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+ ( + ) 2 2 + 2
2
2
PV=nRT
Chain
isomerism
Structural
Isomerism
Positional
isomerism
Functional
isomerism
Isomerism
Stereoisomerism
-differ in
orientation of
atoms group in
space
cis-,trans- isomers
Geometrical
isomerism
Optical
isomerism
+ isomer
dextrorotatory
d-isomer
Enantiomers
levorotatory
l-isomer
:rotate light anticlockwise
Bond Fission
Reaction
Heterolytic Fission
Bond Fussion
Lewis
Bronsted Lowry
Initiation Step
Free Radical Substitution
Propagation Step
Termination Step
600~900 oC
Termal Cracking
Fractional
Distillation
free radical
mechanism
silica & alumina
Catalytic Cracking
carbocation
mechanism
Fractions are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2 +
+2 3
3 + +
7. PbBr4 (Leaded Petrol)
-poisonous (brain damage)
Catalyst: Platinum, Palladium
1st compartment
Thermal Reactor
: oxidise CO
CO + O2 -> CO2
2nd compartment
Catalytic Reactor
: reduce NO/NO2
2NO -> N2 + O2
Catalytic
Convertor
Non-flammable
Inert
CFCs (Freon)
Effect of DDT
preserve biological
specimen
aqueous methanal
Uses of carbonyl
compound
propanone
drying agent in lab
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glocose (photosynthesis)
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Monosaccharide
(CnH2nOn)
Disaccharides
(Cn+1H2nOn)
Tollens' reagen
Fehling's solution
Benedict's reagent
(Na2CO3, NaCN, CuSO4)
--> Brick-red prep. CuO
Lower carboxylic acid and benzoic acid form dimer in vapour phase and when dissolved in non-polar
solvent.
ethanoic acid (vinegar)
Food preservative
Uses of carboxylic acid
Manufacture of
polymer
Perfume
Purification of ester
1. Shaking ester with ~ in a separating funnel
a. Sodium carbonate solution
- Remove ethanoic acid
b. Calcium chloride solution
- Remove ethanol
c. Water
- Remove NaCO3 & CaCl2
2. Now contains small amount of H2O
- Use fused CaCl2 / CaO to dry
Ester
Food flavouring
Preservative
Uses of ester
Perfume
Solvent: clean circuit board
-amino acid
- amino group and carboxyl group attached to same C
Amino acid
Zwitterion is amphoteric
pH of amino acid that is electrically neutral without net charge is called isoelectric point.
Electrophoresis is the separation of amino acid based on their immigration under the effect of electric
field at specific pH.
Sequence of a.a
-NH2~~~~-COOH
Proteins > 105 a.a
General formula
Partial
Hydrolysis
Hydolysis