, he sent
lying in the
way,
artillery
on
to cross the
up the
pass
hill,
noon.
The
rear-guard were to
bring
army up
up the
stragglers.
Puna, but
in a plain.
1665]
fort
Purandar.
large
who occupied an
called
vadi
in
body
of
123
Maratha musketeers,
language, now
local
hill
came
down and
were burnt and the Mughal Van very boldly improved their victory by at once pushing on as near
Purandar as they could and entrenching just beyond
the
fire
of the fort-guns.
Jai
Singh on hearing of
of the
Kirat
troops
Singh,
of
his
Qubad
it,
at
officers
Singh,
Indraman
Mitrasen,
at
a gallop.
He
to
Daud Khan
to
also
come
to
to
join
Dilir
Jai Singh.
;
there
was no high
officer
Next morning
(31st
camp
serving
124
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
of hills
hence
to surround
it
was impossible.
8.
Purandar described.
do uble
really a
strong
sister
fort,
en closure,
it.
Purandar consists of
below
it.
The
waist of the
latter is
hill
with
many
is
bounded on the
east
starts
north-eastern
overhanging
tower
(called
and runs
for
called Vajragarh.)
This Vajragarh
fort of
*
Purandar on
commands
its
plateau.'
MUGHAL SIEGE-POSITIONS.
1665]
125
face,
Eng lish
1817
in
Marathas.
made Purandar
Jai Singh,
to attack Vajragarh
like
was by
and the
a true general,
(Bom. Gaz.
first.
It
1665
decided
xvii.
pt.
iii,
po. 428-435.)
9.
Dilir
Khan
with
his
siege.
nephews
and
Afghan
by
Jai Singh.
troopers
of
the
Rajah
of
position of
Singh,
Md.
Salih
Rozbhani followers.
bhuj Chauhan with
entrenched,
to
fort,
officers.
to
camp
126
hill-side.
He
encouraged
his
visited
the
trenches
every
day,
of the siege.
v
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
difficult
hill.
it
named
opposite Rudramal.
fully
approaching
bombardment
summit.
the
The
incessant
of the
of the tower in
10.
Capture of Vajragarh.
it,
Singh reinforced
own
Rajputs.
Dilir
Khan
victorious
in order to
example of leniency,
to the last.
The
to
and
Jai
Singh
this
alike.
The
by
Dilir
Khan
1665]
and
wounded,
MS. 1266.)
109
(Paris
11.
the
as
price
of
127
success.
this
possession of Vajragarh was the steppingstone to the capture of Purandar, or in Jai Singh's
The
own
"the
language,
Purandar."
Dilir
key
that
would
to
unlock
the latter-
of
enough
and also
large
siege,
forces
round
to
be able to spare
to prevent
any con-
by
creating
Shivaji
his
the postern.
"Subh-
work, but
128
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
mischief in his
that the capture
of Purandar
and
that
Singh
chief
detected,
to
discourage
way was,
the
as
Jai
commander-in-
so that Dilir
and
disgrace.
mischief-maker
from
Jai
Singh
to retire with
removed
the
an
column
and
him
at
its
independent flying
sending
to
make
raids
head,
daily, or on alternate days, on
different places in
the
camp
the district.
by
(Ben.
creating
MS.
191 o,
Faiyyaz. 592.)
On 25th April, the flying column six thousand
Singh, Sharza
Jai Singh's
own
troopers,
to
and Rohira
tion."
(Paris
MS.
133b.)
1665]
the
27th
villages.
and burnt
body
and
of
totally
129
ruined
about
50
visited
by an enemy
the
them
to the
ground,
make a sally.
The ground in the neighbourhood was
without
venturing to
hilly and
column retreated four miles to a
level place, near the pass of Gunjankhora, where
they encamped for the night, and next day (1st May),
Thence Daud Khan marched
reached Shivapur.
towards Singh-garh and harried its environs, returning to Puna on 3rd May, by order of Jai Singh.
Meantime Qutbuddin Khan, in the midst of his
raids into the passes of Pur-khora and Tasi-khora,
near fort Kumari, was urgently recalled to Puna,
where he joined Daud Khan. The cause of this
new order was that Jai Singh had learnt that Shivaji
had mustered a large force near Lohgarh, which
required to be immediately broken up.
The two Mughal columns were, therefore,
uneven.
So, the
130
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
Chinchwad
Leaving Puna
they halted at
the 4th and reached Lohgarh on the 5th.
Mughal skirmishers arrived near the
attacked
But
the
When
the
fort,
500
sallied forth
imperialists
on
held
and
their
four forts,
were
The
cattle.
Lohgarh,
taking many
enclosed
villages
by the
hill,
12.
/"'
/
I
idle,
Maratha
the seige.
irinsman
and
away
*
I
The Alamgir-namah
It
gives
may
I
suggest Urouda,
have been Udai-durg.
Ur-drug.
also
.1665]
131
to
Daud Khan
Qubad Khan,
Ihtisham Khan
the
new thanahdar
Puna
of
(vice
fail.
As
Jai
Singh admits,
designs."
"
The
attacks
passes,
is
more
explicit:
for the
lost
Khan Khan
(136b.)
s urprises of
beasts."
(ii.
The Mugha/s
180.)
and
first,
at the
the garrison
besiegers.
who was
slaughter.
fort of
Khand-kala
At
machi or lower
Purandar.
One
made
night
sorties to drive
they
back the
Kirat
Singh,
quite prepared
Another
attacked
fort.
attack
was made
in
dark
132
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
he
night on the trenches of Rasul Beg Rozbhani
was caught napping, the guns in his trenches were
spiked, and 15 of his soldiers wounded. But rein:
loss.
But Dilir
Khan
sat
down
13.
When,
in
the
course
of
May,
the
Mughal
Jai
White Tower,
in charge of
Rup
Singh
1665]
133
of
first
all,
to set up
and then plant
sunset.
Then
impetuosity of his
on
men.
Before
the
enemy opposite
the
some Rohila
tried
to
soldiers,
storm
the
White
in
large
The enemy
Tower.
them.
ladders,
officer
slain
on the
fight.
quarters,
After
the
an
obstinate
Marathas
lost
struggle
heavily,
at
close
retreated
to
and began
by discharging bombs,
kettles
to gall the
full
of
Mughals
gunpowder.
134
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
stones, etc.
rockets,
possible, Jai
made
that
trenches behind
five
into
it.
(Ben.
Thus
fort fell
the
Purandar
complete
its
destruction,
And, as if to
the Emperor had at Jai
The
garrison
number
of Mughals,
DEATH OF MURAR
1665]
14.
135
BAJI.
Bahlia
way
to Dilir 's
camp.
the overwhelming
by
body of the Mughals, but Murar Baji rushed straight
on towards Dilir. The Khan, in admiration of his
matchless courage, called uoon him to yield and
promised him his life and a high post under him.
Murar indignantly refused, and was going to strike
at Dilir when the latter shot him down with an
arrow.
Three hundred Mavles fell with him, and
the rest retreated to the
slain
fort.
of
Murar
we
rJaji
shall
43-44
We
deaili*
fight
with
the
same courage!"
and
(Sabh.
7. S.)
15.
But at
fruit.
is
the
e
"-r,
yly
136
[CH. V.
SH1VAJI.
were sheltered
would mean
'
.also
failed
in
Purandar, and
their captivity
to
prevent the
its
and dishonour.
Mughal
flying
capture
He had
columns
ruin
stared
uniformly rejected.
"After
the
of
the
agents
arrived
began
to
visit
imperial
me,
his hilly
and
intricate
country.... In
(Ben.
MS.
54a.)
if
reply
he desired
asked him... to
his life
and safety."
SHIVA VISITS
1665]
The Mughal
pending
JAI
victory of
SINGH.
137
He
fall
for
would make an
rejected he
by restoring
Shah
shown to him.*
demanded and secured from
next
Jai
home
in
whether
safety,
his
were
terms
to hold
16.
Raghunath
June.
On
On
Jai
the
Shiva's next
offer
declined.
to
move was
MS.
Ith,
would
at 9 o'clock in the
Raghunath came
had arrived
(Ben.
word
master on 9th
that Shivaji
an
*J
55a.)
to
to
at
hand
in his
in
and
in a palki
make
the submission.
Jai
Singh
138
accompanied
[CH. V,
SHIVAJI.
by
six
Rrahmans
only.
Jai
Singh
and Ugrasen
Kachhwa to meet him on the way and tell him that
if he agreed to surrender all his forts he might come,
otherwise he should turn back from the place. Shiva
agreed to the terms in general and proceeded forward
with the two officers. At the door of the tent he
immediately sent his secretary Udairaj
Khan!
Jai Singh had got up a little scene to conquer
any lingering reluctance that Shiva might still have
In anticipation of the Maratha chief's arrival
had.
he had sent word to Dilir Khan and Kirat Singh,
whose trenches were the most advanced, to be
Jai Singh,
Dilir
fight
An
1665]
TREATY OF PURANDAR
officer of
17.
N.
TERMS.
139"
903.)
Terms
had
Shiva
ITS
They begged
garrison to capitulate.
night. (A.
without
any baggage or
retinue, and therefore Jai Singh lodged him in his
office-tent as his guest.
Up to midnight the two
travelled
permanent peace.
Singh knew the strength of his position. As
he wrote in his despatches to the Emperor, "I
declined to abate a single fort. Gradually, after
But
Jai
much
discussion,
That 23 of
we came
his forts,
to this
agreement: (a)j
the lands of which yielded 4
to the
should be
left to
Shiva,
on condition
be annexed
forts,
1
including
lakh of hun,
of service
and
Rajahs, and proposed to send his son, as his representative, with a contingent of 5,000 horse,
paid by means
(to
be
and
Jai Singh,
acts,
shall
"By reason
of
depute
my
my
to
140
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
slave,
am
wars
in the
shall
promptly perform
Deccan,
and
Mughals
in the
it."
above terms,
In addition to the
another
conditional
Shivaji
made
with
engagement
the
lowlands of
Konkan and
5 lakhs of
hun a year
in the
me
onfirmed in
uest
of
then
Bijapur,
Emperor 40 lakhs
[He was expected
Bijapuri officers
of
hun
to
will
be
the expected
after
wrest
by means
agree
in 13 yearly instalments."
these
of his
from the
troops. (H. A.
lands
own
policy in throwing a
first,
we
will
result in
2 k rores of
Rupees
In return for
it,
Shiva also
SHIVA
1665]
IN
MUGHAL CAMP.
141
Dilir
Khan was
end of the
siege,
of military glory,
On
The
Mughal favours.
own command.
6.)
Shivaji receives
8.
his
his trenches or
politic Jai
Singh
now
So
consent to an
turned to soothe
know
Then
Dilir
Khan conducted
servants."
it
all
142
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
the
men
to take
with
to
By a happy coincidence
robe of honour sent by
doubt
its
is
silent
about
this episode.)
tyielat (robe of
it
to him.
Reaching Kondana
at
noon
left for
Rajgarh,
1665]
The Maratha
forts
143
Deccan
(3)
(7)
Rudramala or Vajragarh,
(1)
Kondana,
Tanki,
Muranjan,
(13)
Tulsi-khul,
(18)
(22)
Tikona
(8)
(10)
Ankola.
Rohira,
(4)
(16)
(5)
in
Konkan
Khirdurg,
(11)
(2)
Lohgarh,
:
(12)
in the
Purandar,
(6)
Isagarh,
(9)
Mahuli,
Bhandardurg,
Khaigarh
Nar-durg, (15)
Marg-garh or Atra,
(14)
(17)
or
Kohaj,
(19)
to the
Emperor
for
when he opened
the
of
the
Emperor.
It
was a splendid
victory.
in the war
Shiva loyally carried out his promises
with Bijapur he with his contingent rendered distin:
144
[CH. V.
SHIVAJl.
19.
Mughals
in the
invasion of Bijapur.
thus happily
eating
its
bread
come and
Jai
On
the 30th,
my
son Kirat
Singh and
little
mummery was
"As
Mughal Court
weapon on his person from the
day when he had come like a penitent offender to
wait on the Rajah up to this date, Jai Singh now gave
his
Emperor.
restoration
to
the
good
grace
of
the
1665]
JAI
145
SINGH.
Jai
necessary preparations
offering
coming campaign,!
Rupees from the imperial)
At
on 20th November,
last,
The Maratha
Purandar.
contingent,
9,000 strong,
"whom
formed the
During
Singh's
his
the
first
month
of
Mughal army.
the
campaign,
Purandar
to
Mangalbirah (Mangalvedhe), a
Jai
From
fort
52
dered
ahead by
December
7th
Thathora,
14
sent
Phaltan, about
was entered on
miles
south-west
of
192a 193b,
Tarikh-i-Ali
II.
is
useless,
vol.
iv.
10
rhetoric.
The Maratha
xli.
my
the/
the
for
of
ii.
in
buried
History of Aurangzib,
146
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
and Mangalbirah
itself
on the
later
18th.
(Parasnis
camp and
famous
Khan and
the
Rao
generals
Sharza
Maratha
their
[Ghorpare?]
of
Kalian
The
half-brother of Shivaji.
charge
selves
the
"cossack
tactics,"
Mughal
tireless
energy
but
Delhi,
harassed
dividing
fighting
loosely
themwith
and
courage
broke
enemy
retired in
and
divisions opposite.
Khan's
Dilir
the
of
their
four bodies
Jadu
Vyankoji, the
Deccanis evaded the
cavaliers
into
under
and
the
of
them by
auxiliaries
force
many
flags,
horses and
But as soon as
to
When
its ground well.
and
round
Neta
the Deccanis hemmed
pressed him
hard, he called for reinforcements from Kirat Singh
brunt of the attack, but stood
INVASION OF BIJAPUR.
1666]
147
and Fath Jang Khan, and with their aid repulsed the
enemy. Jadav Rao of Kalian received a musket
shot, of which he died in five or six days.
Shivaji
and his brother Vyankoji fought on opposite sides
i>
After a two days' halt, Jai Singh resumed his
march on the
27th.
The
in the evening,
camping-ground
to attack and expel the Bijapuri army from the neighbourhood. The fight soon became general, and Jai
Singh himself had to
On
29th December,
1665,
Jai
Singh arrived at
his
1666, as
January,
he
found
his
fondly
d-foV
hoped-fo
attacking Bijapur
domestic
had
he
not
and
brought
torn
by
any
big
On
the
artillery
* In
factions,
undefended
while
the
Makhanah
or
Persian
as
MS.
n. n. e. of Bijapur.
name may be
The latter is a
the
Nagthana.
read
village
either
as
miles
148
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
had been
repaired, large quantities of provisions and material
laid in, its regular garrison augmented by 30,000
Karnatak infantry, and the country round for a radius
defence
in a strong posture of
its
walls
its
water-supply,
of its trees.
On
27th January,
the retreating
Mughal army
any
its
opera-
further.
20.
On
is
the
receiving
unexpected
check
before
As he
"At my
had
25th
sent
a robe
Emperor
[on
Dec]
honour and a jewelled dagger for Shiva, who was
writes in a despatch to the Court,
request the
of
ready to co-operate
did not
deem
it
expedient.
but
'If
you detach me, I can go- and capture for the Emperor
Panhala, of which I know all the exits and entrances,
while the garrison are off their guard. I shall raise
much disturbance in that district that the enemy
so
will
be compelled
army
to
oppose me.'
As
his
from
their
666]
149
sent
The unexpected
failure before
the
fort
of
Bijapur
gave
of his enemies,
make
a diversion in
the
that
and
this
Dilir
wazir
[Dilir]
upon which
but
that
to his cost
retire."
(Deccan News
150
[CH. V.
SHIVAJI.
it
followers
down,
fell
sun
and wounded.
killed
When
the
lit
Vishalgarh]
But his
84b85a.)
(H. A.
The news
Jai
by the
desertion
of
The
Netaji.
was aggravated
Taking offence with
deemed
probably
and
because
gallant feats of
farms
evil
of Five
Thousand
in the
Mughal peerage, a
jagir in
ravaged
recent
annexations in
unsettled,
the
Deccan),
ever-
and
(H. A. 193.)
1666]
JAI
coming so soon
alarmed
after
Jai Singh.
If
the
recent
reverses,
151
greatly
army would
"Now
in mischief,
it
is
having consented to this proposal, Jai Singh set himinduce Shiva to visit the imperial Court.
self to
CHAPTER
VI.
Shivaji's fears
to
Mughal
the
military
imperial
service
(mansao),
There
Court.
were
nor
attend
to
strong
reasons
for
it.
in
faith
Muslim
Courts
from
mother and
his
his tutor,
spirit
filling
authority.
He was
therefore at
first
averse to
visit
reward
and
"used
devices"
of
(as
high
he
induce him to go
1666]
to
Agra.
The Maratha
chronicles
153
assert
that
Jai
to
the
visit
of
it.
any
such
Jai Singh's
But
it
is
vei
probable that
imperial
representatives,
where
all
including
th<
Jai
failed,
promised success
in
such an enterprise,
if
the vast
What
merits,
to achieve
*
offer
if
he
Sabhasad, 46 and
of
50,
made
the
Deccan, and
Jai
113.
154
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
Besides
had
also
On
had been
much
evasive
but
In spite of
these
Both he and
long.
temptations,
his friends
Shiva
hesitated
ing into the jaws of an ogre (Ravan.) But the soothsayers whom he consulted assured him of a safe return
home.
Jai
for a
Hindu
Court,
Kumar Ram
at
Maratha
council
of
ministers
the
majority
his absence.
HOME DEFENCE
1666]
IN
SHIVA'S ABSENCE.
155
his
The
even
as efficiently as before,
if
he were imprisoned
or killed at Agra.
His mother Jija Bai was left as
Regent, with direct control over the Desh country,
while Moro Pant the Peshwa, Niloji Sondev the
were placed
Seal,
Konkan
in
mandants of
watchful
his
day
independent
charge
province.
were
forts
and
night
to
the
ordered to be
strictly
and
of
The com-
implicitly, so as to
The
civil officers
and practice
in all matters.
some
of
his
forts,
and
repeating,
as
his
final
*Sabh. 47;
I
Chit.
108.
Dil 57 says
1.000 soldiers,
which
156
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
3.
on him.
Shivaji
intended slight
of
by
city,
Saf
this
his
dignity
in the
ence.
the
entirely
exist-
down and
the
Mughal
Next day, Shiva returned the visit, showing
After a halt
great politeness and cordiality to all.
of some days, he resumed his march, receiving
officers
rations
all
officers
along his
(Dil. 57-58.)
On
1666]
9th
May he
the
12th of the
of his audience.*
the Emperor.
The
It
Fort
where
4.
The
157
for
the
occasion.
away
filling
The nobles
in charity.
retainers
in
thousands
of the empire
stood
in
and
marshalled
their
ranks
on three sides
of
it,
canopies.
"Come
Aurangzib graciously
Rajah!" Shivaji was
the throne and made three salams.
up, Shivaji
(all
189-190;
245-7;
(meagre.)
T.
contemporary.)
Dil.
S.
58-59;
22b-23a
Sabh. 49;
(all
(later
reliable.)
and
Storia,
Chit.
legendary.)
963,
968-970;
F. R. Surat,
ii.
138;
111-112;
Bernier,
K. K.
Dig.
190,
158
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
Then, at a signal from the Emperor, he was conducted back to the place reserved for him among
the
noble s,
third-grade
and
proceeded,
work
the
see med
Shiyajj
of
darbar
the
have
to
been
forgotten.
at ease.
ill
behalf of the
First,
Emperor
by
Ram
No
no high
costly present,
bow
no
title,
to the throne.
He
commanders
"my
My
sence.
* This
"What!" he
of 5,000.
exclaimed,
little
come
servant Netaji
is
to the
Emperor's pre-
a 5-hazari.
And am
I,
accounts.
So,... after
that
Umrahs
like
to
to
he was disappointed,
(A.
as
N.
the
969.)
other
mutes."
(Surat to Karwar.)
Also K. K.
3666]
after
way
who
he asked,
Ram
was.
Singh*
all
the
Then
him
was Rajah Rai
Singh replied
Sisodia.
At
this
it
cried
Shivaji
"Rai
out,
Have
a mere sub ordin ate o f Rajah Jai Singh
been considered only equal to him?"
Stung to fury by what he considered a public
Singh
I
159
Here
follow
in
Singh
commit
The
58.
Dilkasha,
Ram
suicide f
Maratha
writers
back
my
soldiers
have seen
He
to stand before
me
!"
But
created
a 5-hazari
for
services
his
at
tHere
Sabhasad,
order to
poet
49,
kill
"On
ii.
190
and
Jaswant
Bhushan has
shape:
K.
follow K.
the
The
prolific
distorted
of
day
Storia,
Ram
138.
ii.
But
Singh's dagger in
the
incident
the
Court
into
the
festivity
following
[birthday].
pomp and
from them.
Bhushan says
sense of propriety.
the belt
[of
Ram
He
if
that Aurangzib's
ministers
Singh 1
stand in
he were not
distinct
had no
sword from
160
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
than
rather
such
outlive
Ram
shame.
Singh,
alarmed
at
and violent
this
in vain.
s&
fell
down
in
to Karwar.)
59
(Dil.
afswoon!
There was a
K. K.
ii.
among
stir
190
Surat
the courtiers.
He
feels
Deccani
manners.
Rajah
to
ill."
He
also apologised
with
unfamiliar
Aurangzib
be removed
Courts
graciously
to
and
ordered
polished
the
sick
5.
Aurangzib.
On
the
asked
to
be put
to
death as a lesser
[by
running]
into
the
evil.
and
There
angry words
darbar hall to
his
ghusalkhana."
(Bhushan,
1666]
161
Aurangzib, and
it
terri-
of
'Wait a
he promised
much
to
the
to
make
benefit
of
He was
But Aurangzib
such a matter.
in
Or Qandahar, according
11
to Dil.
69.
162
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
Shaista
scathed.
jump
across
The prlvate^audienCB'was
refused.
sister of Shaista
Khan) not
in the
of Shiva, hurriedly
company
he meant
that
970
Chit.
to
shall
do so."
Shiva
(Sabh. 50-51
.;
inter-
knew
A. N.
13.)
He was now
resources.
do nothing.
ended the
thrown
entirely
his
upon
his
position
own
became
made
Mughal
policy
at Agra.
We
now
turn
to
1666]
interval.
163
to present Shiva
of Court etiquette
as a
Jai
mark
of displeasure
promises
he
fully
The Rajah
had made.
replied
by
Purandar,
in a
dilemma by
this
un-
True,
expected
he had sent Shiva away to Northern India "by a
thousand devices" in order to get him out of the
honour
military
;
situation
turned
there
He, therefore,
tried to
nothing
by imprisoning or
Maratha
chief's
killing
as
Shiva,
made
the
his
on the
thaT~quarter would
of his personality
164
words.
