teed & Giltrans Bripce_Desicn Specirications * Aprit_ 2000 SECTION 13 - WOOD STRUCTURES 13.1 GENERAL AND NOTATIONS 13.1.1 General ‘The following information on wood design is gener- ally based on the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS®), 1991 Edition, See the 1991 Edi- tion of the NDS® for additional information 13.1.2 Net Section In determining the capacity of wood members, the net. section of the member shall be used. Unless otherwise noted, the net section shall be determined by deducting from the gross section, the projected area of all material removed by boring, grooving, dapping, notching or other 13.1.3 Impact In calculating live load stresses in wood, impact shall be neglected unless otherwise noted. See Article 3.8.1 13.1.4 Notations a= coefficient based on support conditions for tapered columns (Article 13.73.42) b= width of bending member (Article 13.6.4.3) © = coefficient based on sawn lumber, round limber piles, glued laminated timber or structural composite lumber (Article 13.733.) load duration factor (Article 13.5.5.2) bending size factor for sawn lumber, structural composite lumber, and for glued Taminated timber with loads applied parallel to the wide face of the laminations (Article 13.6.4.2) ‘compression size factor for sawn lumber (footnotes to Table 13.5.1) Cp = tension size factor for sawn lumber (footnotes to Table 13.5.1) and structural ‘composite lumber (footnotes to Tables 13.5.4 and 13.5.4B) Cy, = shear stress factor (footnotes to Table 13.5.1A) beam stability factor (Article 13.6.4.4) wet service factor (Article 13.5.5.1) column stability factor (Article 13.7.3.3) volume factor for glued laminated timber with loads applied perpendicular to the wide face of the laminations (Article 13.6.4.3) bearing area factor (Article 13.6.6.3) from factor (Article 13.6.4.5) flat use factor for sawn lumber (footnotes 10 ‘Table 13.5.1A) repetitive member factor for sawn lumber (footnotes to Table 13.5.1) 2 wd d= depth of member (Article 13.6.4.2.2) dnux= maximum column face dimension (Article 13.73.42) lnio= minimum column face dimension (Article 13.73.42) dnp = representative dimension for a tapered column face (Article 13.7.3.4.2) E = tabulated modulus of elasticity (Article 13.63) = allowable modulus of elasticity (Article 13.63) F, = tabulated unit stress in bending (Article 13.6.4.1) Fy = allowable unit stress in bending (Article 13.6.4.1) Fi = adjusted tabulated bending stress for beam stability (Article 13.6.4.4.5) F, = tabulated unit stress in compression parallel to grain (Article 13.7.3.2) F, = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grain (Article 13.7.3.2) adjusted tabulated stress in compression parallel to grain for column stability (Article 13.73.35) actual unit stress in compression parallel to Secrion 13 _Woon Sreucrure: 13-1BripGe DEsiGN SPECIFICATIONS * Aprit_ 2000 Gitrans < rain (Article 13.73.1) tabulated unit stress in compression perpendicular to grain (Article 13.6.6.2) allowable unit stress in compression perpendicular to grain (Article 13.6.6.2) tabulated unit stress in bearing parallel to arain (Article 13.7.4.1) allowable unit stress in bearing parallel to grain (Article 13.7.4.1) tabulated unit stress in tension parallel to rain (Article 13.8.1) allowable unit stress in tension parallel to grain (Article 13.8.1) tabulated unit stress in shear parallel to grain | (Article 13.6.5.3) allowable unit tressin shear parallel to grain (Article 13.6.5.3) actual unit stress in shear parallel to grain (Amticte 13.6.5.2) allowable unit stress for bearing on an inclined surface (Article 13.6.7) column effective length factor (Article 13.73.33) material factor for beam stability (Article 13.6.4.4.5) ‘material factor for column stability (Article 13.7335) length of bending member between points of, zero moment (Article 13.6.4.3.1) actual column length between points of lateral support (Article 13.7.3.3.3) length of bearing (Article 13.6.6.3) effective bending member length (Article 13.64.43) effective column length (Article 13.7.3.3.3) ‘unsupported bending member length (Article 13.6.4.4.3) parameter for the specific material determined in accordance with the requirements of ASTM D-5456 (Tables 13.5.4 and 13.5.4B) bending member slenderness ratio (Article 13.6.4.4.4) vertical shear (Article 13.6.5.2) maximum vertical shear at 3d or L/4 due to wheel loads distributed laterally as specified for moment (Article 13.6.5.2) distributed live load vertical shear (Article 13.6.5.2) maximum vertical shear at 3d or L/4 due to undistributed whee! loads (Article 13.6.5.2) Secrion 13 _Woov Sreucrures X= species variable for computing the volume factor (Article 13.6.4.3.1) © = angle between the direction of load and the direction of grain (Article 13.6.7) 13.2. MATERIALS 13.2.1 Sawn Lumber 13. 1.1 General ‘Sawn lumber shall comply with the requirements of AASHTOM 168. 13.2.1.2 Dimensions 13.2.1.2.1. Structural calculations for sawn lum- ber shall be based on the net dimensions of the member for the anticipated use conditions. These net dimensions depend on the type of surfacing, whether dressed, rough ‘sawn or full-sawn. 13.2.1.2.2 For dressed lumber, the net dry dimen- sions given in Table 13.2.1 shall be used for design, regardless ofthe moisture content atthe time of manufac- ture or in use. 13.2.1.2.3 Where the design is based on rough, full-sawn or special sizes, the applicable moisture con- tent and dimensions used in design shall be noted in the plans and specifications. TABLE 13.2.1A Net Dry Dimensions for Dressed Lumber Nominal | Dry] Nominal] — Dey [thickness | Thickness] Wiadh | _ wide» 2 12 ra aaa | 2 2a Dimension) 3 An) in Lumber | 3.1/2 | 3 sua Ginohesy: | aan sa ain | 4 T8 os uaa ia Ld [Beams and] 5° and | 12 Toss V2" les Stringers | greater [dan nomial han nomi Posts and | Sv and | 1" tess [5° and | 12" lose HFimbers” | greater [than nominal] greater than nominalteeeetetese & Gitrans 13.2.2 Glued Laminated Timber 13.2.2.1 General Glued laminated timber shall comply with the require ments of AASHTO M 168 and shall be manufactured using wet-use adhesives. 