JVP Manifesto 2015 Tamil

kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Njrpa Ntiyj;jpl;lk;
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp
epaKth ntspaPL
epaKth ntspaPL
ISBN 978-955-8696-41-5
Kjy; ntspaPL- 2015 [{iy
mr;rfk;
gpupd;nly; gpiuntl; ypkpl;nll;
21/11
04 tJ xOq;if>
muypa cad> njghdk>
gd;dpgpl;lba.
ntspaPl;lhsh;:
epaKth ntspaPL>
464/20> gd;dpgpl;ba tPjp>
ngytj;j>
gj;juKs;s.
tprhuizfSf;F:
njhiyNgrp: +94112785612
njhiykly;: +94112786050
E-mail: niyamuwa@jvpsrilanka.com
WEB: www.jvpsrilanka.com
cs;slf;fk;
kf;fs; rpNdf Ml;rp
01.

02.
03.
04.
05.
mur fl;likg;G
1. mur mjpfhuk;
2. mur nraw;ghL
mbg;gil cupik
Njrpa ghJfhg;G
Njrpa xUikg;ghL
ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if
cau; kdpj tsq;fs;

01. fy;tp
02. Rfhjhuk;
03. ePu;> czT> Nghrhf;F kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;
04. tpisahl;L kw;Wk; cly; MNuhf;fpak;
05. tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopEl;gk;
etPdj;Jtk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gkhd

ehnlhd;W
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
nghUshjhug; gpupT
ifj;njhopy;
fkj;njhopy;
fhy;eil tsk;
flw;nwhopy; ePu;tho; capupd njhopw;Jiw
ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopw;Jiw
Rw;Wyh njhopw;Jiw
Njrpa kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
epjpg; gpupT
fhzp
ePu; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrdk;
kpd;rf;jp
Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; neLQ;rhiy
tPlikg;G
Rw;whly;
njhopy;
Gyk;ngau; ,yq;ifau;
fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp
ePjp> epahakhd rKjhak;

01. murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gf;fs;
mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;
ePjpkd;wk;
Fw;wk; kw;Wk; rpiwr;rhiy
kfsPu;> rpWtu; cupikfs;
tNahjpgu;> tyJ Fiwe;Njhu; kw;Wk;
khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs;
r%f Nrkeyd;
tPz; tpuak;> Coy; kw;Wk; Nkhrb Mfp
atw;iw ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;
02. jdpahu; fk;gdpfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspd;
nghWg;Gf;fs;
03. FLk;gk; kw;Wk; jdpegu; nghWg;Gf;fs;
Rje;jpukhd kdpjd;
mwpKfk;
gpupj;jhdpa Neub Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;J tpLgl;l ,yq;iff;F fpilj;j
miuFiwahd Rje;jpuj;jpd; Clhf ghupa vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fSld; murhq;fnkhd;iw
mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJ 1948Mk; Mz;byhFk;. 1948Mk; Mz;by; Njhw;wk; ngw;w [f;fpa
Njrpaf; fl;rp murhq;fk; njhlf;fk; ,Jtiuapy; vkJ ehl;L kf;fspd; thf;Fupikapd;
%yk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;W 67 tUlq;fs; ,e;ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs; [f;fpa Njrpaf;
fl;rp kw;Wk; = yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp Mfpatw;iw Nru;e;jtu;fNs. ehl;il mgptpUj;jp
nra;Nthk;> tWikia xopg;Nghk;> ehl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;GNthk; vd thf;FWjpaspj;J
mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;W Ml;rp Gupe;j ,uz;L mjpfhu FOf;fspd; 67 tUl Ml;rpapy; ,e;ehL
mile;Js;s epyikahdJ kpfTk; ftiyaspg;gjhfNt cs;sJ. kf;fs; kpfTk; tWik
kw;Wk; ftiyf;Fupa #o;epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
cw;gj;jpj;Jiwia KOikahfg; Gwf;fzpj;Jk; rPuopj;Jk; cs;sjd; tpisthf> vkJ
ehlhdJ fld;gl;L czTz;Zk;> ntspehl;L kw;Wk; Njrpa fld;fis ek;gp thOk; ehlhf
khwpAs;sJ. mjd; tpisthf ehl;bd; xt;nthU gpuirAk;; &gh 4 ,yl;rk; fldhspahf
,Uf;fpd;whu;. Kd;du; ngw;w fld; njhlh;ghd jtizf; fl;lzk;> tl;b Mfpatw;iw
nrYj;Jtjw;fhf kPz;Lk; fld; ngWk; epiy Njhd;wpAs;sjhy;> ehL fld; tiynahd;wpy;
rpf;fpAs;sJ.
NkYk;> mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghf ngha;g; gpur;rhuq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ehl;bd;
tUkhdkhdJ
rkdw;w
tpjj;jpy;
gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;>
tWikapd;
msT
mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhifapy; gzf;fhuf; FLk;gq;fshd 20rjtPj
nkhj;jj; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; 54rjtPjj;ij mEgtpf;Fk; mNjNtisapy; rdj;njhifapy;
kpfTk; tWikahd 20rjtPj FLk;gq;fs; mEgtpf;Fk; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; msthdJ
04rjtPjkhf Fiwe;Js;sJ.
,yq;ifahdJ ghupa epjpg; gpur;rpidf;F cl;gl;Ls;s mNjNtisapy;> njspthd
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifnahd;W ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhYk;> mtrpakhd epjp Vw;ghLfisr;
nra;ahj fhuzj;jpdhYk;> kf;fspd; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> tPlikg;G Mfpa
mj;jpatrpa Njitfs; rPu;nfl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapy; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 360>000 gps;isfs;
ghlrhiyf;F cs;thq;fg;gLk; mNj Ntisapy;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspypUe;J gl;lk; ngw;W
ntspNaWk; egu;fspd; mjp$ba vz;zpf;ifahdJ 30>000 MFk;. ,jd; %yk; tpsq;FtJ
vd;dntd;why;> ghlrhiyf;F cs;thq;fg;gLk; gps;isfspy; 330>000tiu ,ileLtpy; fy;tpr;
nraw;ghLfspypUe;J tpLgl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdu; vd;gjhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F
njhopypid vjpu;ghu;j;J njhopw;re;ijf;F Eiogtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 03 ,yl;rkhfTs;s
mNjNtisapy;> mur Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g;ig ngWgtu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if Rkhu; 65>000 MFk;. vQ;rpa egu;fshd Rkhu; 235>000Ngu; tho;thjhuk; ngWk;
topnahd;iw ngwhj epu;f;fjpahd epiyf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.

,jd; tpisthf r%jhaj;jpy; Fw;wk; mjpfupg;gJld; r%jha fyhrhuKk; rPuope;J NghFk;
epiyNaw;gLfpd;wJ. nghyp]; mwpf;ifapd; gpufhuk; xt;nthU 03 kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;F
xU Kiw ngz; ty;Ywnthd;W ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; Nghijg;nghUl;fSf;F
mbikahNdhu; Rkhu; xU ,yl;rk; ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis xt;tnhU 50 FLk;g myfpYk; xU
egu; Nghijg; nghUSf;F mbikahdtuhff; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. ,yq;ifapy; xt;nthU
ehSk; 14 egu;fs; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;stjhf mwpf;ifaplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Jjhd;
67 tUl Ml;rp khw;wj;jpd; tpisT. ,yq;ifapy; Njrpa ey;ypzf;fk; Vw;glhky; cs;s
mNjNtisapy;> ,dthjpfs; kw;Wk; rka jPtputhjpfspdhy; kf;fs; gPjpaile;Js;sdu;.
ehl;by; Nkhrb> Coy; mjpfupj;Js;s mNjNtis [dehafk; mr;RWj;jYf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ.
xl;L nkhj;jkhf ,tw;iw ftdj;jpy; vLf;Fk;NghJ> ,yq;ifahdJ ghuJ}ukhd r%f>
nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu mr;RWj;jYf;F cl;gl;Ls;snjd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
fle;j [dtup 08Mk; jpfjp [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypd; %yk; kf;fs; ey;yhl;rpf;fhd Kjw;
gbia vLj;jNghjpYk;> mjidg; gpd;Nehf;fp efu;j;Jtjw;fhd nraw;ghnlhd;Wk; eilngw;W
tUfpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghlhdJ ,Jtiuapy; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;j ve;j Ml;rpf; FOtpd;
kPJk; ek;gpf;if itf;f KbahJ vd;gij ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sJ. ,e;j #o;epiyapd;
mbg;gilapy; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLtJ vd;d? ntWkNd rhjhuz Gzu;epu;khzq;fSf;F
fl;Lg;glhjJk;> Mokhd r%fg; nghUshjhu mbg;gilapYkhd mgptpUj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;ba NjitahFk;. mjid miltjw;F xOq;fhd J}uNehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
nrayhw;wf; $ba ek;gpf;ifahd jiyikj;Jtk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,yq;if jw;rkak; Kfk; nfhLj;Js;s ,g;gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;F ajhu;j;jkhd
xNunahU jPu;Nt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ jw;Nghija jtwhd r%fg; nghUshjhu
murpay; Kiwik fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gilia KOikahf khw;wpaikf;ff; $ba
gue;jstpyhd khw;wk; xd;whFk;. cz;ikahd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> rKjha rkj;Jtk;>
rdehafk;> cz;ikahd Njrpa xUq;fpizg;G> cz;ikahd Njrpa Rje;jpuk;> jdpegu;
Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk; Mfpatw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gf; $ba rKjhakhFk;. kf;fs;
jpde;NjhWk; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSf;F cldbahd jPu;itg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$ba Ml;rpahFk;. mjhtJ> jw;rkak; vkJ ehl;Lf;F nghUj;jkhd etPd Nrhrypr
nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpahy; 2014 ngg;utup khjj;jpy;
7tJ Njrpa khehl;by; mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;l vkJ J}uNehf;F nfhs;iffs; mbg;gilapy;
jw;Nghija #o;epiyf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; KOikahfTk; tpupthfTk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
,e;j Njrpa Ntiy jpl;lj;ij kdr;rhl;rpapd; cld;gbf;if vd;w tifapy; ,yq;if
kf;fSf;F rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwd;.
2015 [{iy 22
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
kdpj Nea
eph;thfk;
vkJ
Njrj;jpd; kdr;rhl;rp
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
01. mur fl;likg;G

1948Mk; Mz;L Kjy; vkJ ehl;by; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J tUk; Ml;rpahdJ
gpupj;jhdpau;fshy; vk;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;lJk;> mjd; gp;d;du; Ml;rpg; gPlk; Vwpa
Ml;rpf; FOf;fshy; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis milAk; tifapy; khw;wq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhdnjhU Ml;rp Kiwapyhd mur fl;likg;ghFk;. ,e;j
Ml;rp Kiwapd; mur fl;likg;G kw;Wk; mjd; nfhs;iffs; vd;gd Ml;rpahsu;
FOf;fspd; Njitfis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; tifapNyNa mike;Js;sJld;>
,yq;if rpq;fs> jkpo;> K];yPk;> gwq;fpau; kw;Wk; kNy ,dq;fis cs;slf;fpa
kf;fspd; mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; cupikfs; Mfpad ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tifapy; my;y.
,Jtiuapy; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;j gpuGf;fs; FOf;fisr; Nru;e;j rpyupd;
Ml;rpahdJ ehl;bd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; rigapy; rl;lq;fs; Mf;FtJ Kjy; ghlrhiyfspy;
gps;isfis Nru;g;gJ tiuapyhd xl;Lnkhj;j r%f epWtdq;fisAk; Ml;bg;
gilf;Fk; Kiwnahd;iwj; jhgpj;Js;sJ. mjd; tpisthf midj;J murhq;f
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt fl;likg;Gf;fs; Mfpad rPuope;Js;s epiyapy;
midj;J epWtd kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; murpay;thjpapd; kPJ rha;e;jpUf;Fk;
Kiwnahd;Nw jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mur Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; FO kw;Wk;
mjDld; xUq;fpizAk; egu;fs; MfpNahu; khj;jpuk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f
mE$yq;fs; kw;Wk; tug;gpurhjq;fis mEgtpg;gJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ mtu;fspd;
%yk; rhjhuz kf;fs; xLf;FKiwf;Fk; Vkhw;wj;Jf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.
r%f tho;fifapd; xNu Fwpfhl;b kw;Wk; Njhw;wkhdJ gzk; kw;Wk; mjpfkhd
gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis mEgtpj;jy; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; gzk;
ciof;Fk; epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;W> Efu;Tr; r%fnkhd;Wf;F r%fj;ij %isr;
ryit nra;Ak; nghUshjhu Kiwiknahd;Wf;Nf ,e;j Ml;rp khw;w Kiwik
gy jrhg;j fhykhf r%fj;ij ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; mNj Ntis> mur Ml;rp kw;Wk;
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
mur fl;likg;G vd;gd rl;lq;fisAk; mjpfhuq;fisAk; cUthf;fpapUg;gJk;
mjd; mbg;gilapy; MFk;. mjdhy; ,e;j epiyikia khw;wp Gjpa mur
fl;likg;nghd;iwAk; murhl;rpnahd;iwAk; jhgpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpahdJ vkJ ehl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kf;fs; rpNefg+u;t
Ml;rpnad;W fUJtJ ahnjdpy;> vkJ ehl;il vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yf;
$baJk;> kdpjid kdpjd; Ruz;lhjJk;> xU r%fj;ij kw;iwa r%fj;ij
xLf;FKiwf;F cs;shf;fhjJk;> nghUshjhu nrOik kpf;fJkhd cau;e;j
kdpj rKjhaj;ij jhgpf;Fk; Kiwiknahd;iwNa. mjhtJ> etPd Nrhrypr
r%fnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L mjd; mbg;gilapy; Muk;g
Kd;ndLg;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rpNefg+u;t Ml;rpnahd;whFk;.
rkj;Jtk;> rdehafk;> r%f xg;GuT> jdpegu; Rje;jpuk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rftho;T
Mfpa Ie;J J}z;fspd; kPNj ,e;j kf;fs; rpNefg+u;t Ml;rp fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
topKiwfs;
01. mur mjpfhuk;
rpq;fs> jkpo;> K];yPk;> gwq;fpau; kNy cl;gl midj;J kf;fSf;Fk;
nghUshjhu> murpay; r%f> fyhrhu tplaq;fspy; rk cupik kw;Wk;
rdehaf cupik Mfpatw;iw cWjp nra;af; $ba mur mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;
mur topKiwfs; jhgpf;fg;gLk;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; eilKiwapy;
cs;s murpaikg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf kf;fshy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; gpNuuizfs;
kw;Wk; MNyhridfis fUj;jpnyLj;J rl;l%yq;fis cUthf;fp Gjpa
murpayikg;nghd;iw xU tUlj;Jf;Fs; kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;gpd;
%yk; epiwNtw;Wjy;.
kf;fspd; ,iwik ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
epiwNtw;W mjpfhu [dhjpgjp Kiwik Kw;whf xopf;fg;gLk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F
jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
nghWg;Gf;
vkJ
$Wk;
murpay;
Kiwiknahd;W
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
jw;NghJ epyTk; Njh;jy; Kiwapy; gytPdq;fs; kw;Wk; Fiwg;gLfs;
mfw;wg;gl;L ehl;by; rfy kf;fs; gphptpduJk; tpUg;gj;ij kf;fs;
rigapy; epahakhd Kiwapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; tpjkhf kpfTk;
rpwe;j> tpQ;QhdhPjpaJkhd Gjpa Njh;jy; Kiwnahd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
gaq;futhj jilr; rl;lk; cl;gl Vida fl;lisr; rl;lq;fs; ,y;yhJ
xopf;fg;gLk;.
fl;rp jhTk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpfs; ,y;yhJ xopf;fg;gLk;.

mikr;ruit
25
egu;fSf;F
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
murhq;fj;jpd;
midj;J jPu;khdq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;ghf
mikr;ruitapd; xl;Lnkhj;j nghWg;Gf; $wy; cWjpnra;ag;gLk;.
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSf;fhd xOf;fnewpf;
nra;ag;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Nfhitnahd;W
mwpKfk;

kf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fspy; cj;jpNahfj;ju;
kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; tPz;tpuaj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; rpwg;Gupikfs;
midj;Jk; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLk;.

ghuhSkd;w
nra;ag;gLk;;.
cWg;gpdu;fSf;F
nrYj;jg;gLk;
Xa;t+jpak;
,uj;J
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; nrhe;j ghtidf;F toq;;fg;gLk; nrhFR

thfd mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; epWj;jg;gLk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf kf;fs;
gpujpepjpfSf;F mur thfdq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
gaq;futhj jLg;G rl;lk; cl;gl Vida xLf;FKiwr; rl;lq;fs;
,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLk;.
rptpy; Aj;jk; my;yJ NtW Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ,yq;iff;F
mfjpfshf tUk; gy;NtW mfjpfSf;F ru;tNjr juj;jpw;F mikthd
mfjpfs; cupikfspd; mbg;gilapy; ghJfhg;Gk; MjuTk; toq;Ftjw;F
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
jfty; mwpAk; cupikr;rl;lk; eilKiw gLj;jg;gLk;.
Njrpa fzf;fha;T rl;lk; eilKiw gLj;jg;gLk;..
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
2.
mur nraw;ghLfs;
Njrpa nfhs;if kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis tFf;Fk; Kfkhf Njrpa
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fs; rig jhgpf;fg;gLtJld;> mjw;Fg;
nghJkf;fs;> murpay;thjpfs;> tplak;rhh;e;j kw;Wk;; njhopy;fs; njhlh;ghd
epGzj;Jtk; cila egu;fs; MfpNahuplkpUe;J MNyhridfs;
kw;Wk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Njrpa nfhs;iffs; midj;Jk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;L kf;fs; ghu;itf;fhf

gl;bay; ,lg;gl;L fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfSf;F

epjp xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLtJ Kiwahd mbg;gilapy; my;y. khwhf
rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd; murpay; mjpfhuk; gilj;jtupd; tpUg;G
ntWg;Gf;F mikaTk; epjp mikr;rpd; jPu;khdj;jpd; mbg;gilapYkhFk;.
,jw;Fg; gjpyhf midj;Jg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; mgptpUj;jp
KiwNfLfs; kw;Wk; mtrpaj;ijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L me;je;j
khtl;lq;fSf;F murhq;f tuT-nryTj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; nghUj;jkhd
tPjj;ij rl;luPjpahf;fp xJf;fg;gLk;.
murhq;f epWtdq;fspy; kf;fSf;fhd Nritfs; rPuhf eilngwhj
gl;rj;jpy;> mit njhlh;ghf tprhuiz nra;tjw;Fk; mr;Nritfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fkhd jiyaPl;il Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf Njrpa
kw;Wk; khfhz kl;;lj;jpy; 'kf;fs; Nrit fz;fhzpg;G mjpfhu rig"
jhgpf;fg;gLk;.

murhq;f epWtdq;fspy; kf;fs; Nritfs; rPuhf ,lk;ngwhj gl;rj;jpy;

mit gw;wp KiwapLtjw;fhf 365 ehl;fspYk; 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;
nraw;gLk; tifapy; Nkw;gb mjpfhu rigf;F rkhe;jpukhf Gfhu; kj;jpa
epiyankhd;W eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
02. mbg;gil cupikfs;

,Jtiu Ml;rpg; gPlNkwpa midj;J murhq;fq;fSk; Gwf;fzpj;j tplaq;fspy;
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd tplak; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; MFk;. mNefkhd
Ntisapy; Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapd; fPo; mike;j murpay; mikg;Gf;fspy; mit
cWg;GiufSf;F kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jjg;gl;ld. ,e;j cupikfs; vt;tsTjhd;
Mtzkag;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; mit epiyahd Kiwapy; eilKiw tho;f;ifapy;
fpilf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzk;> murpay; epu;thf kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Kiwnahd;iw Ml;rpahsu;fs; Kd;ndLf;fhikAk; kf;fSf;F cupj;jhd cupikfs;
ahnjd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s ,ayhJ ,Ug;gJNk MFk;. ,d;W Rje;jpukhf
thOk; jdpegu;fs; cupikAk; ,of;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
topKiwfs;

ehl;bd; mbg;gil rl;lkhd murpayikg;G Kiw %yk; mbg;gil kdpj

cupikfs; cWjp nra;ag;gLk;. mjw;fpzq;f NgRk; cupik> $l;lk;
NrUk; cupik> fUj;J ntspapLk; cupik> jhk; tpUk;gpa murpaiyg;
gpd;gw;Wk; cupik> jhk; tpUk;gpa rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wk; cupik kw;Wk;
jkJ kdr;rhl;rpiag; gpd;gw;Wk; cupik vd;gd cWjp nra;ag;gLk;.
mj;Jld; capu; thOk; cupik> njhopy; GupAk; cupik> Xa;ntLj;jy;
kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F rk;ge;jhd cupik> Rfhjhu Kiwapy; capu;
thOk; cupik> fy;tpiag; ngWk; cupik> tPl;L cupik> fyhrhu
tpOkpaq;fis mEgtpf;Fk; cupik> tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;gk; kw;Wk;
fiy gw;wpa Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; cupikfSk; Mz;> ngz; rkj;Jtk;
gw;wpa cupikfSk; cWjpnra;ag;gLk;.
murpay;> rkak;> ,dk; Nghd;w vjd; mbg;gilapYk; gf;fr;rhu;ghf

ele;J nfhs;sy; jil nra;ag;gLk;.
mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; cupj;jhFk; tifapy; nghUshjhu> epu;thf

kw;Wk; murpay; nghwpKiwnahd;W eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; gw;wp kf;fs;

r%fk; tYt+l;lg;gLk;.
murpd; %yk; my;yJ jdpahu; Jiw epWtdq;fs; %yk; mbg;gil

kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; Ntisapy; murpw;F vjpuhfTk; jdpahu;
epWtdq;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; ePjpkd;wk; nry;tjw;fhfTk; cs;s kf;fsJ
cupik cWjpnra;ag;gLk;.
rKjhaj;Jf;F tpopg;G+l;b
18 taJ epuk;gpa ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpahf

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd cupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; mNjNtis>
16 taJ epuk;gpa midj;Jg; gpuirf;Fk; thf;fspf;Fk; cupikAk; cWjp
nra;ag;gLk;.
ntspehl;by; cs;s ,yq;ifg; gpuirfSf;F me;je;j ehLfspy;
,Ue;jthNw
thf;Fupikiag;
gpuNahfpf;Fk;
Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W
tbtikf;fg;gLk;.
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
03. Njrpa ghJfhg;G

ehl;bd; ,iwik> xUikg;ghL> fPu;j;jp> midj;Jg; gpuirfspd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
capu;g; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iw KOikahf cWjp nra;Ak; nghWg;G ve;jnthU
mur Ml;rpapdJk; flikahFk;. mjw;fika Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf;F Vw;gLk;
mr;RWj;jy;> murpay; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; mur nghwpKiw %ykhd jilfs;
kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J ve;jnthU ,yq;ifg; gpuirapdJk;
ghJfhg;ig Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L xUq;fpize;j ghJfhg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W vkJ
Ml;rpapy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. mjD}lhf jw;rkak; ,uhZt NritfSf;F kl;Lk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s ' Njrpa ghJfhg;G" njhlh;ghd FWfpa tiutpyf;fzj;jpypUe;J
tpyfp ghJfhg;ghd ehnlhd;iw epu;khzpg;gjw;F VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
topKiwfs;
,yq;if epyg;gug;G> ,yq;iff;F cupj;jhd flw;gug;G kw;Wk; thd;
vy;iy ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
Kg;gilapdUk; nghyp]; NritAk; murpay; jiyaPLfspypUe;J tpLgl;L
Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLk;.
gpuptpidthjk; kw;Wk; gaq;futhjk; kw;Wk; jPtputhjk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J
ehl;Lf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jf;fis mfw;Wtjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba midj;J eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
nghUshjhu murpay; nghwpKiw kw;Wk; fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; Clhf
ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ,iwikf;F Vw;glf; $ba Mgj;J njhlh;gpy;
gFg;gha;T nra;J mjdbg;gilapy; jpl;lkpLtjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F
nghWg;Gf;$wf; $ba epGzj;Jt FOnthd;W jhgpf;fg;ggLk;.

Kg;gil kw;Wk; nghyp]; Nritapy; <Lgl;Ls;s midtuplKk;
Fbnfhz;Ls;s gPjp kw;Wk; ntWg;G epiwe;j #oiy ePf;Ftjw;F cldb
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
04. Njrpa xw;Wik

gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyk; Kjy; kf;fis gpupj;J MSjy; kw;Wk; mrhjhuz
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if
,dq;fis 1948Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; Ml;rpg; gPlNkwpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; NkYk; gpupTf;F
cl;gLj;jpdu;. ,jd; tpisthf ,dq;fspilNa ntWg;Gzu;T tYtile;J fle;j
fhyq;fspy; Aj;j #o;epiyf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nrd;wJld; mjd; tpisthf vkJ ehL
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
ghupa r%fg; nghUshjhu Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;yg;gl;lJ. Aj;jk; epiwtile;j
gpd;du; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l Gjpa #o;epiyahdJ Njrpa xw;Wikiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;
tifapy;
ifahsg;glhJ
Ml;rpahsu;fspd;
mjpfhuj;ij
tYt+l;Ltjw;Nf
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j midj;J Ml;rpahu;fSk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij tYt+l;Lk;
Kfkhf ,dthjj;ij tpijj;jJld;> gy;NtW FOf;fis jhgpj;Jk; tUfpd;wdu;.
,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; mtu;fs; jkJ ,ayhikia %b kiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
mNjNtis ,dq;fisj; njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;J itj;J jkJ Ml;rpia njhlu;e;Jk;
jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
jPh;Tfs;
midj;J ,dq;fisr; Nru;e;j kf;fSf;Fk; rdehafk; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; cupikfs; cWjpnra;ag;gLk; tifapy; murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
Kiwiknahd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
,yq;ifia midj;J ,dq;fs;> midj;J rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; midj;J fyhrhuq;fs;
mbg;gilapyhd gy;tifj;jd;ikia mq;fpfupf;Fk; ehlhf fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; %yk;
cz;ikahd Njrpa xw;Wikia fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.
topKiwfs;

kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpahdJ Muk;g fhyk; njhl;Nl Njrpa gpur;rpidia

rupahf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;J mjid jPu;g;gJ njhlh;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba nraw;ghl;il cs;slf;fpa 'Njrpa gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gJ
njhlh;ghd gpuNtrk;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; rku;g;gpj;Js;s topKiwfis
epiwNtw;Wjy;. mjd; mbg;gilapy;>
1.kf;fs;
fUj;Jf;
fzpg;gpd;
%yk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Gjpa
murpayikg;gpd; Clhf gy;NtW ,dq;fis ghFgLj;Jk;> midj;J
,dq;fs; kw;Wk; rkaq;fs; ,ilNa xw;Wikapd;ik kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfis
Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;F %yfhuzkhfTs;s fhuzpfs; murpayikg;gpd;
%yNk fiyag;gLk;. mj;Jld; midj;J ,dq;fSf;fhd rkTupikfs;
murpayikg;gpd; %yk; cWjpnra;ag;gLk;.
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

2.
gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; xLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,df; FOf;fs;> mjhtJ
,d my;yJ rka uPjpahf xLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,df;FOf;fs; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu uPjpapy; kpfTk; gpd;dile;Js;s gpuNjrq;fis ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;L
mtw;wpd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> epu;thf gpur;rpidfisf;
jPu;j;jy;> fyhrhu xUikg;ghl;il ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
Mfpatw;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l tpNrl Ml;rpf; fl;likg;G xd;whf
'kf;fs; rig"fis jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
kf;fs; rig jhgpf;fg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs; njhlu;gpy; epGzj;Jtu;fs;.

ghuhSkd;wj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; murpay; fl;rpfspd; gpujpepjpfs;>
epu;thf cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; MfpNahiuf;nfhz;l 'kf;fs; rig vy;iy
epu;zak; nra;Ak; Mizf;FO" jhgpf;fg;gLk;.

kf;fs; rig kf;fspd; thf;F %yk; jhgpf;fg;gLk; mNjNtis mtw;wpd;

fhy vy;iy 5 Mz;Lfshf ,Uf;fNtzLk;. Fwpg;gpl;l fhy vy;iyf;F
Kd; 'kf;fs; rig" fiyf;fg;gl khl;lhJ.
,k; kf;fs; rigfspd; xU gpujpepjpia gjtp mjpfhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F epakpf;Fk; cupik 'kf;fs; rigf;F" fpilf;Fk;
'kf;fs; rigfspd;" nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu

mtrpakhd rfy eltbf;iffSf;Fk; mtrpakhd
ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; NghjpayT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mgptpUj;jpf;F
epjp xJf;fPL
3. nkhop uPjpahf Vw;gLk; mePjpia ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tifapy; Kk;nkhopj;

nfhs;if xd;iw mq;fPfupj;J ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs> jkpo; nkhopfis
Njrpa nkhopfshf murpayikg;gpd; %yk; jhgpj;J mjpy; ve;enthU
nkhop %yKk; flikahw;wf; $bathW xU gpuirapd; cupik Vw;W
mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; tpNrlkhf tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F
gpuNjrq;fspy; ePjpkd;wk; nghyp]; epiyak; mur mYtyfq;fs; Nghd;w
rptpy; epu;thfj;ij rhh;e;j epWtdq;fspy; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu> Nghf;Ftuj;J
Nghd;w nghJr; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy; jkpo; nkhopapy; Nritahw;wf;$ba
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpf;f eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gLk;.
mjd; mbg;gilapy; ePjpkd;wk;> nghyp];> ghjfhg;G gil kw;Wk; mur

epWtdq;fspy; Nrit nra;Ak; midtUf;Fk; Njrpa nkhopfis
fw;gpf;Fk; tpNrl nray;Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;FtJld; mjd;;
mbg;gilapy; mtu;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;G gb toq;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd
rfy eltbf;iffSk; vLf;fg;gLk;.
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

4. ,d> kj my;yJ NtW tifapyhd Ntw;Wikapd; gpufhuk; ve;jnthU

gpuirAk; mtkhdg; gLj;jy;> gupfhrk; nra;ag;gly; kw;Wk; mrhjhuz
epiyf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yy; Nghd;wtw;iw
KOikahf jilnra;tJld;
mt;thwhd
epiyf;F
cl;gl;l
egu;fspd;
Kiwg;ghLfis
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw guprPyid nra;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mit
njhlu;gpy; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;Nlhiu ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tutiog;gjw;fhd
mjpfhuKila ghFghl;bw;F vjpuhd Mizf;FO xd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
(Commission Against Discrimination)
5.
tlf;fpy; ,lk; ngw;w 30 tUl Aj;jj;jpy; gy;NtW tifapyhd
ghjpg;Gf;F cl;gl;l kf;fSf;Fk; Nrjk; Vw;gl;l rfyUf;Fk; jkJ
tprdj;ij njuptpg;gjw;Fk; mit gw;wpa cz;ikia fz;lwpe;J
epthuzq;fs; toq;Ftjw;Fk; 'Njrpa xw;Wikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;
kw;Wk; kPspizj;jy; rl;l %ynkhd;wpd;" %yk; cz;ik kw;Wk;
ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FOnthd;W (Truth and Reconciliation Commission)
jhgpf;fg;gLk;
6. Aj;jj;jpd; %yk; tPLfis ,oe;j kf;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd epue;ju

tPnlhd;iw epu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F fle;j murhy; toq;fg;gl;l epjp
gw;whf;Fiwahf cs;sjhy;> tPLfis ,oe;j rfy kf;fSf;Fk; &.5
yl;rk; tPjk; epjpAjtp mspf;fg;gLk;.
7. Aj;jk; fhuzkhf ,e;jpahTf;F nrd;W mfjpfshf cs;s ,yq;if

gpuirfis ,e;ehl;bw;F tutioj;jy; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk; njhlu;ghf
mtrpakhd trjpfis nra;J nfhLf;Fk; fUj;jpl;lk; Jupjkhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
8. tlf;fpy; Njhd;wpapUf;Fk; fhzpg; gpur;rpid kpfTk; Nkhrkhd kw;Wk;

czu;r;rpkpf;f gpur;rpidahf khwpAs;sjhy; mjidj; jPu;gjw;F Jupj
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. mjw;fhf tlf;fpy; fhzp ,oe;Njhupd;
gpur;rpidia ,dk;fhz;gjw;Fk; fhzpapd; Kjd;ik cupikahsiu
,dk;fz;L cWjpg;gLj;jp me;j fhzpfis mtu;fSf;F xg;gilf;fTk;
mj;jpahtrpa NjitfSf;fhf jw;NghJk; murpw;F ifalf;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
fhzpfSf;F NghjpasT el;l<L toq;fs; my;yJ ePjp kd;wj;jpd;
tpUg;gpw;F mika khw;W fhzpfis toq;f kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;> khtl;l
nrayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; fhzp mikr;rpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; cs;slf;fpa
ru;t mjpfhuk; nfhz;l fhzp Mizf;FOnthd;W jhgpf;fg;gl;L mjd;
%yk; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; jPu;g;gjw;F eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
vkJ
10
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