Ram
to
Singh,
see to
it
that
Shiva's
Jai
[CH. VI.
SH1VAJI.
life
234a.)
This, however,
was no easy
matter.
It
was im-
seemed
at first to
even to divine
it.
The Emperor
to
Jai
this responsibi-
tan,
escape, as
666]
but
advised
Shiva at Agra.
"When
necessity,
165
SINGH'S ADVICE.
JAI
the
leave
to
Emperor
prayed
be permitted to return home, affairs [in the Deccan]
were in a different condition. Now that they have
I
to send
way
return]
[against us.]
at
He
Agra.
had arrived
Deccan.
in the
but
may
war
But
Deccan
the
the
in
7.
from Agra.
Shioaji's escape
to his
own
inner resources
he made
and entreated
tivity,
fear
only!)
Bernier,
and K. K.
Chit.
Shivaji's
ii.
115-118
Forrest.
190,
(same)
198-201,
Dig.
217-220,
249-254
A. N. 971
Storia,
ii.
139-140
(one
;
T. S.
sentence
Sabh. 52-55
59-61
ii.
65
166
[CH. VI.
SH1VAJI.
friendless at Agra.
The Maratha
their chief,
civil
returned
officers,
home
too,
from
at a hint
in small parties.
Being
set
religious
like
him, lay
outstretched right
wristlet,
down on
in
The
from agra.
shiva's escape
1666]
167
made
their
them with
horses.
ashes
like
Hindu
ascetics,
8.
Meanwhile,
at
all
that
satisfied
and a servant
sleeper's wrist,
sitting
on the
floor
reported
it
to the
Rajah," so he
said,
"was
in his
own room.
fight to
"The
We
168
visited
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
it
from our
regularly.
sight.
But he vanished
Whether he
all
of a
sudden
for
* Three
leading Brahmans of Shiva's service were arrested
and probably tortured by Fulad Khan. They alleged that the
flight of Shivaji was due to the advice of Ram Singh and
resulted from the latter's neglect to watch him well.
Jai Singh
1666]
Route of
9.
169
Shivaji's flight.
With consummate cunning Shiva threw his puroff the scent, by following a route exactly
opposite to that which leads to Maharashtra. Instea d
of moving due south-west Jrom Agra.jdirj?ui^Malwa
and Khandesh or Gujrat, he travelled eastwards to
Mathura, Allahabad, Benares, Gay a, and Puri, and
then south-westwards through Gondwana and Golsuers
worn out by
Three
Deccani
Brahmans,
Krishnaji,
Kashi,
and
Visaji, brothers-in-law of
were
living at this
name
in the
all risks
they agreed to
tion,
on hearing of
the
of their country
of imperial
man who
this
charge exclaims,
cherishes
the
later,
favour and
{A. N.
According
Dig. 252,
Mathura
in
army
to
father,
fighting in
Z.
the
Ram
C,
of
give death to
an
of
act
Eleven months
Assam, to die
Brahmans.
of pestilence
arrest of
55,
Shambhuji was
Kashi Pant and his brothers,.
charge
and braving
"May God
A. 200a, 20\a.)
created a 4-hazari,
1051.)
faith s
into
and
Chit.
left
at
But
170
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
reach
home and
even undertook
Krishnaji,
One
of the brothers,
far as Benares.
assumed
moving
in various disguises
and
him.
the three
Hindu
10.
The
fugitives
and Udasis.
his flight.
their disguise,
changing
gious mendicants, sometimes as petty traders, and
escaped detection because no one dreamt of their
going to the eastern provinces of India while their
destination
hairbreadth escapes.
K. K.
(ii.
201
Kavi Kulesh
at
&
Allahabad.
he was entrusted
to
In
HOLY PLACES.
VISITS
1666]
171
the jaujdar
flight
received
the
intimation
official
of
close
at
mid-
duty.
But
mp-t- ii>p
night Shivaji
The
liberation.
it.
(K. K.
Rup ees
ii.
218.)
to Benares.
* In
connection
this
"When
was
the
at
Khafi
port
of
Khan
Surat,
writes
219-220)
(ii.
Brahman physician
and
said,
it
a quantity of jewels,
fist,
I
rites for me.'
immediately
him, but had not done ministering to him,
cry
was
raised
had arrived
became
[from
attentive
ministering
had
the
CourtJ
in
slipped
away.
and
ashrafis
hurts,
when
a hue and
search
man
to
[thenl
whom
knew
mace
When
of Shiva.
had been
that
it
was
172
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
shrine of (Hindu)
seashore of Orissa.
the
distances
riding.
number
sufficient
of
'
The
The
on the Godavari.*
He had
Shivaji.
given
to
me 9 gems,
my preceptor
old mother of
men
for the
poor
9 ashrafis and 9
hurts.
returned to
that
my
country
Dig.
m.
253
names
Indur.
1666]
173
tent.
moned
the family of
lost.
scene of Shivaji's
threw himself
her feet.
Jija Bai's
perceived, by a
mark on
his
head in
She immediately
head, that he was her
17.)
ber
His return to Rajgarh (towards the end of Decem1666) was followed by widespread rejoicings
among
his
national
family,
officers
deliverance,
as
and
subjects.
providential
It
as
was a
was
it
romantic.
He
174
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
died,
when
At a
passed.
(Chit.
120
Dig. 255-256
T. S. 25a
three
ful
Dil.
61 gives a variant.)
them the
revenue of 10,000
his
hurt.
similarly rewarded.
of
(Sabh. 57.)
'
Government
the
11.
me
my
We
now
days."
(Anec. 10.)
Shivaji.
and
1666]
JAI
175
Kumar Ram
been disgraced
Ra m
Agra
in the
at Shiva's flight.
has fallen to
my
But there
lot.
is
no
from
his
Brahman
[my enemies
of Shiva
at Court]
was due
to the advice of
May God
Ram
flight
Singh, and
watch him
man who
men
well.
cherishes the
against mine,
when
The
greatly
to
added
"The
5th
November, 1666:
My
such an
Deccan
As he wrote on
The
176
wasting time
VL
[CH.
SH1VAJ1.
There
is
in various disguises,
to get
news
of Shiva.'*
[H. A. 200a.]
t
and the
and
infantry in the
collection of lead,
Paymaster
etc.
in the
gunpowder, rockets
neighbourhood of Raigarh by
to be Shiva's
to invade
Jai
Singh
hold
it
strongly,
pending the
arrival of
Udai-bhan
As
Jai Singh's
who
He
Government.
But
is
in his heart?
1666]
177
the region of
My
places.
master
[i.e.,
tract,
such
other
Deccanis
as,
also
to
that
and Trimbakji
Before the others
side,
many
and returning
tor ah,
of
in
mind.
peace
[unknown] need
As
the
and
torah,
declined
[to restore
At
them.]
lived
last,
Mahadji trod
;
but Tanaji
till
he
fell
in
the
is
wanted to
Singh
[and retrieve the disaster]
at first
Jai
give
was wounded
march there in person
but was persuaded to
up the
idea,
lest
the
Bijapuris
should take
Then,
we have
12
this
Jai
Khan
Singh to
178
[CH. VI.
SHIVAJI.
camp
general's
have not
"I
in every possible
matters in such a
come
will
to see
way
way
me
I
do so in future,
Golkonda and Shiva
nor will
failed,
that the
am
trying to arrange
clever
[our]
men may
get a
favourable opportunity [of disposing of] that luckless fellow in his unguarded moment at that place.
This slave of the Court, for furthering the Emperor's
regardless of praise
affairs, is
far,
if
it,
shall set
wretch's daughter
descend to keep her in
this
i rth,
he
hooked.
As he^is
of lo
^jDlan secret.
Send
me
to act accordingly."
This
captured
my harem.
is
letter
morals of the
[H. A.
me
139a.]
throws a lurid
light
When
on the
political
7th century.
1667]
JAI
Shivaji during
179
was prepared to
family honour and
a brother Hindu.
CHAPTER
VII.
16671670.
State of
1.
On
returning
in
1667.
December 1666,
Deccan
entirely changed.
The Mughal
[was no longer
'
Mughal Deccan,
viceroy,
Jai Singh,
grave.
In
May
1667 Prince
appointed governor, reached Aurangabad and relieved Jai Singh of his charge. The Rajput veteran set
out on his homeward journey in extreme misery of
mind and sense of public humiliation, and died on
the way at Burhanpur on 2nd July.
/*" The return of the weak and indolent Muazzam
the friendly Jaswant to power in the Deccan
yand
Muazzam
in
October
1667,
this
1667]
181
to
The
on
behalf
the
of
on
general,
his
Emperor.
part,
publicly
slighted
man and
this the
Maharajah
trusted confi-
only source of
discord in the
Dilir's
when
contingent.
acting as
his
father's
Emperor
agent
at
Anup
Singh,
the imperial
event,
disobeying the
His Rajputs practised gangrobbery in the camp at night, because, his lands
having been given to his son, he ceased to get the
duties
necessary
It
money
was proved
villages also.
Emperor,
Emperor
if
of
he
that
Dilir
his
Khan,
soldiers
[in reply]
[still]
the
Rao
When
it.
Khan, on the pretext of hunting, approached the camp of Rao Karn and invited him to
the Rao came to him with a
join in the chase,
Dilir
*182
[CH. VII.
SHIVAJI.
few Rajputs.
Khan having
Kam that
own
Rao Karn to safety from the
The two Raos marched
guards.
midst of
Dilir's
off
He was
Jaswant.
enemy,
but
the
two
Aurangabad by order
Thus,
Muazzam.
Raos
remained
to help
at
at
(Dil. 66-68.)
behind
in
Aurangabad.
Khan away
to Bidar,
made
to crush Shivaji.
even
if
more than a
year.
1668]
183
It
2.
The Maratha
war with the
for a
his return
chief,
on
1668.
his part,
imperialists.
men under
Mughal banners.
the
son to
his
(Akhbarat,
fight
under
10-9.)
Shivaji's
and
the
Dil.
69-71.
The
of
years'
rupture:
terms
of
this
treaty
are
Zedhe Chron.,
peace was made and Shambhuji was
detail.
the
F. R. Surat,
105.
nowhere given
p.
188,
sent to
tells
in
us that
Muazzam
in
Oct.
to
two
causes
1669.
1667,
184
SHIVAJI.
[CH. VII.
Maharajah, "The Emperor has cast me off. Otherwise I intended to have begged the task of recovering
fled (from
my unaided resources.
Mirza
life.
my
Rajah, my patron,
through your intercession am pardoned,
Qandahar with
Agra)
dead.
is
I
shall
as a
in fear of
If
mansabdar
ordered."
at the
head of
my
followers wherever
(Dil. 69-70.)
J as want
the offer
(9th
a peace
him any
For instance, KalianBhiundy continued in the hands of the Mughals. For
the next two years Shivaji lived at peace with the
so far as
commanded by
is
about [Karwar]
were
the Prince."
pacific.
His
rela-
"The country
Shivaji
is
on
7th July,
Still later,
MARATHAS AT PEACE.
1668]
185
(Ibid.)
busy framing a
laid the
he was
set of very
In terms of the
of the
it.
Mughal dominion,"
as
expense
Sabhasad frankly puts
(Dil. 70.)
Shivaji's sole
aim
in
making
it
was
to
this respite
from war.
-secretly
186
at
SHIVAJI.
least
to
[CH. VII.
(Sabh. 62.)
The
was preRetrenchment of
by financial causes.
expenditure had now become a pressing necessity to
Aurangzib, and he ordered the Mughal army in the
Deccan to be greatly reduced.
The disbanded
rupture, inevitable in any case,
cipitated
employment
for
them.
new
Another
was
who had
ill-judged
to find
measure
Rao
to slip
away from
way!
(Dil. 71.)
The Zedhe
Sabhasad, however,
to his
Maratha agents
of their troops,
of
tells
the
revealed
escape,
order
it
at
beforehand
to Niraji
and
from
his
Court
agent,
week
1670]
when
afterwards,
was too
it
late
187
to
carry
it
out.
(Sabh. 61-62.)
War renewed,
3.
This
rupture
with
the
1670.
Mughals
earlier.
On
occurred
in
the
Shiva's
clan
(biradari)
and hasten
to
the Deccan.
(Altfibarat,
year
12.)
There
is
most
spirited
1671
as
reconstructed
in
here.
Marathi
bakhars
are
silent.
in
C.
1671.
gives
dates
in
the
Hindu lunar
year,
188
[CH. VII.
SHIVAJI.
"The
Purandar.
most of these
to
imperial officers in
command
of
Every
January.)
knew
Assisted by
jnelsv^The
alarm
was
given
fort,
;
slaying the
the
Rajputs,
189
1670]
He
had won
it.
an elephant,
12 horses
plundered
it,
in the fort.
The
repulse.
50 miles
n. e. of
of
fort
Mahuli
Shiva invested
attempted a surprise
men
(in
it
at night.
North Konkan,
for the
Emperor
Das
of
Shah
the
recovered
it
siege,
turned
after slaying
its
Kalian-Bhiundy and
thanahdar Uzbak Khan
to
Mughal faujdar
his post.
of
Nander
(?)
fled
away, deserting
190
[CH. VII.
SHIVAJI.
was
lost to the
the
fort
to
Maratha
repel
another attack
of
the
superior
reinforcements.
and
men.
(Dil. 65.)
looted
51
villages
Parenda.
who
The only
officer
Qureshi,
Maratha
campaign of 1665.
Leaving the province of Khandesh in charge of his
son, Daud Khan arrived at Ahmadnagar on 28th
March 1670. Six days afterwards he set out with 7,000
cavalry to expel Shiva's men who were roving near
Parnir, Junnar, and Mahuli.
They evacuated Parnir
and Junnar and retired before him, while he
occupied these two posts. Meantime, Shivaji had
invested three Mughal forts in that region, and Daud
during
Khan
Jai
Singh's
left
of his
The
be 1671.
fled
away,
middle of Aug.
1670.
J670]
191
SHIVAJI.
smallness of his
useful
diversion
Shivaji's
The
attention.
hot
(Akhbarat, year
Quarrel between
4.
13.)
Muazzam and
Dilir.
w ar
March
*
Dil.
it s
1670,
Quarrel
73-75,
59a60a;
Storia,
ii.
Muazzam and
(main
source);
161-166; while
Dilir
Khan
Ishwardas
M. A.
101,
in
Akhbarat, year
O. C.
1670
(important)
5 Sep.)
192
[CH. VII.
SH1VAJI.
his general
Cwait
We
now
too, when
some enemy raiders, reached
Pathri, 26 miles w. of Aurangabad (about 8th April)
and received an order from the Prince to wait on him,
had disagreed
"*fney
Dilir,
in
1667.
So,
after pursuing
he feared
to
go to the interview
treacherously imprisoned
"Twice or
thrice
he should be
by the Prince.
lest
or killed
At
this
act
of
Muazzam and
Dilir Khan
insubordination,
were
if
the
command
of the
adequate supply of
I
1670]
Aurangabad
stood,
to
investigate
how
matters
193
Khan,
really
Iftikhar's
74.)
of
brother,
out to
visit Dilir,
conduct.
When
and
he
listen to his
Aurangabad, went
explanations of his
alarm of the
would be done
to him in the Prince's presence, Dilir put him to
shame and silence by showing him the letter of his
general and swore that no disgrace
therefore,
away from
by pretending illness
and then march away without seeking an interview
or permission from the viceroy.
ftikhar,
194
him
to
[CH. VII.
SH1VAJI.
would
seize
on him
(John Trotter to
Aurangabad."
he came
if
President
of
His
testified
to
Dilir 's
adding
illness,
many
marched southwards to
attack a Maratha force (under Pratap Rao) that was
imaginary details to
it.
Dilir
Muazzam complained to
/Khan had openly defied his
s
the
news- writers.
Then
Dilir,
him
The
to force Dilir
Khan back
the
MUAZZAM PURSUES
1670]
and
stores
fled
D1LIR KHAN.
195
back.
many men by
Thence he proceeded to Ujjain, the
Malwa, to rest for a few days from the
drowning.
capital of
(O.
that
C. 3470,
1670.)
Tapti,
intending to
Burhanpur, the capital of Khandesh, of which
him
Daud
let
cross
his
resistance.
frontier
and
them
for the
coming
struggle.
this
(September.)
Singh,
was
Burhanpur
The
Prince's
separated
from
evil
him
genius,
and
Jaswant
posted
at
196
[CH. VII.
SHIVAJI.
the
in
For,
meantime,
Bahadur
Dilir
the
Khan,
Khan under
his
Hindusthan
1657
it
looked so very
own
Indeed, his
position
own move in
now was weaker than
like his
king of Hindusthan."
promptly o beyed
We
may
Muazzam.
Delhi to
In
visit
here
and returned
end of September, 1670.*
at the
Aurangabad
Muazzam
(Trotter to Surat.)
conclude
this
episode
Nawab
in
Bai,
to the
the
was
life
sent
to
of
from
right path
by
her influence.
Iftikhar
guilty
of double-dealing at Aurangabad.
His brother,
DISCORD
1670]
These
arms, and
IN
MUGHAL DECCAN.
197
troubles
We
His cavalry
In
"Shivaji marches
now
far
and
and
he~~goes,
is
neaTTumT^TO.
5.
3415}
lies
Second Loot of
Surat.
Bu t
3457.)
Shivaji,
Muftakhar Khan,
secrets
office
to
for
Dilir
too,
Khan.
some months.
and
16
as usual,
18
was punished
Both
for
brothers
(M. A.
101
Aug. 1670. O. C.
t he first blow.
struck
communicating official
remained deprived of
Akhbarat,
13-3.)
198
SHIVAJI.
On
3rd October
[CH. VII.
""""
time.
'
'
.-^^
at the
beginning of October.
And
yet the
Mughal
came
successive
15,000 horse
and
of
reports
Shiva's
Government
night.
On
arrival
with
All
officers
day and
1670.
The second
loot of Surat
(Hedge's Diary,
ii.
29,
Chit. 72,
pp. ccxxviix.)
Vol.
English,
October);
F. R. Surat Vol. 3,
Sabh.
63-64.
1670]
the large
factories,
New
Turkish merchants,
199
ancT the
and
T^rlaf~Serai~ mfdway
and,
the
assaulted the
English alone,
from the advantageous position
avenues next to the French factory, which
leaving
Kashghar king's
of
some
serai
up
to
costly presents
From
from Aurangzib.
fire
"A
touched.
(Dutch Records,
14
Nov.
2G0
[CH. VII.
SHIVAJI.
The Turks
1670.)
in
defended themselves,
the
New
Serai
some
inflicting
successfully
loss
on the
raiders.
cloth,
setting fire to
town" was
They then approached the
threatening to storm it but it was
The
walls.
third
day
down.
Shivaji
and
threatening to burn
among
would
result
men
his captains
in
were
his soldiers
in the
wiser
(5th Oct.)
first
assault
for vengeance.
knew
further loss
it
greatly enraged
on
this
But the
of
life,
and
at
their
1670, in
On
Hedge's Diary.)
5th October,
no Mughal a rmy
be coming. "But he
it
prudent to
1670]
secure himself.
When
201
No
sooner
to plundering
Here
all
the
members
202
[CH. VII.
SH1VAJI.
made
pring-tide
it
one of
their ships,
Two
of Shivaji."
sail,
district.
The
could."
The manly
attitude
(iffctua English
and
their
And now
the son of
The
European
who
that
he
factories at
1670]
203
(Master to Swally
Marine, 3 Jan. 1671, in F. R. Surat, 105.)
An
official
had
from
and other articles worth
itself and 13 lakhs worth from
viz.,
cash,
pearls,
(Akhbarat, 13-10.)
But the real loss of Surat was not to be estimated
carried
was
off.
The
practically
destroy^dj^JTor several years after Shivajis withdrawal from it, the town used to throb with panic
every
came
now and
then,
On
would flee
would
hasten
Europeans
the
citizens
effectually scared
to
the
to
Swally.
away from
villages,
Surat,
and
Business
the_^
was
Western India.
For one month after the second sack, "the town
was in so great a confusion that there was neither
governor nor Government," and almost every day
was troubled by rumours of Shiva's coming there
emporium
again.
of
"On
the
12th
(i.
e.,
only a
week
after his
it
204
[CH. VII.
SHIVAJl.
head
of
when
demonstration
"
of January 1664,
some
with
At the end
way
Ramnagar, on
governor refused
panic again in
1673,
205
1670]
October
1674,
was complete.
6.
(F. R.)
we
Muazzam had
Prince
story
of
the
Maratha
just returned to
Auranga-
bad
after
immediately
fort
of
Daud Khan,
Mulhir.
baggage back
with light
after
sending
his
to
kit to
hill
range.
Spies
fort) at
to verify the
midnight
news
about 9
of the
P.M.,
enemy's movements. At
Shiva had already
was
Daud Khan
206
SHIVAJI.
But the
moon
set
[CH.
in the
VII.
morning,
manded
the
Ascending a
Mughal Vanguard.
hillock
in the early
The- Maxajha_rear-
enemy.
cT^rnrnanofecf
Pratap Rao
10,000 strong
generals
distinguished
like
By
was
Bhonsla.)
Anand Rao
Ikhlas Khan
(a
son of
natural
was
very
soon
and drums
left his
a ruined village on a
elephants, flags
height, surrounded by nalas, with orders to make
his camp and
come up.
at
For hours
together
an obstinate
and bloody
battle raged.
But the
fought hovering round the imperialists. V
Bundela infantry of the Mughal army with their
abundant
firearms
kept
the
enemy
back.
Daud
MUGHAL REPULSE AT
1670]
Khan
with his
artillery,
fight,
207
VANI.
repulsed the
enemy
Khan.
Meantime,
in
another
part
of
the
field,
Mir
Marathas
retreated
opposition.
to
This battle
S^
This battle neutralised the Mughal power for,
more than a month. The day after the fight, Dau<f
* Battle
84-88,
of
Vani-Dindori
entirely
based upon
Dilkasha,
Sabh. 64-65.
206
SHIVA JI.
[CH. VII.
moved
Ahmadnagar, but
to
he was recalled
at the
end of December
hy
Chandor range.
Raid
7.
We
shall,
and
activity at sea
the whole of
after his
and Baglana.
into Berar
November and
part of
December 1670
December a
Early in
into
he
come
Jaswant Singh,
September
last.
Karinja,
men
of the place
were carried
vast
sums
of
woman.
money.
off for
ransom.