13.2.2.2 Dimensions 13.2.2.2.1._ Structural calculations for glued lami- nated timber shall be based on the net finished dimen- 13.2.2.2.2 For Westen SpeciesandSouthernPine, the standard net finished widths shall be as given in Table 13.2.2A. Other, nonstandard finished widths may be used subject to design requirements. TABLE 13.2.2A Standard Net Finished Widths of Glued Laminated Timber Manufactured from Western Species or Southern Pine 13.2.3. Structural Composite Lumber 13.2.3.1 General Structural composite lumber, including laminated veneer lumber and parallel strand lumber, shall comply with the requirements of ASTM D 5456 and shall be manufactured using wet-use adhesives which comply with requirements of ASTM D 2559. 13.2.3.2 Laminated Veneer Lumber Laminated veneer lumber shall consist of a composite ‘of wood veneer sheet elements with wood fibers oriented primarily along the length of the member. Veneer thick- ress shall not exceed 0.25 inches. Bripce DesiGn Specirications * Apri 2000 13.2.3.3. Parallel Strand Lumber Parallel strand lumber shall consist of wood strand. elements with wood fibers oriented primarily along the length of the member. The least dimension atthe strands shall not exceed 0.25 inches and the average length shall be a minimum of 150 times the least dimension. 13.2.3.4 Dimensions Structural calculations for structural composite lum- beer shall be based on the net finished dimensions. 13.2.4 Piles ‘Wood piles shall comply with the requirements of AASHTOM 168, 13.3 PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT 13.3.1 Requirement for Treatment All wood used for structural purposes in exposed. permanent applications shall be pressure impregnated with wood preservative in accordance with the require- ments of AASHTOM 133, 13.3.2. Treatment Chemicals Al structural members that are not subject to direct, pedestrian contact shall preferably be treated with oi type preservatives. Members that are subject to direct pedestrian contact, such as rails and footpaths, shall be treated with waterborne preservatives or oilborne preser- vatives in light petroleum solvent. Direct pedestrian contact is considered to be contact which may be made while the pedestrian is situated anywhere in the access route provided for pedestrian traffic. 13.3.3 Field Treating Insofar as is practicable, all wood members shall be designed tobe cut, drilled, and otherwise fabricated prior to pressure treatment with wood preservatives. When cutting, boring, or other fabrication is necessary after preservative treatment, exposed, untreated wood shall be Secnion 13 _ Woop Structures 13-3& Gitrans specified to be field treated in accordance with the re- {quirements of AASHTO M 133. 13.3.4 Fire Retardant Treatments Fire-retardant chemicals shall not be used unless i is demonstrated that they are compatible with the preserva- tive treatment. When fire retardants are used, design values shall be reduced by the strength and stiffness reduction factors specified by the fire retardant chemical manufacturer. 13.4 DEFLECTION 13.4.1 ‘The term “deflection” as used herein shall be the deflection computed in accordance with the assumptions made for loading when computing stress in the members. 13.4.2 Flexural members of bridge structures, shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflections orany deformations that may adversely affect the strength or serviceability of the structure. 13.4.3 ‘Members having simple or continuous spans preferably should be designed so that the deflec- tion due to service live load does not exceed "so of the span, 13.4.4 For timber deck structures with timber girders or stringers of equal stiffness, and cross-bracing or diaphragms sufficient in depth and strength to ensure lateral distribution of loads, the deflection may be com puted by considering all girders or stringers as acting together and having equal deflection, When the cross- bracing or diaphragms are not sufficient to laterally distribute loads, deflection shall be distributed as speci- fied for moment. 13.4.5 For concrete decks on wood girders or stringers, the deflection shall be assumed tobe resisted by all beams or stringers equally. 13.5. DESIGN VALUES 13.5.1 General Stress and modulus of elasticity values used for de- 13-4 Secon 13 _Woon Structures Bripce_Desin Specirications * Aprit_2000 sign, referred to as allowable design values, shal be the tabulated values modified by all applicable adjustments required by this Section. The actual stress due to loading shall not exceed the allowable stress. 