9. gy;NtW ,df; FOf;fspd; cupikfs; murpayikg;gpd; Clhf

cWjpnra;tjw;F eltbf;if vLg;gJk; mtu;fs; Kfq;nfhFf;Fk;
gpur;rpidfSf;F
rupahd
jPu;Tfs;
ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gJk;
epu;thf
fl;likg;ghf 'kf;fs; rig" jhgpj;jy; %yk; Njrpag; gpur;rpidia
jPu;g;gjw;F vJtpjkhd tfpghfKk; tfpf;fhj kw;Wk; jw;NghJk;
gpuNahrdkpd;wp fhzg;gLk; khfhz rigfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLtw;F
toprikf;fg;gLk;.
05. ntspehl;L njhlh;Gfs;

,w;iwtiu Ml;rpf;F te;Js;s murhq;fspy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;
jahu; nra;ag;gl;lJ ru;thjpfhu Nghf;fpyhd kw;Wk; Nkw;fj;Nja Nghf;fpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ,wik njhlu;ghf
ftdk; nrYj;jhj Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,yq;ifapid cyfj;jpy; kpfTk; jho;ikahd
kw;Wk; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehlhf khw;wpAs;sdu;.
Ml;rpf;F te;j gyjug;gl;l Ml;rpf; FOf;fspd; jdpgl;l tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fSf;F
Vw;g
ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifapid
jPu;khdpj;jikapd;
fhuzkhf
Vida
,dq;fSf;fpilapy; vkJ ehl;bd; nfsutk; fPo;j;jukhd epiyf;F js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghUshjhu uPjpahf Gjpa fhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; ,iuahf;fpaikf;F
Nkyjpfkhf
murpay; uPjpahf mjpfhuk; ngw;w ehLfspd; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; tifapy;
Njitahd R+oy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jPu;Tfs;
,yq;ifapy; ,wikapid ghJfhf;fpd;w> ru;thjpfhu vjpu;g;G> fhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;F
vjpuhd kl;Lky;yhJ rfy ehLfSld; mikjpahfTk; rftho;tpidAk;
xj;Jiog;igAk; Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf nghUj;jkhd ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifnahd;W mKy;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
topKiwfs;
njw;fhrpa tya xj;Jiog;gpid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ
Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLk;.
11
vkJ
njhlu;ghf
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
ntspehl;Lr; Nritapid epWtd uPjpahd khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shFk;
tifapy; tpidj;jpwdpd;ik> murpay; epakdq;fs; kw;Wk; tpuaj;ij
jtpu;j;J ntspehl;Lr; Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jk; kw;Wk; nghWGj;jd;ik
ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tifapy; ntspehl;Lr; Nrit kPs; fl;likg;G nra;ag;gLk;.
ntspehl;Lr; Nritapy; <Lgl;Ls;s mYtyu;fs; njhlu;ghf khw;wkilfpd;w
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr epiyikfs; kw;Wk; Gjpa Njrpa murpay; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhuj; Njitfs; gw;wpa mwpitAk; Gupe;Jzu;it toq;Ffpd;w
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr epGzu;fis cs;slf;fpa ntspehl;Lr; Nrit
fy;tprhu; epWtdnkhd;iw Muk;gpj;jy;.
rkTlik ehLfSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;Gfis Ngzpr; nry;tJld;>
ru;thjpfuj;jpw;F vjpuhd kw;Wk; khdpl Nkk;ghL njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr
nraw;ghLfSld; xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLtjw;F Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gLk;.
Njitahd kPsha;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L ntspehLfSf;F ,lk;ngau;e;Js;s
,yq;ifau;fs; mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpd;w ( cjhuzkhf irgpu];) ehLfspy;
Gjpa ,yq;if J}tuhyaq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
vkJ
12
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
cau;jukhd
kdpjtsk;
13
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
vkJ
ehl;by; ru;tNjr cgha topfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ
khdpl ts mgptpUj;jpf;fhFk;. 1948 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; VO jrhg;jq;fSf;F
mz;kpj;j fhyk; G+uhf ,yq;if jtwhd kw;Wk; gpioahd nghUshjhu cgha
topapy; gazk; nra;jikapd; fhuzkhf cyf kw;Wk; tya nghUshjhuq;fspy;
mt;tt; epyikfspd; NghJ milag; ngw Ntz;bapUe;j ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk;
tptrha cw;gj;jpapy; ntw;wp milaf; $ba tha;g;Gf;fis kf;fs; ,oe;Js;sdh;.
vjpu;fhy cyfj;jpy; cau;jukhd Nju;r;rpkpF mbg;gilapy; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
Nrit cw;gj;jpfis xOq;fikf;Fk; epiyik cUntLj;Js;sJ. ,yq;iff;F
G+Nfhs tpahghur; re;ijapYk; kw;Wk; Njrpa tpahghur; re;ijapYk; nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; Nrit cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ cau;jukhd njhopy;El;g epGzu;fs;> njhopy;
Nju;r;rpahsu;fs; ghupa mstpy; Njitg;gLfpd;wdu;.
ehl;bd; nghUsjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; gpujhd cgha topahf cau;jukhd khdpl
tsk; ,Ug;gJld; mjDld; njhlu;Gila fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> tpisahl;L kw;Wk;
Njfg; gapw;rp kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; gapw;rpfs;
cs;slq;fyhf gyjug;gl;l Jiwfis tp];jupg;Gr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; etPdkag;gLj;jy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w nrytpdq;fs;
kw;Wk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w Kaw;rpfs; nghUshjhu uPjpahf fl;lhakhf ngWNgWfs;
fpilf;fpd;w mur KjyPLfshff; fUjg;gLk;.
01. fy;tp
,Jtiu xusT epytpa ,ytrf; fy;tpapid ,y;yhnjhopj;J> muR fpukkhf
fy;tp toq;Fk; nghWg;gpypUe;J tpyfpr; nry;fpd;wJ. jw;nghOJ murhq;fk; fy;tp
njhlu;ghf epjp xJf;fPL nra;tJ nkh.Nj. cw;gj;jpapy; 1.25 rjtPjkhd kpf Fiwe;j
njhifahFk;. ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Njrpaf; nfhs;ifnahd;W ,y;yhJs;sjhy;
ngw;Nwhu;fSk;> khzt> khztpfSk; jdpg;gl;l uPjpapy; mjpf nrytpdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba R+o;epiyapw;F thzpg kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vkJ
14
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
ghlrhiy nry;y Ntz;ba taJ gps;isfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT
ghlrhiyfSf;F gpuNtrpf;fhjJld; fy;tpia ngWfpd;wtu;fspy; ghupa mstpdUf;F
,ileLtpy; fy;tpia tpl;Lr; nry;tjw;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ. tUlk; NjhWk; Gjpa rpR
gpwg;Gf;fs; 360>000 ,lk;ngWtJld; ,jpy; 60>000 Ngu; 10 Mk; juj;jpid G+u;j;jp
nra;ahJ ghlrhiyapid tpl;Lk; tpyfpr; nry;fpd;wdu;. cau; juj;jpid njhlUk;
re;ju;gj;ijg; ngWtJ ,uz;L ,yl;rj;jpw;F mz;kpj;j njhifapdUf;fhFk;.
tUlhe;jk; gy;fiyf; fofq;fSf;F Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtJ Mff; $baJ 30>000
Ngu;fshFk;.
khw;wkilfpd;w
murpay;>
nghUshjhuj;
NjitfSf;F
Vw;g
fy;tp
etPdkag;gLj;jg;glhik kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; gioa nghUj;jkw;w Kiwikf;Fg;
gjpyhf Gjpa tpQ;QhduPjpahd Kiwikfs; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lik ghupa
gpur;rpidahFk;. fl;blq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;w ngsjPf tsq;fs; kw;Wk;
Mrpupau;fs; njhlu;ghd ghupa gw;whf;Fiwnahd;W epyTfpd;wJ. ,Uf;fpd;w
tiuaiwahd tsq;fs; $l gfpu;e;J mspf;fg;gLfpd;w rkepiyaw;w jd;ikapd;
fhuzkhf fpuhkg; gpuNjrq;fspd; fy;tp ghupa gpur;rpidfSf;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.
tsg; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;w tsq;fs; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; rkepiyaw;w
jd;ik> kw;Wk; ghlrhiyfSf;F Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F mrhjhuz epge;jidfis
tpjpg;gjd; fhuzkhf gps;isfSf;F Rje;jpukhf Muk;g epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk;
epiyf; fy;tpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd mbg;gil cupik kPwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cyf tq;fpapd; rpghupRfSf;F fl;Lg;gl;L %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tp njhlu;ghf
nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwj;J jdpahu; JiwfSf;F epjp cjtp MjuT toq;Ffpd;w
jw;nghOija murhq;fq;fq;fspd; nfhs;iffshf ,Ug;gjdhy; %d;whk; epiyf;
fy;tpAk; ghupa gpur;rpidfSf;F cs;shfp cs;sJ.
jPu;Tfs;
midj;J gps;isfSk; taJ te;Njhu;fSk; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
cupik mbg;gil kdpj cupikahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld;
tho;fpd;w gpuNjrk;> ,dk;> rkak;> rhjp> tFg;G my;yJ NtW VNjDk;
tpjj;jpyhd NtWghLfspd;wp rfyUf;Fk; rkkhd fy;tpr; re;ju;g;gk;
fpilf;Fk; tifapy; fy;tpia KOikahf murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghf
Mf;fg;gLk;.
15
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
topKiwfs;
fy;tpapy; rk cupik mbg;gil cupikahf murpayikg;gpd; Clhf
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. rfy egu;fSf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;
Njrpaj; Njitfspd; mbg;gilapyhd njhlu;r;rpahd fy;tp> gapw;rp
kw;Wk; cau; fy;tpia toq;Fjy; murpdhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
fy;tp njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w nrytpdk; Fiwe;j gl;rk; nkh.Nj.
cw;gj;jpapd; E}w;Wf;F 6 rjtPjkhf xJf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epjp
Vw;ghlhdJ fy;tpy; rk cupikiaAk; mjd; gz;Grhu; jd;ikapidAk;
fy;tpAld; njhlu;Gila cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jtj;ijAk;
,yf;F itf;fg;gl;L <LgLj;jg;gLk;.

mt;tt; Jiwfspy; tpla tpw;gd;du;fspd; kw;Wk; gyjug;gl;l
njhopy;fspy; tpNrl epGdj;Jtk; ngw;wtu;fspid cs;slf;fp mur
fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; Clhf Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifnahd;iw
xU tUlj;jpDs; jahu; nra;jy; kw;Wk; mjid njhlu;r;rpahf
,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Muk;gf; fy;tpahdJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghff; fUjp Njrpa
fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy; mj;jpahtrpa gFjpahf Mf;FtJld; tpQ;Qhd
uPjpapy; mtw;iw epakg;gLj;jp Mrpupau;fis mwptpYk; jpwdpYk;
tsg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; rfy Kd; gs;spfs; fy;tp trjpfis mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
,e;jr; nraw;ghlhdJ KOikailAk; tiu mtruj; Njitahf Kd;
gs;spfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tJ njhlu;ghf &gh 300>000 fld; njhif
toq;fg;gLk;.

Kd;gs;spf;; fy;tp cs;slq;fyhf fy;tpj;Jiwf;F
njhiyfhl;rp miytupirnahd;W elhj;jg;gLk;.
xJf;fg;gl;l
nra;kjp njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Mrpupau; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

Kd;gs;sp Mrpupau;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L nry;tJk; mtu;fis
Nkw;ghu;it nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; guPl;ir Kiwiknahd;iw Vw;ghL
nra;J rhd;wpjo;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk; cupa guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;J
rhd;wpjo;fisg; ngWfpd;w Mrpupah;fSf;F epue;ju epakdq;fis
toq;FtJk; Cf;ff; nfhLg;gdT vd;w tifapy; mtu;fSf;F &gh
200>000 njhifnahd;iw toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
khfhz rigg; ghlrhiyfs;> Njrpa ghlriyfs;> rgpup ghlrhiy>
vkJ
16
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
etNthja ghlrhiy Nghd;w gyjug;gl;l jpl;lkplg;glhj
kw;Wk;
murpay; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;s;sg;gLk; kw;Wk; Njitaw;w
Nghl;bj;jd;ikf;F toptif nra;Js;s rfy NtWghLfisAk;
,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.
Muk;gf; fy;tpj; juq;fSf;F gps;isfis Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tJld;
njhlu;Gila gpukhzq;fis Kbe;jsT ,yF gLj;JtJld; Muk;gf;
fy;tpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba tpjj;jpy; rfy ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; rkkhd
tsj;jpid toq;Ftjd; Clhf Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiwf;F gps;isfis
Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; cs;s Nghl;bj;jd;ik ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLk;.

Muk;gg;
ghlrhiyfis
cau;juj;jpw;F
Nkk;gLj;Jk;
gpujhd
Fwpf;NfhSld; jw;nghOJs;s Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfspy; tUlnkhd;Wf;F
ghlrhiyfs; 500 tPjk; njupT nra;J ghlrhiyfSf;fpilNaahd
Jhuk;> gps;isfspd; fy;tprhu; epiyikfs; Nghd;w gpwkhzq;fspd;
kPJ Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fs; Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfs; 2500 njhlu;ghf
fzdp epiyankhd;W> tpisahl;L ikjhdnkhd;W> 250 gps;isfSf;F
trjpfSld; $ba Gjpa ,uz;L khbf; fl;blj; njhFjp> cau;juj;jpyhd
fopayiw njhFjp kw;Wk; gy; kw;Wk; gps;is gpzp kidr; Nritapid
toq;Fjy;.
khztu;fis fy;tpapd; ghy; <u;j;Jf; nfhs;sKbAkhd kw;Wk; gyjug;gl;l
ghlq;fis tpsf;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gjid ,yFgLj;Jk; (cs;ehl;bYk;
ntspehl;bYk;) gad;gLj;Jfpd;w tpNrl Kiwikfs; (cjhuzk;> fzpj
Ma;T $lk; Nghd;wd) ,dq; fz;L mtw;iw ehL G+uhfTk; tp];jupg;Gr;
nra;tjw;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLk;.

epGdj;Jtj;jpw;F
ghjpg;G
Vw;glhj
tifapy;
Muk;gf;
fy;tp
khztu;fSf;F tPl;bNyh my;yJ jdpahu; ntsp tFg;Gf;fspd;
ClhfNth Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Vw;gLk; fy;tp eltbf;iffis ,opT gLj;jp
gps;isfspd; r%f tho;f;ifapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ngw;Nwhu;fs;
re;jpf;fpd;w ,ilA+Wfis ,opTgLj;Jtjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
mjd; fPo; 1> 2> 3 Mk; juq;fspy; cs;s gps;isfSf;F tPl;L Ntiyfis
toq;Ftjid epWj;Jtjw;F cj;JNjrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiag; ngWfpd;w rfy gps;isfSf;Fk; ,ytrkhf
ghlrhiyg; Gj;jq;fs;> rPUilfs; kw;Wk; Nghrhf;F epiwe;j gfy; czT
toq;fg;gLk;.
rfy gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fSf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; Clhf kbfzdpfs;
toq;fg;gLk;.
17
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
etPd ft;tpapd; mbg;gil gz;ghf ,Uf;fpd;w rfy khztu;fSf;Fk;
fzdp kw;Wk; tFg;giwapy; b[ply; njhopy; El;gj;Jld; $bahj Mf;Fjy;
vjpu;fhyk; njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w mj;jpatrpa etPd kag;gLj;jyhFk;.
,J njhlu;ghf Kjyhk; Mz;L Kjy; 100 ghlrhiyfspy; tFg;giwfs;
500 vd;w mbg;gilapy; Ie;J tUlq;fspy; 1000 ghlrhiyfspy;
5000 tFg;giwfis b[ply; kag;gLj;jy; gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gLk;.
rfy ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; ,iza jsj;jpd; Clhf guPl;rpg;Gr; nra;tjw;F
trjpfs; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLk;.
ghlrhiy gps;isfspd; ghlg;Gj;jf igapd; epiw gps;isnahd;wpd;
clk;Gf;F
<L
nfhLf;fhj
tifapy;
,Ug;gjhf
Mjq;fq;fs;
epyTfpd;wd. ,jw;F jPu;nthd;whf ,Jtiu gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlg;
Gj;jq;fis Kjyhk; njhFjp kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; njhFjp vd;w tifapy;
,U njhFjpfshf gpupf;Fk; tifapy; ntt;Ntwhf mr;rplg;gLk;. mjd;
NghJ khztu; xUtupd; igapy; cs;s ghlg;Gj;jq;fspd; epiw miug;
gq;fpdhy; FiwtilAk;.
Muk;g epiy tFg;Gfspy; cs;s gps;isfspd; Nghrhf;F FiwghLfs;
kw;Wk; gpioahd czTg; gof;f tof;fq;fis ,dq;fz;L mJ
njhlu;ghf Njitahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njitahd
topfhl;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; rfy ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; Nghrhf;F
njhlu;ghd epGdj;Jtk; ngw;Nwhupd; Nrit toq;fg;gLk;.
MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; clypay; eyf; fy;tpapid mj;jpahtrpag;gLj;jp
gapw;rp kw;Wk; tpisahl;L trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
gps;isfspd; thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cau;ju thrpg;G
juj;jpid fl;bnaOg;gp ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; mjDld;
njhlu;Gila Njrpa Nghl;bia Vw;gLj;jy;.

ghlrhiy Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapid Kiwikg;Lj;jy; kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;ig
cWjpg;gLj;jy;
njhlu;ghf
rl;l
epiyikapidAk;
njhopy;El;g cjtpia toq;Ftjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
ghlrhiy khztu;fis nfhz;L nry;tJ njhlu;ghf gad;gLj;Jfpd;w
g];fs; kw;Wk; Ntd;fs; Vw;Wkjp tupapypUe;J tpyf;fspj;jy;.
gps;isfspd; kNdhepiy MNuhf;fpak;> taNjWtNjhL Vw;gLk; clypay;
kw;Wk; kNdhepiy khw;wq;fs;> R+oy;rhu; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLfpd;w
gpur;rpidfspd; fhuzkhf gps;isfs; Kfk;nfhLf;fpd;w kNdhepiyg;
vkJ
18
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf Njitahd MNyhridr; Nritia toq;Ftjw;F
rfy ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; gapw;rp ngw;w xU MrpupiaahtJ epakpj;jy;
kw;Wk; gps;isfspd; kNyhepiyg; gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;J itg;gJ
njhlu;ghf Njitahd trjpfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Njitapd; gpufhuk;
gupfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghf nrYj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapd; gpd;du; Gjpa ghlg; gug;Gf;fs; 9 mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gLtJld; mtw;wpy; jhk; tpUk;Gfpd;w njupT nra;ag;gl;l ghlg;
gug;gpy; Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;tjw;F gps;isfSf;F re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhLf;fg;gLk;. mjd; gpufhuk;> tpQ;Qhd ghlg;gug;G> fzpj ghlg;gug;G>
r%f tpQ;Qh ghlg;gug;G> thzpg ghlg;gug;G> njhopy;El;g ghlg;glug;G>
fzdp ghlg; gug;G> njhopy;Kaw;rp ghlg;gug;G> mofpaw;fiy ghlg;gug;g
kw;Wk; tpisahl;L ghlg; gug;G vd;w tifapyhFk;.
ghlrhiyfspy; Njrpa nkhopfs; %d;wpYk; (rpq;fs;> jkpo; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpyk;) ghlq;fis fw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd midj;J
trjpfSk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
Mrpupau; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fspd; tpidj;jpwd; njhlu;ghf
tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd fw;ifnahd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L Mrpupau; gw;whf;Fiw
kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwdpd;ikia ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F
eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gLk;. mjd; njhlf;fkhf fbdg; ghlrhiyfspy; Nritahw;Wfpd;w
Mrpupau;fSf;F rk;gsj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf Muk;gr; rk;gsj;jpw;F 50
rjtPj nfhLg;gdnthd;iw toq;Fjy;.
Mrpupaj; njhopypid jpUg;jpfukhfTk; nfsut NritahfTk; Mf;FtJ
njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fs; nghJthf Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;w cj;jpNahfG+u;t
tpLjpfs;;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;> rk;gsk;> gjtpAau;T> njhlu;r;rpahd fy;tp> fld;
kw;Wk; eyd;Gup trjpfs;> gzpfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; gfpug;gLtjpy;
cs;s Kwz;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf FKWk; njhopy;rhu; gpur;rpidfs;
njhlu;ghf Muha;e;J> njhlu;Gila tifapy; NtW mur JiwfSld;
xd;wpize;J mtw;iwj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ
njhlu;ghf Ntwhf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpNrl myfpdhy; fy;tp mikr;rpy; ];jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
gl;lk;> gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G cs;slq;fyhd Nkyjpf fy;tp kw;Wk; tpNrlkhf
Muha;r;rp eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. mjd; fPo; tUlnkhd;Wf;F 1000 Mrpupau;fSf;F
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G fy;tpf;fhf mikr;rpdhy; epjp mDruiz toq;fg;gLk;.

jw;nghOJ
,aq;Ffpd;w
Mrpupau;
Ak;
Mrpupau;fis
gapw;Wtpf;Fk;
19
vkJ
gapw;rpg;
ghlrhiyfs;
18
gy;fiyf;fofq;fshf
khw;wp
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
tUlnkhd;Wf;F
Mrpupaj;njhopy; njhlu;ghf Ml;r;Nru;g;Gr; nra;J
nfhs;fpd;w vz;zpf;ifia 3>500 Kjy; 6>000 tiu mjpfupg;gjw;F

cau;juk;
rpj;jpailfpd;w
rfy
khztu;fSf;Fk;
gy;fiyf;
fofq;fSf;Fg; gpuNtrpf;Fk; trjpia toq;Ftjid ,yf;F itj;J
gy;fiyf; fof fl;likg;G tp];jupg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;.
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpid mwptpd; Nfe;jpu epiyaq;fshf fUJtJld;
cau; jukhd Muha;r;rp> Giyikr; nrhj;J mgptpUj;jp> mtw;wpd; Clhf
cUthfpd;w mwpT kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;ij gfpu;e;jspg;gjw;F mur
kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiw epWtdq;fis njhlu;GgLj;jpa Kiwiknahd;iw
jahu; nra;J mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.

rfy
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
kw;Wk;
cau;
fy;tp
epWtdq;fspy;
tpupTiuahsu;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tp rhuh Copau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk;
tjptpl trjpfis toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. gl;lg;gpd;
gbg;G gl;lj;jpid toq;Ftj;J njhlu;ghf jw;NghJ epyTfpd;w
KiwNflhd Kiwfis kj;jpakg;gLj;jg;gLj;jp Njrpa gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G
epWtdnkhd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;.

gy;fiyf;
fof
tpupTiuahsu;
gw;whf;Fiw
kw;Wk;
%is
ntspNaw;wj;jpw;F jPu;nthd;whf mjpfkhd njhifapdiu gy;fiyf;
fof tpupTiuahsu;fshf Ml;r;Nru;g;Gr; nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; tUlhe;jk; 10
rjtPjj;jhy; mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; epiyahd tpupTiuahsupd; Muk;g
rk;gsj;ij &gh. 100>000.00 Mf mjpfupj;jy;.

gl;lg;gpd;gbg;ig epiwT nra;j NtW njhopy;fspy; <LgLfpd;w
fw;wtu;fis gy;fiyf; fof fl;likg;Gf;Fr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ
njhlu;ghf mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;W jahu;
nra;ag;gLk;.
,yq;ifapy; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; tUlhe;jk; cau; ngWNgWfisg;
ngWfpd;w khztu;fs; 500 NgUf;F ntspehl;L Kd;Ndw;wkile;ij
gy;fiyf;fofq;fSld; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l mur cld;gbf;ifapd;
gpufhuk; gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G Giyikg; guprpy;fis toq;Fjy;.
02. Rfhjhuk;
fle;j E}w;whz;bd; Kjw; gFjpapd; NghJ ,e; ehl;by; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;l Rfhjhuk;
kw;Wk; fy;tp cs;slq;fyhd rKf eyd;Gup nfhs;iffspd; ngWNgnwhd;whf
vkJ
20
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
ghupa Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidahf fhzg;gl;l guTfpd;w Neha;fs;> jha; kw;Wk; rpR
Neha;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ Nghrhf;Ff; FiwghLfis ,y;yhnjhopj;J gpuirfspd;
MAl; fhyj;jpid ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fspdhy; mjpfupg;gjw;F ,aYik fpilf;Fk;.
%d;whk; cyfpd; Vida gy ehLfspy; vkJ Rfhjhu Nritf;F cau;
Vw;Gilik fpilg;gjw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ> me;jr; Nrit ,ytr Rfhjhur;
Nritahf rpwg;ghf mKy;gLj;jp kf;fSf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd Nritnahd;whf
mKy;gLj;jpr; nrd;wikapdhyhFk;. VdpDk;> fle;j jrhg;jq;fs; gytw;wpd; NghJ
Rfhjhur; NritapdJk; Rfhjhu Njitg;ghLfspdJk; mbg;gil khw;wq;fs; gy
epfo;e;Js;sJld; mtw;iw ,Wjp ngWNgwhf ,Ug;gJ vkJ ehl;by; Rfhjhur;
Nritf;F ehl;L kf;fspd; kl;Lky;yhJ ntspehl;ltu;fsplk; ,Ue;j tpRthrk;
rpijtile;jikAk; kw;Wk; eilKiw Rfhjhuj; Njitfis epiwT nra;J
nfhs;s Kbahj kpf Nkhrkhd epiyikf;F mr; Nrit Mf;fg;gl;likahFk;.
,d;W ehl;bd; rdj;njhif mjpfupj;Js;sJ. taJ te;jtu;fspd; rdj;njhif
mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; rdj;njhif tFjpfs; khw;wkile;Js;sJ. Neha; nehbfspd;
Nghf;F khw;wkile;Js;sJ. G+Nfhs uPjpahfg; ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ> itj;jpa tpQ;Qhdk;
njhopy;El;g uPjpahf Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;s NghJk; Neha; vjpu;g;Gr; rf;jp jpwd;>
fhyepiy khw;wj; jhf;fq;fs;>
G+Nfhs uPjpahf guTfpd;w Neha; njhw;Wf;fs;
Nghd;w njhopy;El;g uPjpahd rthy;fs; cf;fpukile;Js;sJ. kf;fspd; Rfhjhuk;
njhlu;ghd vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; cau;tile;Js;sJ. mjw;Fg; Gwk;ghf vkJ Rfhjhur;
NritfSk; vkf;F njupahkNy khw;wkile;Js;sJ. 80 Mk; Mz;L fhyg; gFjp
tiu KOikahf murpd; nghWg;ghf mKy;gLj;jg;gl;l Rfhjhur; NritapypUe;J
fpukkhf ePq;fp my;yJ Nghjpasthd mstpy; gq;Fgw;whky; mr; Nrit thzpg
kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rfhjhur; Nrit njhlu;ghd nrytpdk; cyfpd; ruhrup nkh.Nj. cw;gj;jpapy;
E}w;Wf;F 9.1rjtPjkhf cs;sJ. vkJ
ehl;by; mJ
3.3rjtPjkhf cs;sJ.
cyfpy; mz;zsthff; fUJk; NghJ murhq;fq;fspdhy; Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghf
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w nrytpdk; nkhj;j Rfhjhur; nrytpy; 57rjtPjk; MFk;. vdpDk;>
vkJ ehl;by; muR Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w nrytpdkhdJ nkhj;j Rfhjhu nrytpd; 39
rjtPjkhf cs;sJ. 60rjtPjkhd epYit nghJ kf;fs; jdpg;gl;l uPjpahf nryT
nra;fpd;wdu;. muR xU gpuirapd; Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghf xJf;Ffpd;w njhif rpy
tsu;rpaile;j ehLfspd; m.nlh. 8000 msthf ,Ug;gJld; cyfpy; ruhrupahf
ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ m.nlh. 615 msthFk;. ,yq;if murhq;fk; xJf;fPL nra;tJ
m.nlh. 34 ,w;F mz;kpj;j njhifahFk;. mjd; ngWNgnwhd;whf itj;jpau;fs;
cs;slq;fyhf Rfhjhu gjtpazpapu;> kUe;J cs;slq;fyhd ngsjPf tsq;fspYk;
ghupa gw;whf;Fiw epyTfpd;wJ. mur Nritapy; Fiwe;j rk;gsKk; mjpu;g;jpahd
Nrit fhuzkhfTk; mNdf gapw;rp ngw;w njhopy;rhu; egu;fs; ehl;il tpl;Lr;
21
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
nry;fpd;wdu;.
,e;ehl;L
gl;ljhup kUj;Jtu;fspy; 50rjtPjkhd itj;jpau;fs;
ehl;bypUe;J ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;sdu;.
,Wjp ngWNgwhf jhKk; jq;fSila gps;isfSk; ve;jnthU re;ju;gj;jpYk;
VNjDk; gutyilAk; Neha;nahd;wpd; my;yJ tpgj;njhd;wpd; ,yf;fha mika
KbAk; vd;gijNa mEgtpj;J tUfpd;wdh;. mt;thW Vw;ghl;lhy; cupa rpfpr;ir
fpilf;Fkh? vt;tsT gzk; nryT nra;a Ntz;b Vw;gLk;? vd;w toikahd
re;Njfj;JlDk; mr;rj;JlDk; tho;fpd;wdh;. nlq;F> vapl;];> vypf;fha;r;ry; Nghd;w
guTfpd;w Neha;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf ,d;GYntd;rh Nghd;w guTk; Neha;fSf;Fk;
kf;fs; Mshfpd;wdh;. rpWePuf Neha;> ePupopT> Gw;WNeha;> ,Uja Neha;> mq;fpr
tha;T> csuPjpahd FiwghLfs;> eQ;riljy;> egu;fSf;fpilNaahd gpzf;Ffs;
tpgj;Jfs; Nghd;w guthj Neha;fspd; mjpfupg;Gk; mtw;wpd; fhuzkhf ,wf;fpd;w
kw;Wk; tyJ
Fiwtiljy; mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;JtJ
,yq;if
gpuirfspd; Rfhjhu epiyik kpfTk; Mgj;jhd epiyikapy; ,Uf;fpd;wijNa
MFk;. Rfhjhu ghJfhg;gpw;F cs;s Kiwikfs; kpf Nkhrkhd epiyikapy;
cs;sNj MFk;.
jPu;Tfs;
rfy gpuirfspd; Rfhjhu ghJfhg;G Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; Kd;Dupik tplakhf
,Ug;gJld; Rfhjhuj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;G tzpfr; re;ijf;F ifaspf;fhJ
KOikahf murhq;fj;jpdhy; ifNaw;fg;gLk;. murpd; KOikahd nghWg;G kw;Wk;
gq;Fgw;wYld; Rfhjhur; Nritapid Ngzpr; nry;yy; cyfk; G+uhfTk; fhzf;
$ba Nghf;fhf ,Ug;gJld; cyf Rfhjhu mikg;gpd; %yk; mOj;jk; nfhLj;Js;s
gpufhuk; Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghf mur nghWg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;sy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
topKiwfs;
cau; Rfhjhu epiyikAld; $ba cau; cs>
cly; kw;Wk;
r%f Rfhjhu eyDld; tho;tJ mbg;gil kdpj cupikahf
murpayikg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fiwe;j nrytpy; cau; Rfhjhu Nritapid Ngzpr; nry;fpd;w
fpAgh cs;slq;fyhf cau; Rfhjhu Nritfs; kl;Lky;yhJ cyf
Rfhjhu mikg;G Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fspdhy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;s
Mf;fG+u;tkhd Kiwikfs; (Rfhjhu Nritia ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
rfyUf;Fk; epahakhd re;ju;g;gk;>
Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghf mbf;fb
jdpg;gl;l uPjpahf nryT nra;ag;gLk; Njitia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;>
vkJ
22
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Muk;g MNuhf;fpajpw;F
Kd;Dupik toq;Fjy;>
Rfhjhuk;
njhlu;ghf gy; Jiw gq;Fgw;wiy ) cs;slf;fp Njrpa Rfhjhuf;
nfhs;ifnahd;Wk;; mjd; ghy; fl;bnaOg;gl;l xUq;fpize;j Njrpa
Rfhjhur; Nritnahd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd; NghJ mjpfupf;fpd;w rdj;njhif> rdj;njhif tFjpfspy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;>
njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; rthy;fs;
(Neha; vjpu;g;Gr; rf;jp) ehL js;sg;gl;Ls;s nghUshjhu neUf;fb>
Neha; nehbg; Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;F gpujhdkhf ,Uf;fpd;w
r%f> nghUshjhu tplq;fs; cs;slq;fyhd rfy tplaq;fs;>
kf;fs; Njitfs; Nghd;w midj;ijAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L Rfhjhu
Nkk;ghL> Neha; epthuzk;> rpfpr;ir> rPu;rpUj;jk; Nghd;w Rfhjhur;
Nritapd; rfy gpupTfis Kiwikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njitahd
gpufhuk; tp];jupg;Gr; nra;tjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
vjpu;tUk; Ie;J tUlq;fspy; rfy gpuirfSf;Fk; mur njhlu;ghf
nghWg;Gf; $Wfpd;w FLk;g kUj;Jtupd; fhg;GWjpia ngw;Wj;
jUtJld; Fiwe;j gl;rk; xU tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw KOikahd
kUj;Jtg; guPl;rpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtu;.

