The Eight Phases of

Inflammation

The Eight Phases of

Inflammation

Injury
Utrastructural Changes
Metabolic (Hypoxic) Changes
Activation of Chemical Mediators
Hemodynamic Changes
Permeability Changes
Leukocyte Migration
Phagocytosis

Phases of Inflammation

Injury - any event

that impairs
tissue structure
Trauma (most
sports injuries)

macrotrauma
(impact, contact)
microtrauma
(overuse, friction)

Phases of Inflammation

Ultrastructural
Changes
disruption of the cell
membrane

contents of cell spill into

extracellular spaces
caused by
trauma
hypoxia

Phases of Inflammation

Metabolic (Hypoxic)
Changes
cells become
deprived of oxygen
(secondary hypoxic
injury)
sodium pump fails
sodium increases in
cell
cell membrane
disruption
contents spill out

Phases of Inflammation

Activation of Chemical
Mediators
Chemical mediators (histamine,
bradykinin) spill out of the cell
Chemical mediators

notify body that cells have

been damaged
mobilize the body=s
resources to handle the
situation
modify and regulate the rest
of the inflammatory response

Phases of Inflammation

Hemodynamic
Changes
arteries dilate
enhancing blood flow
inactive capillaries and
venules open
total blood flow
increases, rate of flow
decreases
leukocytes fall out of
stream line and adhere
to vessel wall

Phases of Inflammation

Permeability Changes
sizable gaps develop in the vessel
walls.
leukocytes escape to injury site

Phases of Inflammation

Leukocyte Migration
leukocytes migrate in concentration-limited
fashion

more chemical mediators, more leukocytes

2 types of leukocytes

neutrophils
travel fast, arrive first
temporary first line of defense
live 7 hours
macrophages
second line of defense
live for months

Phases of Inflammation

Phagocytosis
process of digesting cellular debris
into pieces small enough to be
removed by the lymph vessels.