13.5.2 Tabulated Values for Sawn Lumber 13.5.2.1 Tabulated values for sawn lumber are given in Table 13.5.1 for visually graded lumber and Table 13.5.1B for mechanically graded lumber. Values for bearing parallel to grain are given in Table 13.5.2. ‘These values are taken fromthe 1991 Editionof the NDS® and represent a partial listing of available species and ‘grades. Refer to the 1991 Edition of the NDS® for a more ‘complete listing, 13.5.2.2 Stress Grades in Flexure 13.5.2.2.] The tabulated unit bending stress for Dimension (2 to 4 inches thick) and Post and Timber grades apples to material with the load applied either to the narrow or wide face. 13.5.2.2.2 The tabulated unit bending stress for Decking grades applies only when the load is applied to the wide face. 13.5.2.2.3 The tabulated unit bending stress for Beam and Stringer grades applies only when the load is applied to the narrow face. When Post and Timber sizes are graded to Beam and Stringer grade requirements, the ‘tabulated unit bending stress for the applicable Beam and Stringer grades may be used. 13.5.2.2.4 Beamand Stringer grades are normally ‘graded for use as a single, simple span. When used as a continuous beam, the grading provisions customarily applied to the middle third ofthe simple span length shall be applied to the middle two-thirds of the length for two- span beams, and o the entire length for beams continuous over three or more spans. 13.5.3 Tabulated Values for Glued Laminated Timber 13.5.3.1 Tabulated values for glued laminated timber of softwood species are given in Tables 13.5.3A and 13.5.3B. Values for bearing parallel to grainare given in Table 13.5.2. 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F012 J9qUIN| UOISUDUNIP UA (998j MoLzEU OF o8po uo paseg ax sanjea uBisop Supuag "%D woweL ISN WL “p 60= 49 ‘oIDe 2z18 a4 porydingmus 2g jeys 29quin| 9pt,z1 40 Sone UBtsop ureB or ojesed uorssaxduioD pur “uo|suayBupudg pore|Nge ZI URypJ9pto JOANN] LOISUDUND 10 11 249 ‘sooey2zis oun pandnyn 2g Teys sonyea UBlsop Burpudg paremnge “s9pLm PU .g OIF 49qU jrsuoutp so suondaoxaZutmorioy ‘um sontea paremnge Uw pareiodioout u29q 2ney suo1>ej womnsnlpe 3715 ‘oquiny uorsuaunp ug woypnos pOXIy PUP UNE WIAYIMOS 104 joudde “yon (Pane) sz9quarL, pur soquaN papesD MENSA 10) ONEA UES PHWINGEL VESETATAVL 3 E & : a& Gitrans Bripce_Desicn_Specirications * Aprit_2000 Table 13,5.1B _ Tabulated Design Values for Mechanically Graded Dimension Lumber. Design Values in Pounds per Square Inch ( q ‘Tension Compression Modulus ‘Species and Parallel Parallel of Grading Commercial Sire Bending toGrain toGrain Elasticity Rules Grade Classification KR F, F E Agency ‘MACHINE STRESS RATED (MSR) LUMBER 900-1 08 900-350 1050 1,000,000 WCLIB, WWPA 12008128 1200 600 1400—1,200.000-NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 1350613E 13507501600 1300,000 SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 14508138 1450 800-1625 —_1,300,000 LGA, WCLIB, WWPA 1500613E 1500 900-1650 —_1'300,000 SPIB 1500614 1500 900-1650 1,400,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA. 16506-1.4E 16501020 1700——_1,400,000, PIB 16506-15E 1650 1020-1700 -——1,500,000_NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 1800E1.6E 1800 1175.——1750——1,600,000 LGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA I9S0E1SE 2" Rlessinthickness ‘1950 -—1375.-—«1800—_—+1,500,000, SPIB 1950617 1901378. 1800——_—1.700,000, NLGA, SPIB, WWPA, 21006:1.8E 2" & wider 2100 1575 «1875—1/800,000 LGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 225061 6E. 2250 1750 1928.—_1,600,000 SPIB 22506195. 2250 1750 1928.—1,900,000 NLGA, SPIB, WWPA 24006-1.7E. 2400 19251975 —_1,700,000 SPIB 24008205, 2400 19251975 2,000,000 _-NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 255062.18. 2550 20602028. 2,100,000 NLGA, SPIB, WWPA, 27008228. 2700 2150-2100 2200.000NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA 28506296 2850 2300 ©2150 -2300,000 SPIB, WWPA. 300082.4E. 3000 2400-2200 2,400,000 'NLGA, SPIB 315062.5E. 31502500 2250 2,500,000 SPIB 330062 6E 3300 2650-2325 ——2,600,000 SPIB 90081 28 900-350 1080——1,200,000 NLGA, WCLIB 1200F15E 2" less in thickness 1200 600»«1400-—_—1,500,000 NLGA, WCLIB 135061 8E 13507501600 —_+1800,000 NLGA 150081 8E. 6" & wider 1500 9001650 —_1800,000 wcLIB 180062.1E 180011751750 2,100,000 NLGA, WCLIB 1, Design Values are taken from the 1991 Edition ofthe NDS* and are for 10-year load duration and dry sevice conditions. Refer othe 1991 NDS* for additional. fades and for a summary of ding rules agencies, 2 Design values for shear paralle to grain and compression perpendicular to grin shall be a specified in Table 135. 1A for [No. 2 visually graded dimension lumber of the appropriate species. 3. Use of the wel service factor, shear stress factor, repelitive member factor, and flat use factor shall be a specified in Table 13.5.1A for visually graded dimension lumber. Edition of the American Institute of Timber Construc- tion, AITC 117-93 Design, “Standard Specifications for structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Spe- cies.” Refer to AITC 117-93 Design for a more complete listing, 13.5.3.2. _Tabulated values for hardwood spe- cies shall be as given in the 1985 Edition of American 13-12 Secrion 13 Woov Sreucrures Institute of Timber Construction, AITC 119, “Standard Specifications for Hardwood Glued Laminated Timber.” 13.5.3.3 Species other than those specifically included or referenced in this Section may be used, provided that tabulated values are established for each species in accordance with AASHTO M 168.& Gitrans BripGe_Desin Specirications * Aprit_2000 Table 13.5.2A _Tabulated Design Values for Bearing Parallel to Grain Dry Service Conditions Sawn Lumber Wet Service svxs" 2s" Glued Species Combination Conditions & Larger Thick Laminated Timber Douglas ir-Larch (Dense) 1370 1730) 2300 2750 Douglas Fir-Larch 1380 1480 2020 2360 Eastern Softwoods 880 = 1340 Hem-Fir 110 1220 1670 Mixed Southern Pine 1270 1390 1900 a Northern Red Oak 1150 1270 1730 2010 ed Maple 1100 1210 1650 1930 Red Oak 1010 110 1520 170 Southern Pine 1320 1450 1970 2300 Southern Pine (Dense) 1540 1690 2310 2690 Spruce-Pine4 940 1040 1410 1650 Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) 810 900 1220 1430 Yellow Poplar 390 = 140 1560 1. Design Values ate taken from the 1991 Edition ofthe NDS® Refer tothe 1991 NDS® for additional species. 