jw;nghOJ
75tUlkhf
,Uf;fpd;w
,yq;ifau;fspd;
MAs;
vjpu;ghu;f;ifapid mjpfupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;.
cs;Suhl;rp>
tu;j;jf> czT> tptrha>
kPd;gpb> fhy;eil>
fy;tp>
Clf>
mur epjp>
ePu;> Rw;whly;> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp cs;slq;fyhd gy;NtW Jiwfspy; mur epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wkd;wp rptpy; rKfq;fspdJk;>
nghJ
kf;fspdJk; Njrpa
kw;Wk; ntspehl;L epGdu;fspd; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYld;
kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;Gld; jw;nghOJ ghupa mstpy; gutpapUf;Fk; Neha;
nehbfisAk; tpgj;Jf;fisAk; Jupjkhf fl;Lg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghf
,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ.
mjd; fPo; nugp]; kw;Wk; nlq;F Nehapid 3tUlq;fSf;Fs;
KOikahf ,y;ynjhopf;fg;gLk;.
jha;> rpR kw;Wk; epthuz Rfhjhur; NritfSf;F
Kd;Dupik
toq;fg;gLtJld; ghlrhiy tajpw;Ff; $ba rfy gpuirfSf;Fk;
cs;s Neha;fSf;F
nghUj;jkhd mbg;gil Rfhjhu mwpT
toq;fg;gLk;. ,q;F rfy tpjq;fspYk; Clf> murpay; Nkilfs;> rka
re;ju;gq;fs;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; Ntiyj;jsq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
23
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
mur Jiwapy; mj;jpatrpakhd kUe;Jfs;> cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk;
gupNrhjid trjpfspd; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; epankhd;W ,y;yhj
epiyikapid 5tUlq;fSf;Fs; KOikahf ,y;yhnjhopj;J me;j
xt;nthU gpupT njhlu;ghfTk; jdpahu; Jiwf;Fk; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; tifapy; Njrpa nfhs;ifnahd;iw jahu; nra;ag;gLk;.
kUe;Jfs; rl;lj;jpid kpfTk; rpwe;j tifapy; kf;fs; eyd; fUjpa
tifapy; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.

cupa
epakj;Jld;
$ba
kUe;Jfis
khj;jpuk;
re;ijf;F
ntspapLtJld; kUe;Jfspd; cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpdhy; Vw;glf;
$ba gf;f tpisTfs; gw;wp njspTgLj;Jfpd;w Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;
(%d;W nkhopfspYk;) kUe;JfSld; toq;fg;gLk;.
jw;nghOJ ngUthupahfg; epyTfpd;w rpWePuf kw;Wk; Gw;W Nehapdhy;
mtjpg;gLfpd;w Nehahspfs; njhlu;ghf Njitahd midj;J
kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; Vida rpfpr;irfis murpdhy; ,ytrkhf
toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
gps;isfs; ,y;yhj jpUkzk; nra;j FLk;gq;fSf;F gps;isfis
ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ njhlu;ghf tpNrl kUj;Jt trjpfSld;
$ba kUj;Jt gpupTfis ehl;bd; gpujhd itj;jparhiyfspy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Fiwe;j tpiyapy; rpwe;j kUe;Jis kf;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$ba tifapy; mur xRry epiyaq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid
tUlnkhd;Wf;F 100 tPjk; Ie;J tUlq;fspy; 500 cUthf;fg;gLk;.
kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs; Njrpa uPjpahf cw;gj;jp nra;tjid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F
mur
kw;Wk;
jdpahu;-mur
njhopy;Kaw;rpg;
gpupTfSf;F Cf;fk; toq;fg;gLk;. mJ njhlu;ghf mt; cw;gj;jpfis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w
epWtdq;fis
Kjy;
,uz;L
tUlq;fSf;F
tupapypUe;J tpLtpg;G toq;fg;gLk;.

Rfhjhur; Nrit gjtpazpapdupd; njhopy;rhu; jpUg;jp kw;Wk;
tpidj;jpwdpid Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf mwpT kw;Wk; jpwid
,w;iwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
mtu;fs;
Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;w
rk;gsk;>
nfhLg;gdTfs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfG+u;t tjptplg; gw;whf;Fiw>
eyd;Gup FiwghLfs; cs;slq;fyhd FiwghLfs; cs;slq;fyhd
njhopy;rhu; gpur;rpidfSf;F epahakhd jPu;Tfis toq;Ftjw;Fk;
muR cr;r eltbf;if vLf;Fk;.
vkJ
24
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
r%f Rfhjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf itj;jpa> jhjp> ghuh
kUj;Jt> Jiz kUj;Jt kw;Wk; Vida njhopy;rhu; epGdu;fs; 50>000
Ngu;fis 5tUlq;fSf;Fs; mur Nritf;F Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;.
rfy fpuhk Nritahsu; gpupTfSk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; rd
rKf Rfhjhu myFfs; jhgpf;fg;gLk;. Neha;fisj; jLj;jy; kw;Wk;
Mgj;Jfs; Fiwe;j Neha;fs; njhlu;ghf rpfpr;ir toq;Ftjw;Fj;
Njitahd kUj;Jt> jhjpau; gjtpazpia ,J njhlu;ghf
Ml;r;Nru;g;Gr; nra;ag;gl;L mjd; Clhf mur itj;jparhiyfspy;
cs;s gw;whf;Fiw ePf;fg;gLk;.

kUj;Jtf; fw;if cs;slq;fyhf rfy Rfhjhu njhopy;rhu;
fy;tpapid mur gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; kw;Wk; mur epWtdq;fspdhy;
khj;jpuk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;. mJ njhlu;ghf kUj;Jtkw;w njhopy;fSk;
cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; Rfhjhu tpQ;Qhd njhlu;ghd fy;tpg; gPlq;fs;
Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
,e;ehl;by; jw;nghOJs;s 11Mf cs;s mur jhjpau; ghlrhiyfspd;
vz;zpf;ifapid mjpfupg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtJld; me;
epWtdq;fs; gy;fiyf;fof kl;lk; tiu cau;tilar; nra;ag;gLk;.
kUj;Jt rigfspd; RahjPdj; jd;ik> mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; trjpfis
tp];jupg;Gr; nra;J ehl;bDs; Nritapy; cs;s rfy Rfhjhuk;rhu;
njhopyhsu;fis cau;jukhd mwpTlDk; jwpDlDk; xOf;fj;JlDk;
$ba kf;fspid Vw;gLj;Jtjid cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
jpBu; Rfhjhuj; Njitfs; njhlu;ghf tpNrlkhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s
24
kzpj;jpahyq;fshf
mKy;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
njhiyNgrp
,yf;fnkhd;wpid mwpKfk; nra;tJld; Rfhjhur; Nritfs;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;w epiyankhd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;.

FbapUg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Nrit epiyaq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L jpBu; rpfpr;ir njhlu;ghf Nehahsu;fis nfhz;L
nry;tjw;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritnahd;iw ehL jOtpa tifapy;
mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jw;nghOJ Njq;fpAs;s rj;jpu rpfpr;irfis (,Uja> rpWePufk;
Nghd;w) Jupjkhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F jdpahu; Jiwapd; xj;Jiog;Gld;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;W
mKy;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mJ
njhlu;ghf
Gifapiy tupapid gad;gLj;jp tpNrl epjpankhd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Kjyhk; juj;jpw;F gps;isfis Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ xt;nthU
25
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
gps;isf;Fk; cupa kUj;Jt mwpf;iffisj; jahu; nra;jy; kw;Wk;
Rfhjhu mr;RWj;jy; cs;s gps;isfs; njhlu;ghf njhlu;rpahd
kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jy; epfo;j;jg;gLk;.
gzpahw;Wfpd;w kf;fSf;F
ntspaf Neha; kw;Wk; rpfpr;ir
trjpfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjid ,yFgLj;Jk; tifapy; thu
ehl;fspy; fhiy 6.00 kzp Kjy; ,uT
10.00kzp tiu kw;Wk;
QhapW jpdq;fSk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; mr; Nritapid ePbg;Gr;
nra;tjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
Nkw;fj;Nja>
MAu;Ntj> N`hkpNahgjp>
A+dhdp kw;Wk;
RNjr
itj;jpak; Nghd;w gyjug;gl;l kUj;Jt Kiwfis tpQ;Qhd
mbg;gilapy; xUq;fpize;j Nritahf kf;fSf;F toq;Fk;
,aYikapid mj;Jiwapd; epGdu;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Stjw;F Muha;e;J ghu;f;fg;gLk;.
Nkw;fj;Nja kw;Wk; Njrpa Rfhjhu Nritfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F
xU mikr;rpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;.
,e;j tpjj;jpy; Rfhjhuj; Jiwapid mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ
Njitahd gpufhuk; murhq;f epjp Vw;ghLfis nkh.Nj. cw;gj;jpapd;
5rjtPk; tiu mjpfupg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
03. ePu;> czT> Nghrhf;F kw;Wk; Rfhjhu

topKiwfs;

gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfshf kdpju;fs; tho;tjw;F cyfpy; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd
ehlhf ,yq;if cUntLj;J J}a;ikahd ePu; Nghjpa mstpy; ,Uf;fpd;wik>
czTfspy; Ra jd;dpiwtile;jpUf;fpd;wik> fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Fiwe;j
mstpy; ,Uf;fpd;wik kw;Wk; Jg;guT Vw;ghL kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;gpid kjpf;Fk;
fyhr;rhunkhd;W ,Uf;fpd;wik Nghd;w tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhFk;. ,Ue;j
NghJk;> ,d;Wtiu epfo;e;jpUg;gJ vd;d? Kiwaw;w ifj;njhopy;kakhf;fy;>
gpioahd murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; fhuzkhf ,r;rfy
tplaq;fSk; gpur;rpidf;F cs;shfp mbg;gil Njitfs; $l ,yq;ifau;fSf;F
,y;yhJ Ngha; cs;sJ.
czT cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;> jufu; Kiwikapid nraw;gLj;Jdu;fs; kw;Wk;
Efu;Nthu; Mfpa midtUk; murpdhy; Kiwaw;w jpwe;j re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
iftplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ehk; ,d;W mDgtpj;J tUtJ> ,e;j mbg;gil
vkJ
26
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
gpur;rpidfspd; ntspaf epiyikfisahFk;. cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; jkf;F cupa
tpiy fpilf;fhikapdhy;> tpisr;rYf;F Vw;gLk; tpjp gw;wpa epr;rpakw;w jd;ik
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g topfhl;lnyhd;W ,d;ikahy; mtjpg;gLfpd;wdu;. mj;jpatrpa
Nritapy; <LgLfpd;w ,ilj;jufu; nraw;ghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wtu;fs;
ehis jpdj;jpd; nghUshjhu epr;rakw;w jd;ik njhlu;ghf mjpf ,yhgj;ij
cioj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F czT kw;Wk; ghzq;fis jpUGgLj;jp eQ;Rfis
Nru;j;J tpiyfis mjpfupj;Js;sJld; Efu;Nthu; mjpf tpiyapd; fhuzkhf
eQ;Rfs; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;w mr;rj;Jld; Efu;Nthu; cupa Nghrhf;F
Fiwghl;Lld; epj;jKk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. rpWth; rKjhak; njhlu;ghf rpy
taJ te;Njhu; Nghrdf; Fiwghl;by; mtjpg;gLtJld; ,d;iwa nghUshjhu
Kiwapd; fhuzkhf cg;G> nfhOg;G kw;Wk; rPdp mjpfkhd czTfis
cl;nfhs;tjhy; NkYk; mjpf njhifapdu; ePupopT> cau; ,uj;jf; nfhjpg;G>
Gw;WNeha;> cly;gUk; mjpfupj;jy;> rpWePuf Neha; Nghd;w Neha;fspdhy;
mtjpg;gLfpd;wdu;. ruhrup ,yq;ifau;fspd; ehshe;j rPdp> kh kw;Wk; vz;iz
kw;Wk; nfhOg;G Efu;T cupa mstpYk; ghu;f;f ,U klq;fhf cl;nfhz;lhYk;
kPd;> fha;fwpfs;> gRk;ghy; kw;Wk; gotiffs; Efu;T cupa mstpYk; ghu;f;f
miuthrp msT Fiwthf Efu;T nra;ag;gLtjhf Muha;rpahsu;fshy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epiyikahdJ ePupopT> cau; ,uj;jf; nfhjpg;G>
Gw;WNeha;> clw;gUkd; miljy;> ,Uj Neha;fs; kw;Wk; kd mOj;jk; Nghd;w
Neha;fSf;F fhuzpahf mike;Js;sJ.
tpNrlkhf ePupy; ,urhadj; jd;ik njhlu;gpy; rhd;Wg;gLj;Jk; Kiwik
cupa Kiwapy; ,y;yhjjhy; ePupdhy; guTfpd;w Neha;fSk; mjpfupj;J
tUfpd;wJ. czT kw;Wk; Nghrhf;fpd; %yk; jd;dpiwtilaf; $ba vkJ
ehl;Lf;F czT kw;Wk; tpw;wkpd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjw;F
gpy;ypad; fzf;fhd mz;zpar; nryhtzpia nryT nra;ag;gLtJ kpfTk;
ftiyfukhd epyikahFk;.
jPu;Tfs;
nghJ kf;fspd; czT> Nghrhf;F> Fb ePu; njhlu;ghf epjKk; Muha;e;J
ghu;g;gJk;> nfhs;iffis jahu; nra;J mKy;gLj;JtJk; murhq;fj;jpd; fl;lha
flikahf cs;sJ.
27
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
topKiwfs;
5 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw Njrpa Nghrhf;F epiyik
Ma;T nra;ag;;gLk;.
fw;if
FWq;fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy Nghrhf;Ff; Fiwghl;bdhy; mtjpg;gLfpd;w

gps;isfSf;F ,ytrkhf tpNrl czTfis toq;Ftjw;F
rfy Kd; ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;F ,ytrkhf
Nghrhf;F epiwe;j gfy; cznthd;W toq;fg;gLk;.
Rfhjhu eyd; epiwe;j czTg; gof;f tof;fk; njhlu;ghf gps;isfis
gof;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa Njrpa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwAk; fy;tp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwAk; jahu; nra;J mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.

fu;g;gpzp kw;Wk; ghy; nfhLf;fpd;w jha;khu;fSf;Fk; rpNul;l
gpui[fSf;F &gh 2000.00 ngWkjpahd Nghrhf;F epthuz cjtp
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
re;ijfspy;> tPLfspy; rfy czTfs; kw;Wk; ePupd; ghJfhg;Gj;
jd;ikapid
cWjpg;gLj;JtJ
njhlu;ghf
Njitahd
fs
mYtyu;fisAk; Ma;T$lq;fs; cs;slq;fyhd NtW trjpfSk;
mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
rpwe;j juj;Jld; $ba fopayiwfs; ,y;yhj FLk;gq;fSf;F
cs;Shuhl;rp epWtdj;jpd; Clhf ,ytrkhf fopayiwfs;
mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
jw;nghOJ efug; ghijfspy; fopaiy trjpfs; ,y;yhikapdhy;
Vw;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPu;nthd;whf Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;>
nghJkf;fs;
Ngha;
tUfpd;wtu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
kw;Wk;
efuq;fSf;fpilapy; cs;s ghijfspd; J}uk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis
ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L cau; juj;Jld; $ba nghJ Jg;guT Vw;ghl;L
gpupTfis ehL G+uhfTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
czT> ghdq;fis jahu; nra;Ak; NghJk; tpw;gidapd; NghJk;
mtw;Wf;F eQ;Rfis Nru;f;fpd;w kw;Wk; epak jukw;w czT
ghdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;w> tpw;gid nra;fpd;w egu;fSf;F
vjpuhd rl;lk; kpff; fLikahf mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.
vkJ
28
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

gotifs;
kw;Wk;
fha;fwp
cw;gj;jpYk;
tpepNahfpg;gjpYk;
tpw;gidapd; NghJk; Rfhjhu ghJfhg;gpidAk; cupa juj;jpd; fPo;
ghJfhf;fg;gLtjid cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
04. tpisahl;L kw;Wk; cly; eyd;

Nehaw;w> xOf;fkhd> rKfuPjpahd> ghupa MSikAld; $ba rKjhankhd;iwf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F tpisahl;LJiw Kf;fpakhd gq;if Mw;Wfpd;wJ. rfytw;iwAk;
gzj;jpdhy; fzpg;gpLfpd;w ,d;iwa R+iuahLk; nghUshjuj;jpy; tpisahl;by;
,Uf;f Ntz;ba rhjfkhd gz;Gfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpisahl;L vd;gJ
,ad;wtiu gzk; ciof;fpd;w R+jhl;lk; vd;w epiyikf;F Mshf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjd; fhuzkhf tpisahl;Lj; Jiwapy; Nkhrb> Coy;> ,yQ;rk; Nghd;w gyjug;gl;l
KiwNfLfs; nfhbfl;b gwf;fpd;wJ. tpisahl;L njhlu;ghfj; Njitahd mur
jiyaPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhjJld; Njrpa tpisahl;L jpl;lnkhd;W ,d;ikAk;
gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. tpisahl;L tPu;u;fs; njhlu;ghf tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;>
tpisahl;L muq;Ffs;> tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;w trjpfs; ,d;ikahy;
tpisahl;L tPu;u;fis gapw;rpaspg;gjw;F gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpahsu;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf ehL G+uhfTk; gue;Js;s gyjug;gl;l
jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l tpisahl;L tPuu;fSf;F jq;fsJ jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
re;ju;g;gk; ,of;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Foe;ij gUt tajpypUe;J KjpNahu; tiu rpy cly; gapw;rpay; <Lgly;
kpf Kf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJld; mJ njhlu;ghf re;ju;g;gq;fis cupa tpjj;jpy;
gue;jpy;yhj;Jld; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Gupe;Jzu;Tk; kpff; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rdj;njhif nrwpthd gpuNjrq;fspy; ,J ghupa gpur;rpidahf
,Ug;gJld; ghlrhiyfspy; miuthrpf;Fk; mjpfkhdtw;Wf;F tpisahl;L
ikjhdq;fs; cs;slq;fyhd Vida trjpfs; ,y;iy. gapw;rp kw;Wk; tpisahl;L
njhlu;ghf <LgLfpd;wtu;fspd; Rfhjhu epiyikia guPl;rpg;gJ njhlu;ghf
gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w mur Kiwiknahd;W ,d;ikahy; ngWkjp kpf;f capu;fs; ,y;yhJ
Ngha; cs;sJld; ,d;Wtiu mt;thwhd Kiwiknahd;W cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy.
jPh;Tfs;
vy;yh tpisahl;LfSf;Fk; rkkhd ,lk; fpilf;ff;$ba tifapy; mtw;iw
mgptpUj;jp nra;tJk;> nraw;gLj;JtJk; murpd; nghWg;ghff; nfhs;tJld;
tpisahl;Lfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;l Njrpa tpisahl;L
nfhs;ifAk; nraw;wpl;lKk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
29
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
topKiwfs;
tpisahl;Lj; JiwahdJ Gjpa epUthfk;> rl;lk;> xOf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; kPs;fl;likf;fg;gLk;.
tpisahl;L tPutPuhq;fidfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> fhg;GWjpnra;jy;> epjp
kw;Wk; ngsjPftsq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;> tpisahl;Lj;Jiwapy;
njhopy; Gupgtu;fSf;F rk;gsk;> NtW nfhLg;gdTfs;> tPl;L trjpfs;>
tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fs; Mfpatw;iw toq;Ftjw;fhd Njrpa
nraw;wpl;lnkhd;W jahupf;fg;gLk;.
njhopy; GupAk; tpisahl;L tPutPuhq;fidfs; Xa;Tngw;wgpd; mtu;fSf;F
Xa;T+jpak; toq;fg;gLk;.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ghlrhiy tpisahl;Lfspy; khtl;l kl;lj;jpy;
jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; 1000 ghlrhiy tpisahl;LtPuu;fSf;F
2000 &gh tPjk; tpisahl;L Gyikg;guprpy;fis toq;Fk; jpl;lnkhd;W
Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
ghlrhiy khztu;fs; ghlrhiy fy;tpapy; kl;Lk; <Lgl;LtUtijj;jtpu;j;J
mtu;fspd; NjfhNuhf;fpaj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L.
f.ngh.j.rhjhuzju guPl;irf;F xUtpisahl;L fl;lhaghlkhf;fg;gLk;.

Njrpa
kl;lj;ijr;Nru;e;j
tpisahl;L
tPutPuhq;fidfis
ru;tNjrkl;lj;Jf;F nfhz;LtUtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L gyjug;gl;l
tpisahl;L epfo;r;rpfs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; tUlj;jpw;F 50
tpisahl;LtPuu;fSf;F
ntspehl;L
tpisahl;Lg;
gapw;rpf;fhd
Gyikg;guprpy;fis toq;fy;.

tpisahl;Lfspy; jpwikAs;s tpNrlNjitfs; cilatu;fSf;F
mDgtKs;s gapw;rpahsu;fisf; nfhz;L gapw;rpaspj;J ru;tNjr
tpisahl;Lg;
Nghl;bfspy;
<LgLj;Jtjw;fhd
eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; tpisahl;Lfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xUtUlj;jpw;Fs;
rfytrjpfisAk; nfhz;l 100 ghlrhiy tpisahl;Likjhdq;fis
mgptpUj;jpnra;tjw;fhf 50kpy;ypad; &ghtPjk; xJf;fg;gLk;.
xUkhtl;lj;jpw;F Fiwe;jJ xUtpisahl;L ikjhdk; vd;wtifapy;
rfytrjpfisAk;
nfhz;l
xUtpisahl;L
ikjhdj;ijf;
nfhz;ltpisahl;Lj; njhFjpnahd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
xt;Nthu;mbg;gil itj;jparhiyAlDk; ,ize;j tpisahl;Lf;fhd
Rfhjhu gpupnthd;iwj; jhgpj;J RfhjhuNrit> fy;tp Mfpatw;iw
vkJ
30
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
ngw;Nwhu;fs;> tpisahl;LtPuu;fs;> gapw;rpahsu;fs;> mikg;ghsu;fs; Mfp
NahUf;fpilNa tp];jupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ghlrhiykhztu;fs;> cau;fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopw;gapw;rp epWtdq;fisr;
Nru;e;jkhztkhztpfs;> efu kw;Wk; XusT efugpuNjr kf;fspd; clw;
gapw;rp trjpfs; Nkk;gLJj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

tpisahl;L
rq;fq;fspy;
gjtpNaw;gjpy;
tPutPuhq;fidfSf;F re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk;
rl;lq;fspy; jpUj;jq;fs; nra;aag;gLk;.
Gjpa
tpisahl;L
tifapy; mJgw;wpa
tpisahl;LtPuu;fs;> tpisahl;Lj;Jiw rhu;e;j njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;fs;>

tpisahl;L Kfhikahsu;fs;> gapw;rpahsu;fs;> tpisahl;Lg;Nghl;b
mikg;ghsu;fs;>
tpisahl;L
cgfuzq;fs;
jahupg;ghsu;fs;>
tpisahl;LClftpayhsu;fs; MfpNahiu cUthf;fTk; mtu;fSf;F
gapw;rpaspf;fTk; Njrpa tpisahl;L ghlrhiynahd;iw Muk;g
tUlj;jpYk; tpisahl;Lf;fhd Njrpa gy;fiyf;fofnkhd;iw %d;W
tUlq;fSf;Fs;Sk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd nryTfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kf;fpakhd topNehaw;w ruPuKs;s
r%jhankhd;iw cUthf;FtjhFk;. clw;jifikia Nkk;gLj;Jtjd Clhf
MNuhf;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ ,jd ;Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. mjw;fhf
1.
mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; rfy tw;wpYk; clw;gapw;rp
epiyaq;fis
Muk;gpg;gjw;F
MNyhridfs;
toq;fy
;kw;Wk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy;> 250 NgUf;F Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifAila gzpahsu;fisf;
nfhz;l epWtdq;fSf;F fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLk;.
2. clw; jifikia Nkk;gLj;Jk; 20>000 gapw;rpahsu;fs; jw;NghJ vkJ
ehl;Lf;F Njitg;gLtJld vjpu;tUk Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fs; me;j
,yf;if miltjw;fhf mur kw;Wk; jdpahu;j;Jiwf;F cjtpfisAk
Cf;Ftpg;gpidAk; toq;fy;.
3.
clw;
jifikia
Nkk;gLj;Jk;
gapw;rpfSf;Fj;
cgfuzq;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tupia ePf;Fjy;.
Njitahd
4. eyd;Gup rq;fq;fs;> tpisahl;L rq;fq;fs; Nghd;w ehlyhtpa uPjpapy

;cs;s r%f mbg;gila mikg;GfSf;F clw; jifikia Nkk;gLj;Jk;
epiyaq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf 500 mikg;GfSf;F 100>000 \&gh
tPjk; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
31
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
05. tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;

21 Mk; E}w;whz;by; kdpj ,dj;jpd; jiytpjpAk; nghUshjhuKk; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;g tpUj;jpapy; KOikahf jq;fpAs;sJ. vkJ ehl;L tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;gk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyf;F Kf;fpafhuzk; vkJ ehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fSk;>
mtu;fSld
Nru;e;jtu;fSf;fpilNa
tpQ;Qhdj;jpy;
ek;gpf;if
,d;ikAk;
tpQ;Qhd epGzu;fisj; jtwhd Nehf;fq;fSf;F <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJkhFk;. mur
epWtdj;Jiwia xopj;jy; kw;Wk; jhuhs nghUshjhu Kiwapd; fPo; tpQ;Qhdk;>
njhopy; El;gk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd epGzu;fs; nghUshjhu ,yhg kPl;Lk;tu;j;jf
Nehf;fj;Jld; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpdwdu;. kdpj tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jf;$ba
tpQ;QhKk; njhopy;El;gKk; vkJ ehl;bYk; ntspehLfspYk; cUthfpAs;s
NghjpYk; mjd; Clhf vkJ ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; kpff;
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33
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35
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38
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39
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gjpyhf %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;> cl;fl;likg;G
trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;> Copaj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;
cs;s ,yF> fopTfis mfw;wy; Nghd;w tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L
nghUj;jkhd
gpuNjrq;fspy;
ifj;njhopy;
tyaq;fs;>
ifj;njhopy; G+q;fhf;fs;> rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msthd ifj;njhopy;
FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gLk;.
ehl;bDs;Sk; ,yq;ifapd; fly; vy;iyapDs;Sk; ,Uf;fpd;w ,aw;if
tsq;fs; gw;wp KOikahd Ma;nthd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld;
%yg;nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf G+u;j;jpaile;j
nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLk;.
vkJ
40
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Gjpa njhopy;El;gk;> Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; KjyPL ehl;bd; ifj;njhopy;
kakhf;fy; nraw;ghLfSf;F <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghf ntspehl;L
murhq;fq;fSld;> epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; fk;gdpfSld; xUq;fpize;J
nraw;Ltjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

ehL ifj;njhopy; kakhjy; njhlu;ghfj; Njitahd ,urhadg;
nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ njhlu;ghf ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fis
cUthf;Fjy;. mjd; fPo;

ntspehl;L
nryhthzpia
Nrkpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk;
njhopy;
cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; tptrhar; rKfj;jpd; eilKiw tskhf;fp tpiyapYk;
ghu;f;f miuthrpf;F mz;kpj;j Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tskhf;fpfis
toq;Ftj;ijAk; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L vg;ghts ngh];Ngl; gbkj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Rg ngh];Ngl; ifj;njhopy; rhiynahd;W
Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.

,yq;ifapy; mNdfkhd ifj;njhopy;fs;
ry;gpAupf; mkpyj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;w
njhlq;Fjy;.
njhlu;ghf Njitahd
ifj;njhopw;rhiyapid
vkJ ehl;bDs; ,jw;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l jw;nghOJ nraw;ghlw;W

,Uf;Fk;
fhq;Nfrd;Jiw
rPNke;J
ifj;njhow;rhiyapidAk;
,yf;Nuhdpf; ifj;njhopYf;F Njitahd nkhdirl;il cw;gj;jp
nra;tJ njhlu;ghf NgUtisg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s nkhdirl;
mfo;njLj;jy; ifj;njhopw;rhiynahd;iw mikg;gjw;Fk; ,yq;ifapy;
cs;s
ifj;njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fj; Njitahd ,Uk;gpid cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;F ,Ue;j ve;NjuKs;isapy; ,Ue;j rpijtile;j ,Uk;gpid
ifj;njhow;rhiyapy; Gjpa mbg;gilapy; kPs Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
,yq;ifapy; gw;gir cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghf tUlhe;jk; fy;rpak; fhgNdl;
100>000 nlhd; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf mJ
njhlu;ghfj; Njitahd fy;rpak; fhgNdl; cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghf gad;gLj;jf;
$ba gyq;nfhilg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ry;Ngw;W gLf;ifapid
gad;gLj;jp fy;rpak; fhgNdl; cw;gj;jp ifj;njhopw;rhiynahd;W
Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.

