cry MATERIAL SME AND METALLURGY eptrngatstyseunnuye cere the science mast event perreird ‘eal and sure oly. sy wil sngate tech cheap lobo and cee seems 2 Engineering Materials 2 MATERIAL, Denoltion ‘A material that ou of wich ayn or may be ade A nse lates mate. Mates comprise wie range of metals and nome which cust he opted yp form the shed pred 22 MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION Most ngiceing tei maybe clase int oe othe flow ingtypes | Peres (@ Meals Noe froue (6) Orgssiee (0) Ceranies (6) Semiconductors (Composites (METALS Mtl lay oor olen th nds an every eof human ‘beings: We ee hundreds of metal bjs ad pars whic nd enginestng ‘pation, Atal are compote of cloments which edly gic up lesions toproide a meal bad and elercal condi, ~ Metal gery posses te loi characterises () tare (i) Hardness (i) Lowspecicheat (a) Pai deormsbity (©) Good hemal nd clic omdotinty (4) Rete high cine po (8) Steno (i) acy (2) Maca ©) Opty G8) Siltcs (ss) Rey (2) Fama Ge) Maint6) Wetsbitny ) Dien sai. ~ Exams efcomnly employed metas aes (oi) Cab ‘or foginion pe i dee (©) Magnesium, etc. oe (0) CERAMIC MATERIALS, Ceramics usualy consist of Coys my com of oss, ies, caries, ous or fem eta om = Grima eek ry an ~ Ge ‘tera cea compos of ee an ‘Reuallc elemeats, such as MgO, SiO SiC, BITIOs glasses ete, Stchcompoun comin ook taco ee ~ tmpotat haart of cramic ae: @ Brittleness zs (Reset reanace i) Resta hgh emportcs, () Hardee Ate (2) latin (ofa of ee eure (2 Sra : (a) Op ot 1G) Mpstempertr regi ~ Esampls of ceramic materials are: sant i) oa eo mck © Gen i Sse (3 falas on) Sion eaide can (tons “greta Gi) Abrasives aie (ai) Pace (©) ORGANIC MATERIALS ~ They ae palymerc materia com Pabmersars sll composed of lin molar are ~ Ther ar counss ore mera arr on "sctucand bse comical on cabo h 7M OF pos of eben sompouni NOIMTERING MATERIALS S — important characterises of orgie materials (cg, wood, ‘ater and plate) are: ‘Lt ihe 0) Combustible gz 0) Doate (0) Not dimeasionly stable (i) Poor conductors of heat and lecicy (Gn) Poor rsttancettempetature — Examples of organic materia ae @) Robber (i) Plas i) Pape () Packs 1) Mood (6) Ksbecans (oi) Testes (6) Pao ses (i) Ades 6) Bas = Organ materia in ollowing wes: 1 Acclecrcnsution (i) Rorimprving appearance Gi) Ast of fi) Asis and dines (3) Por precio apuinetcosia, igh empectire, a eee oe on is, ot erp ea opti ener oohieecoeg hanes Bickstsaartes nanos =o o caret sae Sri ita eee, Scceinrorne econ cds So Soins kaie oe oo = Semicoeducers hay elects properties tha ae iterate betwee the clecicl conductors td aunts, Furthermore, (0) Avaahesves (i) Ardetergensa ATIUAL SCIDNCE AND METALLURGY he etal characteris of use masts ae etree sen ‘sive tothe pesace of aus concnaton of imps stacy, ‘hick concentrations maybe contalled oct very nal peal repous, The semicndactrs have made psc the abet ot Integrated Gitta has tay eolioned the eee andeomputer indus, 23 ENGINEKRING REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS ~ Engin retires of ater means wat heapcied tice teri otha he sane catcsscreaty IuSingognering coments such cctnisate eee oe ~ Wa egies hina deg and aicig se Sle appt be goss serch ofthat marl ies pons sh proper wil pera the congue ato pstorse foncoes ries wien me For ramps ose aks igh sped al or manga milieu a Ponce eee Nie ~ The main ngoeing regulrment ater fll ni ice cep (0) Fabri requement (Sere reuscns (0) Econo tequromeas, abceatin requirements mean thatthe ater sul be able to gxtshaped (eg, at forged Frmed, chow steed ce) and seed (Ga, welded, brazed, ct) easly. Favicon equtecens