2. Wet and dry service conditions areas defined in Article 13.5.1, The wet service factor has been applied to values tabulated for wet service conditions and further adjustment by this factor isnot required 13.5.4 Tabulated Values for Structural Composite Lumber 13.5.4.1 Representative tabulated design val- ues for structural composite umber are given in Table 13.5.4 for laminated veneer lumber and Table 13.5.4B for parallel strand lumber. 13.5.5 Adjustments to Tabulated Design Values 13.5.5.1 Wet Service Factor, Cyt 13.5.5.1.] Tabulated values for sawn lumber as- sume that the material is installed and used under con- tinuously dry conditions where the moisture content of the wood does not exceed 19 percent. When the moisture content at installation or in service is expected to exceed 19 percent, tabulated values shall be reduced by the wet service factors, Cy, given in footnotes to Tables 13.5.1, and 13.5.1B. 13.5.5.1.2 Tabulated values for glued laminated timber and structural composite lumber assume that the ‘material isused under continuously dry conditions where the moisture content in service does not exceed 16 percent. When the moisture contentin service isexpected to exceed 16 percent, tabulated values shall be reduced by the wet service factors, Cy, given in the footnotes to Tables 13.5.3A and 13.5.3B for glued laminated timber and Tables 13.5.4 and 13.5.4B for structural composite lumber. 13.5.5.1.3 The moisture content of wood used in exposed bridge applications will normally exceed 19 percent and tabulated values shall be reduced by the wet service factor unless an analysis of regional, geographi- cal, and climatological conditions that affect moisture content indicate thatthe in-service moisture content will not exceed 19 percent for sawn lumber and 16 percent for ‘elued laminated timber and structural composite lumber ‘over the life of the structure. 13.5.5.2 Load Duration Factor, Cp 13.5.5.2.1 Woodcan sustain substantially greater maximum loads for short load durations than for long oad durations. Tabulated stresses for sawn lumber, glued laminated timber, and structural composite lumber are based on a normal load duration which contemplates that Secrion 13 _ Woop StrucTuRES. 13-13Aprit_2000 BriDGE DesIGN SPECIFICATIONS ? 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BORY Bupogt wou eres sed spanog ur sone WIG oreetoqssidarog 20 woysuay, joey uy SprEuag pasanns sHoquOTY HHI JaquI,L Poomyos payeupue’] pants [BANNAN Joy sonjeA UTS Aes'e1 ATAVL 13-17 Secnion 13 Woop SrructuresBripGe DesiGn Specirications * Aprit_2000 CE Giltrans 6 TOI qi 2oueproooe ut poseasout 2 eur sanjea uBisap 2sou, ‘nes nquios 4qpayynods st s2quroui tp pue ulsop ut pasn are sonyea 2so4p UoYyY SUORCUTUE] hoge Burpuog tt sonten uslsop x, snag Seprag sSNA USIP 3H, ue ure1409 op rex ssoqurouy wo pase are ure 0 oezed 1e2ys Ut SoNeA USIP OU, Ka) wees e-em OS AL Aen am yes £1 ae stonenquoo a YOM pnt a10u 304 “war suo fernads yuu suuuoyuoo s9quiaw Uys ¢6: ‘sop Burpuog pasmnbas a Ajioods ose pnoysuSisap ay “oquss rout 0 uray sioqurout or Xjdde pur suoneure rv oe neon (ronupuoa) wojssadwo. 40 uojstag, jeRRY uy Syseumag pOSsaNS SIOqMIOTA THE equ, poowsyos poreuTureT ponts TeAMIMIIS 10} sonTeA WEIS ESET ATAVLBripce_Desicn Speciricarions * Aprit_ 2000 & Gtrans WH. o 0 wo OC a 4a a 4 4 RQ "SUOLDVa SOIAWAS LAM. stone 2010135 10m Buyoyfoy 4p Aq parjdnjnu 2g eys sonyea uBIsap "4,91 po9ax9 [Im WaIUOD aumsou aoym pas st Joqun]J90UD4 pa}EUIUNE| UOYAA “N“10Ie ILLS IONE 6ve-a VUSY oswoWambasom uy sepa poED Hem AE 0) Jel oye op, = 1 A)ea @) ° 19 ‘sorney az au Aa parsnipe 9qoys UE 0 ray ‘uonenbs Suymojo3 49 quo sed uorsuo1 ut sane pareinae, °Z sada ae sanyea ufisaq “| 201495 kp pue uonrenp peo] 3294-9] 840} ae pur ssaumyseynuew wor 2]ge}HEAe [1 IHOIUOD aimstOW a1ayA Posh 1 Jequun Puen ojezEd Lay ND ODE BHNIE ION *€ ‘9SP5-C NS V Jo stuauasbas xp yim Joueproo>e wr pout ps 1 soron) 971 tn Kq parsnip 9 ys UIE jauesed = wt a1oy suonenbo Surmojoy 49 quant soy Aap pu uoneunp peo sea4-01 #44 aye pu sounisejnuets Wo 2]ge BAB uoUHOD are wy Sape8 pur S2}20ds yo aanEusadas aye Sonqea UBISOC] e000 az 05 Bg oo 006 ore Oe End oOo or Oe oF OSE 06 Eid puesisjo puensjo——puens jo pur apap) EIA 208) aPIMO) s9R4 LN Or apiwor soe pum 01 semopucdag pI, —swOMpuadiag tse snimpow ———~wonsanqpeoT ______uonsanqpery ———wowsexduro—_uojsuay, 7m Ty mays ewo7u0H upeip or _mnoypuading worssaxduo3 <(t8d) youy axenbg 29 spunog usanqe, usysaq_ Haquin’] pues [9[fesed 103 sone a UBIs9q payeingey aapeyuasssdey Ap's'e1 AAV Section 13 Woon Sravcrures 13-20& Giltrans the members stressed to the maximum stresslevel, either continuously or cumulatively, for a period of approxi- mately 10 years, and/or stressed to 90 percent of the ‘maximum design level continuously for the remainder of the member life. 13.5.5.2.2 Whenthe full maximum loads applied either cumulatively or continuously for periods other than 10 years, tabulated stresses shall be multiplied by the load duration factor, Cp, given in Table 13.5.5. 13.5.5.2.3 The provisions of this article do not apply to modulus of elasticity or to compression perpen- dicular to grain, but do apply to mechanical fastenings, ‘except as otherwise noted. The load duration factor for impact does not apply to members pressure-impregnated with preservative salts to the heavy retentions required for marine exposure. 13.5.5.2.4 Increases in tabulated stresses result- ing from various load duration factors are not cumulative and the load duration factor forthe shortest duration load in a combination of loads shall apply for that load combination. The resulting structural members shall not be smaller than required for a longer duration of loading (refer to the 1991 Edition of the NDS ® for additional commentary). 