,yq;ifapy; cs;s kpfTk; J}a;ikahd fhupag; gLf;ifapid
gad;gLj;jp gw;wp ,yf;Nuhlu;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs; kw;Wk; Urpgy;
njhlu;ghfj; Njitahd fhgd; J}upiffs; kw;Wk; ngd;rpy; cw;gj;jp
ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
tptrhak; kw;Wk; kPd; gpbf; ifj;njhopiy ifj;njhopy; kag;gLj;jiy
,yf;fhff; nfhz;L cs;sPl;L ,izg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;w
ifj;njhopy; fl;likg;nghd;W Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
41
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
kPs; Row;rp cs;slq;fyhf fopT Kfhik tpNrl kw;Wk; mj;jpatrpa
nraw;ghnlhd;whf fUjg;gLtJld; gad;gLj;jf; $ba rfy JiwfspYk;
GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tYr; rf;jp my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiy cw;gj;jpfis
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F njhopy;El;g Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Njrpa ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpw;F jilahf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
ifj;njhopy;
nghUl;fspd;
,wf;FkjpfSf;Fg;
gjpyhf Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F cr;r ghJfhg;ig toq;Ffpd;w ,wf;Fkjpf;
nfhs;ifnahd;W mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Njrpa ifj;njhopy;fSf;F ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; jw;nghOJ cld;gl;Ls;s
ru;tNjr tu;j;jf cld;gbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf kPs; guprPyidf;F
cl;gLj;JtJld; Njrpa ifj;njhopy;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F rhjfkhd Gjpa
cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;.
ntspehLfspy; cs;s ,yq;ifj; J}Jtuhyaq;fspy; cs;s Vw;Wkjp
Nkk;ghl;L gzpafq;fis mikj;J Njrpa Vw;Wkjp ifj;njhopy;
Nkk;gLj;jy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.

njupT nra;ag;gl;l Jiwfs; rpy njhlu;ghf ghupa msthd
ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;F ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F tpNrl
rYiffis toq;Ftjw;Fk;
mt;thwhd ifj;njhopy;fshf kUe;J>
itj;jpa cgfuzq;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; nghUl;fs;> fzpdp td;nghUs;>
fg;gy;> thfd Nfhu;g;Gr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp> ,ae;jpu rhjd
cw;gj;jpfSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLk;.
ifj;njhopy;fis elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fj; Njitahd kpd;rhuk;>
ePu;
trjpfs;> nts;sj;jpypUe;J
ghJfhg;Gg; ngwy;> fopT
ePupid
Rj;jpfupg;Gr; nra;jy;>
jpz;k fopTg; nghUl;fis Kfhik nra;jy;
cs;slq;fyhf rfy tplq;fisAk; toq;Fk; tifapy; thzpg tq;fp>
Rq;fj; jpizf;fsk;> tu;j;jf epiyaq;fs;>
ghlrhiyfs;
kw;Wk;
itj;jparhiy Nghd;w NritfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJk; JiwKfk;
kw;Wk; tpkhd epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfSld;
$ba ifj;njhopy; efuq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
tpNrlkhf Rw;whly; eyd; kw;Wk; mUfy; milahj %yg;nghUl;fs;
(fopTfs;> jhtu uPjpahd nghUl;fs;> fspkz;> fpuigl;) kw;Wk; etPd
njhopy;El;gk; (GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tYr; rf;jp> eNdh> mZ rf;jp>
capupd tpQ;Qhdk;) gad;gLj;jp rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msthd 1000
ifj;njhopy;fis Kjy; Ie;J tUlq;fspd; NghJ Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
mtw;wpd; %ykhd cw;gj;jpfis Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr re;ijfspy;
gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ed;nfhil kw;Wk; mDriuz toq;fg;gLk;.
vkJ
42
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
%yg;nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghf cw;gj;jpahsu;fis mwpTWj;Jtjw;F jfty;
gupkhw;wj;ij ,yf;F itj;J juTj; js epiyankhd;iw jhgpj;jy;.

Njrpakw;Wk;
ru;tNjr
re;ijtha;g;Gf;fis
cs;ehl;L
ifj;njhopyhsu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;F murhq;fk; jiyaPL
nra;jy;.
rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msthd ifj;njhopyhsu;fs; Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;w
gpujhd gpur;rpidahd cw;gj;jpfspd; gz;Grhu; juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;JtJ
njhlu;ghf Njitahd etPd njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd mwptpid
toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msthd cw;gj;jp nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wtu;fs;
epjp epWtdq;fSld; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ
Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;w gpur;rpidfis Fiwg;gjw;F ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpy;
Gwk;ghd mynfhd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
03. tptrhak;.
fsQ;rpa kw;Wk; Vida mWtilf;Fg; gpd;-njhopy;El;g trjpfs; gw;whf;Fiw>
,isQu;fs; tptrhaj;jpy; <Lghlhikapdhy; gaDs;s rpukk; Fd;wpr; nry;yy;
kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;by; Nkk;gl;l xU re;ij tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jg;glhik
Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfspy; mlq;Ffpd;wd.
fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;> kz;zupg;G> epyr;rupT> ePu; khrilT> tul;rp> nts;sg; ngUf;F
kw;Wk; tptrhaf; fhzpfs; Vida Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; Nghd;w
,aw;ifapdhYk; nraw;ifapdhYk; Vw;gLfpd;w mopTfisj; jtp u;f;Fk; epkpj;jk;
rupahd eltbf;iffs; fhzf;$bajhftpy;iy. fhl;L ahidfs;> Fuq;Ffs;>
gd;wpfs;> ,j;jpahd;fs;> kapy;fs; Nghd;w tpyq;F ,dq;fspd; Mf;fp ukpg;gpd;
fhuzkhf tptrhapfs; gapupLk; fhzpfis khj;jpukd;wp tPl;Lj; Njhl;lg;gapu;r;
nra;ifiaAk; iftpLfpd;wdu;.
tptrhaj; Jiwapy; ghupa msthd murhq;f my;yJ jdpahu; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;
,y;yhik> tpidj;jpwd;tha;e;j xOq;fikg;gl;l Nritfs; ,y;yhik> tptrhag;
gapu;fs; gy;ypdg;gLj;jg;glhik vd;gd fLikahd gpur;rpidfshff; fhzg;
gLfpd;wd. tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;F cj;juthj tpiy ,y;yhik> Efu;NthUf;F
fl;Lg;ghl;L tpiy epu;zakpy;yhik> tptrhap kw;Wk; Efu;Nthu; Mfpa ,uz;L
jug;gpdu;fSk; mePjpf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. tptrha cw;gj;jpapy; Rw;whly;
kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; Mfpatw;Wf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis rupahd Kiwapy; jLg;gjw;F
xU Ntiyj;jpl;lk; fhzf;$bajhftpy;iy.
43
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
jPu;Tfs;
tptrhak;> fhy;eil> kPd; tsu;g;G kw;Wk; gfpu;e;jspg;G Mfpatw;iw murhq;fj;jpd;
nghWg;ghf Mf;Fjy;. cs;ehl;L Efu;T kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjpj; Njitfs; Mfpatw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU Njrpa tptrhaf; nfhs;ifiaAk; xU Ntiyj;
jpl;lj;ijAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;. murhq;f> jdpahu; kw;Wk; $l;LwT Kjypa
gpupTfis tptrhaj;jpy; gq;fspf;fr; nra;jy;. cs;ehl;L czTg; ghJfhg;ig
cWjpg;gLj;jy;> jq;fpapUf;Fk; msit tpQ;rpa tptrhaj; njhopy;Kaw;rpia
cUthf;Fjy;> ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; czT tiffs; kw;Wk; tptrha cs;sPl;Lg;
nghUl;fs; vd;gtw;iw xOq;FWj;jp> cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpfspd; Nfs;tpiaAk;
Rw;whly; ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpnra;jy. tptrha cw;gj;jpfspd; Vw;WkjpapypUe;J
fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;ij gy klq;Ffshy; mjpfupj;jy;> gaDs;s Muha;r;rp tpahgpg;G
eltbf;iffis Kiwg;gLj;jy;> tptrha cw;gj;jpfs;> gfpu;e;jspg;G rk;ge;jkhd
kdpj tsq;fis Nkk;glr;nra;jy;.
topKiwfs;
tptrhaj;ij nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd xU gpupthff; fUjp ehl;by;
czTg; ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp re;ijia ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;l xU ifj;njhopy;kakhf;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.

tpijfspd;
cupik
tptrhapfSf;FupajhFk;.
tpij
Muha;r;rp
epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpijg; gz;izfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;>
tpij cw;gj;jp tptrhapfs; tiyaikg;G xd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;. Gjpa
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tpij ,dq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;Lf; fyg;G tpij ,dq;fs;
vd;gtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;J tptrhapfSf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;Fk;
fyg;G tpij ,dq;fis nghjpapLk; njhopy;El;gj;ij tptrhapfSf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
tptrha cs;sPLfspd; juj;ij cWjpnra;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; tpiyfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd
xU
mruhq;fg;
nghwpKiwj;jpl;lj;ijj;
jahupj;jy;.
tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,il epiy kw;Wk; %d;whk;
epiyf; ifj;njhopy; njhFjpnahd;W Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
tptrhak;> tpyq;F Ntshz;ik> kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; vd;gtw;wpy;
<Lgl;Ls;s Ml;fis mtu;fs; jw;NghJ mDgtpj;J tUk; fld;
RikfspypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;F murhq;fj; jiyaPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mj;Jld; ifj;njhopy;fSf;F mtrpakhd njhopy;El;g cjtp> epjp
vkJ
44
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Kfhik vd;gd njhlu;ghd fy;tp
jpl;lnkhd;Wk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cl;gl
Gjpa
rYiff;
fld;

ney; kw;Wk; Vida gapu;fSf;fhfTk; gy;NtW fhyepiyfspd;
mbg;gilapYk; Vw;fdNt epWtg;gl;Ls;s Ma;T epiyaq;fSj;
Njitahd ngsjpf tsq;fSk; kdpj tsq;fSk; toq;fg;gLk;.
Njitahd ,lq;fspy; Gjpa gpuNjr Ma;T epiyaq;fs; epWtg;gLk;.
mjpf tpisr;ry; jUk; tpij tiffis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf
cs;ehl;L Ma;$lq;fspd; cjtpngwg;gl;L> ntspehl;L tpijr; re;ij
jdpAupikia tPo;j;jf; $ba tpjj;jpy; cs;ehl;L tpij cw;gj;jp
mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
kugZf; nfhs;isiaj; jLj;jYk; vkJ ehl;Lf;Nf cupj;jhd tpijfspd;
kugZf;fSf;fhd fhg;Gupikia ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpw;Fg; ngWtjw;F
tptrha ,urhadq;fspd; juepakk;> cw;gj;jp>
vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;Gil gpur;rpidfSf;Fg;
fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhu rignahd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
tpw;gid> tpsk;guk;
nghWg;ghd Njrpa
A+upah cs;spl;l mj;jpatrpa cu tiffis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf

murhq;f cu cw;gj;jpf; fk;gdpnahd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
elkhLk; kz; gupNrhjidf; $lq;fis epWtp mtw;wpd; %yk;
gpuNjrq;fspd; kz;fisg; gupNrhjpj;J mtw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
gapu;fSk; tptrha cs;sPLfspd; msTk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
Nrjd kw;Wk; mNrjd grisfis ,Lk; nraw;ghl;il xOq;FgLj;jp
Nrjdg; gris cw;gj;jp xU ifj;njhopyhfg; gpugy;ag;gLj;jg;gLk;.

mWtilf;Fg;
gpd;du;
tPz;
tpuaj;ijf;
Fiwg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahdnghjpnra;jy;>
Nghf;Ftuj;J>
Fspuitf;Fk;
$lq;fs;>
fsQ;rpaq;fs; Nghd;w Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;Gld;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
A+upah kw;Wk; mj;jpatrpa cu tiffs; midj;Jk; tptrhapfSf;F
khdpa tpiyapy; toq;fg;gLk;.
tpyq;Ffshy; Vw;gLk; mopTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf tpQ;Qhd Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhz;L mtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila njhopy;El;gq;fis tptrhapfs;
kj;jpapy; gpugy;ag;gLj;Jjy;.
gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; tptrha tpw;gid epiya
murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;bd; %yk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
tiyaikg;nghd;W
myq;fhug; G+r; nra;if G+r;nrb tsug;G vd;gd Vw;Wkjpr; re;ijfis
45
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
,yf;fhff; nfhz;L mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. mj;Jld; G+r; nra;if
kw;Wk; G+r;nrb tiffis Vw;Wkjp nra;tij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l
murhq;f tptrhag; gz;iznahd;W epWtg;gLk;.
tptrhaf; fhg;GWjp Kiwnahd;Wk; tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fspd; gps;isfspd;
fy;tpj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lk; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;L
gyg;gLj;jg;gLk;. tptrhapfs; Xa;T+jpa Kiwapd; %yk; tptrhapfSf;F
cr;r mstpyhd gad;fs; fpilg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;.
Rfhjhuj;jpw;Fk; capu;f; Nfhyj;jpw;Fk; jPq;F tpistpf;fhj kw;Wk;
gadWjp tha;e;j njhopy;El;g Kiwfis tptrhapfs; kj;jpapy;
gpugy;ag;gLj;JtJ murhq;fj;jpd; Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLk; nghWg;ghf
mikAk;.
tptrhaf;
ifj;njhopYf;fhd ePu; Kfhik kw;Wk; ePu;g; ghJfhg;G
vd;gtw;Wf;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
gy;NtW
epWtdq;fisf;
xUq;fpizj;J tptrhapfspd; xj;Jiog;Gld; Gjpa ePu; Kfhikj;Jt
Kiwnahd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;. kio ePiur; Nrfupj;J itj;jy;> kpfr;
rpwpa kw;Wk; gutyhf;fy; njhFjpfs; Nghd;w etPd ePu;j; njhopy;El;gq;fs;
tptrhapfSf;F mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLk;.

Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
njhopy;El;gj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jk;
ntspehl;Lr;
re;ijfspd; mDgtj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf tUlj;jpw;F Mapuk; tptrhapfs;
vd;w mbg;gilapy; tptrhapfs; mDg;gg;gLtu;.
xt;nthU tPLk; mike;Js;s fhzpapd; gug;gpd; mbg;gilapy; mjpf
ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;l gyiffisg; ngwf;$ba ku tiffis eLtjw;F
tptrhapfSf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
cau; ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;l Vw;Wkjpj; juj;jpyhd tptrha cw;gj;jpfis
ntw;wplj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Clhfg; nghjpnra;J jahu;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
04. fhy;eilfs;

Fwpg;ghf murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPL Fiwthff; fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf
fhy;eilfs; Jiwapy; ghupa mgptpUj;jpia milag; ngw KbahJs;sJ.
Ntiyapd;ikg; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjpYk; czTj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp
nra;tjpYk; Vw;Wkjp tUkhdj;ij mjpfupg;gjpYk; ,j;Jiwapd; gq;fspg;igg;
ghupastpy; ngwf;$bajhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ,d;W tiuapy; ehk; me;j ,yf;Ffis
milaj; jtwpAs;Nshk;. ghiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Efug;gLk; cw;gj;jpfspy;
65% ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mjw;fhf tUlhe;jk; 40>000 kpy;ypad; \&gh
vkJ
46
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ. gz;iz tpyq;Fj; Jiwf;fhd eLj;juf; fhy jpl;lnkhd;Nwh
njhopw;ghNlh ,y;yhikapdhy; mj;Jiw xOq;fpd;wpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy;
nryTfs; mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLtJld; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;f Ntz;bapUg;gjdhYk;
ghy;> ,iwr;rp> Kl;il kw;Wk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr;
nra;ag;gLk; czT
tiffs; tPz; tpuakhtJ xU ghupa gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ.

jdp Nehf;f kw;Wk; ,ul;il Nehf;f cau; juj;jpyhd cw;gj;jp tpyq;Ffs;
fhzg;glhikAk; mj;jifa tpyq;Ffis cs;ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbahky;
,Ug;gJk; xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. fhy;eilfisg; guhkupg;gjw;fhd
tpupthf;fw; Nritfs; fhzg;glhikAk; kpUf itj;jpa Nritfs; fhzg;glhikAk;>
mjdhy; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd njhopy;El;g Kiwfs; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd fhy;eil
guhkupg;G Kiwfs; njhlu;gpy; tptrhapfSf;F fy;tpiaAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk;
toq;Ftjw;fhd xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Ntiyj; jpl;lnkhd;W fhzg;gltpy;iy.
Gw;jiufisg;
gapupLjYf;Fk;
mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;Fkhd
Njrpa
Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W fhzg;glhikapdhy; Ngh\hf;F epiwe;j cs;ehl;by;
mwpKfg;gLj;j Kbakhd Gw;fs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspypUe;J gadilahikapdhy;
ngUk; Nghfj;jpd; NghJ mjpf Gy; mWtilfs; tPzbf;fg;gLtJld; rpW Nghfj;jpd;
NghJ Gw;fSf;F jl;Lg;ghL epyTtJ ,j;Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; xU gpur;rpidahFk;.
jPu;Tfs;
fhy;eil tsj; Jiwapd; xOq;fikg;G> Kfhik> cw;gj;jp> cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;tdT
kw;Wk; tpw;gid> Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; mj;jpatrpa ,wf;Fkjp> ,dg; ngUf;fk;> Ma;T
kw;Wk; mwpitAk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; tptrhapfs; kj;jpapy; gug;Gjy;
Mfpa Jiwfis ,af;Ftjw;fhf Njrpa fhy;eil ts mgptpUj;jp kj;jpa
mjpfhurignahd;iw cUthf;fp Njrpa fhy;eil ts mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lnkhd;W
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
topKiwfs;
fhy;eil ts cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fspd;
cw;gj;jpr; nryitf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk; mtu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfTk;
ghy;> Kl;ilfs;> ,iwr;rp cw;gj;jpfspd; gy;NtW fl;lq;fSld;
njhlu;Gila
rthy;fis
,yf;fhff;
nfhz;l
nraw;jpl;l
tiyaikg;nghd;iw mj;njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;fhfj; jpl;lkpl;L
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$bathW murhq;f epWtdq;fs; ,af;fg;gLk;.
ghy;> Kl;il> ,iwr;rp cw;gj;jpr; re;ij tpiyfspy; $ba rjtPjj;ij
cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gijr; rhj;jpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;
jkJ ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpfs; njhlu;ghd Njrpa nfhs;ifspYk;
jhf;fk; nrYj;jf;$ba tpyq;F cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; cs;spl;l fkf;fhuu;
mjpfhu rignahd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;.
47
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Gw;fisg; gapuplf;$ba xt;nthU fhzpapYk; mt; mg;gpuNjrj;jpd;
fhyepiyf;Fk; kz;zpd; jd;ikf;Fk; <LnfhLf;ff;$baJk; mjpf
tpisr;risj; juf; $baJkhd Kd;Ndw;wfukhd Gy; tiffisAk;
jhtu tiffisAk; gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murhq;fk; jiyaPL
nra;Ak;.
1000 ghw; gz;izf; fpuhkq;fis cUthf;Fk; nraw;jpl;lk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> Nahfl;> rP];> japu; cs;spl;l
ghiy
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Vida cw;gj;jpfis cs;ehl;L kw;Wk;
ntspehl;Lr; re;ijfspy; gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; eltbf;if
vLf;Fk;.
ghy; cw;gj;jpia Ntfkhf mjpfupf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; eLj;ju mstpyhd
njhopy;Karpahsu;fis mj;Jiwapy; KjyPL nra;aj; J}z;Ltjw;F
ehl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd gRk;ghy; kw;Wk; ghiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
cw;gj;jpfis KOikahd ehl;bDs; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
jpl;lnkhd;W eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
05. kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePupay; ifj;njhopy;

kPd;gpbj; Jiw njhlu;ghd Njrpaj; jpl;lnkhd;W fhzg;glhikNa mj;Jiwapy;
fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. vupnghUs;> kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fs;>
glFfs; cs;spl;l Vida cw;gj;jpfspd; cs;sPl;L tpiy mjpfupj;Js;sjd;
fhuzkhf cw;gj;jp tpiy mjpfupj;Js;sJ. Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; kPd;gpb Kiwfspd;
gad;ghLk;> I]; cw;gj;jpf;$lq;fSk; Fsp\&l;ly; miwfSk; Nghjpastpy;
fhzg;glhikapd; fhuzkhf ngUksT kPd; mWtil tPzbf;fg;gLtJk; tpepNahf
Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fSk; ,j;Jiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; ngUe;
jilahf mike;Js;sd.

cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbr; nraw;ghLfspy; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPLfs; fhzg;glhikAk;
fUthL kw;Wk; khrp cs;spl;l kPd; cw;gj;jpf;fhd xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Ntiyj;
jpl;lnkhd;W fhzg;glhikAk; gpur;rpidahf cs;sd. kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopyhsu;fs;
midtUf;Fkhd gue;j fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W fhzg;glhikAk;
kPdtu;isg; ghjpf;Fk; tPlikg;G> Rfhjhuk;> FbePu; Nghd;w ghupa gpur;rpidfSf;F
,J tiuaapy; ve;jnthU Ml;rpahsupdhYk; jPu;T fhzg;glhikAk; kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; Fiwj;Js;sd.

vkJ
48
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
jPu;Tfs;

nghUshjhu uPjpapy; nropg;ghd ehl;il cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Njrpa kPd;gpbf;
nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; fPo; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; tpupthd ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fk;
nra;ag;gLk;. cs;ehl;L kPd; cw;gj;jpf;fhd Nfs;tpia <Lnra;tjw;fhfTk;
Vw;Wkjpfis
,yf;fhff;
nfhz;Lk;
kPd;gpbf;
ifj;njhopy;
KOikahf
kWrPuikf;fg;gLk;.

topKiwfs;
kPd;gpbj; Jiw njhlu;ghd midj;Jg; gpuptpdUlDk; gue;jstpyhd
fye;Jiuahly;fis elhj;jp midj;Jj; JiwfisAk; cs;slf;fpa
tpjj;jpy; Njrpa nfhs;ifnahd;W MW khj fhyj;jpDs; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopYf;fhf Vw;fdNt epWtg;gl;Ls;s 19 kPd;gbj; Jiw
Kfq;fisAk; Gjpjhf epu;khzpfpfg;gLk; 10 kPd;gpbj; JiwKfq;fisAk;
( fskl;ba> fe;jiu> rpyhtj;Jiw> Ngrhiy> gUj;jpj; Jiw> Ky;iyj;jPT
Nghd;w) kj;jpa epiyakhff; nfhz;L kPd; gjdply; njhopw;rhiyfs; (processing factories) cUthf;fg;Lk;.
jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; 58 eq;$ukpLk; epiyaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Gjpa
eq;$ukpLk; epiyaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;. Kjy; tUlj;jpy; mt;thwhd
25 epiyaq;fs; epWtg;gLk;. jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; Rkhu; 800 glFj;
Jiwfs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; ed;dPu; kPd; ,dg;ngUf;f epiyaq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy. mjdhy; mtw;wpd; trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jp cs;s
ePupay; capupay; Ntshz;ikf;Fg; NghJkhd msT ,dg;ngUf;f kj;jpa
epiyaq;fis cUthf;fp ,yq;iff;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd kPd; tifs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,yq;iff;Fr; nrhe;jkhd flw;gug;gpy; cs;s ePupay;
njhlu;ghd Kiwahd kjpg;gha;T xd;W Nkw;nfhs;g;gLk;.
capupdq;fs;
kPd; kw;Wk; ePupay; jhtuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd njhopw;rhiynahd;W Muk;gpf;f;ggLk;.
czT
flypy; epfOk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis Kd;$l;b mwptpg;gjw;fhf

JiwKf> eq;$uk; ,Lk; epiyak;> glFj; Jiw kl;lqq;fspy; Kiwahd
Ntiyj; jpl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;fp kPd;gpbg; glFfSf;F Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
njhopy;El;g cgfuzq;fis toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
49
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

,e;jpah cs;spl;l ntspehl;Lfspy; kPd;gpbg; glFfspd; Clhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kPdtu; Mf;fpukpg;ig KOikahfj; jLg;gjw;F
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. mj;Jld; kPdtu;fSf;F cupa ghJfhg;Gk;
toq;fg;gLk;.

fpuhkq;fspYs;s 10>000 rpwpa Fsq;fspy;
kPd; tsu;g;igg;
gutyhf;Ftjw;fhf ed;dPu; kPd; tsu;g;Gf; ifj;njhopiy mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Vida midj;J Jizr; NritffisAk;
mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
kPdtu; rKjhak; vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s ghupa gpur;rpidahd tPlikg;G>> FbePu;>
Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfSf;F cldbahfj; jPu;T toq;Ftjw;fhf
cupa JiwfSld; ,ize;J Jupj eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
kPd;gpbj; Jiwrhu; njhopy;epGzu;fs; midtUf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; nghJ
Xa;T+jpaj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Xa;T+jpak; toq;fg;gLk;.
flypy; capupof;Fk; kPdtu; xUtUf;fhf 10 ,yl;rk; \&gh fhg;GWjp
toq;fg;gLk;. 1
kPdtu;fis r%f> fyhrhu> fy;tp uPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F cldbahf
Efu;NthUf;F rYif tpiyapy; rpwe;j juj;jpyhd kPd; cw;gj;jpfisf;
nfhs;tdT
nra;tjw;F
flw;njhopy;
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd;
tpw;gidf;$lq;fspd; tiyaikg;Gf;fs; ehL KOtjpYk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
Kjy; tUlj;jpy; 100 tpw;gid epiyaq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
06. ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw

Njapiy> njd;id> ,wg;gu; gapu;r;nra;iffSf;fhf ehL KOtjpYk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT fhzpfs; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk; mf;fhzpfspd; gug;igAk;
mtw;Wf;fhfr; nrytplg;gLk; Copaj;ij ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L Nehf;Fifapy; ,Wjpahf
kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs; kpff;FiwthFk;. mg;gapu;r;nra;iffSf;F
Kd;Ndw;wfukhd njhopy;El;gq;fs; FiwthfNt Nru;f;fg;gLtJld; ghupastpyhd
fhzp>
fhLfshff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.jdpahu;kag;gLj;jg;gl;l
Njhl;lq;fspd;
mgptpUj;jp cupa Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhikapdhy; Fiwe;j rk;gsk;
kw;Wk; Fiwe;j trjpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf njhopyhsu;fspy; mjpfkhNdhu;
ngUe;Njhl;lj;
njhopy;JiwapypUe;J
tpyfpr;nry;fpd;wdu;.
cw;gj;jpfisg;
gy;tifg;gLj;JtjpYk; tpw;gidapYk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPL Nghjpastpy;
fhzg;glhik xU Kf;fpagpur;rpidahf cs;sJ.
vkJ
50
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
jPh;Tfs;
jw;NghJ neUf;fbf;F cs;shfpapUf;Fk; vkJ ehl;bd; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwia
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; etPdkakhf;Ftjw;Fk; Gjpa njhopy;El;g mwpit ngw;W
nfhLj;jy;;> ,J njhlh;ghd %l ek;gpf;iffis Jilj;njupe;J Gjpa topKiwfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jp ntspehl;L re;ijia ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l> ehl;Lf;F mz;zpar;
nryhtzpia <l;LjUk; Jiwahf fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
,jw;fhf mur kw;Wk; jdpahh; Jiw vd;w ,uz;L gpupTfisAk; tYthf;Ftjw;F
topKiwfs;
Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;id cw;gj;jpfisAk; mtw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l ifj;njhopy;fisAk; Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
Kfhikj;Jtk;
vd;gtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp
etPdkag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
ifj;njhopy;kag; gLj;Jtjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
Njapiy cw;gj;jp> ,wg;gu; kw;Wk; njd;idia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
cw;gj;jpfis cau;juj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;Wf;F ntspehl;Lr;
re;ijtha;g;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; tu;j;jfj; J}Jtu; Nrit
gyg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jdpahu;kag; gLj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; NkYk; tpisj;jpwDk; cw;gj;jpAk;
tsu;r;rpfhzhj ghupastpyhd Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;idj;Njhl;lq;fs;
njhlu;gpy; tprhuizfis elhj;jp njhopyhsu;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
tpjj;jpy; mj;Njhl;lq;fs; Gjpa Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo;nfhz;Ltug;gLk;.

ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; njhopy; nra;Ak; kf;fspd; njhopy;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy;> mk;kf;fSf;F cau;e;j tho;f;ifj;juj;ijAk; cau;
fyhrhuj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gJk; Xa;TngWk; Copau;fisg;
ghJfhg;gJk; murhq;fj;jpd; Kd;Dupikf;Fupa gzpfspy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
ehl;rk;gsj;ij &gh.1000tiu mjpfupf;ff;$batifapy; murhq;f kw;Wk;
jdpahu; Njhl;lq;fspd; epjpKfhik cldbahf xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk;.
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; tho;f;fpd;w kf;fspd; fhzpg;gpur;rpidf;fhd jPh;thf
mtu;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; gpuNjrj;ij mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd
fhzpfisj; njupT nra;J tPLfis epu;khzpg;gjw;fhf jyh xt;nthU
fhzpj;Jz;Lfis toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
rpwpa Njapiyj;Njhl;l cupikahsu;fs; cs;spl;l rpwpa kw;Wk eLj;ju
51
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
mstpyhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd epjp kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt
cjtpfs; toq;fg;gLk;.