sone ie she wat rater hn, day ee na ‘weldability, ete a ia Serie requrementsinplyiat the mesial sected forthe purpose Ima stand upto serie denna, ep, proper seats neat ee, Ecanumie requirments demand thatthe engocring pat shouldbe ‘made with miiom overall cov. Misi wir cont tbe oboe Lbyproperselstin of bah echnical and marking wrane, 3 Properties of Engineering Materials a wvtRoouCTION : py re (Mae Proper i» a tat hres ian ors ese ag re nael tia comnts epoca aoe Poprts render 2 masa wale o muse ‘ei st nay a ei leet the detente ocelot mee a oe ae Sigeaent od 0 a epee Sater fiegeceeict = reste el apices ~ Bitte aeda potest Oy tat pen Nope 2 Eaters (8) Maguetic properties {G) Chemical properties {Opal pee moses & reapers 23. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES esti poperinse ct haces mata at uote tile teetcnreatemn SiS medal cpr ma Sean ee coo fmt and rece Scceybhgeoe ies — MEISE papers cn fe determin by conducting ee wetter ne mts yeoman : ae tc ania oan t 9m = ape? = Lap32 MATENAL SCI AND METALLURGY ul plo fl en nt og ca rege sao SE ed abs of moins which Soo great ke eee cama ere cece ee Poi we wey we omanuacnag mer rs i yen py re ese oe Stebel arches ore . ~ Voion echnical pean ©) mc A liquid or gus adagas itett tot ‘SUR et te dap ot cmc toric vil Sapper pe lore ii seek in ogi dena eee _Sechalion popery ed src aa recover fy the doting fs of he hase may be Saito ei dened cry or nee si, the ene wade or cre, Accae merase evel some dlp ty and nhac eocs nal ~ Gi prc dito a ely sd sng he dint of he toy of clticy rete a deere concerts fy set atm ofeciy, sores = LEED, nw Chain ath area) Orpaalengi snd Youngs mola of aici = SEE 2) Pasty ue Fete ag ay (ema amenar eo _ laments a ‘aloe mca nthe wl sa The aiimom si te snd {is sini a ha shad cae yemanetdfemston {2n be compat om a knowles of tc Bond see SRL con Gein a imesh ate required ote uae i ‘erystal as determined by testing. mate nore For ost meri te plate deformation (lows the eli (sforrntin Refering to ree tsi carve (i. 31) amatera (hop the aw of ela aide for stn bel the id tress Shs flowed by he pli deformation. — The mechanim of plas deformation bs esenghy diferent IRepwatinc interne and moma materials Cetalie ‘uljiandee lat demain ers of aa, ree Spuaitgapejaneswbscess nano Se ages ise eaTa) molec ia at one sac. ©) Towns , eons he bof the mae 9 bo sae dig Hellion toler: Fee eT Sy oa mara owehsandhendiag Tre ppt fesse owt acre. Be det ‘Soon copper entemelyongh tren ton nt = Speeincn geometry ae well ste ner of oud application Se pence inoue dermis For et loating sedi apd when atch (arg of ses cones Stes mal ulna ance yong a pC (CT ~Ghapler ©) Faghceaste fac gines sons _pesmuetrpims reteset Be uleata eae snes seni — Panel enter te ended bythe the mares tenale dees care vp to the pit of (& estene Terme iy ating Fee an deers winis See CEST on meaedn a hac Tae sscaed property the mots of esilnee, whic the Stas ceery per wi kms roqued (esa materi rom ‘reload ate op tothe poi vein — Resiveace tually reared by determing the rebound of & enol fal frail pac erepreeas the ratio of horn up cory rom deforma tents eared te produce deformation. For pele eltc material hs abo NATERIAL SCHECE AND MERA ORGY ‘shold bone bu are mei, theres ys some aunt ‘fencgy thats csipsted at heat cae uth nice ea, ite materia. The tempera lec eece mre hah the actor. (9) Teste Soeogth ae he fe ms kd 1g res Sella ct oto Teen denicucagnea ee ‘ie erie sengh est the free ace i fret fhe mere ~ Tans sph or alinate regs te maximum pin shen ‘the strsssrain care (Fie) ~ Tense ateagh is esas ofthe rng and city