Only
rich province,
with
its
SACK OF KARINJA.
1670]
209
be 20,000
Ausa and
strong,
collected
soil
to the
force, reported
chauth,
raid.
first
fort.
away
In the neighbourhood of
No
resistance
was
made by
the
Mughals.
Khan-i-Zaman, the governor of Berar, moved too
slowly to intercept the raiders, and he stopped on
officiated
Bombay
Daud Khan from
to Surat, 5 February,
his
camp
*Di7.
91.
(F.
R. Surat,
1671.)
19
Dec.
Karinja
14
is
Dil.
77.
64
(bare
mention
30 E. 20.32 N.
of
Karinja.)
Sabh.
7K
210
[CH. VII.
SHIVAJI.
Khandesh was
on
there
1st
January
The
situation at the
also saved
1671
of
by the
arrival
new supreme
Mahabat
commander,
with himself
Daud Khan
of his
in order to
raise the
siege of Salhir.
He himself
men had
not yet arrived, and the few that had come with
him were scattered.
They busied themselves in
fell
Manchana
and
after
a short halt
VISIT
1671]
Shivaji
211
20,000 horse
garrison off
means
fell
The
of rope-ladders.
fighting,
and
The
1671.
January
continued.
qiladar Fathullah
Khan
his
up
They threatened
other
in
forts
the
Their
bands cut
roving
Neknam Khan,
were
quarters
Dhodap, the
at Mulhir.)
They
loftiest hill-fort in
also laid
the
siege to
Chandor range.*
from Chhatra
Sal, the
entered
the
Mahoba.
imperial
army
at
Singh's
Jai
recom r
made an adventurous
spirit,
K.
but sent
*Dil.
98-100.
Akhbarat,
K.
247-249
(gives
Salhir.)
ii.
year
another
13
story
12.
of
15.
the
T.
S.
33a.
surrender
of
212
SH1VAJI.
[CH.
rule
mence
"Illus-
trious chief
and
saying,
VII..
hostilities in
will
reputation
own
many
your
gain
and subvert
by
active
The
co-operation."
their plans,
contemporary
us that Chhatra
office
to
canto
(Chhatraprakash,
pp. 52-53 Dil. 132.)
;
men from
1
Northern India.
Pogson's
Boondelas^
CHAPTER
VIII.
1.
of
Surat
1671.
Khan
to the
pany him.
The Emperor
(Akhbarat,
13-1,
Mahabat Khan
1671
the
left
2,
8,
14,
Muazzam, and
214
[CH. VIII.
SHIVAJl.
Emperor
We
to recall him.
now
(Akh. 13-12
Dil
102.)
war in
December
1670
range.
Shivaji's men had laid siege to Dhodap, and Daud
Khan had started on the 28th of that month to relieve the fort.
But the qiladar, Muhammad Zaman,
Daud
successfully repelled the attack unaided.
Khan had next advanced to the relief of Salhir, but
had been too late to save it, as we have already
the
Chandor
seen.
the
shall
Late
In January 1671,
in
he held a
fortified
base near
sallied forth
in
he
wrong
fell
in
Baglana
Once
(Dil.
101
Akhbarat, 13-15.)
Late in January 1671, Mahabat Khan joined
Daud Khan near Chandor and the two laid siege to
Ahivant, which Shiva had recently taken. After a
month had been wasted in a fruitless exchange of
fire,
Daud
Mahabat
Khan and
Khan became
this success.
Khan, a
He had been
5-hazari,
previously treating
with discourtesy,
Daud
1671]
between them
relations
utmost.
Leaving
became
garrison
215
strained
hold
to
to
the
Ahivant,
Khan was
men and
at Parnir.
Daud
year and
many
But while
Khan attended
his troops
camp;
Mahabat!
were dying,
of the nobles
by
turns.
of Afghanistan
girls
106.)
Campaign
2.
of
Bahadur and
Dilir,
1671-72.
Battle of Salhir.
as
far
102-104.
as Nasik
Salhir,
though
Sabh.
73
says
so.
216
SHIVAJI.
laid
siege to Salhir
siege,
in
(now
Khan
Chandawat and some
Ikhlas
leaving
VIII.
[CH.
Amar
Rao
Miana,
Singh
(Dil.
107
O. C. 3567.)
all
1672, Shivaji
was
men
a vast
to raise
at
Early in January
his childhood.*
disaster
*F. R.
Jan.
Sural
106,
The town
1672.
plain
in
the
as
to
Bombay
taken
and described
Mughal arms
the
to
Puna
Khan
Ch.ack.ne
description suggests
of
all
Shivaji's
Puna and
upper
not Chakan;
the treaty of
13
is
Baglana.
Jan.
spelt
and
in
20
the
heart
the Mughals by
Surat,
Dilir
by
in
in
a very large
country."
but
This
we have no
1665 or
few
lines
Lieutenant-General,
above,
may
easily
later.
MUGHAL DEFEAT
1672]
by Shiva
left to
with
himself
217
BAGLANA.
IN
obstinate battle,
son
(the
of
wounded and
officers,*
while
common
commanders as well as
soldiers were slain, and
taken
Shortly
several thousand
by the enemy.
afterwards
was
Shivaji
back
to
Konkan unmolested.
Shivaji's prestige
constant terror
of him, as he
Baglana.
107
(Dil.
M. Gray
and
entirely
Ishwardas, 60b
in-
in,
dominated
R. Surat
F.
15
to
now
Dilir),
They were
Ahmadnagar (Dil.
released
115.)
On
time
the
and
Maratha side
t O.
C.
3633,
Surat
to
Co..
returned
to
many
Surya Rao
also
1672.
Ramaji
Kanera (Sabh. 73)
April.
fort
But the
218
SHIVAJI.
Persian
accounts
however, be sure
and the rebellion
are
[CH. VIII.
silent
that the
next,
made
it
left
with
subahdar
in
M.A. 121.)
till August 1677.
(Dil 108-109
Maratha occupation of the Koli country, 1672.
So greatly was the spirit of the Marathas roused
office
3.
la^hs of Rupees.
The
place
is
to
17
1672]
219
in fear of the
campaign.
Moro
army
week of July.
The annexation
Marathas a
the
of
short,
Kalian up Northern
his forces
activity of
raised
But
Ramnagar on
to
men,
15,000
Ramnagar
in the
Konkan
frorrj
to Surat,
and
laid that
Ramnagar.
Surat threatened for chauth.
4.
Now
The old
Dharampur.
Nagar stands 24 m. s. w.
called
now known
new capital.
as
Ramnagar,
Dharampur, the
capital
of
The
220
SHIVAJI.
demand
[CH.
in tone
last,
VIII.
which
Vgart
As your Emperor has forced
for the defence of
must be paid by
my
me
to
Government.
keep an army
his subjects.
the
speedily, then
I
to stop
my
passage."
At the
army
all
in
first
news
Maratha
the leading
and proposed
sent to
make
town
were
money was
list
of
all
the
Hindu houses
in the
But no soldiers
On
the
The
rich
wanted
waiting
till
after midnight,
but retracted
it
1672]
lakh
sion lasting a
his
221
demand
day and a
After a discus-
which he reduced
night, in
people
finally refused
as they
We
Rajahs here.
on
his
ex-chief of Jawhar,
in
kingdom
June 1672, fled to the
adjoining Mughal district of Nasik. From this place
he used to sally forth with roving bands of his own,
plunder the peasantry, and cut off communications
in the north Thana district, now in Maratha hands.
In January 1678 when Moro Trimbak invaded Nasik,
Vikram Shah joined the Mughal faujdar and offered
a vigorous resistance, but was defeated and put to
death.
His son escaped, and joining Dhara Rai
losing
Surat 21
June; Vol.
F R.
June,
1672;
November
222
SHIVAJI.
The Rajah
losing
his
wrong
in
of
[CH.
Ramnagar
kingdom
(June
saying that he
fled
1672.)
to
T.
VIII.
Devnes on
S.
(40a)
is
Pant.
5.
Khandesh and
into
From
in
1672,
but raid
Jadav
(the
failure,
men
of
their
(October.)
Khan was
Dilir
"four
great
regiments
of
horse"
weakened
army
to
Bombay
to Surat,
18 October,
in F.
R. Surat
106.
On
25th
October,
large
Maratha
army
1672]
appeared
223
MARATHAS CHASED
IN
Ramnagar
at
again,
BERAR.
in
alarm, especially as a party of Shivaji's horse advanced to Chikli. But that city was not Shivaji's
objective now.
He made
He
Mughal Empire.
and
and
fort,
ransom.
off to
pursue the
first
division, while
Bahadur Khan
*Di7.
116,
120-122
(full.)
224
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
VIII.
pursued
till
many
evening,
at
Durga-
The
division of
10,000 imperialists
left
of the pass of
Durgapur ?) After an
obstinate battle, in which the Mughals were reinforced by their general, the Marathas retreated,
leaving 400 of their number dead in the field. The
Bakapur,
six
miles
(from
Subh-Karn,
whose
gallant
off
Dilir
into
son
Khan headed
Bijapur territory,
rejoining
under
capturing
Bahadur Khan.
general cantoned
That
s.
e.
(Mov.-Dec, 1672.)*
*
It
M. A.
is
128,
probably
among
this
campaign that is
news of 1673,
the Court
referred
in
to
in
the following
1673]
225
Mughals.
(Dil
Maratha
activity,
in
Desk, 1673.
of
KhandeshA
They
over by the
122-'5.)
Desultory fighting
6.
now won
Puna
district.
Bahadur
grew up from
their
permitted him to
name Bahadur-garh.
126.)
(Dil.
them
with
Dalpat
to
the
Emperor,
after
spoils
who viewed
forced
and sent
them on
22 Oct."
*
15
&c.
KhanX7
226
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
VIII.
municate with
his great
at
for
exactly as Aurangzib's
puri,
90 miles
later,
when
the
s.
e.
e.
of
it,
some years
camp
at
after
Brahma-
further
south.
Shivaji
of
strategic
importance,
as
it
guarded
Puna
district
the
Mughal
and blocked
North
Konkan
to
* But Z.
C. asserts that
in Sept.
1670.
he besieged Junnar
(i.e.,
Shivner)
227
673]
to Islam
servants
and one
of
of the
most
Aurangzib.
faithful
Shivaji
and valued
promised
him
Maratha hands
the Marathk
informed Bahadur Khan of the plot
fell
an
ambuscade
into
planned
army
by the\
;
(Fryer,
Raids
7.
i.
into
in
339-340.)
Kanara and
S.
Maharashtra,
1673.
a wide door of
AH
conquest was now opened to the Marathas.
Adjl Shah II. di ed on 24th Nov., 1672, and in a few
months the Government of i^ijapur~fefl into disorder
and weakness. This was Shivaji's opportunity. On
5th March 1673, he got possession of Panhala a
second time, by bribery, and early in September he
secured the hill-fort of Satara by the same means.
In
May
his
men under
Pratap
Rao Gujar
burst into
rich
cities.
who
end
to military operations,
this region
(B.
228
[CH. VIIL
SHIVAJI.
397-399
Surat
O. C. 3779
16
No. 805
Sep.,
F. R. Surat 106,
Dutch
1673;
Bombay
Records,
Vol.
to
31,
O. C. 3800.)
As Mr. Gerald
of
though
it
is
may
fall
want
of provisions,
keep them
and
my will
hisjlying ar
in alarm, nor
is it
war
to their
own
constantly
Umarahs maintain a
it
violently so as to
and
was reported
weakness.*
to
ing
many
rich towns,
led
by Shiva
*F.
R.
Surat
106,
O. C. 3910; F. R. Surat
Bomb, to Surat,
Karwar to Surat,
88,
10
17
Oct.,
Dec.
1673
229
1673]
to
Khan
8.
Umrani and
Nesari.
was probably
It
of
this
November or December
was campaigning in
in
while
year,
Shivaji
Chit.
Nesari);
Z.
(meagre.)
126
C.
Babse Navari
(has
names
the
place
for
Narayan
counter
of
who
hills,
is
Duff's
to
the
to
suggests Nesari,
It
is
hills,"
to
recall
the en-
narrow
rest
of
(F.
so
that
Vol.
88.)
the army,
R.
Surat,
was intercepted by
Bijapur. There is no
general
way
in
fell in
Shenvi
Umrani
Khan
Shivaji's
271
Dig.
Nesari.)
Nivti.
18
m.
Jesari in the
w. of Belgaum
n.
no doubt situated
the Marathas at
in
across rugged
miles
hills,
s.
maps.
(Sh. 41
N. W.)
critic
Nesari stands 83
city
the
Umrani on
to
this
identification.
w. of Panhala in a straight
line,
route
230
SHIVAJI.
dominions
by
Satara-Panhala
the
strategic
[CH.
route.
VIII.
this
If
return
places.
Pratap
chief,
Rao
artillery,
Bahlol's
Bijapur,
and
to
battle
were
is
raged
slain
at
least
200 miles.
It
very far
is
hilly
nook.
brought Bahlol
to
this
him
to
plunder,
region for
If
the
battle-field
was
place
away from
there
motive
that
was no
rich
no Maratha outpost
correctly
named
to
W.)
off
Nesari,
could
city
to
it
in
have
this
break up.
must have
it by a frequented road.
Is Nesari a copyist's
There are two places of the latter name
(Sh. 40 S.
Bijapur,
error for
near
Nigva?
Kclhapur
1674]
231
SoA
commit any further hostility against Shivaji.
the Maratha army withdrew, instead of following up \
their success and capturing the whole of the stricken /
enemy force.
The Bijapuris with
back on Tikota
(13
the Southern
of
parts
victory.
'
again
me
between two
censure,
hills."
Smarting under his master's
he threw generalship to the winds, and
swarm
The
gallant seven
of foes,
232
SHIVAJI.
who were
the Marathas
leader
their
greatly
"a
river
[CH.
disheartened by the
of
blood flowed."
of Pratap
VIII.
fall
of
Shivaji
Rao and
re-
Mohite* commander-in-chief
in succession to
The new
commander-in-chief's
name
is
given as Hasaji
pursuit,
Bahlol
back
Raigarh,
converted
to
only
the
Bijapur.
month
defeat
army
into
victory,
and chased
Anand Rao
Pratap Rao.
1674]
233
back on
it,
he
fell
base (Parnir?)
his
further into
Kanara,
city of
in Bahlol's jagir,
of booty.
of
other prize.
*
(March, 1674.) t
The whole
of this paragraph
is
based upon
Narayan Shenvi's letter of 4th April 1674 (F. R. Surat, Vol. 88)
and the Dutchman Vain Reade's letter of 15th Dec. 1674,
(Dutch Records,
Vol.
32,
No.
824),
which
latter
calls
the
pillaged bazar
other
Sabhasad
refers
names
to
to
this
till
next morning.
slain in Husain's
elephants,
many
army.
camels,
and property beyond calculation. His whole army was desZ. C. says that
See also Chitnis, 146; Dig. 339.
troyed."
towards the end of March 1674, the Marathas looted Sampgaon
and
that
Anand Rao
234
SHIVAJl.
[CH.
VIII.
Bahlol Khan,
afterwards.
the elephants]
desperate,
became
and being
had
to
abandon
a
r Tir
*
Jgg__
Rao
raT
It
to fifi^
retreated
rapidly
1,000 horses
a long distance."
with
his
booty to
Shiva's
dominions,
9.
left it
Defeat of
Dilir
Khan, Jan.
1674.
):
various
end of January
Khan hath
*
"Pilir
Sabhasad,
Hambir Rao's
booty.
unmolested and
with
all
their
1674]
235
Siddis
outbreaks of vigour.
his
horses
throughout his
dominions in
Oxinden's Letter,
The eve of
21
making a survey
Narayan Shenvi's
Vol. 86;
No. 840.
O. C.
May,
1674.)
Shivaji's
3906
letter
and
coronation
affords
of his territorial
3939;
236
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
VIII.
what
his
possession of
its
the ports
all
pinge
on
that
of
the
Savants
Vadi
of
were then
called),
the
(or
and
after
and
all
He had
Kolaba
district
from the
What he ceded
of
its
sole master.
to the
districts,
intact.
From
67
Most
1 .
Maratha
the
activities in
annexation
of
1671
Baglana
of
the
in
Nasik
district)
1674]
237
route to Baglana
and Khandesh.
and P pnda
in l675"." ^Thus his boundary in 1675 extended beyond the Kolhapur district well into western
Karnatak or Kanara uplands.
The
full
extent of his
kingdom
at his
death (1680)
XV.
n.
CHAPTER
The Coronation of
IX.
Shivaji
and after.
16741676.
Why
and
Shivaji
wanted
Shivaji
his
to
be crowned.
had
ministers
felt
long
the
crowned
king.* True, he had
conquered many lands and
gathered much wealth he had a strong army and
navy and exercised powers of life and death over
men, like an independent sovereign. But theoretically his position was that of a subject to the Mughal
Emperor he was a mere zamindar to Adil Shah he
practical disadvantages of his not being a
of the English
preter
Feber
Vingurla),
(of
Vols. 88 and
Sabhasad
the
(81-84),
last
Persian
being
MS.
preserved
in
Factory
Records,
Surat,
3,
unreliable
extremely
39a,
and
imaginary.
The
confirms the
contemporary
European records in some particulars in a surprising manner.
I
find
when
that
first
Tarikh-i-Shivaji,
the
Bombay
Gazetteer asserts,
coronation
in
1674
the
i.
355.
what
bakhar imputes
ceremonies which
this
Family
suspected
to Shivaji's
history of
Gaga Bhatta
239
ADVANTAGES OF CORONATION.
1674]
He
of a vassal jagirdar.
could not
subject,
and continuity
of the public
He
of a State.
it
act of a sovereign.
It
is
also
clear
that
the rise
created
much
families
status. These
jealousy
men
among
the
Bhonslas
other
Maratha
of
the
and sneered
It
was
at Shivaji as
240
[CH. IX.
SHIVAJI.
of Bijapur
too, had
begun to look up to Shivaji as the champion of
Hinduism, and wished to see the Hindu race elevated
to~lhe
v
of his
assertion
Dig. 412.)
Shivaji recognised by
2.
Gaga Bhatta
as
a Kshatriya.
According
Hindu
member
scriptures,
caste can
homage
be
of
only a
legally
Hindu
to
the ancient
of the Kshatriya
popularly known to
other twice-born caste, but meretniexs*Joi_jhe
as Shivaji 's great grandfather
was
still
soil,
remembered
all
parts of India
tion of Shivaji,
only
declared a Kshatriya.
1674]
241
the
known
pliant,
scriptures
as the
sentatives
Ramchandra.
(Dig.
huge
and
like
officiate
fee,
Shiva.
410-12.)
He
as
high priest
at
to visit
the
advancing
many
Maharashtra
coronation of
was welcomed
all
his
officers
him on
the way.
3.
242
[CH. IX.
SHIVAJI.
sweets for
four
Chitnis asserts,
greatest
shown by Shiva
numerous guests
Brahmans,
and
visitors,
the ceremony.
found to
guru
his chagrin.
Ramdas Swami
Henry (Jxinden,
The unhappy
discarded
now
wife of Shahji,
an
irresistible
243
1674]
Shri
she
Satakarni,
gloried
the
in
victorious
glory
of
her
kind Providence
only to enable
her to witness the scene of his coronation, for she
famous
visited
it.
Then he
most
life
set out
on a round
shrines
in
May,
of
the
of worship at the
land.
and
Chiplun
was
after
adoring
Parashuram in the great temple there, he returned to
Raigarh on the 12th. Four days afterwards he again
early
1674,
many
other costly
gifts.
of
succession.
his
and
244
his
SHIVAJI.
own
[CH.
IX..
The next
of Northern India.
step
was
to teach
him
demanded
that
all
should
be
him
into the
chanted
in
his
hearing,
Hindu king
because
the
who
Exactly
the
same kind of
trouble
has
been given by
M.M. Haraprasad
reciting some of
mumbling them in such a way
ears of Shivaji
(39a)
Shastri suggests
The
T.
S.
245
1674]
in
the
among
7,000
Brahmans,
He was
time.
iron,
gold,
as well as very
nails (sic),
own
life-
and
getting
17,000.
silver,
tin,
lead
camphor,
salt,
copper, zinc,
fine linen,
Brahmans
are reverend
royal servants.
worshipping
men.
They ought
God.'
It
is
So he removed
all
the
posts
Brahmans
in
their
from
places.
246
[CH. IX,
SHIVAJI.
for
him
to
pay compensation
to the
of
4
'
for this
Scene of
5.
All
his
disqualifications
moved with
begun. The
ceremony.
mortification
Shivaji's Coronation.
gold,
It
5th of June
had
of
to
the
be spent
flesh,
like
of the grand
in self-restraint
the
re-
was now
night
of
and
vigil
itself.
The
essential parts of a
Hindu
king's coronation
247
CORONATION BATH.
1674]
on
down.
behind.
(ashta-pradhan),
who
heads
of
rivers,
the
round
his
Then
head
to scare
away
waved
the lights
evil influences.
248
[CH. !X.
SHIVAJI.
down
hanging
with velvet.
throne,''
labour in
reject
in festoons.
In the centre
Sabhasad's
maunds
of
statement
gold (worth
that
14
lakhs
it
contained
32
of
Rupees),
we
They supported
On
tiger skin
below and
emblems
several
among
horses'
tails
(the
insignia
and on the
of
royalty
lance-head.
All these
249
1674]
These
Hindu
latter
to
ideas.
As
Shivaji
mounted the
made
among the
gold
and
were
silver
assembled throng.
Sixteen
showered
up
their voices
The crowd
in
who bowed
to
them
in return.
' '
kingdom
pearls
over
his
head,
paramount sovereign
The Brahmans stepped forward and poured
their blessings on his head.
The Rajah gave away
vast sums of money and gifts of every kind to them
and to the assembled beggars and general public.
"He performed
the Hindus.
throne and
his
and
cloth,
and arms.
letters
of appointment,
Sanskrit
250
[CH. IX.
SHIVAJI.
hitherto
titles
current
offices,
were
and the
abolished.
"
(Sabh.)
the
high-priest
Gaga
Bhatta,
courtiers
at
and
visitors
By
this
time
it
was
The
diamond
ring as an offering
Rajah.
ordered them to
come
to
of the
to the
strangers
and
them back.
6.
When
251
1674]
and band.
houses and roads
flags, artillery
their
The
in a
The housewives
occasion.
fried
flowers,
rice,
holy
gifts
to all the
The more
distinguished pandits
coronation
the
and
the
Probably
monsoon
the
after
day
some
time,
ceremony.
the
the
state or
Shortly before he
(Letter of Oxinden, 27
under date 8 June.)
with
to
On
He
took
the
sacred
this
third
thread.