,wg;gu;
kw;Wk;
Njapiyf;
nfhOe;JfSf;F
epyTk;
cw;gj;jp
epiyikfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd cj;juthj tpiynahd;iw Vw;gLj;jpr;
rl;lkhf;fg;gLk;.
Fg;igj; Njapiy tpahghuj;ij KOikahf epWtj;Jtjw;F ebf;if
vLf;fg;gLk;. mj;Jld; mjpf ,yhge;juf;$ba Njapiy cw;gj;jpapy;
<LgLtjw;F Njhl;l cupikahsu;fSf;Fk; ifj;njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk;
Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
,aw;if ,wg;giu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l KbTg; nghUl;fSf;fhff;
fhzg;gLk;
njhopw;rhiyfis
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fk;
Gjpa
njhopw;rhiyfis epWTtjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

Njhl;lg;gapu;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Nkyjpfg;nghUshjhug;
ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;lkyu;fs;> goq;fs;> kug;gyif jhtur; nra;if
gz;Ztjw;Fk; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopiy Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gLk;.
kiyafj;jpy; kPs;gapupLif Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fhzpfs; njhlu;gpy;
tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd gFg;gha;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L Rw;whly; ghjpg;Gf;isf;
Fiwf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;> gyiffs;> Gw;fs; kw;Wk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhug;
gapu;r;nra;if xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk;. kz;izg;ghJfhg;gjw;F Kd;Dupik
toq;Ftjw;fhfr; rl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L cupa njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
%yk; Kd;Ndw;wg;gLk;.
rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fs; kw;Wk; thridj;jputpaq;fspd; gapu;r;nra;if
tplaj;jpy; cr;r mstpy; murhq;fj; jiyaPl;il Nkw;nfhz;L jd;dpiwT
fhz;gjw;F mjpfstpy; me;epar;nryhtzpia ciog;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gLk;.
kug;gyiffSf;fhd Njitfis mLj;J tUk; rpyjrhg;jq;fspy;
,e;ehl;bNyNa
cw;gj;jp
nra;af;
$bathW
jupRepyq;fspy;
cs;ehl;Ljhtuq;fis
eLtjw;fhd
nra;wjpl;lq;fs;
ntspehl;Lr; re;ijfs; mjpfNfs;tp cs;sjhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; %ypifg;
gapu;fisg; gutyhf;fp cs;ehl;Lj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jpnra;J njhopy;
kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gLk;.
vkJ
52
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
07. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw ifj;njhopy;

jw;Nghija Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; Kiwahd kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd
topelhj;jypd;wp
nraw;gl;LtUfpd;wJ.
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
mikr;R
xd;W
fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; mjd; %yk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia fPo;kl;lj;jpypUe;J Nky;kl;lk;
tiujpl;lkpl;L etPdkag;gLj;jp vkJ ehl;Lf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fs; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
Rw;WyhN`hl;ly;fisAk;> tpLKiwgq;fshf;fisAk; epu;khzpf;fpd;wNghJ
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw njhlu;ghd rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s Ml;fSf;F mjw;fhd
mDkjpfis toq;Fk; Kiwnahd;iw gpd;gw;whjjd; fhuzkhf eilKiwapy;
mtw;wpy; juepakq;fs; Ngzg;glhikapdhy; Rw;Wyh N`hl;ly;fs;> thbtPLfs;
vd;git juq;Fd;wpf;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;> cy;yhrg;gazpfs; Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;w
gy;NtWtifahd njhe;juTfs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida jhf;fq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhfg; Nghjpa gupfhuNtiyj;jpl;lq;fs; fhzg;glhikapdhYk;cy;yhrg;
gazpfSf;fhd topfhl;bfs; Kiwahd epWtdnkhd;wpypUe;J cupa fy;tp kw;Wk;
fyhrhu uPjpahd gpd;dzapd; fPo; cUthf;fg;glhikapd; fhuzkhfTk; ,yq;ifapd;
ew;ngaUf;F
Fe;jfk;
Vw;gLtJld;
cy;yhrg;
gazpfSf;fhdftu;r;rpAk;
Fiwtile;Js;sJ.
cupa Kiwapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Kiwahd> rpwg;ghdftu;r;rpiag;
Ngzp tUk; Rw;Wyh tyaq;fs; vJTk; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. fiy>
fyhrhu> tpisahl;Lr; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gd cy;yhrg; gazpfis ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. cy;yhrg; gazpfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l
etPdfiy>fyhrhu
muq;FfSk;
fhl;rpf;$lq;fSk;
fhzg;glhikapdhy;
Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; ftu;r;rp Fiwtile;Js;sJ.
jPu;Tfs;

,f;ifj; njhopy; njhlu;ghd tpla mwpTs;s mwpQu;fsplKk;> njhy;
nghUspayhsu;fsplKk;> R+oypayhsu;fsplKk; mDgtk; nfhz;l njhopy;
epGzu;fsplKk; fiy> fyhrhuj;Jiwfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wtu;fsplKk;
nghJ kf;fsplKk; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W cUthf;fg;gLk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Njrpa
nfhs;ifnahd;wpw;F ,zq;f Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
topKiwfs;
Rw;Wyhf;ifj; njhopiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gpd;tUk; tiffspd; fPo;
mlq;Fk; Rw;Wyhf;ifj; njhopy;fspd; tplaj;jpy; cr;r mstpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLk;. mitahtd>
1. R+oy;el;Gwthd cy;yhrg; gazf;ifj;njhopy;
53
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
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2. tptrhaj;Jld; ,ize;j cy;yhrg; gazf; ifj;njhopy;
3. fopg;G kw;Wk; Xa;Tfye;j cy;yhrg; gpuahzf; ifj;njhopy;
4. fy;tpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cy;yhrg; gadf;ifj;n jhopy;
5. FLk;g myif mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cy;yhrg;gadf; ifj;njhopy;
6. Njf MNuhf;fpak;> ];ghkw;Wk; MAu;Ntj rpfpr;ir
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cy;yhrg; gpuahzf;ifj;njhopy;
Kiwia
ehl;bd; fyhrhug; ngWkhdq;fs;> ,aw;if tsq;fs; vd;gd ghJfhf;fg;gLk;

tpjj;jpy; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L cy;yhrg;gazpfisf; ftUk; tpjj;jpy;
flw;fiuNahuq;fs;> kiyehl;bd; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fs;vdRw;whly;
tyaq;fSk;
njhy;nghUspay;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;j
Rw;Wyh
vdRw;Wyhtyaq;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
njupTnra;ag;gl;l tpNrl Rw;Wyhtyaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
gpuNjrf; ifj;njhopy;fisAk; ifg;gzpg; nghUl;ifj;njhopy;fisAk;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
re;ijfis
cUthf;Ftjw;F
eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gLk;. mjd;fPo; Muk;gfl;lj;jpy; cau;juj;jpyhd ,yq;iff;Nf
cupa nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpnra;Ak; 30fpuhkq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

,yq;iff;Nf
cupj;jhd
fiyfis
mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l
Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf ,sk; fiyQu;fspd;
gq;fspg;ig ngWk; tpjj;jpy; mtu;fspd; gilg;Gf;fis cau;kl;lj;jpyhd
fyhgtdq;fspd; Clhf ntspehl;L kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L cy;yhrg;
gazpfSf;F
tpw;gid
nra;tjw;fhd
Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W
cUthf;fg;gLk;.

cy;yhrg;gazpfSf;F
nghUl;fisf;
nfhs;tdT
nra;tjw;fhd
mDgtj;ij
kpfTk;
gue;jstpy;
toq;ff;$bathW
ehL
KOtjpYk;cy;yhrg; gazpfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l filj;njhFjpfSk;
fhl;rpaiwfSk; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopYld; njhlu;Gila njhopy;fis cau;njhopy;rhu;
Nju;r;rpnfhz;litahf Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gapw;rp newpfisf; nfhz;l
epiya nkhd;W Kjy; tUlj;jpDs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
tpkhd epiyaq;fis mgptpUj;jpnra;tjw;Fk; jw;NghJ ,yq;if jpdKk;
tUif jUfpd;w Rkhu; 70tpkhdg;gazq;fspd; vz;zpf;if160tiu
mjpfupj;J
xUtUlj;jpy;
tUif
jUk;
cy;yhrg;gazpfspd;
vz;zpf;ifia 3kpy;ypad; tiu mjpfupg;gjw;F cr;r mstpy; Kaw;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;s;ggLk;.
vkJ
54
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

cy;yhrg;gazpfs;
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jdpg;gl;l
gpur;rpidfSf;F
365ehl;fspYk; 24kzpNeuKk; cldbahfj; jiyaplf;$ba Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
nghyp];
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epWtdf;fl;likg;G
xd;W
cUthf;fg;gLk;.
ehl;bDs; Eiofpd;w cy;yhrg;gazpfSf;F tpkhdq;fspNyNamy;yJ
fg;gy;fspNyNa mjDld; njglu;Gnfgs;sf;$ba njgiyNgrp kw;Wk;
kpd;dQ;ry; jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.

cy;yhrg;gazpfspd;
rpWKiwg;ghLSf;fhf
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
ePjpkd;wnkhd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;. mjd; %yk; nghyprhUf;Fk; Vida
rl;lr; nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; nrythFk; fhyj;ijf;
Fiwg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
gy;NtW Ml;fshy; cy;yhrg;gazpfs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; njhe;juTfSf;F
vjpuhfj; JupjkhdJk; fLikahdJkhd eltbf;iffis vLg;gjd; %yk;
ehl;bd; ew;ngaUk; cy;yhrg;gazpfspd; ek;gpf;ifAk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw njhlu;gpy; mtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
MNyhridfisAk;
tpku;rdq;fisAk;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fg;
ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; tpNrl myF xd;WepWtg;gl;L jfty;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhf njhiyNgrp> kpd;dQ;ry; vd;gtw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf
fskjpg;gha;TfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia
gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj;
njhy;nghUspay;
uPjpapy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;j
,lq;fs;
kw;Wk;
rkaj;jyq;fs;
cs;spl;l jfty;fs; mlq;fpa ftu;r;rpahd ,izaj;jsnkhd;Wk;
ifalf;fj;njhiyNgrp epfo;r;rpnahd;Wk; (mobileapp) cyfk;KOtjpYk;
nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf ntspehl;LfspYs;s ,yq;ifau;
fs; xj;Jiog;Gk; cr;r mstpy;ngwg;gLk;
Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; BeutifulSLvd;w ngaupy;
ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp epfo;r;rp nahd;W (mobileapp)cUthf;fg;gl;L
cy;yhrg;gazpfs; ,yq;ifapd; cs;Ns vLj;j Gifg;glq;fis
,e;jepfo;r;rpapd;
Clhf
,w;iwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fr;
re;ju;g;gLk;.
mj;Jld; xt;nthUthuj;jpYk; rpwe;j Gifg;glj;ijj; njupTnra;J
gupRtoq;Fk;jpl;lnkhd;Wk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.

Rw;Wyhtyaq;fspy;
ghuk;gupa
itj;jpa
Kiwfs;>
cs;ehl;Lf;
fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L czTtiffs; vd;gtw;iwg;
gpugy;ag;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
rPd> N[u;kd; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; cs;spl;l ntspehl;L nkhopfisf;
fw;gpg;gjw;fhd fy;tp epWtdq;fs; murhq;fj;jpdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
55
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

Rw;whly;rhu;
Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
tdtpyq;Fg;G+q;fhf;fisAk;> jhtutpay; G+q;fhf;fisAk; mtw;wpd;
ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; ftu;r;rpahdjhf khw;Wtjw;F
eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;. mj;Jld; fhLfspd; cs;Ns Rw;Wyh
Kfhk;fis mikg;gjw;Fk; jpl;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;.

N`hl;ly;fs; cs;spl;l jq;Fkpl trjpfs; njhlu;ghd Njrpa
nfhs;ifnahd;iw
cUthf;fp
juepakq;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mjd;NghJ rpWtu; guk;giuapdupd; ghJfhg;G cs;spl;l r%f> Rw;whly;
kw;Wk; fyhrhu epiyikfs; njhlu;gpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;.
Rw;Wyh N`hl;ly; cupikahsu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisf;
fz;lwpe;J mtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;.

jdpahu; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw
eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk;.
topfhl;bfSf;F
Xa;T+jpaj;
jpl;lnkhd;W
Rw;Wyhj; JiwapYs;s N`hl;ly; cupikahsu;fs;> Kfhikahsu;fs;>

rikay; fiyQu;fs; kw;Wk; Vida Nrit toq;Feu;fSf;F cyfpd;
mgptpUj;jpaile;j Rw;Wyhtyaq;fspy; mDgtq;fisAk; mwpitAk;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf murhq;fj;jpdhy; Gyikg;guprpy; Kiwnahd;Wk;
mwpTg;gupkhw;w epfo;r;rpnahd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
nfhOk;G efuj;ij njd; Mrpahtpy; khehLfs; kw;Wk; fz;fhl;rpfSf;fhd
kj;jpa epiyakhf mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; Kf;fpakhd cs;ehl;L
kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfSf;F me;j cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis
epu;khzpg;gjw;fhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fjy;.
10. fhzpfs;
,yq;ifapy; ,d;wpUf;Fk; 20.5kpy;ypad; rdj;njiff;F 220>000 njhif
tUlhe;jk;
NruTs;s
NghjpYk;
vkf;Fs;s
fhzptsk;tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf
cs;sJ. 2035Mk; Mz;L MFk; NghJ 25kpy;ypad; tiu mjpfupf;Fk; kdpj
rKjhaj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gila trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rthiy
ntw;wp ngUtjw;fhf ve;j tpjNjrpajpl;l nkhd;Wk; ,y;yhj mNjNeuk;
jd;dpr;irahf fhzpfs; ifahsg;gLtjhy; ,yq;ifapy; fhzpg;gpur;rpid ehSf;F
ehs; mjpfupj;jtUfpd;wJ.flyupg;G> kz;zupg;G cl;gl;l ,aw;if fhuzq;fshy;
jw;NghJs;sfhzpfspd; gug;gsT ,of;fg;gly; mj;Jld; fhzpfis gad;gLj;j
KbahjthW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s Kiwaw;w epu;khzpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Fg;ig
Ftpay;fSk; NtW jpz;kf;fopTfSk; Nru;tjw;F ,lkspj;J NkYk; khrile;jepiy
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mjpfupj;Js;s ghjfkhdiy.
mj;Jld; fhzp cupikfs; jPu;j;Jitf;fg;glhik> fhzpaw;wtu;fspd; vz;zp f;if
vkJ
56
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
mjpfkhfp> ,yq;ifapy; fhzpgpur;rpidm jpfupj;J mJghupa r%fgp ur;rpidia
cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
jPu;Tfs;
fhzp> fhzp Efu;T gw;wp Njrpa fhzpnfhs;ifnahd;iw jahupj;jy; kw;Wk;
rl;lkhf;fg;gLk;. mjd;fPo; R+oy;ghJfhg;G> FbapUg;Gfs;> ifj;njhopy;> tptrhak;>
tbfhyikg;gG cl;gl;l NtW epu;khzpg;GfSk; ngsjPf mgptpUj;jp mYty;fspd;
NghJk; epUthf mYty;fspd;NghJk; ifahs Ntz;ba Kiwia Njrpa
nfhs;ifapy; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
topKiwfs;
fhzpEfu;t> rl;lG+u;t kw;Wk; epUthf epiygw;wpa Jupj tpQ;QhduPjpahd
Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
FbapUg;Gfs;> tptrha nghJ epu;khzpg;Gfs;> ifj;njhopy;> Rw;whly;
njhFjp> NtW nghJr;Rw;whly; Njitfs; ePu;g;ghrdk;
kw;Wk;
ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs; Mfpaitgw;wpa ePz;fhy jpl;lnkhd;wpd; fPo; gue;jfhzp
rPu;j;jpUj;j nraw;wpl;lnkhd;iw nraw;gLj;jy;.
fhzpfis tpw;gid nra;Ak; xOq;fw;w Nkhrbahd Kiwfis khw;wp
aikj;J fhzpfis rhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;tij kpfTk;
ek;gpf;ifahd epiyf;F nfhz;Ltug;gLk;.
fhzp cupikfis jPu;j;Jitj;J fhzpfs; gw;wpa ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l
tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa jfty; epiyankhd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
kz;zupg;G> tprKs;s ,urhadg;nghUl;fSk; ghjpg;Gs;s fjpu;fSk;
Nru;jy;> kz;zupg;G> mfo;Tfs; Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;
Kw;whff; Fiwg;gjw;fhf kz;kw;Wk; fhzpghJfhg;G nraw;wpl;lnkhd;W
nrw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fyg;G gpuNjr jhtuq;fs; cl;gl;l NtWKf;fpakhd Rw;whly; njhFjpfs;
cl;gl;l <uepyq;fs; rfytw;iwAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Jupjkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ePNue;Jg;gpuNjrq;fspy; cs;sepyq;fs;> nrq;Fj;Jr;ruptfs;> cau;e;jkiy
cr;rpfs; Mfpa epyq;fspy; kPz;Lk; Jupjkhf fhLtsu;f;fg;gLk;.
tpQ;QhduPjpahd efujpl;lj;jpd; fPo; efugpuNjrj;jpYs;s fhzpfspd;
gad;ghl;bid tpisj;jpwDilajhf;Fjy;.
57
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
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kz;zupg;G> kz;jsu;T Mfpa mr;RWj;jy;fis vjpu; Nehf;fpAs;s
epyg;gug;Gfisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspdJk; capu;fspdJk;
ghJf;fhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLk;.
fhzp tsq;fis ntspehl;L fk;gdpfSf;Fk; ntspehl;ltu;fSf;Fk;
tpw;gid nra;tij epWj;Jjy;.
11. ePu;Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrdk;

ehl;bd; kj;jpapYs;s gRikf; fhLfisf; nfhz;l tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp3000kp y;yp
kPl;lUf;F Nkyhd kj;jpakiyehl;ilAk;> ehl;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpd; 90rjtPjj;ij
cs;slf;Fk; kj;jpagpuNjrj;jpypUe;J ghAk; gpujhd 103fq;iffisf; nfhz;l
ehl;bd; epyg;gug;gpy; 80rjtPjj;jpw;F Nkyhd rkepyj;ijf; nfhz;l kdk;ftUk;
ehlhd ,yq;ifapy; ePu;gpur;rpid epiy cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gfh-uj;Jg];ty>
tlkj;jpa kw;Wk; tlf;F-Rz;zhfk;gpu Njrj;jpy; epytptUk; ePu;gpur;rpid Mfpait
ePu;gpur;rpidia vLj;Jf;fhl;batpNrl re;ju;g;gq;fs; MFk;. ,a;wif nfhilahf
toq;fg;gl;l ePUf;FehSf;Fehs; mjpfupj;J tUk; tpiyia epakpj;J mjid tu;j;jf
gz;lj;jpd;epiyf;F
nfhz;Lte;Js;sdu;.jpz;kf;fopTfs;>
,urhadg;nghUl;fs;>
jPafjpu;fs; Mfpait ehSf;F ehs; mjpfkhf ePupy; Nru;f;fg;gLtJld; ePu;tskhdJ
epahakhd> tpisj;jpwDila Kiwapy; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLtjpy; gpur;rpidfs;
vOe;Js;sd.
KO cyfj;jpw;Fk; Kd;khjpupahfTs;s vkJ ehl;L ePu;g;ghrd njhFjpia ghJfhj;J
mjid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; rupahd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhjjhy;
tptrha kf;fs; r%f-nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; epue;jukw;wepiyf;F js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
jPu;Tfs;
,yq;if kf;fs; rdj;njhifapd; mbg;gil Njitfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
kdpju;fspd; kw;Wk; Rw;whlypd; ey;tho;it ghJfhg;gjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
tpQ;QhduPjpapyhd ePu;Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Njrpa ePu; kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrd
Njrpa nfhs;ifnahd;iwAk; nraw;wpl;lnkhd;Wk; ehl;Lf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mjd;fPo; FbePu;> ifj;njhopy;> tptprhak;> ePu;kpd;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fyhrhuk; kw;Wk;
Rw;whly; Nghd;w Njitfis Kf;fpakhf ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L epyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;G
kw;Wk; epyj;jbePu; tpQ;QhduPjpapy; Kfhikj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; ePu;nghJtskhf
fUJtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;N kw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
vkJ
58
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
topKiwfs;
ePNue;Jg; gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrjkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePNue;Jg;
gpuNjrq;fs; gioa epiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;.
10 ghupastpyhd Gjpa ePu;g;ghrd fUj;jpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.

ghupastpyhd
ePu;g;ghrd
fUj;jpl;lq;fs;>
rpw;wstpyhd
kw;Wk;
kj;jpa
mstpyhd
Fsq;fs;
njhFjpfis
Gduikg;gjw;fhd
eltbf;iffs;Jupjkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

tlf;F>
fpof;F>
tlkj;jpatyaq;fspy;
FbePu;gpur;rpidKOikahf jPu;j;Jitf;fg;gLk;.
epytptUk;
ePu;tsk; jdpahu;kag;gLj;Jtij epWj;J tJld; me;Nehf;fj;Jld; ehl;by;

,aq;fptUk; mur kw;Wk; murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fis fiyg;gjw;fhd
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

tptrha nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk;> Rw;whlYf;Fk; Neubahf ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; ePu;j;Njf;fq;fis Rw;whj;Jiwf;F
Fj;jiff;F toq;fy; epWj;jg;gLk;.
,yq;ifapYs;s ePyj;jb ePu;Njhw;Wtha;fis ntw;wpfukhd Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
tpQ;QhduPjpahd
Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhzL;
epyj;jbePiu gad;gLj;JtJ gw;wpa rupahd Kiwikfs; mikf;fg;gLk;.
ePu;ghJfhg;G> ePu;Efu;Tgw;wp ehl;L kf;fis tpopg;Gzu;T+l;Ljy; kw;Wk;
vz;zq;fspy; gue;jstpyhdkhw;wq;fis Vw;gLJ;Jtjw;fhd fy;tpia
ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gJld; mjd; Clhf ePiu ngWkjpahd tskhf rpf;fdkhf
ghtpg;gjw;Fk;>
ePu;njhw;Wtha;fisAk;
ePNue;Jg;gpuNjrq;fisAk;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
kf;fspd;
xj;Jogg;igg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
,yq;ifapy; Ml;rpGupe;j muRfs; murpay; ,yhgk; fUjp Gtpapy;
kw;Wk; Rw;whly; gw;wpa vt;tpj rhj;jpats Ma;TfisAk; elj;jhJ
epu;khzpj;Js;s
Njhy;tpfz;Ls;s
rfy
gy;ypa
nraw;ghl;L
Nahridj;jpl;lq;fis (ckhXah) epWj;Jjy; my;yJ mit gw;wpa
Muha;e;J mtw;iw ehl;Lf;F nghWj;jkhd Kiwapy; mikj;jy;.
59
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
08. cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;

Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jp fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghl;by; re;ij
nraw;ghLfs; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. cw;gj;jp> ,wf;Fkjp> Vw;Wkjp>
tpepNahfk; vd;gd ehl;Lkf;fspd; nghJthd Njitfisg; G+u;j;jpnra;ahJ
cs;ehl;L-ntspehl;L rf;jpfs; rpytw;wpd; NjitfisAk; ,yhgNehf;fq;fisAk;
G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wikNa jw;Nghija epjpg;gpur;rpidfshf
cs;sd. mjdhy;> ,wf;FkjpAk; Vw;WkjpAk; ehl;Lf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;
tpjj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfq;fs; ghupa
rpf;fy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wd. jw;NghJ Vw;Wkjp tUkhdj;jpd; ,uz;L klq;F
,wf;F kjpr;nrythf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. 1978Mk; Mz;by; cyf re;ijapy;
,yq;ifapd; Vw;Wkjpg; gq;F 1/200 xd;whff; fhz;g;gl;lJ. mJjw;NghJ 1/2000
Mfg;ghupastpy; tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjpfhurig> epahakhd tu;j;jf Mizf;FOr;
rl;lk; kw;Wk; Mizf;FO> Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G epjpak; vd;gd Nghd;w rl;l
kw;Wk; epajpr;rl;l Vw;ghLfs; ntWkNd rl;lq;fshfTk; epWtdq;fshfTk; khwp
nraw;ghlw;W cs;sd. nghJkf;fs; re;ijapDs; mfg;gl;L mePjp ,iof;fg;gLk;NghJ
jdf;Fg; nghUl;fis my;yJ Nritfis toq;Fk; Ml;fSf;F kl;Lk; Fw;wQ;
Rkj;Jtijj; jtpu NtW ve;jnthU eltbf;ifAk; vLf;f KbahJ epu;f;fjpAw;Wf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
jPu;Tfs;
,jw;fhf
cs;sehl;L>
ntspehl;L
tu;j;jq;fspy;
jdpahu;
Jiwapdu;
nfhz;Ls;s gue;jstpyhd gq;fspg;igf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L murhq;fj;jpd;
KOikahd Nkw;ghu;itAk; mj;jpatrpakhd jiyaPLfisAk; nra;af;$ba
tpjj;jpy; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L
tu;j;jff;nfhs;ifnahd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;.
topKiwfs;
Njrpa nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; mjpfhurigapd; fPo;Njrpa tu;j;jf
kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;Lr; rignahd;W epakpf;f;ggLk;.

JupjnghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpapd;
,yf;Ffis
epiwNtw;Wtij
,yf;fhff;nfhz;l
,wf;Fkjp
tupf;nfhs;ifnahd;W
ntspehl;Lr; re;ijfspypUe;J cw;gj;jpfs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk;NghJ
mjw;Fr;
rkhe;jukhf
cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd
re;ijfs;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
vkJ
60
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
kUe;Jfs;> mj;jpatrpa czTg;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jl;Lg;ghbd;wp
mtw;wpd; juk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLtJld;
murhq;fk; epahakhd Kiwapy; tu;j;jfj;jpy; jiyaPL nra;Ak;.

mj;jpatrpag; gz;lq;fSf;fhd
Njrpa
tpiyf;
nfhs;ifnahd;W
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd> tpiyfs;> juq;fs; kw;Wk;

Efu;Nthu; cupikfs; nj lu;ghd tplaq;fspy; KOikahd mwpitAk;
njspitAk; toq;Ftjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W murhq;fj;jpd;
mDruidAld; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
fpuhkpakl;lj;jpyhd cw;gj;jpfis ehlshtpa uPjpapy; tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhd
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l re;ijg;gLj;jy; nghwpKiwnahd;iw cUthf;fp>
mjw;fhd fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tpepNahf epiyaq;fs; fpuhkpa
kl;lj;jpy; jhgpf;fg;gLk;.

Ranjhopyhf
rpy;yiwf;
filfisf;nfhz;L
elhj;Jgtu;fspd;
gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;gpy; jiyapLnra;jy;> njhopy;El;g topfhl;ly;> epjp
MNyhrid toq;fy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf murhq;f epWtd tiyaikg;nghd;W
gpuNjrkl;ljpy; epWtg;ggLk;.
gy;NtWtifg;gl;l nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd juepakq;fisj;
epu;zapj;J Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;fhd midj;J epWtdq;fSk;
NjitahdthW tpupTgLj;jg;gLk;. jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fspd;
tplag;gug;Gf;fspy; cs;slq;fhj nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy;
epWtdq;fSk; rl;l me;j];j;Jf;fSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
tpahghuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila midj;J murhq;f> $l;LwT kw;Wk;
jdpahu;JiwfspYs;s
kdpjtsq;fSf;Fk;
nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fkhd
fhg;GWjp Kiwfs; cs;spl;l ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; vLf;f;ggLk;..
,Jtiu fhyKk; murhq;fq;fshy; nra;agg;l;Ls;s midj;J ru;tNjr>
tyakl;lq;fspy; ,ujug;G kw;Wk; gy;jug;G kl;lq;fspyhd tu;j;jf
xg;ge;jq;fSk; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLk;.
,izak; cs;spl;l etPd tpsk;gu Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jp milahsq;fis ru;tNjrre;ijapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jp ru;tNjr
fz;fhl;rprfspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F ,yq;iftu;j;jfu;fSf;F murhq;f
mDruizapy; tha;g;Gf;fs; nra;JnfhLf;fg;gLk;.
ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; ciof;fg;gLk; me;epar;nryhtzpiaf;
FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; ,yq;iff;F vLj;JtUk; tpahghupfSf;Fk;
ifj;njhopyhsu;fSf;F tupr;rYiffs; toq;g;ggLk;.
61
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

Gjpa
,yFgLj;jg;gl;l
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,wf;Fkjp>
Vw;Wkjptup
Kiwnahd;W
nghl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpd;wNghJk; Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;w NghJk;

Vw;Wkjpahsu;fs;
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;
gyjug;gl;l
(,yQ;rk;toq;f
Ntz;bVw;gLfpd;wik>
jhkjkiljy;
Nghd;w)
gpur;rpidfisf;
Fiwg;gjw;Fj; Jupjkhd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;.

jw;NghJ cyfpYk; vkJ ehl;bYk; gutyile;JtUk; ,iza
toptu;j;jfj;jpd; Clhf (OnlineTrading) nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;tjw;fhd trjpfs; tpupTgLj;jg;gLk;. jdpj;jdpahfg; nghUl;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;fpd;wNghJ nghUisf;fg;gNyw;wp mDg;Gtjw;fhd
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryT mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik> mjw;fhf
vLf;Fk; fhyk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; Fwpj;j nghUisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;ahJ epuhfupf;f KbahJs;sik vd;gd jw;NghJ ,iza topapy;
nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; Efu;Nthu; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w Kf;fpa
gpur;rpidfshf cs;sd.
,jw;Fg;gupfhukhf OnlineTrading tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhd Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G
xOq;F tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

nghUl;fisj;
jdpj;jdpahff;
fg;gNyw;WtijAk;
mjpffhyk;
vLg;gijAk; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk; OnlineTrading tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fsQ;rpaj; njhFjpfis (OnlineTradingWareHouses)
epu;khzpf;Fk; njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F Kjy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspYk;
tupr;rYif toq;fg;gLk;.
09. epjpj;Jiw
ehl;bd;
epjp
mbg;gil
cw;gj;jp
eltbf;iffspYs;s
Mw;wypD}
lhf Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. epjp mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w typikapd;
mbg;gilapNyNa nghUshjhutypik epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;W> ,yq;ifapy;
njhlu;r;rpahf tpiy mjpfupj;JtUfpd;wik> fldpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; ePz;lfhy
Kiwaw;w cgha Kiwj;jpl;lj;ijAk;> Kiwaw;w epjpf;nfhs;iffisAk;
gpd;gw;Wjy;> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; el;lepiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik> njhlu;r;rpahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;w murhq;fj;jpd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lg;gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU nghUshjhu epiy ,y;yhik vd;gtw;wpdhy; ,d;W
,yq;if fLk; epjpneUf;fbfis vjpu;Nehf;fp tUfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ,Jtiu fhyKk;
ifahsg;gl;L te;jjpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;gepjpf; nfhs;iffSk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;likahy; ,e;j epjp neUf;fb epiy Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
cupa Kiwapy; mur Jiw Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpy; gq;fspf;fhik> jpl;lkp
vkJ
62
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
lg;glhj Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ntspehl;L KjyPLfs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf
Vw;gLfpd;w ehzakhw;W m];jPuj;jd;ikapdhy; &ghtpd; ngWkhdk; njhlu;r;rpahf
Fiwtiljy; vd;gd epjpj;Jiwapd; tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzq;fshFk;. Coy;>
,yQ;rk;> tPz;tpuak;> murpay; jiyaPLfs; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwdw;w Kfhikj;Jtk;
vd;gtw;wpdhy; ghupastpy; el;lj;ij milfpd;w mur epWtd Kiwik xd;iw
mDkjpj;jik ehl;bd; epjp epiy tq;fNuhj;Jf;Ff; fhuzq;fshFk;.
murhq;fj;jpd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ tUkhdj;ij
KOikahf tupapy; jq;fpUf;fr; nra;jy;> tpidj;jpwdw;wtupf; nfhs;iffs;
vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf nghJkf;fSf;F ngUksthd tupr;Rikia Vw;f NeupLjy;>
tuT nryTj; jpl;lg;gw;whf;Fiwia <L nra;tjw;F gpd;gw;Wk; gytPdkhd
epjpf;nfhs;iffs; vd;gd epjpj;Jiwapd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fshf khwpAs;sd.
epjp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; rupahd epjpf;nfhs;iffs; gpd;gw;wg;glhik kw;Wk;
,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;w epjprhu;e;j rl;ljpl;lq;fSk; rl;lq;fSk; xOq;F tpjpfSk;
etPd fhyj;jpw;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;glhik vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf
epjpj;Jiwapy; gy gpur;rpidfs; vjph; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,d;iwa ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtJ ahnjdpy; cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jp my;yJ Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ve;j xU ftu;r;rpAk; nghWg;Gk; ,y;yhj
Kw;wpYk; jdpg;gl;l epjp %yjdj; NjitfSf;fhd Coy; epiwe;j ntspehl;L
eilKiw xd;whFk;. ,J ntspehl;L ru;thjpfhupfspdJk; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp>
ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; cs;spl;l ru;thjpfhu mikg;GfspdJk; mwpTiufspdJk;
fl;lisfspdJk; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
jPu;Tfs;
ePz;l fhy kw;Wk; FWq;fhy mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffis mile;J
nfhs;sf;$ba tpjj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd; epjpf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
mjd; fPo;> murhq;fj;jpd; tUkhdj;ijAk;> murhq;fj;jpd; nrytpdq;fisAk;
kw;Wk; KjyPLfisAk; tpidj;jpwd; tha;e;jjhfTk; gaDs;sjhfTk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp>
mtw;wpd; ed;ikfs; KO kf;fSf;Fk; gpupe;Jr; nry;yf;$ba tifapy;
epjpf;nfhs;iffisj; jahupj;J> tpidj;jpwdpd;ik> Coy;> ,yQ;rk;> tPz; tpuak;>
jfhjghtid vd;gtw;iw Kw;wpYk; xopg;gij murhq;fj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahj xU
nghWg;ghf kjpf;fr; nra;jy;.
murhq;fj;jpd; epjpKfhikj;Jtj;Jt nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisAk;
kw;Wk; etPd epjpr;re;ijfspYs;s fhj;jpukhd eltbf;iffisAk; ehl;bw;F ed;ik
mspf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; gq;fspf;fr; nra;tjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;
ghupasthd cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ntspehl;L
KjyPLfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tplaj;ijf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sy;.
63
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
topKiwfs;
ehzakhw;Wf; fl;Lg;ghl;L tplaq;fs;> gq;Fr; re;ijfs; kw;Wk; %yjdepjpr;
nraw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iw nghUshjhuj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; tifapYk;
epjpapd; ];jPuj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhf;Fk; tifapYk; xOq;FWj;Jtjw;Fj;
Njitahd rl;l> epUthf eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.