o teri ~ Tele rng vale common tbe asa basis fing te working steses especialy in ite mucin (© Veteran ‘Eeormation Wala enliely nies ~ Hed sent ht vale of ates Obich a mates eiia a ‘Beced deviton from proportonaiyoftaese ede WK Det astra oe pt cer ie Hei Srna sd scales ang Be Tos sess Tieldby the ego soussectonst aren tthe oes (rience image stent ip ae ~ poeta uOisetegirge ate cereals scion aaa Winco ‘Pence sin ego ae36 Slay pormenen defcmation. Th dt emstion mont en ed is (Fg (tapas Strength oun eh ugh sand strength of a mater ete Fe on. 2, "Gowrie fre. This the posi magnetizing fore which ecstary to remove posons mageteation or tessal magctiation ‘The cocci fore should be sal ta mages St mates geri Refer Chapters 4. Supereonduciity * perma «phenomenon fering othe a which the bro deup in sled resuance of ceiin maria trcomes sro af (ompertares belo a cern eral vempe ature ‘A superconductor becomes pede dnmagnetic materi et ‘Ghoti a mgt fil tee asmal pentatin region nee ‘he sulace extending wer rion abot 0 nm dep. THs 1 now he Mer oe There ae afew atari sch tA, PS, W, Ti NDT alloy, {ia Poste for which str at erylow emp ‘ate abrapty pages rm ne vale fone ht sitllemus 3a 325 MaTERIN saNcE AND MeraLLLEGy J pgoroRres oF ENGINEERING Shae as Doe Senet sores ti nce called super r3 and the te ure ut which they attain efleconce (Ra a Sean a ~ For anybody snd any wavelength ~ Maoh neing mals wen ey con cnn seep = Enishi pit osteopenia — im hal tcetraton hs en te ein cd wig ig on shen pense acter, —Reaghnee de ae muurmarn ce ent) = BEE tse doves ethyl ce ~ Senet aes oe 1. Corrasion resins sed = ata sori ; 2 Gata capes ee 5 Adpenaaeae 1. Corrosion tithe deteioratoa os matrlby chanical rea ‘io wit cmtonmrn, Corrosion dg tthe mater, {Goroson tack metas as wellat on-set Cotason ofconeete bysulphaesinsaisiea common pation, For dt reer Cape M2 OPTICAL proventmes ss materi propria and reduces economic value ~ Optical opti of mate of cginecrng mortar ane I Refract index 2% Alwortyand Absorption cothicas 3. Reflect. 1 Refextve Inde th tio ofthe yo igh in acu, tothe velocity of ig wahin a mae ~ Retrotne idx may ls be expressed i terms of angle of ine ‘Rise eace and he ago releactons Become nw SL ee er 2 _Absorpavity ein ba pane ~ fe cate ince on any matrilgets party transite, ae anagem: ested and sbsvbe, The decal acta omenited cea8 ATRIAL SCIENCE AND METALLLROY ‘M3 PHYSICAL pRopeatms ~ Pha ropes ae employed to describe a maeilvader ‘tions in Bich aera nes eso cocot ~ Pini properics of a materi ae thse at dosed inthe fetta pysee| ~ Payal peti: (©) Dimensions (©) Arvearnce © Cour (@ Deke ©) Metis pin © Povesty ©) Suuctne ce (©) Dimensions ~ Rimes of» material imps is ie (e best, wd na dcter et) and shape (eset agnor den channel sgl et) ©) Appearance ~ Dire mates have dierent loks. Ase oaks carly inti tom woo tpn ~ Ere mci themes hn pt fret apperances eg, sisiunsa sry whic metal wheres copper amen ity ~ Appearance incades se, clo ‘be sfc) ofa materal ~ Kir th by os mateo ef ht when Git ps sed Is the brighincsof scarce ‘A-meal ci be else fn aon eal onthe bai re, Wrowsht kon ssa redsceyappearene, Bilstel hn scot ish wh a eck sheen, ~ Cason show end ten (0 Cour (lutte of ppecae fa materi that depen on {be sett camposion ofthe lh teach the ra nee (2S adn the figs temporal and spatial detec ee silo of maidens pa Re waren aa ‘he miei ean ase, ‘The clout of the masts very bela nication of ela Table 5 ges clos posted ty ders a a inh in mack om ee a ex) oe Heow Eee) may . ¥ : = The density isthe weight of unit volume of a material expressed. es ver, hihewimterat