13.5.5.2.5 Modificationof design stresses forload combinations, as specified in Section 3, are cumulative ‘with load duration adjustments. 13.5.5.3 Adjustment for Preservative Treatment ‘Tabulated values apply to untreated wood and to wood thatis preservatively treated in accordance with the requirementsof AASHTOM 133, Unless otherwise noted, rho adjustment of tabulated values is required for preser- vative treatment, ‘TABLE 13.5.5A Load Duration Factor, Cp ‘Load Duration CG, Permanent 090 2 months (vehicle live load) 115 7 days 125 I day 133 5 minutes (railing only) 165, Brivce Desicn Sreciricarions * Aprit_ 2000 13.6 BENDING MEMBERS 13.6.1 General 13.6.1.1 _Theprovisions ofthis article are appli- cable to straight members and to slightly curved bending members where the radius of curvature exceeds the span in inches divided by 800. Additional design require ‘ments for curved glued laminated timber members shall be as specified in the 1991 Edition of the NDS®. 13.6.1.2. For simple, continuous, and cantile- vered bending members, the span shall be taken as the clear distance between supports plus one-half the re- ‘quired bearing length at each support. 13.6.1.3 Bending members shall be transversely ‘braced to prevent lateral displacement and rotation and transmitlateral forces tothe bearings. Transverse bracing, shall be provided atthe supports forall span lengths and at intermediate locations as requited for lateral stability and load transfer (Article 13.6.4.4). The depth of trans- verse bracing shall not be less than % the depth of the bending member. 13.6.1.4 _Supportattachments forbending mem- bers shall be of sufficient size and strength to transmit vertical, longitudinal and transverse loads from the su- perstructure to the substructure in accordance with the requirements of Section 3. 13.6.1.5 Glued laminated timber and structural ‘composite lumber girders shall preferably be cambered a ‘minimum 3 times the computed dead load deflection, but rot less than 2 times dead load deflection or 1600 ft ~ 2000 ft radius. See AITC Timber Construction Manual 1994 Edition 4.3 “Camber” and Table 4.5. | 13.6.2 Notching Notching of bending members can severely reduce ‘member capacity and is not recommended. When notch- ing is required for sawn lumber members, design limita- tions and requirements shall be in accordance with the NDS®, 1991 Edition. Design requirements and limita- tions for notching glued laminated timber members shall bbe as given in the “Timber Construction Manual,” 1994 4th Edition by the American Institute of Timber Con- struction, published by John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. Design requirements and imitations for notch- Secrion 13 Woon Sreucrures 13-21 tees& Gitrans ing structural composite lumber shall be as specified for glued laminated timber. 13.6.3 Modulus of Elasticity ‘Themodulus of elasticity used for stiffness and stabil- ity computations shall be the tabulated modulus of elas- ticity adjusted by the applicable adjustment factor given in the following equation: a3) "1 0 allowable modulus of elasticity in psi; E = tabulated modulus of elasticity in psi; Cy = wet service factor from Article 13.5.5.1. 13.6.4 Bending 13.6.4.1 Allowable Stress ‘The allowable unit stress in bending shall be the tabulated stress adjusted by the applicable adjustment factors given in the following equation: Fy=FxCuCoCiCvCLCiCCe 3.2) allowable unit stress in bending psi tabulated unit stress in bending psi wet service factor from Article 13.5.5.1 load duration factor from Article 13.5.5.2 bending size factor forsawn lumber and struc~ tural composite lumber, and for glued lami- nated timber with loads applied parallel 10 the wide face ofthe laminations, from Article 13.642 Cy = volume factor for glued laminated timber with loads applied perpendicular to the wide face of the laminations, from Article 13.6.4.3 G,_ = beam stability factor from Article 13.6.4.4. Cy = form factor from Article 13.6.4.5 Cy = flatuse factor for sawn lumber from footnotes, to Tables 13.5.1A and 13.5.1B C, = repetitive member factor for sawn lumber from footnotes to Table 13.5.1A 13-22 Secrion 13 Woop Structures Bripce DesicN Speciricarions * Aprit 2000 ‘The volume factor, Cy, shall not be applied simulta- neously with the beam stability factor, Cr, and the lesser Of the two factors shall apply in Equation 13-2. 13.6.4.2 Size Factor, Cr 13.6.4.2.1 ‘The tabulated bending stress, for di- mension lumber 2 inches to 4 inches thick shall be ‘multiplied by the bending size factor, Cr, given in the footnotes to Table 13.5.1. 13.6.4.2.2 For rectangular sawn lumber bending ‘members 5 inches or thicker and greater than 12 inches in depth, and for glued laminated timber with loads applied parallel to the wide face of the laminations and greater than 12 inches in depth, the tabulated bending stress shall bbe multiplied by the size factor, Cr, determined from the following relationship: en(a where d is the member depth in inches. 