May
wife
Z.
Oxinden's Memorial
two days
C.
says
after
that
his
investiture
marriage was
shall not be wrong
the
in
252
[CH. IX.
SHIVAJI.
died on
When
7.
The
(Dutch Records.)
event,
quotes
ceremony and
pagodas."
He
the
popular
distribution
evidently
of
means
report
largess
the
"this
that
cost
150,000
money spent
in
But even
and
when
all
price
of
made
for
the
hun or
8.
fifty
lakhs of Rupees.
1674]
253
His
As
early as
Court that
1674.)
movement was
first
May
1674
Khan,
Dilir
it
Bahadur Khan.
of the Maratha
against
was the
talk
most, having
was
struck
much
July, a
body
of
false demonstra-
tion
from
cantonments
his
at
Pedgaon,
when
his tents.
May
Surat, 21
(F. jR.
swooped
defenceless camp,
in
and burnt
Shivaji
Emperor,
Aug.,
1674.)
The
state of
languidly.
Rustam-i-Zaman
general
II.,
September and October Maratha bands spread northwards into the Koli country, giving repeated alarms
to the port of Surat.
254
[CH. IX.
SHIVAJI.
army commanded by
Late in October, a
Deccan plateau,
Bahadur
skirted
to
Among
middle of Dec.)
other
places
Nov.,
1674
Dungom
to
JR.
107,
Surat,
Bomb,
10
to Surat 2
Dec.
O.
C.
4062.)
* F. R.
Surat, 3, Consult. 6
Aug. Vol.
O. C. 4062.
;
87,
Surat to
Bomb.
1675]
255
killed a
(Fryer,
i.
332.)
At the end
on the town
those of
many
27 Feb.,
Bomb,
to Surat,
1675.)
9.
Bahadur Khan,
1675.
Shivaji next
how
a
to
it
before*'
22 May, 1675.
t False overtures
F. R. Surat
107,
of
Bomb,
Bomb.
peace
with
to Surat,
15
the
June and
17
Mughals
in
1675
O. C. 4077;
July, also Letter from
27 Feb.
1675;
256
[CH. IX.
SHIVAJI.
Shah by the
Mughals
and to secure his northern
frontier during the siege of Ponda.
It was proposed that Shivaji should cede 17 of
his forts to Aurangzib and send his son Shambhuji
with a contingent to serve under the Mughal
subahdar, while the Emperor would create Shambhu
a commander of 6 thousand horse, and grant Shiva
The
all the country on the right bank of the Bhima.
Shiva
out.
negotiations were
deliberately spun
"demurred to sending his son to the Mughal general
until he had better security for his safety."
Bahadur
for the invasion of Bijapur,
Khan
in
who
sent
reply a farman
Shiva's
past
"What
that
should
seek
with
you? Go
me
hence
peace
you will be disgraced."
Bahadur Khan, ashamed at being thus outwitted
and anxious to cover his foolish credulity and diplomatic defeat by some striking success, hurriedly
I
quickly, or
J.
(7
Child, 7 August;
July,
1675.)
Dil 134135;
B. 5.
4012;
M. A.
142
1675]
257
BIJAPUR.
But the
Court.
by these peace
and
Ponda, he
overtures,
was hastening to
siege of
captured Kolhapur (March) but failed at Raibagh.
little later another division of his army ranged far
Shiva
the
eastwards,
tories,
especially
Yadagiri
and
two
terri-
towns
near
Haidarabad, "bringing away a great deal of richesbesides many rich persons" held to ransom. At the
same time
his
men robbed
The
* F.
R. Surat
88,
Savant- vadi,
boundary.
At,
17
just
Veruda may be
from Khokele.
(Ind.
but
Rajapur to Surat
April, Karwar to
There is a Khokele, 7 m. e. of Maneri
41 S.
outside
the
present
W.)
Portuguese
Suda
fort.
258
[CH. IX.
SHIVAJI.
be described
and Kanara.
will
on South Konkan
in the chapter
War
At
(O. C. 4139
Dil. 140.)
end
this
of March.
west of
we
hindrance or danger."
to Surat,
Jan. and 9
1
Pindval,
11
m.
s.
e.
of
Painecah.
w. of Pindval, or Panaj, 9 m.
24 N. E.)
Dharampur,
is
n.
in
the
Dharampur
Dharampur.
(Ind.
At.,
Surat.
men
R.
at
hand, he
4,000
to
89, Surat to
On
left
army
of his
(F.
259
676]
the
through
The terms
Madanna.
of
Golkonda minister
were that the
the
of this treaty
Rupees down
as subsidy for
as a gift
district.
this
of
year (1676), he
his
405-414
life,
;
set out
F.
24 July 1676.)
R.
Surat
89,
Karnatak.
Rajapur
to
(B.
S.
Surat,
CHAPTER
X.
1 .
Kanara,
its
rulers
and
trade.
Bombay
owned
the overlordship of
the coast-strip
over
directly
from Karwar (south of Goa) to Mirjan (14*30 N. Lat.),
leaving the inland districts in the hands of feudatory
chiefs,
Presidency)
which ruled
Bijapur,
most important.
the
lay
was then
at
Bednur.
it
district,
261
of the Sultan.
1660]
"The
of Sunda,
known
pepper, though
thence."
(Fryer,
is
of the growth
in
five
ii.
days'
42.)
journey
of]
Karwar
distant
from
ii,
(Bom.
pp. 123-125.)
call its
for
124.)
1649
English
262
[CH. X.
SHIVAJI.
much
trade
This country
x.
After
the
disastrous
failure
neighbours.''
Rajapur.
Afzal
of
marched
had
Rustam-i-Zaman
(October,
all its
175.)
Shivaji* s
2.
is
(Bom. Gaz.,
Khan,
against
Shivaji
show of
hostility
king.
The
being his
a secret alliance with Shivaji
queen-regent,
Bari Sahiba,
little
The
towns."
to Rajapur,
which was
at first spared,
belonged to Rustam-i-Zaman,
who
is
"because
a friend
it
of
Shivaji."
Rajapur.)
On
made
the
his
fall
escape
of
to
defeated governor
three junks of
with
Rajapur
Dabhol,
its
263
ENGLISH FILIBUSTERERS.
1660]
The
by order of
his master Rustam-i-Zaman, received the junks and
landed their cargoes. In the meantime Shivaji had
encountered and routed near Panhala, the combined
armies of Rustam and Fazl Khan (the son of Afzal.)
pectively.
The
latter,
who
magistrate of Rajapur,
lost many
who had made a
mere show
loss,
Adil-Shahi territory.
1660, F.
and there
make
sat
still,
while
their incursions in
R. Rajapur.)
The news
who
alarmed Rustam's
agent
escape to the open
Rajapur,
sea in one of the junks arrived from Dabhol. From
at
this
tried to
first
collision
between the
English and the Marathas, but its real cause was not
any hindrance offered by Shivaji to the legitimate
trade of the
It
was
solely
one
of
of
East India
Company
due
to the greed
the
Company's
or
its
servants.
officers,
bill
for
it,
falsely in
the
money
Diamond,
264
[ch. X.
SHIVAJI.
device
this
for
escaping
capture
by the
town
for the
The
of the
largest
by the English,
mouth
of the creek,
11
Balji,
miles west
Surat, Vol.
Company, 6 April
1660, F. R.
85.)
him
too,
1660]
265
to
On
Revington wrote a
13th February,
letter to
Shivaji
enemies
this
to those
who
But before
a bribe."
1660.)
Shivaji
condemned
town
it,
"commanded
all
town and
port.
20 February.)
come from Shivaji, Mr.
(Ibid,
iespatched a party of 30
soldiers,
who
waylaid the
266
[ch. X.
SHIVAJI.
10
by
force.
(Ibid,
23
February.)
The Dutch
army which
(i.e.,
had penetrated to near Bijapur was forced to withdraw after being defeated in a bloody battle by the
combined Bijapur and Golkonda troops (late March
(Dutch Records, Trans., Vol.
No. 651.)
23,
attack
same
in the
Company's
In
official attitude
June
1660,
while
was
and
correct
Siddi
Jauhar,
neutral.
acting
on
fort,
behalf of the
Bijapur
Panhala
Shivaji in
doubtedly
will
besieged."
bribed to go to the Bijapuri
balls
camp
outside Panhala
and help
in the
Shivaji
December
punished
next,
this
when
breach of
he
neutrality
surprised
in
Rajapur,
Philip Gyffard,
as prisoners.
1663]
to Waisati, then to
first
Songarh
267
(a fort 3 miles n.
w.
Mahad in the Kolaba district), and finally to Raigarh. They were released after more than three
of
MSS., Vol.
In
friendly
155, pp.
March
1-21.)
1663,
turn
to
Shiva's
Palkar,
Netaji
Shivaji.
terri-
50 miles a day.
up the
to give
self
defeated
plan
Shivajis
of
North
raiding
letter
Shahi
from him
Court
come within
went there
five
But Tarikh-i-Ali
went
II.,
in
leagues
Bankapur to
of Bednur in person.
to
103,
to Surat,
of
160-164.
direct
of
the
Bijapur
in
B.
S.
(also
the
says
of
Netaji.
that
Ali
268
[ch. X.
SHIVAJI.
were
at first
Rahim
Bahlol Khan, in
Adil Shah
were soon opened to the king.
summoned Bahlol Khan, Shahji and other officers
from the Karnatak, who came by forced marches and
waited on the king on the bank of the Warda (an
affluent of the Tungabhadra.)
Bahlol and Shahji
were at once arrested and placed in chains (end of
June 1663), but Shahji was released in two days,
though he continued to be deprived of his command
for some time.
The Bijapuri invasion of Kanara
had already begun. (F. R. Surat 103, Gyffard to
Surat, 8th April and 20th July 1663.)
gates
3.
Shivappa Nayak*,
first
as regent
for
and then
as king,
his conquests
to the
* In
the
Persian
Gangavati
At the
histories
of
river, includ-
close of his
Bijapur
he
life his
called
is
which
is
Gazetteer,
places
his
death
in
Karwar
to Surat,
1670.
at
18th
the
April
But
close
the
of
1664.)
English
1663.
factory
(Surat,
records
Vol.
104,
663]
269
He had
some other
forts
kingdom.
Pt.
ii,
pp. 122-123.)
368-370
F.
On
21st
November
II.
R. Surat
103,
Karwar
to
Surat,
(B.S.
28th
We
region.
By way
of Kolhapur
"all the
270
[CH. X.
SHIVAJI.
that
"all
the
Muhammadan
governors
as
far
as
Singclay and Dutchole were fled," and in consequence the petty robbers on the route became more
In June Shivaji returned from
active than usual.
In
July
the
Bijapur
Vadi and other petty Rajahs and try to drive Shivaji 's
men out of Rajapur and Kharepatan. But nothing
was done, as "there was juggling between them, and
he remained possessed of all." (Ibid, 20th July 1663,
Vol. 86, Surat to Co., 20th
In
punishment
of
November
1663.)
Rustam-i-Zaman's
secret
Ikhlas
kept
it permanently
Rustam's agent
in his
own
hands.
(Ibid.)
by such molestation of
MORE TROUBLES
1664]
IN
BEDNUR.
271
traders,
established at Karwar.
14th
August
(F.
R. Surat, Vol.
2,
Consult.,
1663.)
4.
Iliyas
two sides
By
Fryer,
Khan was
Karwar
in
transferred
and
41-42.)
from
Muhammad
the
have
Ikhlas
Government
of
Shiveshwar
of
i.
this
his
(or
friends
Halekot),
272
[CH. X.
SHIVAJI.
at the
Karwar 23rd
104,
Any
now
July
serious attack
was diverted
in
half of
condition.
and
all
all
embroiled in
civil
and
he
is
a terror to
all
more
and uncontrolled,
He
now fitted up
them down to Bhatkal
hath
and
and thereabouts, whilst he intends
four
sent
vessels
him
journey
down
that
to his fleet
to
meet them
The news
he
is intercepted in his
a
by
party of this king's
It
is
evidently
this
Basatin-i-Salatin, 373-375
battle
that
is
referred
to
in
the
Shah
Shiva.
to
beg
Before
Jai
to a castle
in pursuit
stir."
273
OFTEN RAIDED.
BIJAPURl TERRITORY
1664]
(F.
[not
R. Surat, Vol.
Surat to
86,
26th
Co.,
opposition,
all
that
is
in a
confused condition,
hath committed
Shivaji
all
trade
is lost...
The
rebel
many
robberies since that of Surat, and hath possessed himself of the most considerable ports belonging to
officers
together
to
close
Sarwar
them
and heartened
despair.
quarters
(the
and
fought
fire
in
the
severe
the
midst
Bijapuris
battle,
of
their
advanced
losing
Siddi
officers.
The defeat of the Muslims seemed
when Khawas Khan charged sword in hand his
followed him fearlessly in one body, and Shivaji was
18
274
[ch. X.
SHIVAJI.
every port to
Persia,
Mocha, etc."
He
Rustam's soldiers
ed,
had "begun
5.
.1665]
275
marched
to
Ankola
(nine
all
miles
northwards) with
with the
North Konkan.
On
the 22nd he
came
to
Karwar.
The
Khan and
town
very night,
him not
to enter the
the utmost.
Sher
town
as
he would
resist
him
to
the
the kingdom
*
The
of
Bijapur."
Shivaji,
therefore,
Mecca.
276
[ch. X.
SHIVAJI.
his
army
at the
mouth
of
From
he departed, which the governor of the town hearing, they persuaded all the merchants to agree to
send him [Shivaji] a present lest he should recall
his fleet, which lay on this side of Salsette."
(F. R.
Surat, Vol. 104, Karwar to Surat, 14th March, 1665.)
To
this
Company's property in Karwar, worth 8,000 hun. "With this Shivaji departed
on 23rd February, very unwillingly, saying that Sher
Khan had spoiled his hunting at the Holt, which is a
*
time he generally attempts some such design."
*
Shivaji's
Surat,
Vol.
March
1665.
loot
104,
of
Basrur
Karwar
to
and
Surat,
visit
28th
to
Karwar
January
F.
and
R.
14th
1665]
(early in
Vingurla
277
chief returned
March.)
away
Shivaji to
some
for
Bijapuris recover
6.
and
lose S.
Konkan,
By
Mughals
The
time.
left
Shivaji free to
affairs of
Bijapur also
1665,
1665) the
confusion at this
Khan
Bahlol
arrival.
The
10,000
brave
between
Afghans,
sow
to
dissension
The
of their jagirs.
Karwar
to Surat, 29th
The
port
of
bad
worse.
to
August
is
four
District,
the
miles
also
of
east
known
as
Bednore Rajahs," 5.
spell
the
(F.
R. Ibid,
1665.)
Basrur
Kanara
affairs of
fell
into disfavour
Coondapur
Barcelore.
in
"The
the
South
principal
name
278
at
[CH. X.
SHIVAJI.
Court
and
the
governor
of
Mirjan
rebelled.
(August 1665.)
other places in
now an
that
ally of the
after
country
Muhammad
Ikhlas,
2,000
including several
soldiers
men
of
of note.
Jai
7.
Shivaji
and Rustam,
Novem-
1666.
Shivaji
2,000
men under
Muhammadan
officer to
besiege
1666]
The
Ponda.*
resisted
garrison
279
months
two
for
of Siddi Jauhar)
On
back
he
intercepted
friendly
Shivaji's
the
way
letters
to
luctantly
following a
10
m.
s.
8.
Ponda
e.
The
the
Portuguese,
18th
Ratnagiri
F. R. Surat
104,
"Deccan News,"
Ponda,
letter
century.
district,
after
It
some previous
is
33 m.
quite
n.
failures,
different
annexed
from Phonda,
of Savant-vadi,
frontier-
to the latter.
though
it
in
in
the
the
two
280
[ch. X.
SHIVAJI.
soldiery to a
in public.
hill
Muhammad Khan
he surprised and routed the soldiers left in the siegecamp, and after a long and well contested fight defeated the rest of the Maratha army who had hurried
back from the hill. Thus the siege of Ponda was
raised after the poor men in it had been driven to
eat leaves for the last three days.
"This business,
is generally
thought, hath quite broken the long
continued friendship between Rustam-i-Zaman and
Rustam hath taken now Ponda, Kudal,
Shivaji.
it
five
Shivaji."*
8.
Shivaji
Konkan
Kanara,
this interval
his
or
being the
opponents during
Portuguese and the Siddis. The English merchants
and
Sankulli, 8
m.
Bicholim, 7 m.
e.
n.
of
Goa,
e.
of
in Portuguese territory,
and Duchole
Goa
town.
The
(fnd. At., 41 N.
is
last
mistake
for
W. and
S.
W.)
668]
of
281
of Shiva in
1668 and
and "keeping
still
at
conquer the
smuggled
territory of
into the
towns of
Goa by
stratagem.
this State
his
under various
disguises,
hoping
He
400 to 500 of
when
that
and
their
was roused.
He made
a narrow search in
army
men
all his
towns, arrested
and
Then he
own hand
On
hearing of
foot
and
Goa
in
marched
it
Shivaji
ear,
person.
and turned
of his territory.
From
the north of
them
against
Rajapur he
282
[ch. x~
SHIVAJI.
Surat,
November and
2th
16th
December,
1668.
F. R. Surat 105.)
for his
the
up arms
in the
to reinstate
he occupied Bijapuri
of
hun a
territory,
year,
rebellion,
the
By
the middle of
forts
of
for several
Mirjan
months
The death of
*F. R. Surat
Ali Adil
106,
Karwar
Shah
II.
to Surat.
Kanara, 1673.
(on 24th
November
20th September,
3Ut
SACK OF HUBL1.
1673]
283
1672)
of
Khan
chastised
Sunda from
its
Co.,
Company
factors
(May
1673.)
first
broad-cloth in
it
to their general
who
the
the
the
following
the
November
Karwar
that
goods
1673.)
of
factory,
port
English
affords
us."
and
19th
where we
sell
(F.
R. Surat
87,
July,
(O.
C. 3779.)
Maratha
Sabhasad,
70,
1st
May,
November.
1673 or
1st
be judged from
merchants
Hubli,
of Hubli can
the
1675.)
may
284
[CH. X.
SHIVAJI.
When
complained
to
that
soldiers,
fiefs.
The great fort of Belgaum remained in
hands and also many strong places between Goa
and Kanara (June, 1673.) Adil Shah sent a large army
of his
his
to
In June Bahlol
Khan
all
their roving
In
August he
own
who
is still
spoken of as "pressing
condition."
fell
ill
at Miraj
(September.)
285
1673]
towns,
(20 miles
for
hill
near Hubli.
The bulk
September and
Surat,
17th
Though
Karwar
to
O. C. 3910; Fryer,
ii.
10th October,
December
31,
1673.
Vol. 88,
No. 805.)
Kanara
had
been
freed
from
16th
106,
S. 399.
Bombay
the
Mian
to Surat,
286
[ch. X.
SHIVAJI.
it was said,
Adil
Shah
had
to conduct
and
by
be
could
before
he
war
a long
suppressed. The two
sides continued to have skirmishes with varying suc-
new
viceroy.
for lack of
last
pay
and Shiveshwar)
ended by
II.,
as the
followers deserted
him
Karwar, Ankola
surrendered without a blow, and
all
his wife
being
Shivaji
Narsa
living at
retaliation.
In
October Rustam
wazir, to
Surat 88,
Karwar
October, 1674.)
to Surat,
1674]
Kudal
about
four
[=Vingurla], one of
came with
3,000
hours
[journey]
287
from
soldiers
surprise
the
here
Annaji
fortress
armed
Ponda,
but
himself,
there
pre-
pardon of the
Mughal Government through the Khan's mediation
and promising to cede the imperial forts he had
own
that
in Jai
on
his territory
and began
composure of mind.
* Invasion
of
May; Rajapur
May; 3rd and
70
Delusive
(scanty.)
O. C.
4077.
to Surat,
1st
peace
offer
Orme
to
3rd, 21st
and
31st
Sabh.
Mughals, B. 5. 401
288
[ch. X.
SHIVAJI.
11.
Kanara
In
March
coast, 1675.
army of 15,000
and
cavalry, 14,000 infantry
10,000 pioneers with pickaxes, crow-bars and hatchets, etc.
Arriving at Rajapur (22nd March), he spent three days there, ordering
forty small ships to go to Vingurla with
all speed
and there wait for fresh commands. Next he
marched to his town of Kudal, and early in April
laid siege to Ponda, the most important Bijapuri fort
near Goa. While he was prosecuting the siege,
another division of his army plundered Atgiri in Adilterritory and two other large cities near
Shahi
He began
the siege of
Ponda on
made
down
ments
the
riches,
for sitting
surrender.
into
only
four
guese
Zaman had
too
little
money
But
neutrality.
or
men
Goa and
Rustam-i-
to attempt the
were
all
to
289
7675]
He
him.
12 feet
from the
fort
and
The Portuguese,
behind
it.
Ponda
their
fearing that
if
Shiva took
good as lost,
provisions and some
as
bracelets,
Khan wrote
them
the
to
Bijapur.
in
chains.
So
290
[CH. X.
SHIVAJI.
whose
He
forces
make no
were now
set free
On
visited
Marathas
in
Kanara uplands.
Marathas.
The
paign.
his
rainy season
Bahlol
army
at Miraj.
Shiva at
into the
Sunda
"They
finding
1675]
291
Whurwa
?)
men and
places.
to Surat, 27th
August
of
1675.)
The
dalvi,
who had
who
new
in their turn
conquests
he squeezed the
(Bom.
But Bijapur was now in the
grip of a civil war, the Adil-Shahi State was hastening to a dissolution, and Shivaji's possession of South
desais,
i,
128.)
292
[CH. X.
SH1VAJI.
till
July,
up
to
him
formerly possessed by
on conclusion
and Sera,
and
the southward
of the peace,
CHAPTER
XI.
Naval Enterprises.
1.
The
The Abyssinians
expansion
of
of the
Shivajfs
West Coast.
rule
across
the
on the
mainland stands the town of Rajpuri, and two miles
south-east of the latter is Danda. But these two
towns are regarded as one place and formed the
the Rajpuri creek.
it,
From
on
in practical
that,
coast to
Bijapur,
that
294
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
Siddi
chief
as
military aristocracy
their constitution
succeeded to the
were hardy
governorship.
The Abyssinians
power
of
skilful
tion as soldiers
The
fleet,
estima-
and administrators.