murhq;f
tq;fpfs;
mlq;fyhf
nghJg;gad;ghLfs;
rk;ge;jkhd
epWtdq;fis jdpahu; kag;gLj;jg;gLtijj; jLj;jy;. mjpfstpy;
murhq;f cupj;J ,Uf;fpd;w tpjj;jpy; ghupa xU tq;fpKiwkia
epu;khzpj;jy;.
rhjhuz kw;Wk; epahakhd Gjpa tupKiwik xd;iw eilKiwg; gLj;jy;.
Rq;fj; jPu;itia Kiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ];fhdpd;
trjpfis cs;spl;l etPdj; njhopy;El;gKiwikfis mwpKfg;gLj;jp>
rfy Coy;fisAk; NkhrbfisAk; Kw;wpYk; xopg;gjw;F eltbf;if
vLj;jy;.
,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj; jpl;lq;fspd; cz;ikahd Njitfspd;
gpufhuk; khj;jpuk; fld;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
jw;nghOJ ngw;Ws;s mjpfsthd fld;fisg; gjptopg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk;
Vida rYiffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Ngr;R thu;j;ijfis
Muk;gpj;jy;.
ghupasthd murhq;f njhopy; Kaw;rpfshd kpd;rhuk;> JiwKfq;fs;>
ngw;Nwhypak;> ePu;toq;fy;> nuypfk;> tpkhdepiyak; Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy;
epyTfpd;w Coy;> NkhrbfisAk; tpidj;jpwdpd;ikiaAk; Kw;wpYk;
xopj;J> ,tw;iw Mff;$ba tUkhdj;ijAk; ,yhgj;ijAk; <l;Lk;
tpidj;jpwd; tha;e;jepiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;.
murhq;fj;jpd; epjp xOq;F tpjpfs; (Financial Regulations) kw;Wk;
nghJ epUthf xOq;F tpjpfs; (Administrative Regulations) vd;gtw;iw
,d;iwa epiyf;F Vw;wtifapy; ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;.
murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;tdT elgbKiwia epiyahd nrhj;Jf;fisf;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;) Kiwg;gLj;jp> mjd; fPo;Nfs;tp mwptpj;jy;
eilKiwia ntspg;gilj; jd;ikAld; xU murhq;fg; nghwpKiwj;
jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yy;.
jw;nghOJ eilKiwapypUf;fpd;w Nghl;bj; jd;ik tha;e;j Nfs;tp
tpiykDf;fs; miof;Fk; eilKiwiag; gpd;gw;whky; murhq;fk;
Nfs;tp xg;ge;jq;fis (Unsolicited tenders) toq;Fk; Kiwia
epWj;jp> Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j Nfs;tp tpiykDf;fis miof;Fk;
(Competitivebidding) mbg;gilapy; Nfs;tp xg;ge;jq;fis toq;Ftjw;
Feltbf;if vLj;jy;.
vkJ
64
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
murhq;fj;jpd; fzf;fha;T eilKiwia kpfTk; typikg;gLj;jp> mjid
Kw;wpYk; RahjPdkhd ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wf;$ba xU
mikg;ghf epUtfpj;Jr; nrd;W> gy JiwfisAk; gpujp epjpg;gLj;Jk;
tpN\l mwpitAila njhopy; epGzu;fis ,e;j mikg;Gf;F
Ml;Nru;j;J> fzf;fha;T epWtdq;fSf;F mtrpakhd tsq;fs; fpilg;Gj;
jd;ikiaAk; ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpnra;jy;.
murhq;fj;jpd; epjpf;nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; epjp xOq;F tpjpfs; vd;gd
gw;wp rfy epWtdq;fspYKs;s Copau;fisAk; nghJ kf;fisAk;
tpopg;G+l;Lk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;jy;.
cw;gj;jpiaAk; etPd njhopy; El;gj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
ntspehl;L KjyPLfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;L tupj;jPu;it> tup> tq;fp
trjpfs;> FbtuT Fbafy;T trjpfs; kw;Wk; cjtpfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jy;.
12. tYj;Jiw
,yq;if tYj;Jiwapy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpid gfpu;e;jspj;jy; kw;Wk;
Efu;tpd; nghJ Vw;gLk; mjpfstpyhd tPz;tpuakhFk;. tpNrlkhf cw;gj;jp
epiyaq;fs; Njitahd juj;jpw;F mika epu;khzpf;fg;glhik> Kfhikj;Jt
Fiwg;ghLfs; fhuzkhf mit vjpu;g;ghu;f;Fk; ,yf;Ffis milaj; jtUjy;.
vupnghUs; epug;g epiyaq;fs;> kpd;;rhu tpepNahfk; Mfpa gy tYj;Jiwfs;
jdpahu; kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik kw;Wk; khw;WtY rf;jp Njhw;Wtha;fs; gw;wpa
Ma;Tfs; njhlu;gpy; NghjpasT ftdk; nrYj;jg;glhj fhuzj;jhYk; tYj;Jiw
gy gpur;rpidfis vjpu; Nehf;fpAs;sJ.
,yq;if kpd;rhu rig> ,yq;if ngw;Nwhypaf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Mfpa
epWtdq;fspy; eilngw;W tUk; mjpfstpyhd Nkhrbfs;> Coy;fs; kw;Wk;
kpd;rhuk;> ngw;Nwhypak;> vupthA Mfpatw;wpd; tpiy mjpfstpy; mjpfupj;jy; Mfpa
fhuzq;fs; tYj;Jiwia mjp$ba tpisj;jpwDilajhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
kf;fSf;F tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopy; El;g mgptpUj;jp milahikapdhYk; ,yq;if
tYj;Jiw gpur;rpidfis vjph;Nehf;ffpd;wJ.
kpd;rhu fl;lzk; mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; Gjpa ifj;njhopy; cUthf;fk;
gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; cs;sJld;> kpd;rhu Efu;tpd; 60 rjtPjk; tPl;Lg;ghtidahd
,Ug;gjd; Clhf me;epiy njspthfpAs;sJ.
(jpl;lkpl;L mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspd; ifj;njhopy; Jiw 60 rjtPj
kpd;rhuj;ij Efu;fpd;wJ)
65
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp murpay; nry;thf;Fila Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rpy tu;j;jfu;fSf;F
gbg;gbahf toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. cyf ehLfs; ngw;Nwhypa ghtizia
Fiwj;J khw;W vupnghUs; Njhw;W tha;fspd; ghy; ftdk; nrYj;jp tUk; mNjNeuk;
vkJ ehl;by; mJ njhlu;gpy; vt;tpjj;jpl;lKk; mikf;fg;gl;by;iy.
jPu;Tfs;;

tYrf;jp cw;gj;jp> Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; khw;W tYrf;jp gw;wpa Ma;TfSk;
jpl;lq;fSk; njhlu;gpy; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; tYrf;jp gw;wp kj;jpa jpl;lkply; rig
nahd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;. Njrpa kpd; rf;jpj; Njitapd; 100 rjtPjj;ij cs;ehl;L
tsq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd rfy Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
topKiwfs;
tYrf;jp njhlu;gpy; ,yq;if ntspehl;ltu;fSld; nra;J nfhz;Ls;s
xg;ge;jq;fis> ehl;bd; RgPl;rj;jpid ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Njrpa Njitis
eptu;j;jp nra;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L kPsha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtJld;
mtw;iw jpUj;Jtjw;F my;yJ ,uj;Jr; nra;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
tYrf;jp> nghUshjhuj;Jiwf;Fk; mNjNghy; kdpj tho;Tf;Fk; kpf
Kf;fpakhdnjdf; fUjp tYrf;jp gpur;rpidia jPu;j;Jitg;gjw;fhd
tsp mKf;fk;> R+upa ntg;gk;> epyj;jpd; ntg;gk;> fly; miyfs;> fly; ePu;>
jupR epyq;fspy; gapuplg;gl;Ls;s tpNrl jhtuq;fs;> Fsj;J mizfs;>
nte;ePu ;Cw;Wfs; cl;gl;l kpd;tY cw;gj;jpj; njhFjpnahd;iw
mikg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. tsp mKf;fj;jpdhy;
ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba nkfhNthy;l; 20>000 ,y;10-15 rjtPjj;ij
Muk;g Ie;J tUlj;jpw;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J fl;bl epu;khzpg;G kw;Wk; Vida Jiwfspy; tYrf;jp
ghJfhg;ig mj;jpahtrpa Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk;
MNyhridfs; cl;gl;l njhopy; El;g cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
vz;nza;> vupthA ts Ma;T kw;Wk; mfo;T eltbf;iffs; njhlu;gp
y; jw;NghJs;s nray; Kiwia kPsha;T nra;J mit ehl;Lf;F
rhjfkhd Kiwapy; jpUj;jg;gLk;. vz;nza;> vupthA eltbf;iffs;
Jupjg;gLk;.
vkJ
66
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
kpd;rhu rig> ngw;Nwhypaf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Mfpa mur epWtdq;fspd;
tPz;tpuak;
kw;Wk;
Coy;fisj;
jtpu;j;J
mq;F
epu;thfk;
Kiwikg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kWrPuikg;Gfspd; Clhf
mtw;Wf;fhf nrytplg;gLk; tYrf;jpia rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;jp mjid
cw;gj;jp ifj;njhopYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
etPd tYrf;jp cw;gj;jp> gfpu;e;jspg;G kw;Wk; gad;gLj;Jk ;Kiwfis
mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; ClhftYrf;jp tPz;tpuaj;ijAk; capu; kw;Wk;
Rw;whly; ghjpg;GfSk; Fiwf;fg;gLk;.
13. Nghf;Ftuj;J
Njrpa Nghf;Ftuj;J nfhs;if nahd;W ,y;yhjjhy; nghJthf kf;fs; ahtUk;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw njhlu;gpy; gy gpur;ridfis vjpu;Nehf;fp tUfpd;wdu;. nghJthf Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfspy; cs;s rdneUf;fb> mur Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritapd; gpd;jq;fpa epiy> mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs; nghJthd
nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; fPo; nraw;gLj;jg;glhik> tPjpfspy; epytptUk; mjpfstpyhd
thfd neUf;fbfs; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; fhyjhkjk; Vw;gly;>
tpisj;jpwDila gy ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kdpj kzpj;jpahyq;fs; tPz;tpuakhjy;>
Rw;whly; khriljy;> Njrpa epjp tPz;tpuakhjy;> ngUkstpy; Vw;gl;L tUk; thfd
tpgj;Jfs;> rupahd Neu ml;ltizf;F Vw;g Ng&e;JfSk;> Gifapujq;fSk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <LgLj;jg;glhik. ,uT Neuq;fspy; fpuhkg; gFjpfspYk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Nritgpd; jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Uj;jy;> tPjpfs; rupahd Kiwapy; guhkupf;fg;glhik>
Kiwapd;wp thfdq;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gly;> tPjp rl;lq;fs; rupahd Kiwapy; nraw;gLjjg;glhik> nghJ thfd epWj;Jkplq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epiyapy;
,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; mit guhkupf;fg;glhik> nghJthf epWj;Jkplq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ,Uj;jy;> mit guhkupf;fg;glhik> thfdq;fspd; cjphpg;ghfq;fSk;> NtW guhkupg;G nrytpdq;fSk; mjpfupj;jy; Nghd;w gy gpur;rpidfs; mj;Jiwapy; epytptUtijf; fhzKbAk;.

mNjNghy; thfd Vw;Wkjp> cw;gj;jp> tPjp epu;khzpg;G> tPjp ghuhkupg;G>
tpgj;Jfisf; Fiwj;jy;> vupnghUs; Nghd;w Nghf;Ftuj;JJiwfs; njhlu;gpy; gy
mur epWtdq;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mitfSf;fpilNa Kiwahd xUq;fpizg;Gfs;
,y;yhikAk;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapy;
gpur;rpidfis
vjpu;Nehf;Ftjw;fhd
fhuzq;fshFk;.
67
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
jPu;Tfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfis toq;fy; murpd; nghWg;ghfTk; kf;fs; NritahfTk;
fUjg;gLtjhYk; nghJ kf;fSf;F xOf;fkhd> trjpahd. tpidj;jpwDila
>
kjpg;gpw;Fupa
Nghf;Ftuj;J
Nritnahd;iw
toq;Ftjw;fhd
Njrpa
nfhs;ifnahd;Wk;> nraw;wpl;lnkhd;Wk; jahupf;fg;gLk;.
topKiwfs;

gazpfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;J>
nghUl;fis
nfhz;Lnry;tJk;
nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfspy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpj;JtUtjhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mjid kf;fs; ntWg;Gf;F cl;glhjthW
nraw;gLj;JtJ murpd; nghWg;ghff; fUjg;gl;L eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJld; mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;
Jiwia nghJthd jpl;lnkhd;wpd; fPo; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Gifapuj Nritia Jupjkhd> G+uz etPdkag;gLj;jYf;F cl;gLj;jp>
mjid kf;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; nghUl;fis nfhz;Lnry;tjw;fhf
(tpNrlkhf tptrha> fhy;eil> flw;nwhopy; cw;gj;jpfisAk; fl;blg;
nghUl;fs;> njhopy;El;g cw;gj;jpfs;) tp];jupf;fg;gLk;. gpujhd
efuq;fspYk; rdj;njhif neUf;fbahd efuq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
epyf;fPo; Gifapuj Nritfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;. mJ njhlu;gpy; Njrpa
kdpj tsq;fSk; ngsjPf tsq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Xa;T ngw;wtu;fSk;
%j;j gpui[fSk;
rYif fl;lzj;jpw;F
Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhd nraw;wpl;lnkhd;W jahupf;fg;gLk;.
gpujhd tPjpf;F gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhf 2 fpNyh kPl;lu;fSf;F Nky; J}
uj;jpw;F nry;yNtz;bAs;s 1400 fpuhkpa gpuNjrq;fs; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk;> jdpahu; JiwapdJk; xj;Jiog;Gld; me;j
fpuhkpa gpuNjrq;fSf;F kpdp g];fis toq;fy;.
,uT Neuq;fspYk; rpy gpuhe;jpa gpuNjrq;fspYk; tR tz;bfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpy;
,y;yhjjhy; kf;fs; gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;fp
tUtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf ,uT Neuq;fspYk;> gazpfs; Fiwthf
fhzg;gLk; gpuhe;jpa ghijfspYk; tR tz;bfis Nghf;Ftuj;jpy;
<LgLj;Jtjw;fhd
nraw;wpl;lnkhd;W jahupf;fg;gLk;.
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tyaq;fis xUq;fpizf;Fk; tR> Gifapuj> fg;gy;
vkJ
68
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
kw;Wk; tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfis tp];jupj;jy;.
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpAld; Vw;gLk; vjpu;fhy Njitfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Gjpa neLQ;rhiy njhFjpfis epu;khzpj;jy;> jw;NghJs;s
tPjpfis Gduikj;jy; > mtw;iw tp];jupj;jy;> Njitf;Nfw;g thfd
epWj;Jkplq;fis mikj;jy; njhlu;gpy; nghJthd jpl;lnkhd;iw
mikj;J mjw;fhd Jupj eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;ssg;gLk;.

Gjpjhf tPjpfs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lgpd;> mit tp];jupf;fg;gl;lgpd;
NtW Nritfis(
njhiyNgrp
,izg;Gfs;> ePu; Foha;fis
nghWj;JJy;> kpd;rhu fk;gpfis ,izj;jy;) ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
tPjpfs; Nrjkhf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; tPz; tpuaj;ijAk; > jilfisAk;
ePf;Ftjw;fhf tPjpfis mikf;Fk;NghJ mr; Nritfis toq;Fk;
epWtdq;fSld; ,ize;J jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gly;.
kf;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;
nghUl;fis nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf
fly;> cs;sf tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;Jfs; kw;Wk; cs;sf ePu; topfisg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
neLQ;rhiyfs; ,UGwj;jpy; gazk; nra;Ak; gazpfs; ghJfhg;GlDk;
trjpahfTk; gazk; nra;af;$bajhf ghjrhupfs; eilghijfisAk;
flitfisAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLk;.
njhopy; kw;Wk; NtW Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf kf;fs; mbf;fb
gpuahzk; nra;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp gutyhf Muha;e;J gazpfs;
kw;Wk; tPjp neUf;fbfis Fiwf;ff;$ba tpisj;jpwDila khw;wj;
jpl;lq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. (cjh- epakdq;fs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs;
njhlu;ghd elgbKiwfis khw;wpaikj;J trpg;gplj;jpw;F mUfpy;
my;yJ gzpGupAk; ,ljjpw;f mUfpy; trpg;gjw;fhd trjpfis toq;fy;.
mur Nritfis KbAkhd tiu gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;> ghlrhiyfis
mgptpUj;jp
nra;J
khztu;fspd;
trpg;gplj;jpw;F
mUfpYs;s
ghlrhiyfis mtu;fSf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;)
Nghf;Ftuj;J fl;lzq;fis Fiwg;gjid ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nghJ
Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritapy; <LgLgtu;fSf;F thfdq;fis ,wf;Fkjp
nra;jy;> cjphpg;ghfq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; tupr; rYiffs; toq;fg;gLtJld;
rYif fl;lz mbg;gilapy; vupnghUs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwnahd;W
mikf;fg;gLk;.

kpjptz;b>
Nkhllhu;
irf;fps>
Kr;rf;fu
tz;b
gad;ghl;bid Kiwikg;gLj;jp mit ghJfhg;ghd
Jiwfshf khw;wg;gLk;.
69
vkJ
Mfpatw;wpd;
Nghf;Ftuj;J
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
rPu;j;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; etPdkag;gLj;jf;$ba NghjpYk; gad;gLj;jg;glhj
epiyapy; cs;s tR tz;bfs;> Ntd; kw;Wk; Gifapuj ngl;bfs;>
vd;[pd;ffis mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapd; ,ize;j nraw;wpl;lj;jpd;
fPo; rPu;j;jpUj;jp mtw;iw Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <LgLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
efuq;fspy; cs;s Gifapuj epiyaq;fis KOikahf etPdkag;gLj;jp
jw;NghJs;s 6 ngl;bfisf; nfhz;l Gifapujq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
15 Gifapuj ngl;bfisAk; $Ljhd Mrdq;fisAk; nfhz;l
Gifapujq;fis Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <LgLj;jy;.
nfhOk;G efuj;jpw;Fg; gpuNtrpf;Fk; 6 neLQ;rhiyfspy; Kw;gfy; kw;Wk;
gpw;gfypy; epytptUk; thfd neUf;fbiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Fsp&l;lg;gl;l> $ba Mrdq;fisf; nfhz;l ,Ujl;L tR tz;bfis
Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <LgLj;jy;.
tR tz;bfs;> Gifapujk; Mfpatw;wpy; gazk; nra;Ak; NghJ
tpgj;Jfshy; kuzkilAk; gazpfSf;F 10 ,yl;rk; &gh el;l<lhf
toq;fg;gLk;.
kpd;rhuj;jpdhy; ,aq;Fk; thfdq;fSf;fhd kpd;rhu njhlh;G epiyaq;fs;
,y;yhjjjhy; mf;fUj;jpl;lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;sJ.
mjw;fhd jPu;thf ehlshtpa uPjpapy; 5 tUlq;fSf;Fs; 6000 kpd;rhu
epug;G epiyaq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gLk;. mjw;fhd rl;lq;fs; Muk;g MW
khjq;fSf;Fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;.

jw;NghJ mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Fiwf;fg;gLk;.
`a;gpupl;
thfdq;fSf;fhd
tup
14. tPlikg;G
tPnld;gJ ehd;F Rtu;fisAk; $iuapidAk; nfhz;l ve;jnthU fl;blKk;
my;y. ePu;> kpd;rhuk;> foptiw trjpfs;> Rfhjhu trjpfs; Mfpa cs;slq;fpa
Nghjpasthd ,l trjpfisf; nfhz;l ,lkhf ,Ug;gJld; ,yq;ifapy;
mNdfkhd tPLfs; ,t;thwhf tho;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w epiyikapy; cs;sd.
kf;fspy; mjpf njhifapdu; Nrup> xOq;iffs;> iyd; miwfs; Nghd;w kpfTk;
fPo; jukhd tho;thjhu epiyikapy; tho;f;ifapid Xl;LtJld; mjpfupf;fpd;w
rdj;njhiff;F Vw;g Kiwaw;w tifapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gLfpd;w tPLfspdhy;
tpNrlkhf efug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s neUriyAk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila
r%fg; gpur;rpidfSk; ,yq;ifapy; tPlikg;Gg; gpur;rpidfis mjpfupg;gjw;F
VJthf cs;sd.
vkJ
70
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
nghJ fl;blj; njhFjp kw;Wkd;wp tPL mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpy; tjptpy;
cs;stu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;w ghJfhg;G> fy;tp> ePu; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu trjpfs;
Nghd;w NtW trjpfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;> njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
,aw;ifahd muitizg;G Nghd;wd kpfTk; mj;jpatrpakhf ,Ug;gJld; ehl;by;
rpy epyg;gpuNjrq;fs; tjptjw;F njupT nra;ag;glhikf;Fk; efu kag;gLj;jy;
cf;fpu gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzpahf cs;sd.
jPu;Tfs;
rfy gpui[fSf;Fk; cupa trjpfSld; $ba Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; xOf;f
tpOkpakhf thof; $ba tPnlhd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik mbg;gil
kdpj cupikahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtJld; mJ njhlu;ghf gq;Fgw;wy; murpd;
nghWg;nghd;whff; fUjg;gLk;.
topKiwfs;
tjptpw;F tPnlhd;W ,y;yhj rfy gpui[fSf;Fk; tPl;nlhd;iw ngw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;w epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lnkhd;W mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwapd; gq;Fgw;wYld; mbg;gil trjpfs;
midj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpa
njhlu;khbf;
fl;blj;njhFjpfis
cUthf;Fjy;.

FLk;g myFfspd; jd;ikf;F
Vw;g gy;NtWgl;l tPlikg;G
nraw;jpl;lq;fis rfy efuq;fspYk; Muk;gpj;jy;. mjd; fPo;:
xU Nrhbf;Fg; NghJkhd tPnlhd;W (xU gLf;ifaiw> xU ];Njhg;G>
Fspayiw kw;Wk; rkayiw)
gps;isnahd;Wld; $ba xU
FLk;gj;jpw;Fg; NghJkhd tPnlhd;W
(,U gLf;ifaiw> xU Kd; rhiy> Fspayiw kw;Wk; rkayiw)
%d;W
gps;isfSld; tho;fpd;w FLk;gnkhd;Wf;Fg; NghJkhd tPL
(%d;W gLf;ifaiwfs;> xU ];Njhg;G> Fspayiw kw;Wk; rkayiw)
mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiwf; fk;gdpfspdhy; nghJ kf;fis ,yf;F
itj;J Gjpa tPlikg;Gj; njhFjpfis epu;khzpg;Gr; nra;tjd; Clhf
xU tUlj;jpd; NghJ tPl;L myFfs; 20>000 epu;khzpf;fg;gLtJld;
me;j tPLfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F kf;fSf;F epjpr; Nritfis
toq;Fjy;.
71
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Gjpjhf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w jw;nghOJ epyTfpd;w rfy njhlu;
khbf; fl;blj; njhFjp njhlu;ghfTk; jpUkz kw;Wk; kuz nraw;ghLfs;
njhlu;ghf rhiy trjpfis epu;khzpj;jy;. mj;NjhL rpWtu;fSf;fhd
tpisahl;L ikjhdnkhd;W epu;khzpj;jy;. G+q;fh> filj;njhFjpfs;>
kUj;Jt epiyaq;fs;> rpw;W}z;br;rhiyfs; Nghd;w nghJ trjpfis
toq;Ffpd;w Nrit epiyankhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
Mgj;jhd gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;fpd;wtu;fs;>
Nrupfs;>
xOq;iffs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; trpf;fpd;wtu;fs; midtUf;Fk; trjpfSld; $ba
tPl;Lj;njhFjpfspy; tPLfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJld; jw;nghOJ iyd;
miwfspy; tho;fpd;w Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fSf;F trjpfSld; $ba
tPLfis toq;Ftjw;F Jupjkhf eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
tPlikj;jy; njhlu;ghf mur tq;fpfspy; Fiwe;j tl;b tPj tPlikg;G
fld; jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;jy;. tPlikg;Gr; nra;jy; njhlu;ghf fld;
toq;Ffpd;wNghJ guk;giu guk;giuahf mtw;iw jhq;fpf; nfhs;sf;
$ba tifapy; fld; cjtp Kiwiknahd;W mwpKfk; nra;J jug;gLk;.
cupa juj;jpy; ,y;yhj tPLfis cupa juj;jpw;F kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;
nghUl;L tUlhe;jk; tPl;Lupikahsu;fs; 25>000 NgUf;F &gh 100>000
Kjy; 500>000 tiuahd gzj;njhifapid E}w;Wf;F
1 rjtPj
tl;btPjj;jpy; toq;Fjy;.
Fiwe;j nryTld; $ba tPLfis epu;khzpg;gw;F cupa Muha;rpfs;
kw;Wk; guty;gLj;jg;gl;l Nritfs; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
epu;khzpg;Gj; Jiwapy; Nkrd;> ifNtiyahl;fs;> jr;rd;> kpd;rhu
njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;> ePu; Foha; njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;> fl;llf; fiy
epGzu;fs; Nghd;w rfy njhopy;rhu; jifik ngw;Nwhu;fspd; mwpT
kw;Wk; jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; mtu;fspd; njhopy; ghJfhg;G kw;Wkd;wp
mtu;fspd; Nritfis kpfTk; tpRthrkhd epiyikf;F Mohf;Ftjw;F
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;.

tPlikg;Gr;
nra;tjw;F
Njitahd
%yg;nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk;
cgfuzq;fis rYif tpiyapy; toq;Ftjw;F kw;Wk; fl;blg;
nghUl;fs; $l;Lj;jhgdj;ij kPs; fl;likg;Gr; nra;J mjd; myFfis
ehL G+uhfTk; jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
tPLfis thliff;F toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; ngWjy; njhlu;ghf epakdnkhd;W
,d;ikahy; Vw;gLfpd;w KiwNfLfs; kw;Wk; mnrsfupaq;fis
,y;yhnjhopgjw;Fk; thlif tPLfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; Kiwik xd;W>
rl;lk; kw;Wk; epajpr;rl;l epWtdf;
fl;likg;nghd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;.
vkJ
72
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
mur Jiwapy; Nrit nra;fpd;w gpui[fs; njhlu;ghf tPLfSf;F
mz;kpj;j Nrit epiyaq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;. mur gq;Fgw;wYld;
thlif tPLfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Gjpa Gjpa cj;jpNahfG+u;f fl;lj;
njhFjpfis epu;khzpg;gjw;F Kd;Dupik mspf;fg;gLk;.
16. Rw;whly;
mjpfupf;fpd;w rdj;njhif kw;Wk; Kiwaw;w ifj;njhopy; Kiwikapd;ik
Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf cyfyhtpa uPjpapy; fLikahd gy fhyepiy kw;Wk;
Rw;whly; khw;wq;fs; epfoe;J tUfpd;wd. vkJ ehl;bYk; ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jy;>
kiotPo;r;rpapy; Vw;gLk; tpj;jpahrk;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;F ,dq;fs; mupjhfpr;
nry;yy; Nghd;w Jupj khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;Js;sd. epfo;fpd;w Rw;whly; kw;Wk;
fhepiy tpj;jpahrq;fs; fLikahd Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; czT cw;gj;jp>
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp tPo;r;rp vd;gtw;Wf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sd.
FWfpa ,yhgj;ij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L Rw;whly; khrilAk; tpjj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhfTk; mtw;iw
epUtfpg;gjw;fhf jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s murhq;f epWtdq;fs; rupahd Kiwapy;
,aq;fhikapd; fhuzkhfTk; Rw;whly; Jupjkhf khrile;J tUfpd;wJ. murpay;
thjpfs; jkJ mjpfhug; gyj;ij jfhj Kiwapy; gpuNahfpj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
Rw;whly; mopTfs; (fhLfis mopj;jy;> tpyq;fis Ntl;ilahLjy;> jupR
epyq;fis epug;gpnaLj;jy;) gue;J thOk; tpyq;F ,dq;fs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs;
ru;tNjr kuGuPjpahd nfhs;isfSf;F cl;gl;likia fle;j fhyq;fspy; fhzf;
$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
jPu;Tfs;
,d;iwa kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy re;jpapdu;fs; midtUf;Fk; Rw;whliyg; ghJfhj;J
toq;FtJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,aw;ifapd; vjpu;tpid rf;jpia
mjpfupf;ff;$ba r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; nraw;ghLfSf;F typikahd xU
Rw;whly; nfhs;ifiaAk; rl;lKiwf;fl;likg;igAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
,d;iwa kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdu;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf thOk; tifapy; ePu;>
tsp> kz; mlq;fyhf midj;J tifahd ,aw;if tsq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;ig
cWjp-nra;J> epiyahd ghtidia Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
ehl;by; Nkl;Lepyr; Rw;whly; khj;jpukd;wp gpuj;jpNaf rKj;jpu tyaj;jpYs;s
rfy ,aw;fis tsq;fspdJk; cupikiaAk; ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpnra;jy;.
mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; xU ngsjPf nraw;ghlhf kl;Lkd;wp kf;fisg;
ghJfhf;Fk; ,aw;ifapd; kPsPl;ly;fisAk; fl;bnaOg;Gk; xU nraw;ghlhf mika
Ntz;Lk;. Rw;whly; rhu;e;j nfhs;iffisj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ fPo;fhZk; 04
tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; me;jf; nfhs;iffisj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
73
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
1. rfy kf;fspdJk; Rw;whly; cupikfis cWjpnra;jy;
ehl;bd; rfy kf;fSk; Rje;jpukhf> ghJfhg;ghf jkJ tho;f;ifia
elj;jpr; nry;Yk; nghUl;L rfy ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; mtu;fspd;
eyDf;fhf kl;LNk gad;gLj;Jjy;. nghUshjhuj; Njitfis
khj;jpuk; miltij Nehf;fpa Kiwaw;w ghtidfspypUe;J
jtpu;e;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
2. epiyahd xU mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;

ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fp nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w xt;nthU
nraw;ghl;bYk; Rw;whly; ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;JtjD}lhf rfy
kf;fspdJk; ey;tho;f;ifia cWjpnra;jy;.
3. ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

Rw;whliyAk; mjpYs;s rfy tsq;fisAk; ghJfhj;J> Nkk;gLj;jp
me;j tsq;fisg; guhkupj;J> mj;jifa tsq;fspd; Kiwaw;w
ghtidfspypUe;J jtpu;e;Jnfhs;sy;.
4. gRikg; (tptrha) nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

ehl;by; ,aw;if tsq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLj;jf;$ba
xU gRikg; nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; tifapy; ehl;bw;F
mtrpakhd rfy nfhs;iffisAk; jahupj;jy;.

topKiwfs;
,aw;if tsq;fisAk; Rw;whliyAk; ehl;bd; NjitfSf;F Vw;w
tpjj;jpy; ghJfhj;Jg; guhkupj;J epUtfpg;gjw;F mtrpakhd xU nfhs;ifiaj; jahupf;Fk; Ntisapy; jw;nghOjpUf;fpd;w Rw;whly; rk;ge;jkhd
rl;lq;fisAk; mtw;Wld; ,ize;j xOq;FtpjpfisAk; tYg;ngwr;nra;jy;.
,aw;ifr; Rw;whly;> ePu;> fly; tsk;> epyk;> tsp> ,aw;if xyp vd;gd
khriltij $Lkhd tiuapy; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; njhopy;El;g
uPjpahd topfhl;ly;fis Kd;itj;J rl;lq;fis fLikahd Kiwapy;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.