3.3) 13.6.4.2.3._ For structural composite lumber bend- ing members of any width, the tabulated bending stress, shall be reduced by the size factor, Cr , given by the following equation: Cp = @nyim(2iay™ «13.4 where: L_ = length of bending member between points of zero moment in feet; 4 = depth of bending member in inches: m= parameterforthespeciticmatrial determined inaccordance withthe requirementsof ASTM D456, 13.6.4.3 Volume Factor, Cy 13.6.4.3.1 ‘The tabulated bending stress for glued laminated timber bending members with loads applied perpendicular to the wide face ofthe laminations shall be adjusted by the volume factor, Cy, as determined by the following relationship. C,-QULy(27a)"6.125)" sL0 (13-5)GE Giltrans where: o = length of bending member between points of zero moment in feet; 143 fective length in inches; 1, = unsupported length in inches; d= depth of bending member in inches. If lateral support is provided to prevent rotation at the points of bearing, but no other lateral support is provided throughout the bending member length, the unsupported length, lis the distance between points of bearing, or the length of a cantilever. BripGe_DesicN Specirications * Aprit_2000 If lateral support is provided to prevent rotation and lateral displacement at intermediate points as well as at the bearings, the unsupported length, ly, isthe distance between such points of intermediate lateral support. 13.6.4.4.4 Theslendemessratioforbending mem- bers, Ray is determined from the following equation: fea Rg = fee <50 27 ye (13-6) where: y= bending member slenderness ratio; d_ = depth of bending member in inches; b= width of bending member in inches. 13.6.4.4.5 The beam stability factor, Cy, shall be computed as follows: Gee) [enemy Rem 190 361 0.95 C 3-7) Kk! Bene (13-8) where: Fj = tabulated bending stress adjusted by all ap- plicable adjustment factors given in Equa- tion 13-2 except the volume factor, Cy, the beam stability factor, C,, and the flat-use factor, Ci Keg = 0.438 for visually graded sawn lumber 0.609, for glued laminated timber, structural com- posite lumber, and machine stress rated lum- ber; E = allowable modulus of elasticity in psi as determined by Article 13.6.3. 13.6.4.5 Form Factor, Cr For bending members with circular cross sections the tabulated bending stress shall be adjusted by the form factor, Cy = 1.18. A tapered circular section shall be consideredasa bending member of variablecrosssection. Secrion 13 _ Woop Structures 13-23GE Gitrans 13.6.5 Shear Parallel to Grain 13.6.5.1 General 13.6.5.1.1 The provisions of this article apply to shear parallel to grain (horizontal shear) at or near the points of vertical support of sotid bending members Refer to the 1991 edition of the NDS® for additional design requirements for other member types. 13.6.5.1.2 The critical shear in wood bending members is shear parallel to grain. It is unnecessary to verify the strength of bending members in shear perpen- dicular to grain. 13.6.5.2. Actual Stress ‘The actual unit stress in shear parallel to grain due to | applied loading on rectangular members shall be deter- mined by the following equation: av aoa (13-9) where: fy = actual unit sess in shear parallel to grain in psi: b = width of bending member in inches; d= depth of bending member in inches; V = vertical shear in pounds, as determined in accordance with the following provisions. For uniformly distributed loads, such as dead load, the ‘magnitude of vertical shear used in Equation 13-9 shall be the maximum shear occurring at a distance from the support equal to the bending member depth, d. When members are supported by full bearing on one surface, with loads applied to the opposite surface, all loads within a distance from the supports equal to the bending. member depth shall be neglected. For vehicle live loads, the loads shall be placed 0 produce the maximum vertical shear atadistance fromthe support equal to three times the bending member depth, 3d, oratthespan quarter point,L/4, whicheveris the lesser distance from the support. The distributed live load shear used in Equation 13-9 shall be determined by the follow- ing expression: Viz =050((060Viy)*Vio] 13:10) 13-24 Secnion 13 _Woop Structures Bripce DesiGn Specirications * Aprit_ 2000 where: distributed live load vertical shear in pounds; ‘maximum vertical shear, in pounds, at 34 or 1/4 due to undistributed wheel loads; ‘maximum vertical shear, in pounds, at 3d or 1L/4 due to wheel loads distributed laterally as specified for moment in Article 3.23. Vue ww Vw = For undistributed whee! loads, one line of wheels is assumed to be carried by one bending member. 13.6.5.3 Allowable Stress ‘Theallowable unit stess in shear parallel to grain shall be the tabulated stress adjusted by the applicable adjust- ‘ment factors given in the following equation: R=RCwCp (3-1) where: F,_ = allowableunitstressin shear parallelto grain = (abut nites in shear pall grin Cu = wet service factor from Article 135.5 load duration factor from Article 13.5.5.2. For sawn lumber beams, further adjustment by the shear stress factor may be applicable as described in the footnotes to Table 13.5.1A. For structural composite lumber, more restrictive ad- Jjustments to the tabulated shear stress parallel to grain shall be as recommended by the material manufacturer. 13.6.6 Compression Perpendicular to Grain 13.6.6.1 General When calculating the bearing stress in compression perpendicular to grain at beam end, a uniform stress distribution shall be assumed. 