7th century
he was
officially
should be either
made an
ally
or rendered
and
inland
1659]
295
and trade
centres,
made
it
On
Danda-Rajpuri and
to the
owner
imperatively
owner should
its
adjacent district
was necessary
The
necessity to him.
2.
1648 Shivaji
Ghonsala,
them
come down to us. The Siddi had too small an
army to defy the regular Maratha forces on land, and
has
is
clear
house."
Very
little
Khan who
"an enemy
like the
mice
(Sabh. 67.)
activity
and able
advancing
leader.
against
In
Shivaji
from
the
east
with
296
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
formidable
Bijapuri
Khan
Fath
army,
the
seized
army
Bijapur
when
Next
Kay Savant
of
Vadi,
vassal
loyal
of
Bijapur,
general)
in a single
To
force, five to
Ballal Atre,
who
forced his
way
to the sea-coast.
The
and
rains,
after a
up
their
But their
itself.
success
opened
weakness
1661),
batteries
in artillery
in the
and following
against
Janjira
defeated their
great
slaughter
(early
Raghunath
1659)
Ballal
replaces
him
Baji Pasalkar fought the Kay Savant, both being slain Shiva
merchants
captures Danda-Rajpuri (Aug. 1661.) The English
in
the
of Rajapur write
on
10 Oct.
1659,
(F.
R.
SIDDIS
1662]
297
hold was
67
the Siddi
left to
on the mainland.
(Sabh.
Chit. 66.)
But
this
the Siddi
the
starvation,
was Shiva's
and make his
it
The
on the
coast,
Siddis
while
Hostilities
resumed
Shiva
their
battered
success.
The Maratha
now
gains
thousand
men
(Sabh. 68.)
He
commanded
which
effectually
prevented
298
[CH. XL.
SHIVAJI.
(Sabh. 68.)
3.
Shivaji's
The Marathi
consisting of four
such
classes,
tarambes,
babhors,
put
navy described.
as
ghurabs
pals,
tirkatis,
down vaguely
manchwas,
pagars,
and dubares*
and
tarandis,
(gun-boats),
shibars,
gallivats,
sizes
Their cost
as 5 or 10 lakhs of Rupees.
is
But the
who
bore the
Mai Nayak
*
Sabh.
gun-boats
titles
or
Chit.
68;
carrying
Ghurabs are
67.
batteries
floating
and
Mian Nayak-I"
for
munchuas being a
swift sailing.
or
Gallivats
are described in
Bom. Gaz.
xiii.
345-49.
1670 says,
Sarungee,
Bombay
is
for
"The admiral
commonly
letter,
of Rajapur.'
distinct
Persian
Ocean.
called
Durrea
is
one Ventgee
Another
Sarungee."
viii.
27 and T. S.)
299
MARATHI SAILORS.
1660]
named
to plundering the
him
often fought
They
manner
Siddi
the
Misri
vast
of his land-forces.
fleet,
in 1660
its
he captured
at
Afzal
own
use.
In
was
fitting
"The Bhandari
[caste
They supplied
of their fighting
of
men
differ
men.
the
of
husbandmen]
district,
strong,
87-88:
xi.
145.
i.
found
in
with
most
are
to his
519-522;
and do not
(Bom. Gaz., x.
and the Angrias,
124.)
i.
Pt.
300
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
with
Mocha
Jaitapur,
The
of
the
Mughal Emperor
alike.
On
26th June,
1664,
the
an attack
and
to
Ahmadabad.
learnt that
as
herself into
great danger."
(F.
R. Surat,
86,
26
MARATHA FLEET.
1665]
and build of
the Marathas on land and sea alike were
Nov.)
their ships,
weak
very
301
against
in
and,
artillery
therefore,
powerless
of Pilgrimage.*')
own
his
the
the Indian
in
Marathas.
combining
all
to the Siddi
in
enter
to
an
into
with
alliance
year,
when
Jai
the
Late
Mughals.
same
in
Early
campaign, and,
the
in
to begin
Duff
(i.
20 In) suggests
that
by the term
frigates
were
invasion
of
connection
Siddis
common on
continued,
in
1666.
established
as
we
between
find
that
Mughal
N.
(A.
1012.)
the
The
informal
Emperor and
the
Janjira in
1669, F.
R. Surat, Vol.
105.)
302
SHIVAJI.
By the Treaty
of
territory
Shivaji,
if
[CH. XI.
of Purandar,
Mughak
the
adjoining Shiva's
Janjira
he could conquer
it.
the
left
dominions to
Shiva also
(Ibid.)
Emperor.
But Chit.
786.
(Ibid,
and
refused to
make
Maratha
attack,
1669 Shivaji's
attack
5.
In
newed with
great vigour.
up
Janjira to Shiva.)
on Janjira
upon
fails.
was
months
Janjira
In the earlier
re-
of
the Siddi
Janjira
was
in such
the Mughal."
(F.
last
R. Surat
16 Oct.)
The
contest
Shivaji staked
Janjira.
struggle,
came
his
all
Fath Khan,
and hopeless
of
aid
from
his
master
at
Bijapur,
to Adil
SIDDIS ENTER
1670]
MUGHAL SERVICE.
303
the revolution
The general title of Yaqut Khan was conen successive Siddi admirals from this time,
and the Government of Janjira was separated from
the admiral's charge and placed under another Siddi,
who was regarded as the second leader of the tribe
and heir to the admiral's post. (K. K. ii. 224 only
Bijapur.
ferred
authority.)
This revolution
to
at Janjira is said
Shortly before
it
in
by Khafi Khan
Khan."
power
Khafi
in
1674, instead of
Khan
is
in
onwards.
1671.
Here
from
304
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
great reverse.
In
November
soldiers,
land,
direction
turned
covered
that
the
retaliated
by capturing
12 of his ships
and leaving
SIDDIS
1671]
305
in safety.
17,
21
6.
to Surat,
(F.
Danda
Abyssinians recover
fort,
1671.
tribesmen
for
bravery,
care
of
the
peasantry,
and cunning. He busied himself in increasing his fleet and war-material, strengthening the
defences of his forts and cruising at sea. He used
to remain day and night clad in armour, and
repeatedly seized enemy ships, cut off the heads of
many Marathas and sent them to Surat." (K. K.,
ii. 225.)
His crowning achievement was the recovery
of Danda-Rajpuri from Shivaji's men. One night in
March, 1671, when the Maratha garrison of that fort
were absorbed in drinking and celebrating the Spring
capacity,
men made
were hurled
Some
way
powder-magazine exploded,
commandant and several of
20
and some
killing
his
slain,
but the
the
Maratha
306
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
of the assailants.
Khassu
cry
composed I
ing and binding
;
failed to
He
make
reprisals immediately,
army was busy elsein
the
Nasik
and Baglana districts, where the
where,
Mughal viceroy was pressing him hard. Yaqut,
as his
could
therefore,
easily
follow
his
up
success by
them opened
of
prowess
after his
grand victory
their
a siege
for
Danda-Rajpuri.
violated,
terms,
enslaving
(K. K.
ii.
on the defensive
225-228
in
their
only authority.)
These disasters fully roused Shiva.
own
territory.
of Danda-Rajpuri fort
The recovery
became an absorbing passion
MARATHA FAILURE AT
1672]
307
SEA.
end
of
his
and
life
throughout
continued
the
To
the
reign
of
hostilities
between
the
Shambhuji,
Marathas and the Siddis, intermittently, indecisively,
but with great bitterness and fury.
Gross cruelty
and wanton
other,
September
Bombay
an ambassador
an
But the President and
attack on Danda-Rajpuri.
Council of Surat advised the
Bombay
factors
"not
positively
annoyance
the
to
port
of
Bombay."
(F.
R.
Surat, 87.)
7.
of 36 vessels, great
by
sea.
308
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
At
trading boats.)
had
this
which he
laid
up
in
Bombay
(O. C. 3722.)
fleet visited
Bombay
after
the
At
successful
its
this
campaign
of the English in a
the
traders
foreign
neutrality, though it
3734 and 3722.) In the following August, however,
the ship Soleil d' Orient of the new French East
Company founded by
India
Colbert,
arrived
at
(F.
Vol.
The
R. Surat
108,
87,
Rajapur
in
for
November
the
Surat to Co.,
to Surat,
the
difference
utilised
entire
Dutch
fleet
(of
22
12 Jan.,
30 Dec,
was
ships)
1679
defence of
1679.)
and Shivaji
Dutch comnegotiations
the help of
in
retaking
1673]
309
Shivaji,
this
of nearly 15,000
men
Danda-Rajpuri.
(O. C. 3760.)
The Mughal
fleet of
30 frigates,
commanded by
Mav
and
1673,
after
passing
monsoon (June-September)
coast, taking many Maratha
On
ships of war.
entered the
10th
Bombay
there,
the
sailed
south-west
down
the
some
fleet
harbour,
Pen and
the
Maratha
of
cruelty practised
their
by the
Siddis
on
his subjects
and
February
1674
we
letter,
carried
on but
learn
from an English
is
"J
310
SH1VAJI.
[CH.
was requested by
Next month
Sambal attacked
(March
the Siddi
(O. C. 3939.)
however,
1674),
XL
Siddi
Janjira.
May
Shivaji,
who "was
was reported
artillery,
to
ammunition,
be daily
resolved to take
him what it
sending down more
it
cost
to strengthen
year he
reduced the whole coast of South Konkan from
his
siege-troops.
In
the
course
of
this
In
Grand
September
assault
1675,
on
we
Janjira,
read
1675-1676.
of
his
making
Orme,
GRAND SIEGE OF
1676]
311
JANJIRA.
great force
mainland
end of
under Siddi Sambal
raised at the
The
siege
was
gardens
Siddis
the
chronicle,
(?)
were driven
to
The
wholly invested.
But the attempt
Qasim
failed.
Siddi
place was
arrived
December
1676.)
Janjira
and
Shivaji.
to
It
is
Shivaji's reign
of Janjira in
1681
some of the
and after.
last
312
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
the
men
Maharajah's
returned
disappointed,"
(Shivadigvijay,
as
195.)
9.
The
it.
is
given
below
in
records,
factory
which
some
reference to
have supplemented by a
London.
Office,
May
In
1676, Siddi
Qasim,
the
halted at
Qasim
governorship of Danda-Rajpuri.
Bombay on
his
way
to
his
new
(in
the mouth
was prevented
(at
from
advancing
Janjira,
put
off
rival Siddi
came
to
admirals
was
at
as
admiral,
settled,
the
end
and
of
1678]
313
SIDDIS.
his gallant
left
all
he returned
Shivaji,
to
Bombay
wishing
Brahmans, sent
monsoons.
to
his
fleet
Bombay
island.
crossing,
Siddi
his
men
for
want
of
Bombay
to
harbour.
Shivaji 's
as
were used
at Surat,
or
by the Europeans.
The
314
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
the superiority of
sea.
marine."
In
February
in
anchorage
on the Pen
tives.
change
this
system
own
in his
Qasim
1680,
Bombay harbour
river
sallying
burnt
from
many
his
villages
let
Bombay
neutrality.
abortive
attacks
on
Janjira
War
10.
The
difficulty
of
1679.
capturing
Janjira
set
Shiva
thinking of
fell
1
Yi
315
1679]
Bombay and 30
As
early as
once
at
decided
to
prevent
it,
interests of
as
Surat
87,
May
The
April
(F.
Vol.
there in concert
work.
106,
was very
The
Shivajfs
Mia Nayak,
admirals,
finding themselves
Daulat
Khan and
opposed
to
R.
incomplete.
their
22
Bombay
1672.)
slow, and in
still
Bomb.
to
the
affecting
106,
very
(F.
;
R.
Dig.
192.)
At
up
men
it
belonged
to the island of
Bombay," was
316
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
from Shivaji
to that effect.
resolved that
persisted
in
Khan came
if
The
English, therefore,
was
under Daulat
fleet
in
reverse
still
for
the
former.
The
larger
The
and small shot from the shore works.
impetuous young officer was killed with two other
men (John Bradbury and Henry Welch), several
others were wounded, and George Cole and many
other Englishmen were left prisoners on the island.
The lieutenant's shibar was captured by the enemy,
while two other shibars escaped to the fleet in the
open sea. Next day the Marathas carried off another
English shibar, Sergeant Giles timidly offering no
resistance.
(Orme MSS. 116.)
in
October the Maratha fleet was got
Early
great
was fought on
The second
18th October,
3\T
1679]
down upon
the
little
soldiers f
*
p.
478.
full
description
is
Bombay Gaz.
given in
t Surat
Mauleverer
Consultation,
December,
taken
xiii.
Pt.
ii.
addition.
in
1679
"Sergeant
by Shivaji in the
Ghurrab Dover, being in great want of provisions and all other
necessaries
we having duly considered, and perceiving how
cowardly they behaved themselves in the time of engagement,
etc.,
do order them
may
they
made
to
them
them
This was
to
not
[in
in
to
English,
wholly perish,
for victuals only,
if
rolls,
but that
that
it
November, begging
the wounded, and
fort
formerly
(Suragarh?)
for provisions,
stating
that
the
included 20 English
French
(Orme MSS.
116.)
the Maratha
and Dutch, 28
in
318
[CH. XI.
SHIVAJI.
of the
Maratha
five of the
fleet fled to
Revenge.
gallivats,
at
which
their
Two
by the
advancing they
whole
fled back.
fleet
him
(Shiva), lest
that
and
by means
throw the burden of
319
1679]
25 and 31 Oct.,
11.
Bombay.
3, 8 and
(F.
R. Surat
12
Dec. 1679.)
4,
Consult.,
Bombay.
The
reprisal against
Bombay
of
(a
port
in
own
their
territory)
opposite
Trombay
embark on seven
shibars
breathed
fire,
On
receiving a courteous
Khanderi, which
is
of our proceedings,
we
are willing
320
to
SHIVAJI.
what
forget
is
[CH.
XK
past,
and
policy
of
aggression
against
fleet
advantage."
of fortifying
fleet assisting
them
(Orme MSS.
and began to
under Underi
116.)
But the hope of hindering the Maratha fortification of the island without fighting proved futile, and
the English ships were withdrawn
(January,
1680)
Bombay
in Shiva's
to Surat,
hands.
(F.
R.
Jan. 1680.)
with 300
(9th January,
men and
1680),
and
10 large
guns,
fortified
it
Maratha
1679]
guns on Thai.
Daulat
Khan
ISLAND.
with his
321
fleet
came out
On
design."
Khan
assaulted the
conquer
men and
it.
200
and 4 small
men
vessels,
prisoners,
lost
out of a
fleet
of 2
large
ships,
five
three-masted
occupation
21
of
islands
merely
31 January.)
CHAPTER
XII.
its
wealth.
Added
to this, his
in 1674
inactivity.
of gain.
In the
KARNATAK:
1676]
make
of the realm as to
cupidity.
An
attack
WEALTH.
ITS
it
no longer an object of
on the heart
have united
kingdom might
also
the capital in a
common
323
of the Adil-Shahi
all
the factions at
this king-
The many
little in food and clothing.
had
fostered
a brisk
the
sea-board
on
long
ports
while
from
remote
the
rich
antiquity,
foreign trade
mines of the hinterland brought wealth into the plains
Thus the annual addition to the national wealth was
very large. A part of it was spent on the grand
temples for which the land is still famous but most
of it was hoarded under ground.
From
(Dil.
13a.)
very early times the Karnatak has been famous for
its buried treasure and attracted foreign plunderers.
From this land Samudra-gupta and the Western
Chalukyas, Malik Kafur and Mir Jumla, had brought
And at the end of the 17th
away vast booties.
century, even after the recent raids of Mir Jumla and
Muhammad Adil Shah, Shivaji and Nusrat Jang, the
land had still enough wealth left to tempt the cupidity
sumed very
of Aurangzib.
to his general,
As
the
"Many
1703)
The
324
[CH. X1L
SHIVAJI.
who
zamindar of Tanjore,
is
kingdom
is
Why
should
revenue, according
between 70 and
is
be
left in his
pos-
and
80 lakhs of
session?
Its
Masaud Khan,
the
means
No.
163.)
hurt.
of wresting
To
it
this real
it
hands."
from
(Ruqat,
land of gold Shivaji's eyes
his
were now turned. An attack on this frontier province would scarcely rouse the Government of Bijapur, as the Karnatak formed the fiefs of certain semiindependent nobles who alone were interested in its
defence. Moreover, Shiva had a plausible claim to
a portion of
2.
it.
and
his minister
Raghunath N. Hanumante.
Shahji
had died
jagirs in the
They
for
younger
practically
formed a
though their
vassal of Adil Shah. All the
its
capital,
personal property of Shahji had passed into Vyankojfs hands. His eldest son, Shivaji, had merely got
the few small jagirs in the
had usurped
Shahji's legacy.
have cared
mony,
is
Puna
district,
to
demand
very doubtful.
which he
no part of
of himself,
He
need
1676]
it.
As he boasted
left
me
325
Raghunath
Hanumante
had ably
the Karnatak and had
Narayan
managed
Shahji's jagirs
been
by
in
left
Vyankoji.
his
quence of
*
It
is
their
incredible
that a
born
strategist
like Shivaji
could
and Golkonda, and more than 700 miles distant from his capital.
I
believe, was merely to squeeze the country of its
His aim,
give a
of his
show
father's
heritage
of legality to this
home
with
the
booty.
The
campaign
of plunder.
to
326
[CH. XIL
SHIVAJI.
like Shivaji,
while he stag-
After
ness.
(Chit.
131
The
left
way
halted
at
learning and
Haidarabad,
skill
to
(Chit.
of the country,
BIJAPUR
1676]
327
Satara in
3.
expedition.
The
neighbouring coun-
W.
frontier.
Khan
(1
1th Nov.,
8th Jan.,
1676.)
its
of the
new
regent,
and
civil
man and
ablest servant
of the
Deccan, Shivaji's
328
[CH. XII.
SHIVAJI.
won
Bahadur
more than two
years' war with Shivaji, which had been chequered
by as many defeats as successes and which seemed
to promise no decisive end as far as he could look
into the future.
He had already coquetted with
Shiva for a friendly understanding and offered to
make peace between him and the Emperor and get
clever diplomacy
a complete triumph.
command
of his
as
on
1675.)
much
his interest to
neutrality
in
Karnatak.
in
make
it
was Shiva's
to secure
Mughal
his
When
clever logician," to
sents to induce
him
costly pre-
made
sum
made
his flank
and
and
(Sabh. 85.)
rear,
Shiva
campaign.
to Maharashtra,
329
OFFICIAL POSTINGS.
1676]
important military
to him,
Moro Trimbak
infantry."
the realm.
Prahlad
force,
was
show
But he
of force,
and
He
March
to
Haidarabad.
The
first
meeting the
was
at
slain Afzal,
330
[CH. XII.
SHIVAJI.
wounded
Shaista,
in the very
But Prahlad Niraji took the most
solemn oaths
in support of Shiva's
Madanna Pandit
satisfied
on
that point,
honesty of purpose.
told
also
the
Shah
Qutb
started
Shivaji
issued
strict
orders to his
inhabitant
any
the
of
men
country, but
buy
to
all
The
consent.
discipline
into
16th Jan.
is
136.
as 20,000 horse
1678,
p.
85);
297,
infantry;
Chitnis,
gives
T.
The army
p.
135,
30 or 40
S.
that
followed Shivaji
estimated by H. Gary in a
and 40,000
select
letter
foot (O.
force of 25,000
dated
C. 4314.)
horsemen"
thousand
cavalry
12,000 infantry."
1677]
and welcome
Shivaji
saying,
"You
are
come forward
my
on the way.
You
elder brother.
met
me."
So, the
the highest
of
5.
should not
331
into
it.
grand entry
into
Haidarabad.
to
saffron.
and
hung
flags
citizens
in
at intervals
their
throughout the
city.
The
on the balconies
The
civility.
The
Maratha army, for once, abandoned its rude simpliand magnificently attired itself. Shiva had dis-
city
tributed
among
his captains
their
and
helmets,
gold
bracelets,
new armour, and rich accoutrements embroidered with gold, "and made the whole army look
splendid." His generals in their equipment and
bright
trappings
nobles.
rivalled
the
grandeur
of
hereditary
332
[CH. XII.
SHIVAJI.
the Maratha
The
the city.
citizens
at the
consternation
among
rode the
hardy horsemen
fleet
at the
Here
like
of
but
far-sighted
Sonaji
commander-in-chief
Nayak, the
the dashing
and
Babaji
sunken
Shivaji
at
Haidarabad:
SHIVA AT HAIDARABAD.
1677]
had
333
and diplomatic
skill
facilitated
the
resident
Kayastha writers
Nila Prabhu,
moving
much
attention as
In the centre of
and the
300 miles.
right
light
still
fatigues of
and
The assembled
citizens
gave
made
cheers
for
"Shiva
of gold
women came
the
silver
among
the
334
[CH. XII.
SHIVAJI.
In this
Mahal
way
or Palace of Justice.
him.
The
Sultan
To
the slothful
when
sounded
like the
Shivaji recounted
how he had
Afzal
challenged Aurangzib
in full Court,
what hairbreadth
escapes he had
1677]
officers
ornaments,
jewels,
335
AID.
horses,
elephants,
robes of
and
after
graciously
a sigh of relief
he now
and
determination to befriend him. The Maratha ambassador at his Court was praised and rewarded for the
felt
convinced
truth of his
army
alms
Shiva's
honesty of purpose
assertions.
to
all
of
scattering
the way.
sat with
he
fed.
to their quarters
7.
to business.
Abul Hassan,
of
his
ability,
whatever he wanted.
336
SHIVAJI.
to co-operate in the
train of artillery
[CH. XII.
Mirza
Muhammad Amin,
The
was
their ranks
and achievements.
its
deeds
Even
Shivaji's charger
337
1677]
men.
huge brute
bay with his sword for some time, cut off its trunk
and put it to flight.*
A month was spent at Haidarabad, ostensibly in
at
going through these ceremonies, but really in concluding the alliance, getting delivery of the promised
arms money and material, and equipping the local
auxiliary force that
8.
At
last, his
was
to assist in the
campaign.
objects having
been
all
gained, Shivaji
left
flows into
it,
This
* T.
question,
5.
37a.
But Chitnis,
"How many
136,
says that to
22
Qutb Shah's
my
his well-built
elephants."
Shivaji
Mavle
338
[CH. XII.
SHIVAJI.
army waited
for
him
Anantpur
at
m. east of
(44
Karnul.)
As
its
way
eastwards to the
it
by
510, surrounded
by
designed
hunters,
figures
warriors,
of
and
yogis,
temple of Mallikarjuna
the
shipped here,
*Shri Shaila:
and
may be
Kurnool
Letters, iv.