Rw;whly;
ghJfhg;Gf;F
mr;RUj;jyhf
mikfpd;w
njhopy;El;g
cw;gj;jpfSf;Fk; ntspaPLfSf;Fk; gjpyhf khw;WtopKiwfisf;
fz;lwptjw;fhd
Muha;r;rp
eltbf;iffis
mDkjpj;J
me;j
eltbf;iffSf;F Mjutspj;jy;.
Rw;whly; rhu;e;j rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L rupahd xU
cs;sfj; njhlu;Gila xU epWtd Kiwikiaj; jhgpj;jy;.
vkJ
74
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd nghJkf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;like;j
Clfg;
gpuNahfj;ij
Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
tifapy;
Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;gjpYs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp kf;fis tpopg;G+l;Lk;
fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jy;. Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;gjpYs;s
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp khztu;fis tpopg;G+l;Lk; tifapy; ghlrhiyf;
fy;tpg; ghltpjhdj;jpy; Rw;whly; ghlj;ij cs;sPu;j;jy;.
fhzg;gLfpd;w rfy ,aw;ifr; Rw;whly; KiwikfisAk; ghJfhj;J
mtw;Wf;F cj;juthjkspf;Fk; Ntisapy; mj;jifa Kiwikfs;
mupjhfpr;nry;tijj; jtpu;j;J> mj;jifa ,aw;ifg; ghJfhg;G xJf;fg;
gpuNjrq;fis cupa Kiwapy; ,izg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>
,d;Dk; ghJfhg;gw;w Rw;whly; Kiwikfis ghJfhg;G xJf;fg;
gpuNjrkhfg; gpufldg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.
,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; jw;nghOJ gadw;wpUf;fpd;w
jupR epyq;fisAk;> rfy capupdq;fisAk;> ePNue;J gug;GfisAk;>
gy;Yapupd tsq;fisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; me;j tsq;fSld; njhlu;Gila
ghuk;gupa mwpitg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mNj Neuk; ,lk;ngau;e;J thOfpd;w
capupdq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd nfhs;iffisAk;
fl;lisr; rl;lq;fisAk; jahupj;J mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
gy tifahd Rw;whly; ghjpg;Gfs; gw;wp mwpag;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L 24
kzpj;jpahyKk; 365 ehl;fspYk; ,aq;ff;$ba xU epiyaj;ijj;
jhgpj;jy;.
gy tifahd NtWgl;l kugZf;fisAila Rw;whlYf;F mopit
Vw;gLj;jf;$ba jhtu ,dq;fisAk; tpyq;F ,dq;fisAk; ,yq;iff;Ff;
nfhz;LtUtjw;F vjpuhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis tYg;gLj;jp> jw;nghOJ
gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;w mj;jifa ghjpg;ghd jhtu my;yJ tpyq;F
,dq;fis xopg;gjw;F my;yJ cupa Kiwapy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F
eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.
ehl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;w Rw;whly; rhu;e;j fl;lisr; rl;lq;fisAk;
nfhs;iffisAk; mNj Neuk; ru;tNjr Rw;whly; Nea ru;tNjr
nfhs;iffisAk; rkthaq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jp mtw;iw rupahd Kiwap
y; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.
xt;nthU gpuNjrKk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; murhq;f mYtyu;fs;>
Rw;whly; mikg;Gfspd; njhz;lu;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Ma;thsu;fs;
MfpNahu; mlq;fpa Rw;whly; gw;wpa xU FOitj; jhgpj;J> mjD}
lhf me;je;jg; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s Rw;whly; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfisf;
fz;lwpe;J mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
ahid-kdpjd; vd;w gpur;rpidfs; mlq;fyhf Rw;whly;-kdpjd; vd;w
rfy gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; mwpTG+u;tkhd jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.
kio> Rdhkp> tul;rp> ntg;gepiy khw;wq;fs; Nghd;w gy topfspy;
75
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Vw;gLfpd;w Rw;whly; khw;wq;fis Kd;$l;bNa fz;lwpaf;$ba> cupa
epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> mikg;GfSf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; Kd;$l;bNa
mwpag;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; njhopy;El;g trjpfis Nkk;glr;nra;jy;.
capuw;w ,aw;if tsq;fis my;yJ fdpa tsq;fis my;yJ
Nghrid tsq;fis ghtidapy; <LgLj;Jk; kw;Wk; mj;jifa
tsq;fis mfOk; my;yJ gpupj;njLf;Fk; NghJ rupahd cupa ghJfhg;G
KiwfSf;F mika mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Vida ,aw;if
tsq;fis kf;fSf;F ghjpg;Gfs; ,y;yhj tifapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
rupahd nfhs;iffisAk;> Kiwapay;fisAk; jahupj;J mtw;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
fopTg;nghUl;fspd; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Kfhikj;Jtj;ij cs;Shuhl;rp
kd;wq;fspd; ghuhjPdg;gLj;j Kbahj xU nghWg;ghfg; gpufldg;gLj;jp>
Njitahd njhopy;El;g topfhl;ly;fis toq;fp> ghuhjPdg;gLj;Jk;
cs;Shuhl;rp
kd;wq;fSf;F
vjpuhf
rl;lq;fis
fLikahf
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
gy tifahd nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; NghJk; cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; NghJk; mj;jifa nghUl;fspdhy; Rw;whlYf;F Vw;glf;$ba
ghjpg;Gfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp rhu;e;j
nfhs;iffis epjKk; ,w;iwg;gLj;Jjy;.

ehl;bd; Njitfs; mbg;gilapy; mike;j ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs;>
thj;jf uPjpahd tptrhaj; njhopy;> Rw;Wyhf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs;> kpd;rhu
cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs; Nghd;w rfy mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fisAk;
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du;> cupa Kiwapy; rhj;jpats kjpg;gPl;L
elgbKiwf;F
mika
mtw;iw
Nkw;nfhz;L>
mj;jifa
fUj;jpl;lq;fspypUe;J ,aw;if tsq;fSf;F my;yJ nghJkf;fspd;
eyDf;F Vw;gLfpd;w ghjfkhd tpisTfisf; Fiwj;J> khw;Wtopapy;
mike;j ghJfhg;G eilKiwfis nraw;gLj;j eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.
fhLfs; tsu;e;Js;s fhzpfisAk; kw;Wk; gy capupdq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;
tifapy; gapuplg;gl;Ls;s ignd];> lu;ngd;ild; Nghd;w kuq;fSf;Fg;
gjpyhf cs;ehl;Lg; gyh> khJis> ,Yg;ig> kjpiu> fUq;fhyp Nghd;w
kuq;fspd; gapu;r; nra;ifia ghupastpy; tpahgpf;fr; nra;jy;.
16. njhopy;Jiw
,d;W njhopypy;yhg; gpur;rpid kw;Wk; njhopy;tha;g;Gfs; gw;wpa rupahd
jfty; juTfs; VJk; ,y;iy. Copau;gilapYs;s mjpfkhNdhu; epiyaw;w
my;yJ cw;gj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspf;fhj fUkq;fspNyNa <gLfpd;wdu;. gyUf;F
mtu;fs; nra;Ak; njhopy;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; czT ghdq;fs; Nghd;w
vkJ
76
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
mj;jpahtrpaj; Njitfisf;$lg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhftpy;iy.
murpay; ,yhgq;fis milAk; Nehf;fpy; mur Jiwapy; njhopy;tha;g;Gfis
cUthf;fpdhYk;> cz;ikapy; njhopypy; mku;j;jg;gl;bUg;gJ njhopy;GupgtUf;Nfh>
my;yJ njhopy; toq;FeUf;Nfh my;yJ nghJkf;fSf;Nfh gadw;w tpjj;jpyhFk;.
jdpahu; Jiwapy; Nritfis toq;Fk; mjpfkhd njhopy;fs; cUthfpapUg;gJ
murhq;fj;jpd; Kiwahd nghUshjhuj; jpl;lk; ,d;wpa tpjj;jpyhFk;. njhopy;
cupikfisg; gwpj;J xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; Nritapy; <LgLj;JtjD}lhf
Copau;fs; fLk; Copaj;jpw;F Mshfpf; f\;lg;gLtJ vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd
gpur;rpidahFk;.
cf;fpukhd njhopy;thg;gpd;ik kw;Wk; njhopy;FiwghLfs; fhuzkhf
njhopypy; <LgLk; egu;fs; epu;f;fjpf;F MshFtJ khj;jpukd;wp me;j Copau;fs;
mtu;fspd; njhopy;fspypUe;J mjpfkhNdhu; tpyfp vkJ ehl;il tpl;L
ntspehLfSf;F njhopy;tha;g;GfSf;fhf nry;fpd;wdu;. mNj Nghd;W> ngz;fis
nghUj;jkw;w NtiyfSf;fhf ntspehL mDg;Gtjhy; ,d;W r%fj;jpy; fLk;
gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd.
tho;f;ifj;njhopy; fy;tp fl;bnaOg;gg;glhik> ,d;wpUf;fpd;w fy;tp khjpup
njhopy; Nju;r;rpfs; mgptpUj;jp milAk; tpjj;jpy; jpl;lkplg;glhjpUf;fpd;wik> Gjpa
njhopy;tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd ifj;njhopy;> tptrhak; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;ghf Muha;r;rp Mfpa gpupTfspy; Jiwfspy; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;glhik
Nghd;w tplaq;fs; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdu; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; njhopy;tha;g;Gfs;
cUthfhikf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sd.
jPu;Tfs;
xU njhopypy; <LgLj;JtJ vd;gJ mbg;gil kdpj cupik xd;whf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j
mbg;gil
cupik
murpayikg;gpdhy;
cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpuptile;j jdte;ju; tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf> Nkw;Fwpj;j
ge;jpapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpy; kf;fspd; tho;thjhu epiyfis
kpfTk; cau;e;j epiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuf;$ba kpfTk; cd;dj kw;Wk; kpfTk;
Nkk;gl;l cw;gj;jpfs; mbg;gilapyhd xU nghUshjhuj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L>
njhopy;tha;g;Gfis vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; mtu;fspd; fy;tpj;
jifikfs; kw;Wk; njhopy; jifikfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tha;g;Gfs; CWjpnra;ag;glTs;sd.
77
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
topKiwfs;

Copau;gil> njhopy;tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; njhopypd;ik vd;gd njhlu;ghd
tpsf;fq;fisAk; kjpg;gPLfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L njhopy;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;ff;$ba xU Njrpa jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
mgptpUj;jpw;F mtrpakhd gapw;rpfSk; tpN\lkhd Copau; rpukKk;
Nkk;gLk; tifapy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpiaAk;> fy;tp mwpitAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F Kd;Dupik mspj;jy;.
njhopy;tha;g;Gfis toq;Fk; NghJ murpay;thjpfspd; jiyaPLfis
Kw;wpYk; epWj;jp> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU Ml;Nru;g;Gj; jpl;lj;jpw;F
mika murhq;f NritfSf;F Ml;fisr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

murhq;f
Nritapy;
gjtpAau;T>
,lkhw;wk;
vd;gtw;Wf;F
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mwpTG+u;tkhd ntspg;gilahd jpl;lq;fisj;
jahupj;jy;. Njitaw;w jiyaPLfspd;wp RahjPdkhd Kiwapy; jkJ
gzpfis epiwNtw;wf;$ba tpjj;jpy; Gjpa xU xOf;fnewp Kiwikia
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

njhopy;tha;Gg; gpur;rpidfisf; Fiwf;Fk; ,yf;ifAila xU
Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l njhopy;Nju;r;rpAila
egu;fis murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;by; ntspehl;bYs;s njhopy;fSf;F
mDg;Gjy;.
Nritia toq;Fk; kw;Wk; Nritiag; ngWk; Mfpa ,uz;L jug;GfSf;Fk;
ed;ik mspf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; rl;lq;fisAk; xOq;FtpjpfisAk;
jahupj;J>
mtw;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
nghwpKiwj;jpl;lj;ij
tYtilar;nra;jy;.

fy;tpapy;
rfy
kl;lq;fspYk;
tpyfpr;
nry;Yk;
egu;fSf;F
tho;f;ifj;njhopy; gapw;rpj; jifikfisg; G+u;j;jpnra;J nfhs;sf;$ba
tifapy; mtrpakhd xU tho;f;ifj;njhopy; gapw;rp epiyaj;ijj;
jhgpj;jy;.
Ntiynra;Ak; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij
cau;e;j epiyapy; Ngzpr;nry;yf;$ba tpjj;jpy; Mff;Fiwe;j
rk;gsj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;J> rfy tpjj;jpYk; me;j kf;fspd; njhopy;
cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
xU njhopiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiu> njhopy;nra;a Ntz;ba tajpy;
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; tho;f;ifr; nryTf;Fg; Nghjpa xU nfhLg;gdit
murhq;fj;jhy; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
vkJ
78
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if

jw;NghjpUf;fpd;w tho;thjhu epiyfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
jdpahu; Jiw Copau;fspd; rk;gsj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhd rupahd xU
Kiwapaiy murhq;fk; jiyapl;L rl;lkhf;fp eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
Vw;nfdNt
\&.2500
rk;gs
mjpfupg;igg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F
mtrpakhd eltbf;ifia ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Mfpa ,U JiwfspYKs;s midj;J
Copau;fspdJk; Rfhjhuj; Njitfis (Occupational Health)
cWjpnra;tjw;F mtrpakhd Kiwapay;fisAk; rl;lKiwahd
xOq;FtpjpfisAk; jahupj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
mika mbg;gilapy; my;yJ kdpj tY mikg;Gfspdhy; (Man Power)
Nritapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;s midj;J Copau;fisAk; Nritapy;
epue;jukhf;Ftjw;F cldb eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.
murhq;fj;jpd; ePz;lfhyg; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd
tpjj;jpy;
rpqW
njhopy;Kaw;rpfSf;Fk;
njhopy;tha;g;GfSf;Fk; topfhl;b> njhopy;El;g cjtpfisAk;> Fiwe;j tl;bapy;
fld; trjpfisAk; toq;Ftjw;Fk;> mbg;gil Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd
fy;tpiaAk; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L re;ij tha;g;GfisAk;
Njbg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; murhq;fj;jpdhy; jiyapl;L
Njitahd
eltbf;iffis vLf;fr;nra;jy;.

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;ig ,yf;ffhf;nfhz;L ru;tNjr uPjpapy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gapw;rp kw;Wk; fy;tp epWtfq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
,d;W vkJ ehl;bYs;s njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rp epiyaq;fSf;F ,ilapy;>
uj;kyhid 'N[u;kd; njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}upf;F" cd;djkhd xU kjpg;ig
toq;Fjy;. mj;jifa njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}upfis khtl;lj;jpw;F xU
fy;Y}up vd;w mbg;gilapy; Vida 24 khtl;lq;fspYk; 3 tUlq;fSf;Fs;
jhgpj;jy;.
17. Gyk;ngah; ,yq;ifau;fs;

ntspehLfspy; njhopy;tha;g;GfSf;fhfr; nrd;W thOfpd;w egu;fspd;
Nrit fhyj;ij epu;zapj;J> mtu;fSf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
Mff;Fiwe;j rk;gsj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;J> mtu;fSf;F cupj;Jila
r%fg; ghJfhg;G ed;ik epjpfis mtu;fspd; njhopy; xg;ge;jq;fs;
Kbtile;J ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gp tUfpd;w NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; trjpfis cj;juthjg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L> ,yq;ifau;fs;
njhopy;tha;g;GfSf;fhfr;
nry;Yk;
ehLfSld;
xg;ge;jq;fspy;
ifr;rhj;jpLtjw;F eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.
79
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W njhopyhsu;fs; rk;ghjpf;Fk; tUkhdj;ij
mtu;fs; ,yq;iff;F mDg;Gk; NghJ mtu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w rfy
jilfisAk; gpur;rpidfisAk; ePf;Ftjw;Fk;> mtu;fspd; me;j rfy
gzq;fisAk; tup nrYj;JtjpypUe;J tpyf;fg;Gfis toq;Fjw;Fk;
eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.

ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W njhopy;nra;fpd;wtu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w
gpur;ridfisAk; mtu;fs; gLfpd;w f\;lq;fisAk; Njbg;ghu;g;gjw;F
xt;nthU ehl;Lj; J}Jtuhyaj;jpYk; mjw;fhd jdpahd xU gpupitj;
jhgpj;jy;.
njhopYf;fhfTk; fy;tpf;fhfTk; ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;s kf;fSf;F
me;je;j ehLfspypUe;J nfhz;Nl thf;fspg;gjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J
nfhLj;jy;.

ntspehLfspy; trpf;fpd;w> njhopy;fspy; <LgLfpd;w ,yq;iff;
FLk;gq;fspy;
ntspehl;L
fy;tp
KiwikapDs;
fy;tp
fw;w
gps;isfSf;F" ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp fw;gjw;F Neupl;lhy;> mjd; epkpj;jk;
murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfspYk; guPl;ir KiwikfspYk; Njitahd
trjpfis nra;J nfhLj;jy;.

ntspehLfspy;
njhopy;
Gupfpd;wtu;fs;
mtru
,lu;fSf;Fk;
tpgj;Jf;fSf;Fk; MshFk; Neuj;jpYk;> mtu;fs; ,wf;Fk; Neuj;jpYk;
mtu;fis ntspehLfspypUe;J vkJ jha; ehl;bw;F vLj;JtUk; NghJ>
mjpy; murhq;fk; jiyapl;L mjw;F Vw;gLfpd;w nryTfis murhq;fk;
nghWg;Ngw;wy;.
ntspehLfspy; njhopy; Gupfpd;w egu;fspd; gps;isfSk; ngw;Nwhu;fSk;
vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w
ghJfhg;gw;w
epiyfSf;Fk;
Vida
r%fg;
gpur;ridfSf;Fk; jPu;thf mtu;fSf;fhd Kiwahd xU r%fg;
ghJfhg;G Kiwia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;.
ntspehLfspy; thfdq;fis Xl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; ,lJ
gf;f ];baupd; gupl;rag; gapw;rpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
18. fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp

vkJ ehl;L rdj;njhifapy; Vwf;Fiwa 55] tPjkhd kf;fs; fpuhkg;
Gwq;fspy; trpf;fpd;wdu;. Copau;gilapy; Vwf;Fiwa 50] tPjkhNdhu; fpuhkj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tptrhaj; njhopypy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. fpuhkpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpapd;ik> %yjdf; FiwghLfs;> tpw;gid rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs;>
Nghf;Ftuj;J> Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp> kpd;rhuk; Kjypa gpupTfspy; mgptpUj;jpapd;ik>
Nghijg;
nghUs;$Nghij
t];Jfs;$Gifg;gpbj;jy;
gof;ftof;fq;fs;>
vkJ
80
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
rl;ltpNuhjkhd tpahghuq;fs;> rpWtu; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; J\;gpuNahfk;> kdpjf;
nfhiyfs;> rka my;yJ Vida gpur;rpidfs;> gu];gu ek;gpf;if> KjpNahu;
vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidfs;> fpuhkpa kw;Wk; efu mgptpUj;jp tplaq;fspypUe;J
Vw;gLk; Rw;whly; gpur;rpidfs;> murpay; Fz;lu;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gPjp
epiyikfs; Nghd;w fle;jfhy gy gpur;rpidfspypUe;J ,d;W kf;fs; tpLgl;Lk;$l>
Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F gaDs;s tpjj;jpy; gq;fspg;gjw;fhd tha;g;gpy;yhik
kw;Wk; rupahd tpjj;jpy; ed;ikfs; fpilahik Nghd;w gpur;rpidfSf;F
Kfk;nfhLj;J tUfpd;wdu;.
jPu;Tfs;
Gjpa xU ,yq;if r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; NghJ 30"000 fpuhkq;fis
etPd epiyf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtJ mtrpakhFk;. jiyefuq;fspy; Fsp\&l;ba
miwfspy; trjpfis Vw;ghL nra;Jnfhz;L> tYf;fl;lhakhf Rikfis fpuhk
kf;fs; kPJ Rkj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;J> mgptpUj;jp el;Gwtpd; epkpj;jk; cz;iakhd xU
mgptpUj;jpia mbkl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; FbNaaw;w myFfis my;yJ
fpuhkq;fis> my;yJ miu efu kw;Wk; efu FbNaw;w myFfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Mf;fG+u;tkhd xU mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jy;. Fwpg;ghf
fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp rhu;ghf gy jrhg;jq;fshf nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j vz;zf;fUthf
cau;e;j MapDk; nraw;gLj;Jif kl;lj;jpy; kf;fis Vkhw;Wfpd;w tq;fNuhj;J
epiyapYs;s fUj;jpl;lq;fshd fpuhNkhja> [drtpa> rKu;j;jp> jptpneFk Nghd;w
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis nghUshjhu uPjpapy; tYg;ngwr; nra;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
midj;ijAk; Muha;e;J> mj;jifa gytPdq;fs; ,dpAk; xU NghJk; cUthfhj
tpjj;jpy; ,j;jifa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jy;. (cjhuzkhf: fpuhkpa
cw;gj;jpfis tpQ;rpr;nry;fpd;w tpjj;jpy; gy ehl;L epWtdq;fspd; cw;gj;jpfis
re;ijapy; Nru;g;gjw;F ,lkspj;jy;)
,q;F gpuNjr kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfisAk;> gy JiwfspYk; Nju;r;rpAila
epGzj;Jt mwpitg; ngw;w egu;fisAk;> mNj Nghd;W nghUj;jkhd murhq;f
kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiw mYtyu;fisAk; fpuhkq;fSf;F my;yJ FbNaw;wq;fSf;F
mDg;gp> mq;F trpf;fpd;w kf;fSld; ,ize;J fpuhkj;jpw;F my;yJ FbNaw;w
myfpw;F nghUj;jkhd Jiw uPjpapy; Nkk;gl;l njhopy;El;gq;fs; fpuhkg;
Gwq;fSf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l xU mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;ijj;
jahupj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
gpuNjr uPjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;w kdpj tsq;fspYk; ngsjPf tsq;fspYk;
mgptpUj;jpw;F vjpuhff; fhzg;gLk; rthy;fs; Kjypatw;iwf; fz;lwpe;J> me;je;j
epiyfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd kpfTk; cau;e;j njhopy;El;g Kfhikj;Jt Kiwapaiy
kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; fpuhk kl;lq;fspy; xd;wpizar; nra;jy;. cjhuzkhf: fpuhk
kl;lj;jpy; czT my;yJ kpd;rhuj; Njitfspy; RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpia milAk;
Mw;wy;> FOthf ,ize;J tUkhdk; <l;Lk; Kiwfs; (c-k;: fhy;eilfs;>
81
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
ifj;njhopy;> Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;> fopTg;nghUl;fs; Kfhikj;Jtk;> rpwpa
my;yJ eLj;justhd kpd;rf;jp cw;gj;jp> mwpTg; nghUshjhuj;Jld; ,izAk;
tha;g;G> jfty; njhopy;El;gq;fs;> Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G> flw;nwhopy;). gpuNjr
uPjpapYs;s kdpj tsq;fisAk; ngsjPf tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp> tPlikg;G>
ePu; tpepNahfk;> tPjpfs; Nghd;w cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd; mgptpUj;jp Kjypad
njhlu;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;w rfy Gs;sptpguq;fisAk; Muha;e;J> cupa kf;fs;
gFjpapdiu mwptpYk;> jpwd;fspYk;> njhopy;El;gq;fspYk; kw;Wk; mbg;gilg;
nghUshjhu Mw;wy;fspYk; tYg;ngwr;nra;jy;.
Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ
,e;jg; gpuNjrq;fs; my;yJ fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; fLk;
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jp> mj;jifa jpl;lq;fSf;F Kuzw;w tpjj;jpy;> mj;jifa
,izahd xU tpjj;jpy; jahupj;jy;. fpuhkpa cw;gj;jpfs; Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpy;
rupahd Kiwapy; ,iztij ,jD}lhf cWjpnra;jy;.
topKiwfs;

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F fzprkhd xU fhyk; vLf;Fk;. I-tiff;
nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; fPo;fhZk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
(1) fpuhkpa nghUshjhuj;ij tYg;glr; nra;tjw;fhd cw;gj;jpfspd; rf;jp
mgptpUj;jpapD}lhd 'nry;te;jkhd xU fpuhkj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;"
(2) fpuhkpa kf;fspd; tho;thjhu epiyfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupa
Nritfis Kiwg;gLj;JtjD}lhf 'Nkk;gl;l Xu; fpuhkj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;gy"
(3) r%f tpNujr; nray;fisAk; fle;jfhy fyhrhu rPu;FiyTfisAk;
fisfpd;w eltbf;ifapD}lhf 'xU etPd fpuhkj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;"
(4) fpuhakpa Rw;whliyg; ghJfhg;gjD}lhfTk; Kiwahd mgptpUj;jpap D}
lhfTk; ',dpikahd xU fpuhkj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;"
(5) fpuhkpa tho;thjhuk;> epUthf uPjpahd epahak;" FOg; nghWg;GzT
kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; 'xU [dehaf" fpuhkj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;gy;
fpuhkj;ij tsk;ngwr; nra;jy;>

1. tptrhaj;ijAk; fpuhkpa ifj;njhopiyAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L
xt;nthU fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupT kl;lj;jpYk; 50 kpy;ypad; \&gh
vd;w mbggilapy; Ie;J tUlq;fspDs; epjpfis xJf;Fjy;.
vkJ
82
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
2. xt;nthU fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupT kl;lj;jpYk; kpd;rhu trjpfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
3. xt;nthU fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupT kl;lj;jpYk; 10 Gjpa
njhopy;Kaw;rpfSf;F xU kpy;ypad; \&gh vd;w mbg;gilapy; 3]
tPj tl;bapy; fld; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
fpuhkj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;>

1. rfy fpuhkpa tPjpfisAk; Ie;J tUl fhyj;jpw;Fs; fhngl;Lf;fis
,l;L ghJfhg;ghd ghjrhupf; flitfs; mlq;fyhf mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.
2. tUlk; xd;Wf;F 1000 ghlrhiyfs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; Ie;J tUl
fhyj;jpw;Fs; fpuhkpag; ghlrhiyfspd; 5000 Mrpau;fspd; fzdp mwpit
Vida ngsjPf tsq;fs; mlq;fyhf tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
3. xt;nthU fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpuptpYk; jw;nghOjpUf;fpd;w
'filj;njhFjpfis"
my;yJ
'filr;
re;jpia"
tu;j;jff;
fl;blj;njhFjpfshff; fl;bnaOg;gp> fpuhkpa njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F
mtrpakhd cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
xU etPd fpuhkj;ij cUthf;fy;>

1. xt;nthU fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpuptpYk; eyd;Gupr; rq;fisj; jhgpj;J
tUlj;jpw;F xU ,yl;rk; \&gh vd;w mbg;gilapy; Kjy; Ie;J
tUlj;jpDs; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
2. gy tpjkhd r%f tpNuhjr; nray;fisAk; td;KiwfisAk; jLf;Fk;
tifapy; fpuhkpaj; jiytu;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;.
3. gu];gu ek;gpf;if mlq;fyhf gpw;Nghf;fhd vz;zq;fis khw;Wk; epkpj;jk;
tpQ;Qhd tpahgpg;G Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLfis gutyhf;fy;.
\&gth`pdp> thndhyp kw;Wk; mr;rPl;L Clfq;fis ,jd; epkpj;jk;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
4. fiy> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fyhrhu tplaq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L
trjpfis Vw;ghLnra;jy;. gy fpuhkq;fis cs;slf;fp Njitahd
trjpfSld; ^E}yfk;> rpwpa eldkz;lgk;& eyd;Gupf; fl;blq;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
,dpikahd Xu; fpuhkj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;>

1.
fpuhkj;jpDs; my;yJ fpuhkj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;w rfy mgptpUj;jp

kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; tplaq;fspYk; fpuhkj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ikapduJ
tpUg;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
83
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
2. xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; Rfhjhu uPjpapy; ghJfhg;ghd J}a FbePiu
toq;Fjy;.
3. xyp (c-k;: nghJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F khwhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xypngUf;fpfs;)
fhl;rpfs; (tu;j;jf kw;Wk; murpay; gpurhuf; fhl;rpg; gyiffs; my;yJ
mwptpj;jy; gyiffs;) khriltij $Lkhd tiuapy; Fiwg;gjw;F
eltbf;ififia vLj;jy;.
xU [dehaf fpuhkj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;>

1. xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jpdhy; mjpfhuj;jj;Jtq;fis
cupj;jspf;Fk; nghWg;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU fpuhk rigia ^,e;jpahtpd;
gQ;rhaj;J Kiw) jhgpj;J> mjw;F RatpUg;gj;jpy; kf;fisg;
gpujpepjpg;gLj;Jk; xU Kiwikia cUthf;Fjy;' mjpy; 50] tPjkhd
ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cs;sPu;j;jy;.
2. Kiwaw;w murpay;> Kiwaw;w epjpg; Gof;fk;> Kiwaw;w r%f tplaq;fs;
my;yJ td;Kiw vd;gtw;iw Kw;wpYk; xopg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
rl;lKiwahd eltbf;iffisAk; Vida eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;jy;.
3. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf epfo;fpd;w rkj;Jtkpd;ikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.
Kjy; Ie;J tUl fhyj;jpw;Fs; I-tif Nehf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; G+u;j;jpahfpa 10>000
fpuhkq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F mtrpakhd rfy Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
vkJ
84
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
epahakhd
r%jhak;
85
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
xU r%fk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; ePbj;J epw;gjw;F nghUshjhu tsk; kw;Wk; r%f epahak; Mfpa ,uz;L mk;rq;fSk; mtrpakhFk;. etPd r%fthj xU murhq;fj;jpd;
mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhshf miktJ ahnjdpy; r%f epahaj;ijAk;> rkj;Jtj;ijAk;" ePjpiaAk; epiyngwr; nra;tJk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tho;f;if rpwe;j Kiwapy;
epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F mtrpakhd nghUshjhu tsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gJkhFk;.
murhq;fk; jdpahu; mikg;Gfs;> epWtdq;fs;> rq;fq;fs;> FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; jdp
egu; vd;w ehd;F r%fg; gpupTfisAk; epahakhd xU r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;
nghUl;L cs;sf xUq;fpizg;Gld; nray;glr;nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jf; Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;wf;$ba tifapy; kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfs;> ePjp kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wg; gpupTfs;> Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G> epWtdk;>
epjp kw;Wk; nghJg; gad;ghLfs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd gpupTfs; Kjypa r%fg; gpupTfis epahakhd tpjj;jpy; Mff;$bastpy; ghJfhf;ff;$ba tifapy; fPo;fhZk;
tpjj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
01. murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gf;fs;

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;
ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd xg;ge;jq;fisAk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd rkthaq;fisAk; kjpj;J> kf;fspd; cupikfisg;
ghJfhj;J> cWjpnra;tjw;fhd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
murpayikg;gpdhy; njhopyhsu;fs;> tptrhapfs;> ,isQu;fs;> khztu;fs;> ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs;> Kjpatu;fs; kw;Wk; tyJFiwe;jtu;fs;
MfpNahuJ cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
rfy kf;fSf;Fk; jfty;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd cupikfSf;F
cj;juthjkspj;jy;.
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G fpilg;gij cWjpnra;jy;.
vkJ
86
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
ePjpkd;w Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; ,w;iwg;gLj;Jk; elgbKiw
fhyj;jpw;nfht;thj gioik tha;e;j rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
,d;iwa fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rl;l Kiwikfisj; jahupj;J
toq;Fjy;.
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; RahjPdj;ij cWjpnra;jy;.
ePjp cjtpg; gpupT xd;iwj; jhgpj;J> mjd; ed;ikfs; kf;fSf;F kpfTk;
,yFthd Kiwapy; fpilf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; mjidg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;.
njhopy;El;g trjpfisAk; kdpj tsq;fisAk; nfhz;L mjd;
Nritfis tpahgpf;fr; nra;jy;.
mbg;gil cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf
khj;jpukd;wp jdpahu; JiwapdUf;Fk; Vida epWtdq;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf
ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLg;gjd; %yk; rfy kf;fSf;Fk;
mj;jifa cupikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
jw;nghOJ Ftpe;Js;s mjpfsthd tof;Ffisj; Jupjkhf tprhuiz
nra;J jPu;g;Gfis toq;Fk; Kfkhf ehshe;jk; tof;Ffis tprhuiz
nra;Ak; fhy msit ePbj;J> jw;nghOJ tUlk; xd;Wf;F 875>000
tof;Ffis tprhupj;J jPu;g;G toq;Fk; vz;zpf;ifia 12 ,yl;rk; tiu
mjpfupj;jy;.
tUlk; xd;Wf;F tof;Fj;jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk; 290>000 thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
tof;Ffisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd xU gupfhukhf nghyp]; gpupTf;F mjpf
mjpfhuj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhd rl;lq;fisAk; trjpfisAk; Vw;ghL
nra;jy;.
ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis fzdpkag;gLj;JtjdhYk; ,izaj;jsq;fspy;
cs;sPu;g;gjdhYk; kpfTk; tpidj;jpwd;tha;e;j epiyapy; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
(e-Court)
gpur;rpidfs; vOk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gf;f rhu;ghf njhopw;gLk; epiyiaj;
jtpu;j;J rl;l uPjpahd tiutpyf;fzq;fis Kd;itj;J me;jr;
rl;lq;fspdhy; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfis kpfTk; ,yFthd
Kiwapy; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; nghUl;L> ePjpr; Nritfs; Mizf;FOtpdJk;
rl;lj;judpfspdJk; gq;Nfw;gpy;> rl;lKiwahd eltbf;iffspypUe;J
nghJkf;fs; J}ug;gLtjw;Fr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w tplaq;fs;
gw;wpa xU Mo;e;j Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L> me;j Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy;
nghJthd xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.
87
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Fw;wr;nraYk; rpiwr;rhiyAk;
Fw;wr;nray;fisj; jLg;gjw;Fupa Jupj fy;tp kw;Wk; tpopg;G+l;Lk; xU
Njrpa gpurhu eltbf;ifia Kd;ndLj;jy;.
r%fg; ghJfhg;G ,og;G> kf;fs; Fw;wr;nray;fisr; nra;tjw;F J}
z;Ltjhy; me;jf; Fw;wr;nray;fisj; jLf;Fk; tifapy; rfy
kf;fspdJk; r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;jy;.