om perunee, re isthe weg os gram rom, “ite te pram nd Nie sone ttm er aaa, wea 0) {Avopades eur ) ~ Density pends o sme extent cathe (i Para the mei Ui) Poco (i) rennet met anes ~ Bsrhaetieate acs Sty aece ~ iether ae ©) sting ri : . One metal can be distinguished from the other on the basis of ring point MeLing pint of metal that tmpratre at which the sealer a peecnagrene a330 O) Pawo (A aerial ssi tobe porous if thas pes within it, Pon ‘short brican ana sisted sclFlbveatng Beate, “Tres pocaty ~ Teal pte eee ii lk (ta vole © Structure = Smet mea 5 pce reams of mater ~ Scie assign he srnsemenf in attr eleon sea (on sobetoe fare (on tae keel (Eo eat fer Caper 35) SM TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND xuons Cone ~ Techs rope thse which thos hich hv Bering boesig alr api orcvand ta ‘alc tpeaied gay te targa ~ Fehcogel popes who he sone er (© Cosi ‘ ” 2) Macias (©) Weldabitity w Soler {©} Worse (©) Camis Cua i rat com Sai tat compe eoneny fa mo ty wich 10 fa macld soar to ghee fewess (0 ty felon aed cana be dstrned ~ Ht apo tore bth: Rtn rhe rope ef em vin temperate) an he pctvol auto te se oxide films can also have some influence, ae ae) Ne csi of asin enc so god a that of fe tals pony whe hearer Tce acre ‘ompounds, Este allyson the oer haad ee sen ‘eel, sometines beter ha the perc meal ature of tho (ermal conduct components al components lel, pn rue me ), and mrarucne (ons were ~ Cautebity ‘ncreazes Hoga wih the temperature bore the Sling pig ene the mo ther becomes more Aud. TAS ‘reheating hs, bowers, am opium val beyond whic the ‘asi dereater asin a sue of ntcased aborpion of fe aod tiation. ~The svintape ofthe metal inthe would oe slit a0) ling ie sho of inprtance i depends the coetcient of ‘pasion ofthe el th casting tempertare sade naa of {he oul, ge tage for undksbl, because bs fk eves sod crack forming nd ao Hecate of the need fo ue Big tere hving cing, wba ewer the i of the ming proces Machinbiiy = Machina a complex propery ‘Atle inconsierd sem to ache fit can he machined tj gen ol wit caer ond mt ig epeed, abou unduly ding the eof the took sod the esl hed race, ‘hooth and within the rquited oerncs, ‘Amincreme in he eating ate means dereae inthe ie fhe {ool ae et ofthe neresed Heat and wea hat hem oer ‘Oat ther hand hee of tito aa Be intend bya go shoice of cool nd toal material, ‘Theronghnes ol the Gnihed srace depends cathe material co the machining cones, the form and fishing ofthe eating to and ex gly the stil ofthe ache. "Tee accuracy of machining depend not oly x the quality ofthe tool and mactine ul ao oa the frm ofthe Bul-ap cating td, which slageyisenced by the ature of he materi 0 be machined. ‘The abwe (planation) inet the complex nature of machina. Aves imply have Tes 4 the we of ache ‘Tew deteroined by comparing the macknabity of «given aor under epeifed codinas wih that of mache tail airy take e standord thie sanded material {Gren a ndox of 10th indxof te materia i queson canbe ‘xen ar peo th ‘ebte 36 ges she machiabty fa numberof common con ‘rote materiaMinaepe Srcnincneteinerc aa mrs Spenasitesrn* HO Weta ~ iy py ei ae eed nde Liisi eden pac mn sap aj secs md pete sity Se geet "Bs pce © mal i god ea Bina oncom a ~ Wi pent pre weg ence, srl oink oat ed ae Sica sem or cain yb fags age ot i Sie: prod a mab es Be “GRATE uc npr ne one a ‘soln op ee ~Prorsclatyeenopmioccs ithe wl tmp ih emesin hey ne $d tte wedge Ceca ae Maal “ile tos as aaa ekg ee Sd crs barn ned tein a Sn te an apn oe ne ~ Gon ily men a he a es ae ins wok aarp or en a ite en om etc aca ~ Wisc my dens canta Sedcing