Dist.
as
religious
the square
Manual,
14,
entirely
144,
181-183.
;
T. S.
a forged grant.
is
walls
Shivaji's visit:
37b. Sanads
(linga),
well
as
horses,
elephants,
is
impossible; hence,
VISIT
1677]
TO SHRI SHAILA.
339
flight of
ascended
bathed in
doing religious
of the scenery
rites.
and the
atmosphere of the
and he believed that he
die in. So, he attempted
spiritual
would
no purer spot to
to cut off his own head before the goddess
but his
ministers restrained his religious frenzy and recalled
him to a sense of his duty to his subjects and the
Hindu world at large. Here he built a ghat, named
Shri-Gangesha, a monastery, and a dharmashala, fed
a lakh of Brahmans, and gave away large sums to
find
them.
in April
1677,
week
May, he arrived
of
some
time.
On
14th
at
city,
May
the
In the
first
Peddapollam, about
for
English received a
from him,
brought
340
[CH. XII-
SHIVAJI.
his
from
On
time."
to
pay
and
them
for
May
25th
them
themselves.
us that his
at
Timmery
2,000 hun.
Consult.,
Madras
letter
tells
godown
(Records of Fort
1677, pp.
9.
12-1 15
St.
;
George
Diary and
O. C. 4266.)
Capture of
Jinji.
way
Muhammad Khan,*
*
(T.
which
fort
Jinji was
Rauf Khan and Nasir
Sabh. 88-89.
is
wrong.
Duff
Dig,
calls
305,
lutely
assault."
A. Gaz..
MARATHAS GAIN
677]
JINJI
341
FORT.
encamped
at
opened
gates to
its
him (end
of May.)
all
skill
Andre
Freire in Mission
du
Madure.)
Contest with Sher
10.
Khan
for Vellore
and Tiruvadi.
Sher Khan
was the
Bijapur,
n.)
local
brave
Pathan
officer
of
district
350
Lodi,
now upon
that Shivaji
Jinji.
342
[CH. XII.
SHIVAJI.
With
and
abundance of elephants and war-material, he offered
an obstinate resistance to the invaders. Ami (defended
by Vedo Vaskar) seems to have been invested in
May, and we find it holding out till the beginning of
Tiruvadi.
Dig. 330.)
circumvallation.
(Sabh. 90.)
It
for 14
west
of
Cuddalore,
towards
Tevenapatam
(or
The Maratha
offered battle
Then
some
the
moon
of his
1677]
wood.
343
20
and
many oxen,
war drums. The Khan fled with a broken remnant
of only 100 cavalry to the town of Bowanigiri, 22 miles
southwards, on the Vellar river, still pursued by the
tents
enemy.
But the
fort of
Leaving Babo
Savanumwar
mad's horse
to
and some
(?)
invest
the
Muham-
Shivaji
himself
place,
encamped
of Nasir
Tevenapatam, while
stones
11.
Then
after a time,
Contest
with
Raja's
Brahman
Nellor
Also Z. C.
Sher
Khan
Factory
camp,
27
June,
Ramana from
Records,
Fort
St.
1677."
"Letter
from
16
our
July."
344
[CH. XII.
SH1VAJI.
river, 10
Here an envoy
who demanded
Nayak
would
restore
Madura would
if
of
Mysore
he (Shiva)
family
away from Chartanapalli
where
(Trichinopoly),
they were before, to Madura
and
while
the river Kolerun remained
[for safety]
sent
all
his
"
retire
(Nellor
Ramana
to
Madras,
16 July.)
12.
the meantime,
between
a
and
his
F. R. Fort St.
1677.
FLIGHT OF VYANKOJI.
1677]
345
from him.
Reassured by
solemn
their report
and Shiva's
of
m.
n. e.) to
territory,
offering to
The
ing quarter.
let
latter
fled to
and,
ascribing
ministers,
Konher
it
Jagannath
Mahadev
advice
the
to
(the
and
of
the
morning
Tanjore
Dil.
113-114.
reliable:
(deliberate
The Marathi
Sabh.
8990;
falsification);
accounts are
7\ 5. 38a
much
306-313;
Dig.
;
later
Chit.
and
less
139140
Zedhe Chronology.
346
[CH. XII.
SHIVAJI.
it
solemn pledge of
'
'Was
going to
asked for
my
father's
He
is
has
acted
like
child.'*
(Sabhasad, 90.)
After a time the captive ministers of Vyankoji
were set free, and sent back to Tanjore with presents
Thus
river,
Khan.*
by the end
of September.
13.
Shivaji' s pilgrimages.
usual practice,
Waligonda-
F. R.
24 Aug., 1677.
Chamber-
1677]
Nayak and
men"
347
turned 16 miles
On
vadi,
(40 miles
castles.
You may likely have with you such men
know how to make great carriages for guns and
how to contrive mines. We have need of such men
at present, especially those that know how to make
and
as
men
know how
If
there be
to
make
any
mines,
R. Fort
politely
St.
declined
merchants,
neutrality.
George, Vol.
the
was
it
On
request,
their
duty
saying
(Love,
i.
371
English
that,
maintain
to
The
27.)
being
strict
Shortly before,
October
Ami
some other
forts in the
North Arcot
district.
348
SHIVAJI.
[CH. XII.
14.
at the
Then,
Karnatak and
Mysore.
beginning of November, 1677, he
Karnatak
plains,
occupation of his
return quickly."
letter of
20 Nov. 1677.)
the
into
tableland,
Kolar,
Uskota, Bangalore,
Balapur and Sera, in the eastern and central parts of
the
repressed
the
then
of
kingdom
present
Mysore,
returned
districts,
out
all
this
time,
resolutely therein.
it
longer,
it
upon condition
to
and Consult.
1678-79, p. 105.)
Marathas to Abdullah
Bijapur history.
is
(B. S. 418.)
The
was
349
1677]
territory
annexed by
Shivaji in the
Karnatak
and in-
cluded a hundred
90.) In
August
forts,
1678, the
force of
annum,
at five
men and
and
14 forts
The booty
of the place."
emeralds,
rubies
and
wrought
coral
that
have
350
[CH. XII.
SHIVAJI.
was so
vast as to
made no attempt
to
value.
compute its
Over the Karnatak plains thus conquered, he
at
first
placed Shantaji,
by
Jinji.
in the
of
1678.
O. C. 4314.)
records of Oct.
1677.
Gary
"Peeled
to Co.,
to the
to nightfall.
dated Bombay,
bones"
in
Madras
BATTLE OF WALIGONDA-PURAM.
1678]
At
Shantaji
first
miles.
351
fled
for
after pursuing
two
him
from the
and shame
dress and
defeat]
three
commanders,
chief
the
and
tents
their
all
woodmen
who
The
107,
Madras
The
resist,
letter
over
Vyankoji, unable to
gave chase.
victors
rest fled
of
Raghunath
are
in
given
Shivadigvijay, 328-332.
Sabhasad,
army was
latter
91,
describes
the
battle
defeated
the
former,
capturing
ordinary
rank."
of
4,000
officers,
thus;
and
and other
his
the
horses
Vikaji
and
officers of
high
Waligonda-puram
and
that
Shivaji's
"Vyankoji's
Waligonda-puram.
Chitnis,
143,
SH1VAJI.
[CH. XII.
nearly one
year of occupation,
352
after
Shivaji,
own
hands, as well as
all
the
that
three
lakhs
of
hun
back by paying
cash to his elder brother.
his territories
in
was
recalled
to
Shiva's
side,
and
Raghunath
there
Dig.
326-335,
362
Parasnis
Tanjavar-chen
Raj-
thither in pursuit of
relieve
Vellore,
these 14
CHAPTER
XIII.
From Sera
Mysore kingdom
(December,
to
Lakshmishwar
in the
Dharwar
The
from
way
half
evacuated his
Gadag
(capturing
district,
desai of Mulgund,
Lakshmishwar, had
and it was occupied by
to
fort in terror,
His
is
Ballapur
district
Bai
besieged
Shivadigvijay,
347-357
for
:
27
GadagLakshmishwar Gaunda
besieged
Khangauda
(the last
23
in
is
days,
Savitri
but only
of
desai
the maps,
captured and
Bai
fled
I
Belvadi
Balved
cannot find
being 20 m. n. w. of Gadag.)
354
SHIVAJI.
Marathas.
the
20
Bankapur,
miles
[CH.
XIII.
w.
of
s.
From
(O. C. 4314.)
1678.
this
e. of
s.
and 30 miles
s.
widowed lady
proprietor, plundered
Sampgaon
Savitri
Belgaum,
the
Bai,
some
transport
bullocks of Shiva's
was
of
e.
Her
fort
at
was captured. *
This long check by a woman, before a petty
and she
assault
mud-fort,
herself
lowered
greatly
Shivaji's
As
prestige.
all
power
of the
* T.
S., 38a, thus describes her fate
*'A
woman named
Savitri
shelter
provisions
demolished
many
of
heroically,
greatly
(proprietress)
all
the
but
the
siege
besiegers.
at
dishonoured.
deed.
village of
Manauli."
one
Belvadi.
she
made
and dispersed
day she
kept
From
the
On
her
sortie,
and slew
the
field
last
fled
vanquished,
Shivaji, on hearing of
and thus gave him his deserts.
evil
short,
trenches,
For
of
He was
imprisoned
in
the
1678]
(
355
kingdoms
(F.
is
R. Surat,
107.)
Soon afterwards
great
we
Shivaji
their letter
Dec,
23rd
1677],
Nawab
intelli-
and
leader
sent
to
Jamshid,
was dead,
if
He
who
and
is
upon
his
expected
at
march hearing
this
news
returns,
(F.
R.
Shivaji cannot
356
[CH. XIHe
SHIVAJI.
Masaud and
The news
to
capital
Shivaji
Bijapur,
the
of
transfer
of
Adil-Shahi
the
Masaud
Siddi
on his way
and he swerved aside
to
west and
the
own
Maratha
2.
activity in
1677.
Daman, hoping
to
no permanent gain
(Dutch
Rec, Vol.
During
1678),
in the
this
the
34,
No.
period
844.)
confined
itself to
venturing to
at
army
Desh and Annaji Datto
left
But
in
Konkan,
naturally
make any
aggression.
In
November
1678]
1677,
357
by the Golkonda
1678.)
Shivaji's
Maratha
21 Jan.,
return
activity.
revived
retained
Panhala.
358
[CH. XIIL
SHIVAJI.
martial spirit,
The fort of
lancers, musketeers and artillery-men.
Kopal was secured by Moro Pant from Qasim Khan
Husain Khan is said by Chitnis (p. 142)
for a price.
to
been repulsed. Some time afterwards he was defeated and captured by Hambir Rao
route and to have
being a
man
disgrace
to
untrue, as
heart and
swallowed poison.
we have contemporary
1683,
(B.
S.
445
is
evidence of Husain
to
;
This
M.
the Mughals on
A., 225.)
The
"Kopal
(105 miles
gars of Kanakgiri (25 miles n. e. of Kopal), Harpanhalli (40 miles s. of Kopal), Raydurg, Chittaldurg,
Vidyanagar
(?
old
(?
45
Gudicota,
country was
of
359
1678]
Shivaji's
Vijaynagar),
miles
of
e.
and
Bundikot
Harpan-halli.)
This
now formed
kingdom and placed under Janardan
into
a regular province
after
Shivaji's
made
They
was an expert
*
339;
The Mianas
33a
T.S.
qiladar.
speaks of a Yusuf
{Isab
for
Hasen)?
Shivaji's
Chit.
142,
146,
Khan
Khan Miana.
Is
it
Dig.
335
a misreading of Husain
by means
Sabh. 80-81
&
at night
and rope-ladders.
of nooses
district before,
and Ch
The
tnis
and Dig.
view is
latter
in
Chit.
179
to
me
to
be
Hambir Rao
Gadag
in the
from him
returned
to
back the
Kopal
in
district
May
1678,
district
who now
360
SHIVAJI.
and
sons
his
followers
to
[CH.
Yahiya Khan
in the village,
men
slew
all
the
reinforce
XIII.
faujdar
who had
entered
the
fort.
them with
presents,
take this
4.
fort.'
(Dil.
The Mughals,
rupture
now
157.)
Bijapur,
and
Shivaji, 1678.
tion
it.
was given to him, not one pice of his contribuwas repaid out of the fabulous booty carried,
some years
and
Abul Hassan
for
arranged
for
CONDITION OF BIJAPUR.
1678]
361
The
in
G. Robinson
to Surat, 31
Aug.)
in the State
at his
laid
and
all
daily insulted
by domestic
and threatened by the Afghan
Distracted
door.
factions,
soldiers,
and
Masaud
Khan
forbade it, assuring him that the imperial army was
ready to help him in fighting the Marathas. Masaud
wanted
to
come
to
but Dilir
wrote to Shiva,
same
salt.
"We
You
are neighbours.
We
am.
The enemy
two ought
5.
At
the
to unite
it.
[the
[i.e.,
We
Shambhuji deserts
news
eat the
He
to the
Mughals.
of these negotiations,
Dilir
Khan
362
SH1VAJI.
[CH.
XIII.
set himself to
treaties
capricious,
notoriously depraved
unsteady,
thoughtless
For
in his morals.
on a married Brahman
and
his outrage
confined
in
Panhala
fort,
on
getting Shambhuji's
them
Dilir
at
Karkamb,
12
and
Dilir
miles further
into transports
"He
felt
as
Deccan!"
and sent a
happy
as
if
(B. S. 415.)
Shambhu was
elephant."
1678.
at
(Dil. 159.)
some
1678]
Maratha plot
363
to seize Bijapur.
In this
for help
sent six
the
again.
His
men
Bijapur,
= Khawaspura),
and
Daulatpura
(
Khusraupura
Zuhrapura, and carried off the rich banias for ransom.
Near the tomb of Shaikh Ahmad Khawas-Khani, they
* "It
is
reported that Shivaji has in person plundered
Shahpur, the suburbs of Bijapur, and had liked to have got
into the royal city, the conquest whereof is his sole aim, lest
it
should
fall
into the
Orme MSS.
116.)
(Bombay
to
Surat,
4 April
1679,
in
364
[ch. xin.
shivaji.
They reached
But a new
army, whichever would advance first.
quarrel between Masaud and Sharza Khan paralysed
the
power
of Bijapur.
7.
(. S. 415-418.)
Dilir captures
Bhupalgarh.
the
Mughals.
*
By
Shambhuji's desertion
Bhupalgajh:
(reliable.)
B.
S.
1679,
Bombay
to
Chit.
172-*4;
Dig.
to
Surat,
Vol.
1
263-269
the
108,
Jan.,
the
imperialists
418-19,
415,
F. R. Surat,
labour
great
(best.)
Rajapur
1680
(legend.)
(return.)
T.
S.
159-163
Dil.
to Surat,
16
Sabh.
39a
Dec,
93-94;
(confused.)
SIEGE
1679]
OF BHUPALGARH.
365
vigour
the walls
launched about 9
when
noon,
till
A.
Before
the
this Shivaji
They
fort.
to relieve
on the
Khan
with
Ikhlas
Khans
Khan.
overtook
the
small force
and
10
m.
s.e.
of
Khanapur
(Atlas,
modern
40 N. E.); described
in
366
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
XIII.
artillery,
Then
men.
Khan, at whose approach the Marathas fled. Dilir
then went back to Bhupalgarh, burnt everything that
he could not carry off, dismantled its fortifications,
Dil
and returned to Dhulkhed.
(B. S. 418-419
;
160
The
fugitive
Marathas,
Near Karkamb
success.
however,
scored
they
fell in
with
Iraj
(Dil.
161.)
this
8.
To
the
Shivaji' s letter
on
religious toleration.
Emperor Alamgir
firm and constant well-wisher
"This
after rendering
Shivaji,
God and
the
the
Sun,
this
367
1679]
begs
taking leave,
of
him
He
[lunar] years.
universal
various
harmony
sects,
full
for
power
52
such
as
n relation
Christians,
to
all
the
Jews,
Muslims,
(falakia),
malakia,
(ansaria),
(daharia), Brahmans
and Jain priests. The aim of his liberal heart was
to cherish and protect all the people.
So, he became
famous under the title of Jagat-Guru, 'the World's
materialists
atheists
spiritual guide.'
world and
and
his
its
hand
368
[CH. XIIL
SHIVAJI.
goodness and
fair
time on earth.
He who
fame,
as the
result of his
happy
(Verses)
lives
with
lasting wealth,
Because
deeds keeps
his
name
good
alive.
effect of this
sublime
in
the
attempt to merely
examples of the nature of diverse creeds and temperaments. Their kindness and benevolence endure on
the pages of
and praise
Time
as their memorial,
and so prayer
and
their rule]
their undertakings
POPULAR MISERY.
1679]
369
my
no slackness on
and devastating
part in ruining
Your peasants
them.
are down-trodden
declined, in
the yield
the
[of
the
Princes,
officers
condition
the
of
It
grandees and
is a reign in
which the army is in a ferment, the merchants complain, the Muslims cry, the Hindus are grilled, most
men lack bread at night and in the day inflame their
own cheeks by
can the royal
slapping them
How
anguish.]
[in
spirit
The
infamy
quickly spread from west to east and
become recorded in books of history that the Emperor
will
of Hindusthan,
jaziya
from
Brahmans
and
Jain
bairagis,
paupers,
wretches, and the famine-stricken,
sannyasis,
is
shown by
that
of the Timurids
yogis,
ruined
his valour
attacks
he dashes down to
"May
monks,
mendicants,
Quran), you will find there [that God is styled] Rabbul-alamin, the Lord of all men, and not Rabb~ul~
musalmin,
24
the
Lord of the
Muhammadans
only.
370
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
Verily,
be a mosque, the
remembrance of Him.
If
is
Xffl.
species.]
prayer is chanted in
be a temple, the bell
call to
it
human
If
Him
it
To show
only.
bigotry for
any man's creed and practices is equivalent to altering the words of the Holy Book. To draw new lines
on a picture
is
painter
"In
From
strict justice
the jaziya
is
it
not at
lawful.
all
can be allowable
only
what
shall
"If
the people
difficult to collect it
from me, as
flies is
am
far
at your service.
from displaying
spirit.
wonder
you
fire
your
officers
with straw!
May
the
Sun
MUGHALS AGAINST
1679]
371
BIJAPUR.
of greatness!"
(History of Aurangzib,
9.
iii.
325-329.)
defending the
is
us."
(B. S. 427.)
Nilkanth brought to
Shivaji as the
432;
Chit.
175-179.
ally
Masaud
of Bijapur in
Sabh.
his cheering
F.
1679:
R.
message,
B. 5.
Fort
St.
426-429,
George,
34 (Vira Raghav from Golkonda to Madras, 14
Vol. 28,
p.
January,
1680.)
(silent.)
372
SHIVAJI.
"You
Khan
that
(20
hold the
fort.
shall
[CH.
XIII.
Dilir
as he deserves.'
5,000
m.
s.
e.
call to
The Mughal
(B. S. 427.)
from Shiva's
men
came nearer
to Bijapur.
Masaud
182),
and
conciliated Sabaji
about
fifteen
men were
who was
slain
now
fort of Akluj,
Shivaji's
Anand Rao
Sabaji
horses, 50 oxen,
at
foraging
and
envoy now
head of
They were welcomed by Masaud and
out
on each side
in
Mughal
service,
(32
m.
Bajaji
laid
s.)
the
[Nim-
siege to the
named Bahadur
and drove him
away.
But on 15th September, Dilir Khan left his camp
at Dhulkhed and came very close to Bijapur, reaching
DILIR
1679]
of 500
men
only.
373
Masaud by
So,
entering the
fort.
on 4th November,
Maratha king
1679, the
by
cavalry
way
of
Man
(?
probably
J at)
and
whom
But
Dilir
Khan,
10.
ravages.
So, he pressed
Return of Shambhuji.
vainly trying to
The scheme
would quickly recall Shiva home.
seemed promising, as Shambhuji bragged of his
ability
to
capture
forts
make
quickly with
his
Maratha
374
[CH. XIIL
SHIVAJI.
But his
territory
first
work was
Maknapur, and
Jalgeri,
men
of the
By way
of Bahmanhali,
he reached Tikota
village,
(13
m. w.
where the
When
unexpected.
and populous
of Bijapur), a rich
wealthy
to
Ikhlas
Khan with
[Dilir'sJ
Vanguard
m. w. of Bijapur.)"
his
Maratha
ally.
Athni,
"a
was burnt down and Dilir proposed to sell the inhabitants who were all Hindus.
Shambhuji objected to it, but was overruled, and
considerable mart,"
to grow sick
Bomb, to Surat,
began
108,
Dilir left
learnt
of his associates.
1
Jan., 1680.)
(F.
R. Surat
On 21st November,
Bijapur.
fled
away
to
(B. S. 428-430.)
Since
November
his
SHAMBHU RETURNS TO
1679]
375
SHIVAJ1.
approached by
Even
tion.
Dilir
day and was warmly received by Masaud.
promptly returned towards Bijapur on learning of
Shambhu's
on the
flight
21st,
In the
met a body
of
away
of
to Panhala,
December.
Last campaign of Shivaji.
11.
We
*
arrest
now
shall
According
to
trace
the
history
of
Shivaji's
to Dilir
a prisoner to Delhi
to
but the
story.
Shambhu
to
B.
his
S.
430
Court.
says
that
Aurangzib
summoned
376
SHIVAJI.
XIII.
[CH.
The
besides prisoners.
fled to Patta-
lost
and summoned
As
loss
(F.
of 2,000
killed
108.
Bom.
29 Nov., 1679.)
Dilir
men
R. Surat,
siege
Panhala,
to
and
seemed
intent
on
the
presence of
threatened a civil
it
*Putta, 20 m.
(Ind.
silent
s.
this
of Nasik, and 20 m.
38.)
19-42 N. 73-54 E.
defeat of Shiva.
e.
of Thai Ghat.
B. 5.
is
strangely
377
SACK OF JALNA.
1679]
(F.
R. Surat,
108,
Rajapur to Surat,
relieved
to
The
his
Vol.
4,
Consult, at
Dec)
hermitage
saint,
in a
Sayyid Jan
garden
Muhammad,
in the suburbs.
As
of
in the
of the
their
money
booty
concealment of the
little
378
[CH. XIIK
SHIVAJI.
man appealed
silver,
gold,
jewels,
cloths,
horses,
elephants and camels", were retreating, an enterprising Mughal officer, Ranmast Khan*, attacked their
rear-guard,
him
of
(near
Sangamner according
to
Duff,
i.
men opposed
slain with many
289.)
for
his
some
men.
days, but
In
the
was
at last
received very heavy reinforcements from Auranga(20,000 men), and they now threatened to
envelop and cut off the entire Maratha army. Under
bad,
T. S. speaks of
at this time.