Fw;wr;nray;fisg;
Guptjhy;
Fw;wthspfshff;
fzpf;fg;gLk;
midtiuAk; rpwe;j gpui[fshf khw;Wk; nghUl;L Gdu;tho;tspf;Fk;
fy;tp epiyaq;fis rpiwr;rhiyfSld; ,izj;Jj; jhgpf;fr;nra;jy;.

rpiwr;rhiyapYs;stu;fSf;F thof;ifj;njhopy; gapw;rpAk; cau;
fy;tpAk; mlq;fyhf Nkyjpff; fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd
trjpfis nra;JnfhLj;jy;.
Nghijg;nghUs; gof;fj;ij Kw;whf xopg;gjw;F juhjuk; ghu;f;fhJ
rl;lj;ij fLikahf eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs; kw;Wk; cupikfs;

rpWtu;fspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;Ak; nghUl;L> jw;nghOjpUf;fpd;w
rl;l Vw;ghLfisAk; epWtdf; fl;likg;GfisAk; gFg;gha;T nra;J
KOikahd xU rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;ifiaAk; rl;l Vw;ghLfisAk;
Kd;itj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.

rpWtu;fspd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;gpy; nray;gLfpd;w mYtyu;fSf;F
nghyp]; eltbf;iffs; my;yJ rl;lKiw eltbf;iffs;> tprhuiz
nra;jy;> Gdu;tho;tspj;jy; Nghd;w gpupTfSld; njhlu;ghd njhopy;
gapw;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.
ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiaf; fw;Fk; fl;lha tanjy;iyia 18 taJ tiu
mjpfupj;J> 16 taJf;Ff; Fiwe;j gps;isfis njhopypy; <LgLj;Jtij
Kw;whfj; jilnra;jy;.
rpWtu;fSf;F vjpuhd td;KiwfisAk; rpWtu; J\;gpuNahfq;fisAk;
jLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd epUthf kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahd rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;L> rpWtu;ffisj; J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jk; egu;fSf;F
vjpuhf rl;l eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.
gfy; Neuj;jpy; gps;isfisg; guhkupg;gjw;fhd epiyaq;fs; gw;wp
ehlshtpa xU kjpg;gha;it Nkw;nfhz;L> ehL KOjpYk; mj;jifa
vkJ
88
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
epiyaq;fis Kiwahd tpjj;jpy; jhgpf;Fk; xU Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij
Muk;gpj;jy;. njhopy; GupAk; jha;khu;fspd; gps;isfSf;F mtu;fspd;
tPLfSf;F my;yJ njhopy; nra;Ak; ,lq;fSf;F mUfpy; mj;jifa
epiyaq;fisj; jhgpg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
Mghrj; jpiug;glq;fSf;Fk; ,izj;jsj;jpYs;s Mghrg;glq;fSf;Fk;
rpWtu;fs; <u;f;fg;gLtijj; jLg;gjw;Fk; mjpypUe;J Vw;gLk; cstpay;
kw;Wk; clypay; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp ngw;Nwhu;fis ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy;
tpopg;G+l;b> tPLfspy; mj;jifa glq;fisAk; Mghr ,izj;jsq;fisAk;
rpWtu;fs; ghu;g;gjw;Fs;s thg;ig xopf;Fk; tifapy; ngw;Nwhu;fspd;
xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;W> mjw;fhf etPd njhopy;El;g Kiwikia
mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F MshFk; rpWtu;fspdJk; kw;Wk; Mghrg;glq;fisg;
ghu;f;fpd;w rpWtu;fspdJk; Msilahsk; njupahj tpjj;jpy;> ghlrhiy
kl;lj;jpy; xU kjpg;gha;it Nkw;nfhz;L> mj;jifa ghjpg;GfspypUe;J
rpWtu;fis mtu;fshfNt ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
ngz;ifs mOj;jq;fSf;Fs;shf;Fk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik> mOj;jq;fs;>
ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; jilfs; vd;gtw;iw ePf;fp xt;nthU JiwapYk;
Mz;fisg; Nghy; ngz;fSf;Fk; rk cupikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij
cWjpnra;jy;.

rl;lj;jpdJk; rk;gpuhja r%f vz;zq;fspdJk; Kd;dpiyapYk;
ngz;fspd; kjpg;igAk; rk cupikfisAk; cWjpnra;jy;.
jpUkz tho;f;ifapy; ngz;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gpur;rpidfisAk;
ghugl;rq;fisAk; xopg;gjw;fhd rPjdf;nfhLikiaj; jilnra;J>
gps;isfisg;
ngw;nwLg;gJ
njhlu;ghd
KO
cupikfisAk;
ngz;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
ntw;wpfukhd xU jpUkz tho;f;ifia cWjpnra;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk;
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jy;> ngz;fs; J\;gpuNahfk;> cstpay; mOj;jk;>
egu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd gpur;rpidfs;> jw;nfhiy nra;jy; Nghd;w
nray;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; tifapy;> jpUkzk; nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;w midj;J ,isQu; AtjpfSf;Fk; fhzpfisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;> tPLfis epu;khzpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;> epjpfis
epUtfpj;jy;> cly; kw;Wk; cstpay; Rfhjhj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;>
ghypay; fy;tp kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; rhu;e;j Rfhjhuk;> gpzf;Ffisj;
jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;>
gps;isfis
mutizj;jy;
Nghd;w
rfy
tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa ,uz;L ehs; ghlnewp xd;iw ehL
KOjpYk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Muk;gpj;jy;.
89
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Xa;Tngw;wtu;fs;>
KjpNahu;>
tyJFiwe;Njhu;
tpj;jpahrkhd Mw;wy;fisAila egu;fs;
kw;Wk;
,e;j midj;J egu;fisAk; mtu;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,zq;f cw;gj;jp

kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; gq;Nfw;fr;nra;tjw;F mtrpakhd
fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g trjpfis murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fr;nra;jy;.

mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffspy;
,e;j
egu;fspd;
cupikfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rl;l me;j];Jfisj; jhgpj;J> cupa murhq;f
epWtdj;jpD}lhf njhopy;El;g topfhl;ly;fis toq;Fjy;.
KjpNahu;fspd; mwpitAk; mDgtj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sf; $ba
tpjj;jpy; gy epWtd kw;Wk; Nrit eltbf;iffspy; KjpNahiu
$Lkhd tiuapy; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

jw;nghOJ
NritapYs;s
murhq;f
Copau;fspd;
mbg;gilr;
rk;gsj;ij mt;tg;nghOJ Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;w rk;gsVw;wq;fis Xa;T+jpak;
ngw;wtu;fSf;Fk; nraYj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;.
r%f eyNdhk;Gif
r%f mutizg;G fpilf;f Ntz;ba rfy kf;fs; rhu;gpYk; r%f
eyd;fisAk; Gdu;tho;itAk; mspg;gjw;F KOikahd mjpfhuKila
xU mjpfhu rigiaj; jhgpj;jy;.
r%f eyDf;F mtrpakhd rfy epjpNaw;ghLfisAk; murhq;fj;jpdhy;
toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.

kf;fspd; tho;thjhu epiy gw;wp mt;tg;nghOJ kjpg;gha;it
Nkw;nfhz;L> tho;thjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;ba rfy kf;fSf;Fk;
Nghjpa cjtpfis toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.
ngw;Nwhu;fspd; mutizg;G ,y;yhj gps;isfs;> mutizg;gjw;F
ahUkpy;yhj Kjpatu;fs;> Nghijg;nghUl;fSf;F mbikg;gl;Nlhu;> rpWtu;
J\;gpuNahfj;jpy; <LgLgtu;fs;> tpgrhuj;jpy; <LgLgtu;fs;> Kjypa
midtiuAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mtu;fSf;F Gdu;tho;tspg;gjw;Fk;
vkJ
90
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
tPz;tpuak;> Coy;> ,yQ;rk; vd;gtw;iwj; jLj;jy;
jw;nghOJ njupate;Js;s rfy tpjkhd Coy;fisAk; NkhrbfisAk;
Jupjkhf tprhuiz nra;tJk; Fw;wthspfSf;F jz;lid toq;FtJk;
murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd xU nghWg;Gg; gzpahFk;.
,yQ;rk;> Coy; kw;Wk; Nkhrbfs; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; tprhuizfis
Nkw;nfhz;L>
Fw;wk;
nra;jtu;fSf;F
vjpuhf
jz;lidfis
toq;Fk; nghUl;L jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rfy epWtdq;fisAk; kpfTk;
typikAilajhfTk; Kw;wpYk; RahjPdKilajhfTk; Mf;Fjy;.
Fw;wthspfSf;F ve;jtpjj;jpYk; murpay; mutizg;igf; fpilf;fr;
nra;af;$lhJ. mt;thW fpilf;fr;nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpf;fpd;wtu;fis
Fw;wk;nra;jtu;fshff; fzpf;fg;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd rl;lq;fisj;
jahupj;jy;.
jz;lidfis toq;FtJld; epd;WtplhJ> ,J tiu epfo;e;j Nkhrbfs;>
tPzhf;fy;fs;> ,yQ;rk;> tPzhf;fg;gl;l tpjq;fs; kw;Wk; ,tw;Wf;Ff;
fhuzkhf mike;j murhq;fj;jpd; nghwpKiwj;jpl;lg; gytPdq;fs; (ck;: rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> rl;ljpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa mwptpd;ik> Nkyplj;jpypUe;J
tUk; mr;RUj;jy;fs;> nghyp];> Gydha;Tg; gpupTfs;> fzf;fha;T> tup>
Rq;fj;jPu;it Mizf;FOf;fs; Nghd;w gy JiwfspYk; fhzg;gl;l
gytPdq;fs; Kjypad) vd;gd njhlu;ghd Mo;e;j Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L
,yQ;rk;> Coy;> tPz;> Nkhrb vd;gd kWgbAk; epfo;tijj; jLg;gjw;Fj;
,yQ;rk;> Coy;> Nkrb> Fw;wr;nray;fs; Kjypatw;iwj; jpl;lkpLjy;
my;yJ Gupjy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;Fk; tifapy; 365
ehl;fspYk; 24 kzpj;jpahyKk; ,aq;ff;$ba kpd;dQ;ry; kw;Wk;
njhiyNgrp trjpfspD}lhf jfty;fis toq;ff;$ba xU epiyaj;ijj;
jhgpj;J> mj;jifa jfty;fis toq;Fk; egu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;
(whisleblower) jLf;fg;gl;l tPzhjy; my;yJ Coy; my;yJ
Fw;wr;nray; vd;gtw;wpd; msitg; nghWj;J mj;jifa jfty;fis
toq;Fk; egu;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd xU ,izaj;jsj;ij
Muk;gpj;J> nghJ epjp 100 ,yl;rk; \&ghit tpQ;Rk; fUj;jpl;lq;fs;
gw;wpa mbg;gil Ma;T mwpf;iffs;> Rw;whly; Ma;T mwpf;iffs;>
kjpg;gPLfs;> khw;Wtopj; jpl;lq;fs;> Nfs;tp mwptpj;jy;fs;> Nfs;tp
xg;ge;jq;fis toq;Fjy;> jpl;lq;fis khw;wpaikj;jy; (variations
& scope change) kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;iffs; midj;ijAk;
,e;j ,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhf tpiutpy; gpuRupj;jy;. ,jw;fhd xU
rl;l%yj;ijg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpj;jy;.
91
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
rfy eLj;ju kw;Wk; ghupasthd fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd gaDs;s kw;Wk;
ed;ikaspf;ff;$ba khw;Wtopj; jpl;lq;fs;> kw;Wk; tpku;rdq;fis
Kd;itf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw nghJthf toq;Fk; tifapy;
murhq;fj;jpdhy; my;yJ jdpahu; Jiw epWtdj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gLk;
epjp nkhbA+iy my;yJ fUj;jpl;lg; gpNuuizfis %d;W nkhopfspYk;
gpuRupj;jy;.
02. jdpahu; epWtdq;fspdJk; fk;gdpfspdJk;

nghWg;Gf;fs;

ePjpahd xU r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; NghJ jdpahu; Jiw fk;gdpfSk;
epWtdq;fSk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w mjpfhu tu;f;fg; gpuNtrq;fisAk; eltbf;iffisAk;
epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjd; epkpj;jk;
mbg;gil cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ jdpahu; Jiw fk;gdpfisAk;
epWtdq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa rl;lVw;ghLfisj; jahupj;jy;.

mjpf epjp> Clf my;yJ Ml;gyk; cila fk;gdpfspdhYk;
epWtdq;fspdhYk; epfof;$ba mjpfhu tu;f;fr; nraw;ghLfis
kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xOq;FtpjpfisAk; kw;Wk; xU xOf;fnewp
KiwikiaAk; jahupj;jy;.
kf;fspd; tho;f;iff;F mjpfstpy; ghjpg;ghf mikfpd;w nghUshjhuk;>
epjp kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; Mfpa gpupTfspy; ru;thjpfhuk; fl;bnaOg;gg;glhj
tpjj;jpy; rl;lq;fisAk; xOq;FtpjpfisAk; Vw;ghLnra;jy;. mj;jifa
fk;gdpfSk; epWtdq;fSk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; tpjj;jpy;
rl;lVw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjD}lhf r%fj;jpy; ePjpia cj;juthjk;
ngwr;nra;jy;.
Efu;Nthiug; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;F
me;je;jg; gpupTfSf;Fupa rfy murhq;f epWtdq;fisAk; (c-k;:
Efu;Nthu; Nritfs; mjpfhu rig> nghJ Rfhjhug; gupNrhjfu;fs; gpupT>
tPjpg; gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfhu rig Nghd;w) tYg;ngwr;nra;J>
rl;lj;jpw;F
my;yJ
rk;gpujhaj;jpw;F
Kuzhf
nghUl;fisAk;
NritfisAk; toq;Fgtu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Efu;NthUf;fhf
,Uf;fpd;w
(mystery shoppers)
tpw;gid
epiyaq;fspD}lhfr;
Nrfupg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
03. FLk;gj;jpdJk; jdpegupdJk; nghWg;Gf;fs;

r%fj;ij
vkJ
ePjpAila
xU
r%fkhff;
fl;bnaOg;Gk;
NghJ
FLk;gq;
92
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
fspYk; mj;jifa ePjpAk; rk;gpujha mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfSk; gpd;gw;wg;gLtJ
mtrpakhFk;. tPLfspy; epfOk; Jd;GWj;jy;fs;> ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd Jd;GWj;jy;fs;>
rpWtu;fSf;F vjpuhd Jd;GWj;jy;fs;> Fwpg;ghf ngz;fSf;fhd jpUkzk;> njhopy;
kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; vd;gtw;iw mDgtpj;jy; kw;Wk; rhjhuz epiyapy; tho;f;ifia
epUtfpj;Jr;nry;tjw;fhd jilfs; vd;gd Nghd;w tplaq;fs; FLk;gq; fspy;
mjpfupg;gij epWj;Jtjw;F ePjpahd xU r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ mtrpakhFk;.

xt;nthU jdp egUk; ePjpahd xU r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; elgbf;ifapy;
gq;Nfw;gJ fl;lhag; nghWg;ghFk;.
93
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
vkJ
94
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
Rje;jpukhd
kdpjd;
95
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
etPd r%fthjj;ijAila xU r%fj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs; ahnjdp

y; G+uzkhd xU gpui[ia my;yJ jd;idg; gw;wpAk; jdJ ehl;ilg; gw;wpAk;
Rarpe;jidAld; rpe;jpf;fpd;w> jdJ nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs; kw;Wk; cupikfs; gw;wp
mwpe;j" jdJ Rje;jpuKk; ghJfhg;Gk; gw;wpa mirahj ek;gpf;ifAila> mwpTk;
kNdhgtKk; nfhz;l> jpUg;jpahd KOikahd xU gpui[ia cUthf;FtjhFk;.
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp kw;Wk; gy;fyff;foff; fy;tp> fiy kw;Wk; fyhrhug; gpupTfs;
vd;gtw;iw Nkw;Fwpj;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;L kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;.
vkJ ehl;bd; Kd;ida guk;giuapduhy; vkf;F tpl;Lr;nrd;Ws;s gadspf;ff;$ba
ngsjPf kw;Wk; Mz;kPf kuGupikfis kjpf;ff;$ba gpui[fshf vk;ik khw;Wtjw;F>
mj;jifa gpupTfis ,e;jf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; njhopw;glr;nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. mNj Nghd;W Ntw;W kjj;jtu;fspdJk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ,wikiaAk;
kjpf;fpd;w xU gpui[iaf; fl;bnaOg;gtjw;F ntF[d Clfj;jpw;Fk; nghJkf;fs;
tplaq;fSf;Fk; topfhl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa gz;GfisAila G+uzkhd xU
kdpjid cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L> fy;tp> fiy> fyhrhuk;> rl;l kWrPuikg;G> ntF[d
Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gpujhak; Nghd;w tplaq;fspYk; mj;jifa Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
mila Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU gpui[iaAk; cau;e;j cd;dj vz;zKila xU eguhf
khw;Wtjw;F murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa xU nghWg;ghff; fUjp eltbf;ifia
vLj;jy;.
rpq;fstu;> jkpou; kw;Wk; K];ypk; Mfpa rfy ,dq;fSk; mlq;fpa
KO kf;fspdJk; fiy> fyhrhu kuGupikfisg; ghJfhj;J> tsu;j;J>
kf;fs; kj;jpapy; el;GwitAk;> rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijAk;> rkhjhdj;ijAk;
fl;bnaOg;g eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.
fiyQu;fspd; Md;kPf ntspaPLfSf;fhd cupikfisAk;> gpui[fSf;F
fiyQu;fspd; epu;khzq;fis ,urpg;gjw;F ,Uf;fpd;w cupikfisAk;
ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; xU Njrpa rkthaf; nfhs;ifiaj; jahupj;J>
mjd; epkpj;jk; cupa Jiwfspy; <LghLilatu;fs; mlq;fpa xU
FOit epakpj;jy;.
vkJ
96
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
fiyQu;fspd; cupikfis cWjpnra;Ak; tifapy; Njrpa Gyikr;
nrhj;Jf;fs; gzpafj;ij NkYk; tYg;ngwr;nra;jy;.
jpiug;glq;fs;> \&gth`pdp eldk;> ehl;baq;fs;> rpj;jpuk;> Xtpak;
kw;Wk; fiy Clfq;fs; gw;wpa Kiwahd xU gapw;rpia toq;Fk;
gapw;rp epiyaq;fis Muk;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Kjy; tUlj;jpDs; mj;jifa
,uz;L epWtdq;fisj; jhgpj;jy;.
eldf; fiyia kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; Nehf;fpy; gpuNjr
kl;lj;jpy; ehl;ba eld kz;lgq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;gy;.
ru;tNjr jpiug;glq;fs; tpoh xd;iw murhq;fj;jpd; <LghLld; tUlh
tUlk; elj;Jjy;.
jpiug;glf; fz;fhl;rpfis elj;Jtjw;fhf jw;nghOJ nfhOk;Gf;F
khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gl;bUf;fpd;w fz;fhl;rp kz;lgq;fSf;F (Art Gallary)
Nkyjpfkhf khfhz kl;lj;jpy; mj;jifa fz;fhl;rp kz;lgq;fis
epu;khzpj;J> jpiug;glf; fiyQu;fSf;F mtw;iw kpfTk; Fiwe;j
rYif tpiy mbg;gilapy; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
,yq;ifapd; jpiug;glf; fiyQu;fs; rhu;gpy; cau;e;j kl;lj; jpiug;glf;
fiyf; fz;fhl;rp tpUJ toq;Fk; itgtj;ij elj;jp jpwik
tha;e;jtu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; epkpj;jk; tpUJfis toq;Fjy;.
ru;tNjr kw;Wk; Njrpa rpj;jpug; Nghl;bfisAk;> fz;fhl;rpfisAk;
kw;Wk; tpUJ toq;fy; itgtq;fisAk; tUlhe;jk; elj;Jjy;.
ghlrhiy kw;Wk; fpuhk kl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J jpwiktha;e;j fiyQu;fis
,dq;fz;L> mtu;fis Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr kl;lq;fspy; gpugy;ypak;
miltjw;Fj; Njitahd gue;j xU nghwpKiwj;jpl;lj;ijj; jhgpj;jy;.
r%fj;jpd; eyd; fUjp mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiw ntF[d Clf
fyhrhuj;ij Gul;rpfukhd xU khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jp> ,tw;iw
murhq;fj;jpd; my;yJ mjpfhupfspd; my;yJ Vida rf;jpfspd;
Kuz;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gLk; tPo;r;rp
epiyapypUe;J tpLglr;nra;jy;.
rpWtu;fspdJk; nghJthf gpui[fspdJk; fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk;
fiy ,d;dpir> Gjpa jfty;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpfs; vd;gtw;iw
mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; Kf;fpakhf ntF[d Clfq;fisg;
gad;gLj;j eltbf;ifia vLj;jy;.
97
vkJ
kdr;rhl;rpapd;
cld;gbf;if
gpui[fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; Clfq;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;g d
njhlu;gpy; jw;nghOjpUf;fpd;w fUj;JNtWghLfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L>
mJ njhlu;ghd rkthaf; nfhs;ifiaj; jahupf;Fk; nghUl;L
Clftpayhsu;fs;> eLepiyj; jug;Gfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
cs;slq;fpa xU FOitj; jhgpj;jy;.
,yq;ifapd; tuhyw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j kuGupikfshd Guhjd
];jyq;fisAk; nghUl;fisAk; ghJfhj;J> mit ePbj;jpUf;Fk;
epiyia cWjpnra;J> kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F mtw;iw
Njrpa kuGupikfhsfg; ghJfhj;J toq;Ftij murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa
nghWg;ghff; fUjr;nra;jy;.
njhy;nghUl;fis mopj;njhopf;Fk; ehrfhur; nray;fis cldbahf
epWj;Jjy;.
,yq;if cyfj;jpy; G+uzkhd mwpTG+u;t xU ehlhf khwpdhy; jhd; G+uzkhd
xU gpui[ia cUthf;f KbAk;. Mifahy;> ru;thjpfhu murpay;> nghUshjhu
fyhrhu Gjpa fhydpj;Jt rf;jpfs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J jha; ehl;ilg; ghJfhg;gJk;>
kf;fspd; ,iwikiaAk;> ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ijAk;> murpaiyAk;> r%f fyhrhu
cupikfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,iwikfisAk; cd;djkhd Kiwapy; kjpj;J> ehl;bd;
ew;ngaUf;Fk; ed;kjpg;Gf;Fk; fyq;fk; tpistpf;fhj> ,yq;if ehl;bd; Mw;wy;fSk;
nghWg;Gf;fSk; gw;wpa Ra mgpyhi\Aila xU r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ
etPd Nrh\ypr murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fKk; Fwpf;NfhSkhFk;.
vkJ
98

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JVP Manifesto 2015 Tamil

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Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

kdr;rhl;rpapd;

kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp

cau; kdpj tsq;fs;

etPdj;Jtk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gkhd

ePjp> epahakhd rKjhak;

topnahd;iw ngwhj epu;f;fjpahd epiyf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.

01. mur fl;likg;G

ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; nrhe;j ghtidf;F toq;;fg;gLk; nrhFR

Njrpa nfhs;iffs; midj;Jk; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;L kf;fs; ghu;itf;fhf

jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfSf;F

murhq;f epWtdq;fspy; kf;fs; Nritfs; rPuhf ,lk;ngwhj gl;rj;jpy;

02. mbg;gil cupikfs;

ehl;bd; mbg;gil rl;lkhd murpayikg;G Kiw %yk; mbg;gil kdpj

murpay;> rkak;> ,dk; Nghd;w vjd; mbg;gilapYk; gf;fr;rhu;ghf

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; cupj;jhFk; tifapy; nghUshjhu> epu;thf

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; gw;wp kf;fs;

murpd; %yk; my;yJ jdpahu; Jiw epWtdq;fs; %yk; mbg;gil

18 taJ epuk;gpa ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpahf

03. Njrpa ghJfhg;G

04. Njrpa xw;Wik

kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpahdJ Muk;g fhyk; njhl;Nl Njrpa gpur;rpidia

kf;fs; rig jhgpf;fg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs; njhlu;gpy; epGzj;Jtu;fs;.

kf;fs; rig kf;fspd; thf;F %yk; jhgpf;fg;gLk; mNjNtis mtw;wpd;

,k; kf;fs; rigfspd; xU gpujpepjpia gjtp mjpfhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

'kf;fs; rigfspd;" nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu

3. nkhop uPjpahf Vw;gLk; mePjpia ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tifapy; Kk;nkhopj;

mjd; mbg;gilapy; ePjpkd;wk;> nghyp];> ghjfhg;G gil kw;Wk; mur

4. ,d> kj my;yJ NtW tifapyhd Ntw;Wikapd; gpufhuk; ve;jnthU

6. Aj;jj;jpd; %yk; tPLfis ,oe;j kf;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd epue;ju

7. Aj;jk; fhuzkhf ,e;jpahTf;F nrd;W mfjpfshf cs;s ,yq;if

8. tlf;fpy; Njhd;wpapUf;Fk; fhzpg; gpur;rpid kpfTk; Nkhrkhd kw;Wk;

9. gy;NtW ,df; FOf;fspd; cupikfs; murpayikg;gpd; Clhf

05. ntspehl;L njhlh;Gfs;

nra;kjp njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Mrpupau; gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

03. ePu;> czT> Nghrhf;F kw;Wk; Rfhjhu

FWq;fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy Nghrhf;Ff; Fiwghl;bdhy; mtjpg;gLfpd;w

04. tpisahl;L kw;Wk; cly; eyd;

tpisahl;LtPuu;fs;> tpisahl;Lj;Jiw rhu;e;j njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;fs;>

4. eyd;Gup rq;fq;fs;> tpisahl;L rq;fq;fs; Nghd;w ehlyhtpa uPjpapy

05. tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;

(m) Njrpa kuGupikfs; gw;wpa Mizf;FO

(M) tpQ;Qhd tp];jupg;G Mizf;FO

Njrpa tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

(<) nghJg;gad;ghLfs; njhopy;El;g mgptpUj;jp epiyak;

(v) Gj;jhf;Feu; Mizf;FO

01. nghUshjhuj; Jiw

vkJ ehl;bDs; ,jw;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l jw;nghOJ nraw;ghlw;W

A+upah cs;spl;l mj;jpatrpa cu tiffis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf

myq;fhug; G+r; nra;if G+r;nrb tsug;G vd;gd Vw;Wkjpr; re;ijfis

05. kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePupay; ifj;njhopy;

kPd; kw;Wk; ePupay; jhtuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

flypy; epfOk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis Kd;$l;b mwptpg;gjw;fhf

07. Rw;Wyhj; Jiw ifj;njhopy;

ehl;bd; fyhrhug; ngWkhdq;fs;> ,aw;if tsq;fs; vd;gd ghJfhf;fg;gLk;

Rw;Wyhj; JiwapYs;s N`hl;ly; cupikahsu;fs;> Kfhikahsu;fs;>

11. ePu;Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ePu;g;ghrdk;

ePu;tsk; jdpahu;kag;gLj;Jtij epWj;J tJld; me;Nehf;fj;Jld; ehl;by;

08. cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;

nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd> tpiyfs;> juq;fs; kw;Wk;

nghl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpd;wNghJk; Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;w NghJk;

2. epiyahd xU mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;

3. ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

4. gRikg; (tptrha) nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

17. Gyk;ngah; ,yq;ifau;fs;