sane sg a "api outing whic lows The tendency hanes se Te tenceney te hardening is mainly [ROPERNIS OF ENGINEERING MATERUALS aa hernia ‘Bement cho lel onion, manga a cp no Imari (oe welded are ao important Factors. God sow hoc, such a eoppet and ais, con gine trouble dang ‘welding by the rapid conducting of beat away om the weld. A igh cocticee of expansion seas comida expansion of the pee being welded and hence rin, michel be canbe by special meas. Fartermore shrinkage stesso me) ‘occur during coking nd vet in rig ~ Ingeetl he ferences between th weldabily of th ais onstrctioal materials ar greater with wesing proces in ‘hing meling than with et reetance welding ‘Spor welding and proton weling wre posible wih mest ‘Baers so lang ate cnet and welding peer, este "eid and electrode cogs stl Seeentiay ~The solder of «materials dtermined bythe purity of Re surface any he choles ef soler and fan. OF gest importance In thiscomnectons whether the hx canbe comm aon sles soierng nif ogee the rei can promote orznio. the Mis to dean he snc fhe mel prope, ‘taste ceil very ate ec means hat here eas ‘kha the remaining ace of al caus corroson J ation, to deaing the meal wrfce he fos mit aso rede the sac fenton ofthe mote sider, shat this an Spread out more enuly ovr the sure, while it should ako ‘pps endation ofthe mea arte, ad ofthe ser daring the sldring proces. The choice f Tux depends onthe solder. ing temperature, ob theatre of the mt ob ered and oo ‘hon much corouon cat be tlre, ~ Solder are csi sf oer tad had solder the ore ve a elatielfow meg pit alco ay of ays wie theater haves comer bigher mee pit, so thai is general impose to we them with an let soldering ion. Har ser inclde the iter sodas, which are alloy of ves, oppo and ie. Whes brass bs the fil, {he process termed basing inead of ard okra nea elo ie Table 7 asthe detal fo sol336 MATERIAL SINCE AND METALLURGY “ Settee SE Magee is = een ee mars 2 8 Re ESS Eewiis . wp Bes ©) WertsbiteyRormatitiy ~ Thera of wmctalis mach cobras uj Ia be enscred seperti osc pose face eg foling eaving or extras af deepening spe or haing ~The me fe fomig mos dries te epee ie to ge apart metal oer. po ests are se fled the ste seca oe meta fesion ‘ith cl foming, barening ose whichis dhe pasible ‘nl elma snot thee homing eae is cared oat temperate above the temas {emperors ae 4 Selection of Materials FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF MATERIALS OR ENGINEERING PURPOSES Properties of Materials = The mot morte factor alletog selection of materials fr Cagocring design the proper of the materia rio 0 the intendod use The proprisn of he mari define specific charactesiics of the malar ond for a Bae for psig Behaviour of the rater vader dilerestcoaiions The imperial properties of wails ae 1, Mechanica eg, sree 2 Therma eg, aca ah. 2 Chemical 2g atnosphor, ater, chemicals 44 Bhatia eg powes,cnret 5. Radiation: bt, Uva, Nok, (Refo rape 3). Perormance Requirements ~The mail f whic a parti composed must be capable of ibodhiag oe performing» pars anetion webout Etre. Por ‘Simple conse atta be seed a frase must of tha ‘Baeil eich can with igh eeperaures. — Wie it nv alwaye pet sgn gamit values tse fantional requests, they ost be related preci) ts possble to speed alata of the mow clos appbeale Deena, phyla elector thermal popes. (© Materia Rea A matriaina gen pptieation mat aoe ae Simpy stated, etait dere of proudly nt proc ad the material of Which mud wil ean stable eno to function in sri forthe Faved if of th rodut witht ure A mtr i cvodes umes ‘etamcoaitos he, sneer sale more fr hoe coadsions