We
him
in
18th September,
1682,
222,
(Dil.)
For
F.
(confused.)
the
1679]
379
Hambir
Rao,
his
The
of
wounded.
December, and
his
recovered son.
This
commander-in-chief,
of
this
Shivaji
victory
must be given
had returned
(M. A.
169)
to
the Deccan
in
November,
Dilir
Khan was
in
According
to
the south,
Sabh.
Shiva wanted
93,
to
by the
retreat
Jagdiri route.
Sabhasad
between Shiva's
mentions
battle
Maratha
no
with
Khan during
these
four
months.
enterprise
military
The
his
all
English
death.
opposed
records
forts
from
20,000
the
men
Mughals
to
there.
me
improbable, as Shiva
380
SHIVAJI.
Domestic troubles of
12.
The
[CH.
XIII.
Shivaji.
had revealed
future.
devoid
profligate,
every
a youth of
18,
whose
But there
Shambhu.
He
appealed
him
showed him his treasury, revenue
forts and muster-rolls, and urged him
many
a lecture,
returns,
we
list
learn
of
Ahivant
without
at
this
time be-
Hummuttgarh, therefore,
seems to be Ahivant and not Himmatgarh or Hanumantgarh.
If so, the Marathas had
conquered Ahivant between April 1679
and March 1680.
sieged
success.
1680]
381
to
Hindu world.
in the
(Sabh. 94
Chit.
But a
174.)
and hence
his last
(Sabh. 102-103.)
The
harem.*
the
infers
On
that
27th May,
"The Rajah
1674,
was,
MS.
married
to
of
is
so busy
still
two other
[blank in
record!
audience."
letter
and
Narayan Shenvi
dated 4 April,
An
March
we
1674,
to the
learn,
Deputy Governor
"I
arrived
at
from
order
of
Bombay,
Rairi
on 24th
Pandit
that I
Naroji
[came]
should remain in his house until the time of mourning was
five
March
days."
1674.
(Ibid.)
Rajwade,
So,
one
wife
of
did, resting
Shiva
died
in
in his
Sankirna-lekh-Sangraha reprinted
from Granthmala, gives Shivaji eight wives on the authority
of a paper found in a private house at Tanjore. This docu-
ment
(of
unknown
of the wives
two,
and of
who were
names of six
name the other
evidently concubines.
382
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
XIII.
rivals.
harem was,
Shivaji's
the
queens
one another through their maids,
doctors and magicians, and the poor husband trying
therefore,
plotting
to
find
455-458.)
against
constantly discussed
1680,
intensified
December,
clined
this
(Chit.
180),
seems
and he seems
to
have de-
to
have had a
and counter-plots
in the
thickened in consequence.
13.
On
24th
Death of
March,
(Dig. 459-462.)
1680,
Shivaji.
the
The
hopes of recovery
giving solemn charges
Gradually
illness
continued
all
officers,
and
DEATH OF
1680]
383
SHIVAJI.
It
moon
Muhammad
of Jalna.
on the
point,
in a
of
son.
of Charles
in
II.
will
remember how
at that
very time
Last
Surat 108,
M. A.
illness
194; Dil.
sentence); Storia,
sentence)
and death
Bombay
to Surat,
of Shivaji
28 April,
1680 (followed
and Dig.
231;
462-467
Chit.
are
180-183.
"loose,
T.
S.
by me);
271
ii.
40b.
traditional"
Orme's Frag.
89.
(one
(one
works;
CHAPTER
Shivaji
XIV.
West
coast.
1.
in
prison,
1660-63.
We
have
described
Rajapur early
brought upon
giving
in
Chapter
how
the
in 1660,
the
vengeance of Shivaji by
itself
assistance
unofficial
to
the
Bijapuri
army
months
five
Shivaji
the
In
later.
Rajapur,
surprised
following
plundered
off four of
December
the
English
Meate Bandar
term for
mith,
and
57.)
is
not
they
tlv
declined
name
to
"discourse
salt-ports,
salt,
but
it
{Vide Rajwade,
viii.
22,
ENGLISH PRISONERS
1662]
IN
385
RAIGARH.
it" unless
he
set
district]
letter
1661.)
charge of
them
were
as
in
Raigarh,"
after
more
than
year's
386
[CH. XIV.
SHIVAJI.
confinement,
disrespectful
lost
their
temper
wrote
in
and
with making no
to the President
and
The
March, 1662):
know very
well.
"How
you came
'Twas
not
for
in prison
you
defending
the
(Ibid,
also
March,
castle,
R. Surat, Vol. 85.)
It
seems that the four Englishmen made an
attempt to escape from Songarh, but were caught
in
Rairi
10
1662, F.
and sent
off to
Queen
especially the
Bari Sahiba
English privateers.
the
The
Mughal governor
1663]
to
to
move
1662),
387
be pressing Shivaji
importune him to
1662, F.
and
14th
November
in Vol.
On 3rd February,
the captain of
vessels
fitting
H. M.
85.)
commissioned
S.
coast,
sent for
in
in
future.
F.
want
of shipping
we
are
and men
instead of
resorting
to
force,
they
388
[CH. XIV-
SHIVAJI.
off
London, we can
through
negotiations
alternate
that they
records
afford
of
this
and
at all
from him.
long-drawn diplomatic
The
intercourse
striking
when he
how
reads
despaired
of
settlement
of
their
hoped or
claims.
Our
psychology
naturally coloured by our emotions.
encounter
with the English during his
Shivaji's
two raids on Surat (in 664 and 670) and the dispute
is
The
is
thus clearly
1669]
389
Council of
to the President
Bombay
November,
668
and Council of
"According
great
the Hon'ble
damage
Company
on several occasions, for which we expect satisfaction and reparation before we enter into any league
with their master,
come
to his
ears
all
we
of which,
suppose, will
by one or more of
his servants,
March,
we
same
to the
exceeding Rs.
read, "Shivaji
much
occasion for
Shivaji Rajah."
On
(Ibid.)
5th March,
and Council
thus
the
to
some overtures
390
[CH. XIV.
SHIVAJI.
an accommodaCompany's demands
to the President of
on him
but
we hope
we would
Bombay
in distress,
him war-material
to sell
(esp.
On
12th
August
1671
Bombay
[of
writes to Surat,
Bombay] received an
Shivaji,
etc.,
how he
(Ibid.)
slights our friendship."
But in September 67 Shivaji sent an ambassador
will see
to
Bombay
was
ammunition."
1671]
may
obtain
nations do in
them
in these negotiations]
and
mortar-pieces
absolutely
convenient
391
deny him,
to
help
in
regard
him
we do
against
not think
it
Danda-Rajpuri,
in
suspense
will bring
is
him
to a speedier conclusion
of the treaty,
forays
with."
till
Stephen Ustick to
Bomb,
to
Surat,
106,
1671.)
handsome equipage
befitting the
"set
15
(F.
R.
Dec,
out in a
Company's honour,"
Company's interpreter.
(F. R. Surat, 87, Surat to Bombay, 30 Sep., 1671.)
As early as the end of November, the Council
Surat
lost all hope of a settlement.
of
They write
to Bombay (30th November,
"Ram Shenvi
1671),
hath private [ly] discoursed with us [as to] what
with
Ram
Shenvi,
the
392
[CH. XIV.
SHIVAJI.
way
it is
now
carried.
till
the
to
proposeth."
The
were "that he
endeavour
to
satisfaction of
[i.e.,
Shivaji's]
and
security in
cities
Surat, 87.)
to
to
Bombay,
January, 1672.)
money
to
shall
be agreed on
1672]
to
393
losses, pro-
fighting the
Mughal generals
(F.
and 20 January,
R. Surat,
in
Baglana to receive
106,
Bombay
1672.)
3.
At
to Surat,
fails,
1672.
Ustick
and promiseth,
a factory at
if
March and
The
3722)
May,
(Bombay
1672, F. R. Surat,
to Surat,
106.)
negotiations broke
amount of the
Company, dated 21st December, 1672, (O. C.
states, "We demanded one hundred thousand
of the
to the
14
394
[CH. XIV.
SHIVAJI.
;...
that
engaged
whereupon
treat (with
^/
to
a close.
ticklish
As they
game
write,
"We
and
and
firewood,
Bombay
drive a
likewise
good trade
your
into the
inhabitants
main
of
[-land]
it
present....
your
We
anything for
who
interest
EMBASSY OF NICCOLLS.
1673]
by the merchants
Shivaji...
it
men
of
395
totally....
Had
them,
{Ibid.)
4.
Embassy
of
Thomas
Niccolls,
1673.
on the 24th
in the
On
his
The
latter
amounted
to
7,894
to
settle
pagodas, or
the
dispute
3,500.
396
[CH. XIV.
SHIVAJl.
Niccolls, saying,
"He would
me."
So Niccolls returned
Bombay
(17th
(Niccolls'
diary
to
0. C. 3787.)
to his master.
to
Bombay
From
Rajah
Aungier, Governor of
the
to
Bombay
Honble Gerald
"I received your
Honour's
letter
by
treated with
1
may be no
desire
you
to accept
of."
397
LONG-DRAWN NEGOTIATIONS.
1673]
C.
pagodas, to be allowed in custom duties, etc. (O.
3758
F. R. Surat, Vol. 106, Bombay to Surat, 29
;
September,
1673.)
accept so small a
pagodas, which
is
amount
custom duties
at the port of
(F.
Rajapur for
R. Surat, Vol. 3.)
five or at
The
while
we
him
right
A
"It
little
is
earlier,
But by
sight,
we
1st
Bombay
"We
are near a
398
[CH. XIV.
SHIVAJI.
if
somewhat the
though
safer,
we
we
you may be
him, yet
daresay
any nation
it
to Co.,
December,
13
5.
The
embassy
is
if
Embassy
1673.)
of
Henry Oxinden,
1674.
Mr.
mission,
The
May
the
course
agreement.
of
the
negotiations,
and
the
final
399
1674]
that "the
except our
articles,
country."
On
the
money
12th
all
all
pradhan) signed the treaty, which was formally delivered to Oxinden at Narayan Pandits house. (F. R.
Surat, Vol. 88.)
November
being sold 50
60 cwt. weight and 2 great
brass guns, was politely declined by the English as
"so public an action as that must needs provoke this
In
king" [Aurangzib.]
to
(Surat to
Bombay,
13
November
1674.)
6.
factory at
in 1675, with
some
of our arrival.
we
it,
and
stayed here or no
would save
1,000
that
;
if
Ward
him
being
that he
we
pagodas by
and further
will
400
[CH. XIV.
SHIVAJI.
have
it
[that] the
cannot
tion."
settle in
(F.
all
R. Surat,
March next
Konkan, so that we
under his jurisdic-
it is
88.)
had an
audience with Shivaji of which a detailed and very
interesting report has been preserved (Rajapur letter,
In
20 April 1675.
F. R. Surat,
88):
the 22nd
[March] about
with
abundance
of horse and
midday, accompanied
So soon as we heard
foot and about 150 palankins.
of his near approach, we went out of our tent and
very near met him. He ordered his palankin to
stand still, called us very near him, seemed very
glad to see us and much pleased [that] we came to
meet him, and said the sun being hot he would not
keep us now, but in the evening he would send for us.
He stopped
[23rd March ?] The Rajah came.
his palankin and called us to him.
When we were
pretty near him we made a stop, but he beckoned
with his hand till I was up close with him. He
diverted himself a little by taking in his hand the
locks of my periwig and asked us several questions
at length asked us how we liked Rajapur and said
he was informed we were not well pleased there,
but bid us not be in the least dissatisfied for what
[had] passed. He would order things for the future
to our full satisfaction, and that we might be sure
;
1675]
401
to
we were sent
were admitted
I was placed so near him on his
into his presence.
I
could touch him. With him we
right hand that
continued about two hours, which was most part
spent in answering many of his questions. At length
we presented him our paper of desires [previously
"translated into the country language"], which after
had been read to him with a little pause, seriously
looking on us, [he] said that it was all granted us.
He would give us a farman for all." But the siege
of Ponda, which Shivaji began immediately afterThe
name.
We
7.
debate" gave
strict
(O. C.
4106.)
On
26
Bombay
suggesting
402
[CH. XIV.
SHIVAJI.
that a "discreet
On
th
be secured.
them
if
no
God
seemed
Bombay on
Surat wrote to
you,
we
desire
you
to seize
still
continues to baffle
of
some
1678]
403
coast-strip, the
He, on
his
we
In January 1678, as
factors]
[i.e.,
the Rajapur
nation
the
at
ministers
and
made upon
at
deceitful
promises of Shivaji's
fair
demands
if
(Ibid.)
confirmed
us
as long as he lived,
promised indemnity in
full
closed
in
Shambhuji, the
pur
latter
ambassadors, and
of the English,
Ram
came
to
me
my
404
SHIVAJI.
[CH. XIV.
contract to
me
to
CHAPTER XV.
Government, Institutions and Policy.
1.
At the time
included
all
of
his
death Shivaji's
kingdom
sessions) stretching
and
The
viceroy.
406
SHIVAJl.
north of
[CH.
XV.
Konkan south
Kanara
North
of
The
Annaji Datto.
formed
the
viceroyalty
of
by
coast,
covered the Satara and Kolhapur disof Desk and the Karnatak districts of Belgaum
Dattaji Pant,
tricts
and Dharwar
(Sabh.
11
to
Parasnis
Mr. Rajwade
B. R. A. S.)
Shivaji's
English
latest
summary
annexation
in
Mawjee,
was
the
/.
Bo.
country
portions of the
acknowledged Maratha
command,
rule.
Dharwar district and the princiSunda and Bednur. Shivaji had inflicted
some
defeats
upon the
local
Nawab, a
vassal
of
CHAUTH
Bijapur
ITS
but Bankapur,
NATURE.
the capital,
407
was
still
un-
So
also
was
his last.
(Struggle for
Savanur, in Dig.)
the
happy hunting-ground
he
levied
blackmail
of his horsemen.
(khandani,
i.e.,
In these
ransom,
in
as regularly as his
But as
this
of the chauth
of
The payment
had
of buying off
left.
The chauth
order against
all
enemies.
The
408
[CH. XV.
SHIVAJI.
The
territory,
old
Shivaji con-
Chit.
152-157
His revenue
(p. 102) at the
is
round
the chauth
when
80 lakhs.
(T. S. 35a.)
rect,
(Sabh. 98-101
Shivaji's theoretical
less
at
The sum
was considerably
income
than
this
its
highest
was
actually realised
paper-estimate,
by
Shivaji are
that
paigns,
it is
referred to
Review
my
The
409
translation of T. S. in the
is
Modern
3.
The growth
army
had
is
thus recorded
at the
horsemen
Mavle
infantry.
(Sabh.
11.)
He
also
enlisted
700
(Chit.
Khan
33
T. S. 15b.)
he raised his forces to 7,000 paga, 8,000 silahand 12,000 infantry (Sabh. 27.) At the time of
death (1680), his army consisted of 45,000 paga
(1659)
dars,
his
(under
29
colonels)
colonels.)
left
colonels),
60,000
of
(Sabh. 96-97.)
silahdars
(under
31
to the bargirs.
The
to
core of his
410
SHIVAJl.
[CH.
XV.
In the
with their
and swell
him
of irregulars.
his
allies of
His
elephants
Sabhasad
(p. 97)
likely
figures.
mentioned.
Chitnis (a doubtful
for
field service
4.
His
it.
in the days
of Dadaji
became
his
own
chief {Sar-i-naubat)
four (Sabh.
8.)
In
to the
above
conquest of
Javli
was
41
Council
territory) the
suits in the
/
was
and kept
own
hands.
as his secretaries
to
dictate
advisory
his
instructions
his
own
prime-
policy
when he was
advice, and
was
Shivaji
all
in
mood
to
listen
to
tive
departments. It
interfered with the
is
Ecclesiastical
and
Accounts
The
Cabinet, as well as
its
in
the
412
krit
[CH. XV.
SHIVAJl.
The prime-minister,
1.
Mukhya Pradhan.) His
were
to look after
administration.
among
in the
harmony
had
to
The
auditor,
particular districts.
The
Mantri.)
3.
krit
&c, so
The
as to guard against
superintendent,
He
Sanskrit Sachiv.)
were drafted
to write
at
in the
had
murderous
(Persian
to see that
proper
all
plots.
Shuru-navis,
royal letters
style, to revise
them, and
The
foreign
Sanskrit Sumant.)
secretary,
He was
(Persian
Dabir,
It
tries,
was
and
The
commander-in-chief,
413
(Persian
Sar-i-
The
Pandit
Rao
The
tried civil
He
and endorsed
all judicial
to
Hindu law
headmanship, &c.
command of
when necessary.
had
expeditions
ters
ministers
other
than the
of the king
of the four
Commander-in-chief,
the
viz.,
Balaji Avji
the chitnis
or Persian secretary.
the
So says
Chitnis.
The
and
Niloji
the munshi
muster-rolls of the
But Oxinden's
letters
army
imply that
the English.
all
414
[CH. XV.
SHIVAJI.
drawn up by a
pay-bills
who corresponded
class
to the
168
Sanads and
Letters.)
Army
5.
We
now
turn
to
organisation.
ShivajVs
and
civil
military
regulations.
Every
fort or
"No
fort
was
to
be
who were
left solely
to act jointly.
under a havladar,
lest
the Brahmans,"
who wrote
five
and each
or six sections,
of these
was
Ramushi castes.
The havladar
of a fort
was empowered
official
to
change
and
letters
He was
to lock
CAVALRY ORGANISATION.
415
under
He had
his pillow.
make
to
frequent tours of
the
work
and
size,
regulations
All
for
were
rigidly enforced.
whether
soldiers,
musketeers,
spearmen,
new
soldier
from the
men
by 25 troopers
(bargirs)
over 25
was formed
men was
placed one
Chit.,
81,
subahdar
called
Here
says
in
that
there
command
was an
of 5 jumlas,
intermediate
below the
officer
hazari.
text.
416
SHIVAJI.
In the infantry,
[CH.
militiamen, there
XV.
to every
10
no
over
among
whom was
There seems
to
have been
ShivajVs
Guard brigade
of 2,000 select
to the State.
expense
(Sabh. 58.)
hun a
year and the right to use a palkj. Attached to him
was a majmuadar on 100 to 125 hun. A hazari drew
under him were a majmuadar, a
,000 hun a year
Maratha \arbhari (manager or steward), and a
salary of 500
attached to his
Karkuns (collectors),
and spies were posted to every
higher command down to a hazari, under order of
reporters,
office.
couriers
the sar-i-naubat.
Chit.,
83,
gives
five jumladars.
five
havladars
and
417
to
home
territory
September.)
army
carried
with
himself.
The
contributions.
levy
was
troops were
months and
No woman,
be allowed
female
to
also
slave
or
accompany the
A
soldier
these
was to be
of
army.
keeping any
beheaded. No woman or child was to be taken
Cows were exempt from
captive, but only men.
dancing-girl
seizure,
only.
to
to
expeditions abroad.
On
their return to
their
own
liable to
The
27
generals
418
[CH. XV.
SHIVAJI.
were
to
29-30.)
6.
administration.
The
of
which were
left
"New
money
ryots
who came
for seeds,
and
were to be given
amount being re-
to settle
cattle, the
The
xviii.
Pt.
ii.
pp. 321-322.)
It
is
(Bom.
means
of
testing
centuries old
his
statement
about
system
nearly
two
wanted
419
to
class
the
of
who had no
zamindars,
and
powers of
deshmukhs,
subject
annexed,
to
the
had
Mughal
been
formerly
kulkarn is
patils,
and
Adil-Shahi
ryots
thus
landlords),
(hereditary
These
hun as revenue.
growing
to
away
(exact)
take
now
revenue
of
the
village,
power
to
This was
all
used
military fief-holders
power
over
and
they
were
(Sabh. 32-33.)
were
tenants.
their
given
"The
no
sar-i-
on the revenue
The
420
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
XV.
Men
were not
any
to
be given pro-
village in entirety.
to
ment
united would
was
become
uncontrollable.
No mokasa
was
with
sent
the
of
collectors
all
421
blackmail.
Brahmans, under
(Sabh. 32.)
the Peshwa's supervision (Sabh. 77.)
Religious policy.
7.
was very
liberal.
He
m.
s.
men
of Islam, notably
on the Ratnagiri
of Bankot
own
Baba Yaqut
coast.)
(August)
and increase
or
decrease
their
stipends
Foreign pandits
kingdoms
spiritual
to
guide
beg."
An
(guru)
saints of
was
Ramdas
Maharashtra,
made
422
SHIVAJI.
[CH.
XV.
hero's
national
political
ideal
The
suspicion.*
was
spiritual,
of Satara,
still
Shivaji
(1673)
neighbouring
guides
holy
and not
of
hill-fort
installed
Parli
or
Sajjangarh,
and
hill
space
charming anecdote is told, that Shivaji could not
understand why Ramdas used to go out daily on his
!
tour,
all
gift,
rule
to
robe of
Hindu sannyasi
his
standard,
bhagwe
in
his great
Shivaji
Bakhar, 5-6
tions
and
coterie of
and Ramdas
Prof.
Chit.
44-53,
also
Ramdas
his
;
Shambhuji
the publica-
8.
So
423
much
for
in
regulations
Shivaji's
theory.
his soldiers
had
gaon
(1679),
is
contradicted
many
official
everywhere and
for
him
at all times
hence
camp-followers.
In the
wake
it
was impossible
his troops
by
of the
and
Maratha army,
The
to
whom
by saying, as he did
Surat (1672),
but
cannot
and
in relation to
explain
his
Mughal
raids
into
territory only,
Bijapur
and
means he employed,
his success
was
a dazzling
424
[CH. XV.
SHIVAJI.
reality.
the
irrepressible
and
all
resources.
its
Aurangzib was
Shiva.
in despair as to
significant statement
letter of his
nearly
his
generals
Shivaji,
had
seeing that
failed
the
in
and
Deccan,
great
whom
is
necessary.
decree from
' '
The young
letter
Shah Abbas
Persian king,
taunting
"You
Aurangzib,
call
II.,
sent a
yourself
am
To
the
Hindu world
in
that
age of renewed
on the forehead
Brahmans.
of
ritualistic
Hindus,
(Bhushan's poems.)
new
paint-mark (Maty
of
9.