13.6.6.2 Allowable Stress ‘The allowable unit stress in compression perpendicu- lar to grain shall be the tabulated stress adjusted by the& GQiltrans applicable adjustment factors given in the following, equation: (13-12) allowable unit stress in compression perpen- dicular to grain, in psi: tabulated unit stress in compression perpen- dicular to grain, in psi: wet service factor from Article 13.5.5.13 bearing area factor from Article 13.6.63. | 13.6.6.3 Bearing Area Factor, Cy Tabulated values in compression perpendicular to grain apply to bearings of any length at beam ends, and to all bearings 6 inches or more in length at any other location, For bearings less than 6 inches in length and not nearer than 3 inches to the end of a member, the tabulated value shall be adjusted by the bearing area factor, Cy, given by the following equation: by +0375 ye (13-13) where fy is the length of bearing in inches, measured parallel to the wood grain. For round washers, or other round bearing areas, the length of bearing shall be the diameter of the bearing area ‘The multiplying factors for bearing lengths on small areas such as plates and washers are given in Table 136.14. TABLE 13.6.1A Values of the Bearing Area Factor, Cb, for Small Bearing Areas | Tength of Bearing, (in) 12 1 142 234 Gormore Bearing Area Factor, Cy 1.75 138125 119 113 1.10100 13.6.7 Bearing on Inclined Surfaces For bearing on an inclined surface, the allowable unit stress in bearing shall be as given by the following equation; Brince Desicn Speciricarions * Apri 2000 FoF in’@ + F’,cos’@ (3-14) where: a allowable unit stress for bearing on an in- clined surface, in psi: allowable unit stress in bearing parallel to grain from Article 13.7.4; allowable unt stress in compression perpen- dicular tothe grain from Article 13.6.6; angle in degrees between the direction of load and the direction of grain. mom 13.7 COMPRESSION MEMBERS 13.7.1 General 13.7.1.1 The provisions of this article apply to simple solid columns consisting ofa single piece of sawn lumber, piling, structural composite lumber, or glued laminated timber. Refer to the 1991 Edition of the NDS® for design requirements for built-up columns, consisting of a number of solid members joined together with me- ‘chanical fasteners, and for spaced columns consisting of two or more individual members with their longitudinal axes parallel, separated and fastened at theends and atone ‘or more interior points by blocking. 13.7.1.2. —Theterm“column’ referstoalltypesof ‘compression members, including members forming part of a truss or other structural components. 13.7.1.3 Column bracing shall be provided where necessary to provide lateral stability and resist | wind or other lateral forces. 13.7.2. Eccent Stresses Loading or Combined ‘Members with eccentric loading or combined stresses shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of the NDS®, 1991 Edition Secnion 13_ Wooo S 13-25& Giltrans 13.7.3 Compre 13.7.3.1 Net Section ‘The actual unit stress in compression parallel to grain, {,,shall be based on the net sectionas describedin Article 13.1, except that it may be based on the gross section when the reduced section does not occur in the critical part of the column length that is most subject to potential buckling, 13.7.3.2. Allowable Stress The allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grain shall not exceed the tabulated stress adjusted by the applicable adjustment factors given in the following equation; E=RCuCpCrCy (13-15) where: F,__ = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grain in pss = tabulated unit stress in compression parallel to grain in psis Cy = wetservice factor from Article 13.5.5.1; Co. = load duration factor from Article 135.52: Cp = compressionsize factor for sawn lumber from footnotes to Table 13.5.1A; Cp = columnstability factor from Article 13.7.3.3, 13.7.3.3 Column Stability Factor, Cp 13.7.3.3.1 Tabulated values in compression par- allel to grain are applicable to members which are ad- equately braved. When members are not adequately braced, the tabulated stress shall be modified by the column stability factor, Cp. 13.7.3,3.2 When a compression member is sup- ported throughout its length to prevent lateral displace~ ‘ment in all directions, Cp= 1.0. For other conditions, the column stability factor shall be determined in accordance ‘with the following provisions 13.7,3.3.3 The effective column length, [c, shall bbe determined in accordance with good engineering practice, 13-26 Section 13 Woop Srauctures Bripce Desicn Specirications * Aprit_2000 Actual column length /, may be multiplied by an effective length factor to determine the effective column length: (03-16) where: [_ = effective column length in inches K = effective length factor from TableC-1 of Appen- dixC 1 = actual column length between points of lateral support in inches. 13.7.3.3.4 For columns of rectangular eross sec- tion, the column slenderness ratio //d, shall be taken as the larger ofthe ratios, fd) ot f3/dz.(See Figure 13.7.1) ‘The slenderness ratio shall not exceed 50. 1 and fz = distances between points of lateral support in planes 1 and 2, inches. 4, and d; = cross-sectional dimensions of rectangular compression member in planes of lateral support, inches. FIGURE13.7.14 13.7.3.3.5 The column stability factor, Cp, shall be as given by the following expressions: (+ F/R (cP LeBel 3-17)(13-18) ‘TABLE 13.7.1A Support Condition Coefficients for ‘Tapered Columns ‘Support Condition Coefihent, Large end fixed, small end unsupported 0.70 Smal end fixe, large end unsupported 030 Both ends simpy supported 0.50 0.70 FE = tabulated sessin compression parallel to grain adjusted by all applicable modification factors siven in Equation 13-14 except Cp Ke = 0.300 for visually graded sawn lumber:0.418 for glued laminated timber, structural com- posite lumber, and machine sress-rated lum- ber: 0,80 for sawn lumber; 0.85 for round piles; 0.90 for glued laminated timber and struc- tural composite lumber. For especially severe service conditions or extraordi- nary hazardous conditions, the useof lower design values than those obtained above may be necessary. Refer to the 1991 Edition of the NDS®. 13.7.3.4 Tapered Columns 13.7.3.4.1 Forrectangular columns tapered atone cor both ends, the cross-sectional area shall be based onthe representative dimension of each tapered face. The rep- resentative dimension, dre, of each tapered face shall be based on the support condition coefficient given in Table B71. 13.7.3.4.2 For support conditions given in Table 1.7.14, the representative dimension, dry. of each ta- pered face shall be as given by the following equation fry “an “San |a-0141 J (13-19) Sie BripGe_DesiGN Specirications * Aprit 2000 where: dnp = representative dimension for a tapered col- umn face, in inches; dain = minimum column face dimension, in inches; max = maximum column face dimension, ininches; a = coefficient based on support conditions. 13.7.3.4.3 Forsupportconditionsotherthanthose in Table 13.7.1A, the representative dimension of each tapered face shall be as given by the following equation: pep = Ein +0-33(A max —Fnin ) ee 03-20) 13.7.3.4.4 For any tapered column, the actual stress in compression parallel to grain, f.,shall notexceed the allowable stress determined by Equation 13-14, as- suming the column stability factor C, = 1.0. 13.7.3.5 Round Columns ‘The design of a round column shall be based on the design ofasquare columnof the same-cross-sectional area with the same degree of taper. 13.7.4 Bearing Parallel to Grain 13.7.4.1 The actual stress in bearing parallel t0 ‘grain shall be based on the net area and shall not exceed the tabulated stress for bearing parallel to grain adjusted by the applicable adjustment factor given in the follow- ing equation: F=RCp 329 where: F, = allowable unit stress in bearing parallel to rain in psi: F, = tabulated unit stress in bearing parallel to grain from Table 13.5.2A, in psis Cy = load duration factor from Article 13.5.5. 13.7.4. When the bearing load is at an angle to the grain, the allowable bearing stress shall be determined by Equation 13-14, using the design values for end-grain Secnion 13 _ Woo Structures. 13.27GE Giltrans bearing parallel to grain and design values in compres- sion perpendicular to grain, 13.7.4.3 Whenbearing parallel tograinexceeds 75% of the allowable value determined by Equation 13- 21, bearing shall be on a metal plate or on other durable, rigid, homogeneous material of adequate strength and stiffness to distribute applied loads over the entire bear- ing area 13.8 TENSION MEMBERS 13.8.1 Tension Parallel to Grain ‘The allowable unit stress in tension parallel to grain shall be the tabulated value adjusted by the applicable adjustment factors given in the following equation: K=RCuCoCr (13.22) where: F = allowable unitstress in tension parallel to grain in psi; F, = tabulated unit stress in tension parallel to grain in psi; Gur = wet service factor from Article 13.5.5. Co = load duration factor from Article 13.5.5.2;, Cr = tension size factor for sawn lumber from foot- notes to Table 13.5.1A and for structural composite lumber from footnotes to Tables 13.544 and 13.5.8. 13.8.2 Tension Perpendicular to Grain Designs which induce tension perpendicular to the grainof wood members should not be used. When tension perpendicular to grain cannot be avoided, mechanical reinforcement sufficientto rsistall such forces should be used. Referto the 1991 Editionof the NDS® for additional information. 13-28 Section 13 _ Woop STRUCTURES Bripce DesicN Speciricarions * Apri 2000 13.9 MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS 13.9.1 General 13.9.1.1 Except as otherwise required by this specification, mechanical connections and their installa tion shall conform to the requirements of the NDS®, 1991 Edition, 13.9.1.2 Components at mechanical connec- tions, including the wood members, connecting ele- ‘ments, and fasteners, shall be proportioned so that the design strength equals or exceeds the required strength for the loads acting on the structure. The strength of the connected wood components shall be evaluated consid- ering the net section, eccentricity, shear, tension perpen- dicular to grainand other factors that may reduce compo- nent strength, 13.9.2 Corrosion Protection 13.9.2.1_ Exceptas permitted by this section, all, steel hardware for wood structures shall be galvanized in accordance with AASHTO M 232 oF cadmium plated in accordance with AASHTO M 299. 13.9.2.2 All steel components, timber connec- tors, and castings, other than malleable iron, shall be galvanized in accordance with AASHTO M111 13.9.2.3 Alternative corrosion protection coat- ings, such as epoxies, may be used when the demonstrated performance of the coating is sufficient to provide ad- ‘equate protection for the intended exposure conduction. 13.9.2.4_Heat-treatedalloy componentsand fas- tenings shall be protected by an approved alternative protective treatment that does not adversely affect the ‘mechanical properties of the material. 13.9.3. Fasteners 13.9.3. Fastener design values shall be ad- Jjusted by the applicable adjustment factors for the in- tended use condition.& Bripce_Desion Speciricarions + ApRit 2000 Giltrans 13.9.3.2.__ Whendetermining fastener design val- tues, wood shall be assumed to be used under wet-use or exposed to weather conditions. 13.9.3.3 Glulam rivets shall not be used in per- ‘manent structures. 13.9.4 Washers 13.9.4.1 Washers shall be provided under bolt and ag screw heads and undernutsthatarein contact with ‘wood. Washers may be omitted under heads of special timber boltsordome-head bolts when the size and strength of the head is sufficient to develop connection strength without excessive wood crushing. 13.9.4.2. Washers shall be of sufficient size and strength to prevent excessive wood crushing when the fastener is tightened. For bolts or rods loaded in tension, washers shal be of sufficient size and strength to develop the tensile strength of the connection without excessive bending or exceeding wood strength in compression perpendicular to grain. Secrion 13 Woop Srrucrures 13-29