We
have
425
information
reliable
about
Shivaji' s
Actual
proportion.
seems
= active]
to smile, a quick
The
complexion]
[in
neither
Shivaji
1675),
the
with
abundance
of
the
of
says
of
him,
and tawny
which ineyes
size]
quick
factor
English
[he]
Frenchman
Deccan from
1667,
spirit."
examined with
exercise,
cultured
in
in
It
is
pity
that
at Shivaji's coronation,
his personal
There
appearance.
a contemporary and authentic portrait
is
of
each person
in
Dutch on the
Aurangzib's portrait
Mughal'...
is
should,
therefore,
426
SHIVAJI.
were
true to
them.
They
life
[CH.
so far as the
could
artist
XV*
make
12, Shivaji.
to right,
at
aigretts
silk
supplied to
The
me by
portrait
W.
Mr.
of
Irvine, 10th
Shivaji
given
March,
in
1904.)
Constable's
187) follows
an en-
graving in F.
Mughal Court
The
in 1712.
Italian traveller
Manucci
in
1706 presented
(now
686.
This volume
in Blochet's
list),
by photography
which Mr.
39
do Mogor,
Earlier and less
Vol.
HI.,
faithful
CHAPTER
XVI.
PLACE
IN
how
Shivaji's policy
State
Shivaji's
and
HISTORY.
policy,
far traditional.
like
his
administrative
the
at
expense of
his
Indeed, the
neighbours.
a course as the
down such
had
also
ment
by
religious
motives.
cannot be
According to the
peace between a
Quranic law,
there
Muhammadan
The
States.
seats of war,
latter
and
it is
are
the
dar-ul-harb
or
legitimate
to slay
become
*
faith
will
For an
earlier parallel
iii.
284-293.
428
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
is
foreign policy
so complete that
same word,
The only
was
difference
that in theory
(as well
Peshwas
as the
after
he did Muhammadans.
of his dominion.
misrepresented
it,
levy blackmail."
(Sabh., 29.)
in India
429
swaraj, as
2.
we have shown
elsewhere.
fail
to create an enduring
Maratha nation stop short of
the final accomplishment of their union and dissolve
before they had consolidated into an absolutely
State?
-
'*
compact
An
political
body?
It
is
doubtful
if
was
work among
the 18th. The
at
as in
kingdom
the
fact
resulting
established
that
the
from the
his
first
by him
national
'
in the
glory
victories of Shivaji
Deccan lay in
and prosperity
and Baji Rao I.
Hindu orthodoxy
accentuated caste distinction and ceremonial purity
it
by
their
independence,
the
Marathas of the
18th
430
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
century forgot the past record of Muslim persecuthe social grades turned against each other.
tion
The Brahmans
east
the
of
Sahyadri range
men of the hills
despised those living west,
despised their brethren of the plains, because they
could now do so with impunity. The head of the
living
the
State,
Brahman
once
great-grandfather had
lower in society than the Desh Brahmans'
grandfather's
been
great-
While the Chitpavan Brahmans were waging social war with the
a bitter jealousy
Deshastha Brahmans,
raged
between the Brahman ministers and governors and
We have unmistakable
the Kayastha secretaries.
grandfathers' great-grandfathers
traces of
it
grows by
"Caste
antagonistic to
national
fission."
It
is
union.
the seed of
Tagore remarks
its
own
it
death.
Hindu
contained within
As Rabindranath
"A
He wanted
to
all
make
this
life.
He wove
impossible.
is
It
opposed
to
ropes of sand
431
he attempted the
is beyond the power of any man, it
the divine law of the universe, to
;
sect
over
vast
continent
like
India.'**
and
Shivaji
Marathas,
i.e.,
his
father-in-law
members
movement
Deccan
Brahman
he was called
in
the
if
a Maratha.
am
were
19th century, a
"I
Gaikwar
a Dakshina Brahman."
Brahmans to
whose defence and prosperity he had devoted his life.
Their insistence on treating him as a Shudra drove
him into the arms of Balaji Avji, the leader of the
his
who were
and
literary
powers
of
the Kayasthas,
and Govern-
ment
service,
sacred thread.
his
naturally
by
Balaji
From
me
in
sympathised with
in social estimation
as translated
432
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
in
Brahmans.*
There
organised
The cohesion
of the peoples
supermen.
*
two
in
convincing posterity.
Onl;
replies,
Mr.
ago,
Salmasius
Mr.
descendant
is
and
at
use
of evidence,
This
Rajwade
reasoning and
at
happening
Prof.
Kolhapur
in
or Against
Bijapurkar
S. Thakre,
Shudra)
called
(who
are
and yet
Shivaji's
even
nationalists,
Chauvinists.
It
Puna Brahmans of
the
18th
that
the
all-
who
believe
that
the
itself
Puna Brahmans
hope
failed
in the
only through
433
Government
nature,
very
fatally
of personal discretion
is,
by
its
uncertain.
However well-planned
on the administration.
sudden changes,
and
official
corruption,
because
national
spirit
among
evil.
The
Maratha
development
rulers
neglected
of the State.
Some
of
economic
them did, no
the
doubt, try to save the peasantry from illegal exactions, and to this extent they promoted agriculture.
by
certain
of
their rights
duty.
The
internal
with no industry,
agriculture
rainfall,
little
could
dominion
to
be
434
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
met,
As
succession of raids.
me when
laughingly told
Bombay
when
enough booty
to
Now
three years.
own
lands."
Thus,
character
the
by
of
his
State,
the
It
food
move
in a vicious
ing and
invaded
countries
wealth.
The
but peace
trade
repeated
plunder
(in 1670)
is
brought him
much
To
take an illustration,
of
Surat
city,
less
and
scared
his
away
second raid
and
effectually
OVER-SUBTLETY FAILS
IN
THE END.
435
Lastly, the
intrigue.
to
%
!
They did
finesse.
amount
together.
Rajapur factory.
and
to
lesser
extent
Baji
Rao
I.,
They
matic trickery, as
if
trusted too
much
to diplo-
chess.
Military efficiency
moment and
436
his
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
cobweb
endless
of
hollow
alliances
and
his
and by a few
swift
mere
scheming Machiavel.
Character of Shivaji.
5.
Shivaji's
private
standard of morality.
life
He was
a devoted son, a
which allowed a
plurality of wives
of concubines even
among
of his faith
is
proved by
his impartial
respect for
437
He had
and threw a
Khan.
who knew
him, drawing
officers,
and governors,
at fault, and
his administration, both civil and military, was unrivalled for efficiency.
How well he deserved to be
success, as his selection of generals
diplomatists and
is
king
all
his
was never
proved by
men
ment
secretaries
of
all religions,
remarkable forethought
and kept
making
all
and
arrange-
distant campaigns.
was a model of
was
provided for beforehand
everything
army
;
in
in
its
organisation
divisions of his
campaign
were
at
combined
or
will over long
army
dispersed
failure
the
distances without
enemy's pursuit or
obstruction was successfully met and yet the booty
;
438
[ch. XVK.
SHIVAJI.
was
rapidly
loss.
and the
cavalry,
weapons
of the age,
His
with
stiffened
irresistible
in the
swift-footed
!ight
was
More than a
infantry,
age of Aurangzib.
and
difficulties.
think
it
would not be
fair to
The whole
of his short
life
was one
not of fruition.
was
his
and
necessarily
devoted to meeting daily dangers with daily expedients and he had not the chance of peacefully
building
up a well-planned
Owen's
Selections
political
edifice.
284,
His
289.
is
deduce
his political
It
we
and
incomplete
aim from
cannot
confidently
conjecture
of materials
439
though
it
from
this class
is
changes
with
daily
changes in
equilibrium
generation.
among them
their
strength
as
There can be no
for
more than a
Each has
to
a huge armed force, sleepless vigilance, and readiness to strike the first blow are the necessary
conditions of the very existence of a kingdom.
evil
The
sea to sea.
Shivaji could not for a
moment be
sure of the
The
Government.
past
history
of
the
Mughal
to Shiva as to Adil
tion
was only
440
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
to
wage
different.
wished
He
dominion only
to exist.
at the
Kamatak
Government
7.
Mughal invasions
of
1679.
spirit.
and
into the
and
ments,
441
instinctive
of
perception
was
what
tances,
To
success in
life.
loftiness
minds
of
his
and
toleration
contentment
strenuously
which drew
to
his
community, while
insistence on equal
side
the best
his
universal
justice
gave
He
maintained
order
own
calling the
was
lost
and
Maratha race
his
to a
legacy
imagination
of
imperishable achievement
of the
the
fired
of his life
But the
people.
The mutual
weakness of
the three Muslim Powers of the Deccan were, no
conflict
and
internal
his
incompetence of
last great
his
enemies.
Hindu
drilled
and commanded by
his
not
442
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
What he
by Frenchmen.
institutions were looked up
built
lasted
long
to with admiration
his
and
Peshwas'
Shivaji
reading.
rule.
was
He
illiterate
built
up
his
He
he
nothing by
Government
and
kingdom
;
learnt
Court,
civilised
city,
or
rise,
was
scattered
He
like atoms through many Deccani kingdoms.
welded them into a mighty nation. And he achieved
in the teeth
this
*'
Powers
India,
mighty
like the
list
of Shivaji's legacy,
so
many
silver,
not
viz.,
how
to
institutions,
inspired by Dadaji.
Brahman
He
well
could only
SHIVAJI
NATION-BUILDER.
443
hirelings,
all its
that the
State, defeat
enemies
own
defence
they can protect and promote literature
and art, commerce and industry they can maintain
navies and ocean-trading fleets of their own, and
;
conduct
naval
He
foreigners.
the
full
on
battles
taught the
terms
equal
modern Hindus
with
to rise to
He
and
even
Emperor
king
Jahangir
Allahabad down
to
of
kings
cut
the
its
roots
its
it.
tree
began
to
obstruction to
(Chhatrapati.)
Bat
Akshay
tree
and hammered a
stump.
But lo
The
of
red-
He
flattered
in a
year the
growth aside
444
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
Shivaji has
shown
seemingly
bondage,
legal
can
crushing load
exclusion from
repression
branches
it
it
rise
of
the
Hinduism
is
centuries of political
administration,
and
can again
lift
up
its
head
to the skies.
APPENDIX
III.
The Marathas
shivaji.
18 years,
1671
from
to the
his last
death of
when
It
is
446
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJI.
letters
etc.,
and
for
the
sufficient
private families,
title-deeds.
Peshwa period
official
histories,
we may
if
brief
apply
and confused
Sabhasad's
recollections written in
1694,
its
position
is
lower
still.
As
regards
On
extent
English)
sources
were
higher
intellectual
contemand dated,
absolutely
MARATH1 BAKHARS
chroniclers,
we
as
is
clearly
WHY WORTHLESS.
borne
447
upon us when
in
original.
In
this
state
of
it
things
may be
patriotic to
it
history.
times
Shivaji's
were
bakhars flaunted by
my
if
are
But what
character?
literary
in
the
is
non-Marathi
of supernatural episodes,
They
events
of
sources),
in short,
the
their
abundance
These
composed.
of an ignorant public.
source,
surmise be correct,
at
their
their
once
modern
term.
by a
and
after
448
[CH. XVI.
SHIVAJl.
their
perilous
derived
from
his
an old
had
no
Deccan
entire
is
entirely
half-obliterated
hardships.
passed through
Malhar Ram Rao
memory the
man who had
memory
many privations and
of
Chitnis
the
across
flight
peninsula.
of
State-papers
Shivaji's
or
and he derives
all
his facts
have
They contain
the
maximum
and bazar
same
"loose
literary
traditions,"
of legends super-
gossip, with a
minimum
and dates.
(The cities of Bijapur and
Golkonda are founded in consequence of exactly
the same prodigy
Javlikar More-yanchV chhoti
Bakhar.) All are anonymous and of unknown date.
These so-called bakhars are evidently the proof
facts
duction
of
dull-brained
written
records
or
authentic
State-papers.
They
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
carry
on
composed
449
were
by
had passed away, and before the
rise of the modern school of sound and critical
Marathi historians under Khare and Sane, Rajwade
and Sardesai. I hazard a guess that they were
written between 1820 and 1840 or '50,
though the
kernel of some of them (almost equally legendary or
inaccurate) may have been put down in writing
the Peshwas' rule
about 1770-1790.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
A101.
Marathi.
naji
order of Raja
Weak
no
Language very condensed and sometimes
in topography,
obscure.
the most valuable Marathi account of
and
our only source of information from the
Shivaji
Maratha side. All later biographies in the same
But
29
450
SHIVAJI.
[biblio.
language
often
mere "loose
is
either incorrect or
None
traditions."
of
them
is
events (as
we know from
non-Marathi sources.)
But
means
of Sanskrit
flourishes,
rhetorical
miracles,
quotations,
emotional
and
gush,
commonplace
and Exploits
ed.
J.
of Shivaji (Bombay,
L.
Manker
1st.
ed.
as Life
1884,
2nd
1886.)
102.
1760
Chitra-gupta
Bakhar,
composed
about
atmak
N.
J.
Shiva-chhatrapati-chen
Sapta-prakaran-
pure guess-work in
many
places.
No
State-paper
and
no help
104.
176)!i
The
editing
is
unscholarly and of
to the reader.
by P. R.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
451
Khando
1895.)
Ballal (the
by a
writer
familiar
with
the
style
modern
Bankim
of
of
by
Chandra Chatterji. Too much gush (esp. pp. 453, 208,
444), rhetorical padding and digression. The author
imitators
death
work
composed
about
and containing,
a few facts the truth
1760-75
Records.
lost
Factory
source was also the basis of the
Persian Tarikfi-i-Shivaji,
many passages.
The Raigarh Life.
digoijay in
105.
lost.
English translation
(badly
the
Bombay
pp. 1-22.
Secretariat,
(1885.)
"A
Maratha
Series,
loose traditional
Vol.
work"
of
I.
no
b^ Telang.
106.
Shivapratap (Baroda), an utterly worthless
does not even claim to be old.
fabrication
modern
authority.
Adversely
criticised
452
SHIVAJI.
107.
[biblio*
1820-1840.)
108.
Two alleged old bakhars (called Moreyanchi Chhoti Bakhar and Mahabaleshwar-chi Juni
21-29 and
and
ii.
9-12.
deliberate
factory
fabrication
109.
Zedhe-yanchi Shakavali,
Tilak in Chaturtha
record of events
family.
107.)
From
Sammelan
with
ed.
by
Britta (Puna.)
dates,
B.
G
bare
kept by the
Zedhe
was
written
it
and D.
111.
B. Parasnis (1913)
Mawjee
and
Marathyan-chya-Itihasachin-Sadhanen,
ed.
453
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
others
Vols,
viii
and
and
his times.
made
to
Some
deceive the
judicial bodies.
of
I
Some
them are
clearly forgeries
seem
to have
other
been
of
the
editor's
transcription,
they
ballad
reign.
excellent
introduction),
by
Acworth
(Longmans,
1894.)
113.
G.
S. Sardesai's
I.
454
SHIVAJI.
[biblio.
2nd
literature,
religion
and noble
families.
Genealogies
a speciality.
above.
B.
Bhushan's
114.
Bihari Mishra
Hindi.
Shukdev
and
Bihari
scriptures
and epics
ed.
Granthavali,
by
Mishra
by means
Shyam
(Nagri
of
an
and
No
Chhatra-prakash
Pracharini Sabha,
Chhatra Sal's
by
Benares.)
visit
to
Shiva.
Lai
Canto
Kavi
xi
English
(Nagri
deals with
trans.,
in
4.
by Kambu.
Alamgir-namah by Mirza Md. Kazim.
5.
Amal-i-Salih.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
455
6.
9.
10.
11.
29.
Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-muala.
Muhammad-namah
116.
mad
me
made
25.
Md.
by
Basatin-i-Salatin,
Ibrahim
Al
Zubairi.
19.
Tarikh-i-Shivaji.
1957, (Ethe
work
of
Trans, by
16.
No.
485),
same
as
Rieu
i.
p. 327.
MS.
"The
me
45.
39.
21.
tr.
by
me
33.
117.
Persian
Shivaji
Faiyyaz-uUqawanin.
Khatut-i-Shioaji, R. A. S. MS.
Parasnis
letters
and
MS.
from
his
the
volume
in
which some
Mughal Government to
have been copied
descendants
by order of the
456
SHIVAJI.
[biblio.
Office
Correspondence
Original
MS.
Surat and
records.
(O. C),
letters
India
from
and
between Surat and Bombay and the subThere is a catalogue of these,
ordinate factories.
giving writer, place and date, but very little
In most cases there is a
indication of the contents.
volume for every year. The O. C. volumes deal
indiscriminately with all parts of India where the
Bombay
to the E.
I.
Co., (London)
letters
Company had
contain
the
little
F. R.
factories.
From
1682 to
1689 they
is
given in
extremely
being absolutely contemporary with the
events described and preserved without any change
or
The English traders sometimes
garbling.
valuable,
is
records.
There
is
George, &c.
They
include
(a)
St.
Consultations at these
and (b) copies of letters received and dispatched by them (some being repeated in O. C.)
There are several gaps in the period 1660-1689 and
the existing volumes are unindexed.
Surat Consultations none extant for 1636-*60,
64, 67, 68, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, and 84-96, but
factories
457
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
filled by
and dispatched and the O. C.
have survived
trie
Letters received
for 1660-1683.
Surat Letters
about
in question.
Records of Fort
sultation
for
Book,
St.
George:
1672-78 and
in
Orme MSS.
by
logued
S.
in
C.
contain
copies
of
several
Diary of
Soc.) Vol.
II.
W. Hedges,
ed.
by Yule, (Hakluyt
1670.
120.
in
the
the historian
of
They
Shivaji
1671
by
W.
Irvine,
4 vols.
ed.
by Constable.
122.
Bernier's
123.
Travels,
458
SHIVAJI.
124.
Fryer's
J.
New
[biblio.
Account of East
India, ed.
J.
(1826.)
The Madras
District
new
ed.,
ed.
.
127.
Portuguese.
Murmugao.
(p.
40.)
(Lisbon,
Contains
1730.)
168
Composed
of
Full
pages.
1695
in
gross
in-
It
may more
marvellous romance
minimum
of
known
us from other
properly be
Shivaji,*
of facts dates
to
as
styled
it
'The
contains
maximum
Archives
Shivaji.
take
have
consulted,
To my mind
more
with
reference
is
that
to
we
459
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
and
(15
Shivaji
was a
friend
of
the
Portuguese."
Feb. 1919.)
J.
Abbreviations.
A. N. Alamgir-namah (Persian.)
Bom. Gaz. Bombay Gazetteer,
J.
1st
Sir
by
ed.,
Campbell.
Basatin-i-Salatin (Persian.)
Chit.
Chitnis Bakhar of Shivaji (Marathi.)
Dig. Shivadigvijay (Marathi.)
Nuskha-i~Dilkasha, by Bhimsen (Persian.)
F.R. English Factory Records (India
H. A. Haft Anjuman (Persian.)
inch = 4 miles) Survey
Ind. At. Indian Atlas
B. S.
Dil.
Office.)
(1
of India.
K.
M.
0.
K.Khan
Khan's
Muntakhab-ulLubab
A. Masir-i-Alamgiri (Persian.)
C. Original Correspondence of
E.
I.
Co.
Maratha
Raj.
4 Vols.
Tarikh-i-Shivaji (Persian.)
C. Zedhe-yanchi Shakaoali (Marathi.)
T. S.
Z.
vols., Rs.
3-8 each.
manuscript),
MSS.
Vol.
Lessons of Aurangzib's reignmaterials
Aurangzib's
and education early viceroymarriageboyhood
and familywar in Central Asia
alties
illness
Vol.
Defeat of Jaswant Singh defeat of Dara
pursuit,
capture and execution of Dara capture of
Dara's eldest son struggle with Shujawar in Bengal
critical
and chief
Aurangzib's sons,
relations
with the outer Muslim world
moral and religious regulations, "burial of
Music" captivity, sufferings and death of Shah Jahan
conquests of Kuch Bihar, Assam, Chittagong, &c.
rebellions
of frontier Afghanspersecution of the
Hindus, temple destruction, Jaziya tax fully
cussedwar with the Rajputsannexation of Jodhpur
Durgadas and Ajit Singhpeace with Maharana
Hindu reactionSatnamis Sikh gurus Tegh Bahadur
and Guru Govind SinghShiva
on religious
tolerationTod's Rajasthan criticisedcorrect chronoVol.
III.
sisters,
ministers
strict
dis-
ji's letter
OPINIONS
all sincerity
to continue
a model."
SHIVAJI
AND
HIS TIMES
Second
A new and
historian."
STUDIES IN
MUGHAL
INDIA,
(Rs. 2)
Aurangzib* s Revenue
of
Aurangzib.
An Indian Memoir-writer
of 17th Century.
Khuda Bakhsh.
William Irvine.
Education in Mughal
India.
Regulations.
Orissa in the iyth Century. Art in Mughal India.
Shaista Khan in Bengal.
Oriental Monarchies.
Feringi Pirates of Chatgaon
V. A. Smith.
"The essays are charming and with
constant practice your style has attained ease and
flexibility."
(29 Dec. 1919.)
Times of India. "The book under review contains valuable sketches of Mughal times written by
one of the few competent contemporary writers on the
great period of Aurangzib."
(3 Jan. 1920.)
Athenaeum. "This should prove a useful handbook to
1913).
Asiatic
Review. "A series of essays on
Quarterly
Aurangzib and his times of the most entertaining description.
First comes a life of Aurangzib,
succinctly,
yet attractively
written.
It
sets
career."
the
out
perfect
tragosdia of Aurangzib's
(Apr. 1913).
Indian Antiquary. "All the essays are brightly written,
and several contain information not hitherto available to the
English student." (June, 1913).
ANECDOTES OF AURANGZIB,
Re 1-8
Sarkar.
ed.
(1485 1533),
ed.,
Sion.
Pour les
economique de I* Inde
on trouvera un expose tres concis,
mais tres substantiel, nourri de faits et de chiffres, et d'allure
tres
Pour tout les problemes economiques
personnelle
qui passionnent actuellement I'lnde, on voit ici la position
prise par un reformiste impartial, pratique, et d'une singuiliere
largeur de vues."
(Annales de Geogra.)
Sir Theodore Morison.
'The author of the present book
I'etat
questions essentielles
The
is
no
less evident
Sarkar's reflections
in the present economic treatise.
rise in the standard of comfort (Ch. IV.) are shrewd
and are fortified by some interesting
vincing,
upon the
and conpersonal
'
observations
Review. The
mecum."
J.
R. A. S.
"A
good
little
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