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    2013 Issue 2 IPPTA Article 08

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    Blending Of Banana Stem With Wheat Straw And Bagasse To Enhance Physical Strength Properties Of Paper Tripathi S., Singh S., Gangwar A., Mishra O.P., Chakrabarti S.K., Bhardwaj N.K. & Varadhan R. ‘Thapar Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar-135001 (Haryana) India ABSTRACT ‘Suitability of banana stem fr papermaking was studied by blending it with agro residue raw melera's viz. bagasse and wheat straw, Dewatered and wel cleaned banana stem was blended wih wheat straw and bagasse inthe proportions of, 10 and 20% Priorto pulping. Brightness of banana stem blended pups were improved by 0.88% with comparable aher optical propertes excepting 2.8- ‘46% rductionin opacity in the 20% blend of banana stem br. Tense, bust and iearindex ofthe barana stem blended wheat straw pups were improved by 6-16,7, 38-15 and 1.5.3.8 respectively. Long fiver (2.0 mm) content was increased to 7.5 fom 2.0 %by lending of tanana stem with wheat saw. Similarly tensile, burst and ter index othe banana stem bende bagasse pulps were improved by 1,7-26.8%,22-15.0% and .6-144% respectively, Long fiber (>.0 mm) content was increased to 12.7 {rom 6 B%by blending of banana stem wih bagasse, Dranabilty of the unrefined wheal stew and bagasse pulps were reduced atferblending the banana stom o some extent Banana stem canbe bended aiong with agro residues raw mates prior to pulping up toa lev! of 20% to improve physical strongt properties without any noiceable diferenceinpuping and beaching process, ‘Keywords: Banana stem, wheat straw, bagasse, mixed puping, bleaching, physical strength properties, morphological properties. Introduction J India isthe largest banana producing county inthe word. Banana production in India was 28.8 milion tonnes in the year 2010-11, About {65% of banana is produced in four slates namely Tamil Nac Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh (Indian Horiculure data base 2011). Banana is an annual crop anc it generates ~10.0 milion tonnes per year of OD fibrous material in India as waste rom its stm ‘and leaves (Anon, 2004). Paper industry is present facing the problem of shortage of rw material anc looking for altermative fbrous ‘aw material. Among the variety of unconventional altemative Fbrous raw materials banana stem has maximum potentait be used in paper industry specfcalyinagrcutual residue based mils. Very litle work has been caried out on uiizaton of banana stem for paper making in India, Suitably of producing kat unbleached) papar ‘rom banana stom was attempiedin 1960's but very low pulp yield was ‘achioved (Guha, 1960), In 1970's banana stom was characterized for its chemical properties as a source offbrous raw material and found thatit contain high alpha-celulose content and has long foe lenath (Dasgupta, 1972). Puping and papermaking properties banana 121 Volume 25, No.2, April-June -2013 stem fre have been studied by Singhal etl. in 1975, they found that use of banana stem fiver in paper manufacturing is neither technically ‘or economically feasible (Singhal et al, 1975). Pulping and Papermaking potential ofthe banana plant was studied by Fernandes in 1980 which shows its suitability for paper making (Fernandes, 1980). Laboratory scale studies on banana stem anc few other agro wastes Were also caried out by Amby| and Dhak, they explored is suitably {or paper making with he blend of other agro based fibers (Ambuj and DDhake 2001). Study of Cordeiro etal, show suitability ffew species of banana stem for production of igh value added paper and comugated boaré (Cordero at al, 2003). Aguilar and Martinez, obtained pulp having similar properts like wood pulp fom banana stem using soda pulping process and CE. bleaching sequence (Aguiar and Martinez 2006). Study cared out by Goswami et al, showed suitability of banana stem for making cellsic leather board and solé toughen boards withthe blend of waste paperandbamdoo pup (Goswami eta, 2006), The author also reported that ftom blend of banana ire and bamboo pup greaseoroof paper could be made (Goswami etl, 2008) Li etal, studied chemical composition and morphological structure of banana stem, they found itan ideal material for paper making asithas high holoceluose contentand ow igrin content (etal ,2010) Ippta “Taking into consideration the large avalabilt ofbanana stem wastein the country and shortage of raw materals for producing pulp and paper, studies have been cared out at TCIRD on utilization ofbanana stom for paper making. Present paper describes the suitability of utiizaton of banana stem alongwith agro-resique based fiberous raw materials viz, bagasse and wheat straw and its effect on pulping, bleaching, ohysical strength and morphological properties, Experimental ‘Studies were conducted on banana stem collected from Haryana and Maharastra, wheat straw and bagasse colected rom Purjab states ‘of Inia, Wheat straw and bagasse were deptned and washed proro pulping. Dewatering of banana stem was cared outin role mil (used forextactionfjuice trom cane}, as the banana stom contains 85-80% moisture, Dewatered banana stem was further washed prior to pulping. Mosture content of raw materials was determined as per standard procedure prior to pulping experiments. Pulping experiments were carried out in lab autoclave digester ‘consisting of sic bombs each of 25 liters capacity retaing in an ‘lectically heated polyethylene glyco! bath Pulping condtons tke ‘ime, temperature, bath tio and sulpisty were maintained similar for althe experiments, Chemical doses were selected so as o get kappa number inthe range of 12-43, which epresents the current practoe of Indian paper mils. Atthe end ofthe cocking, the bombs were removed ‘and quenched in the water tank to depressurze. The cigested material was Gispersed wth pulp disintegrator ta *Kiason lignin: was determined as per Tappi Test Method T 222 0m- 85 ‘All the experiments were performed in duplicate (iplicate in a few cases) and average values arereportedherewith, ts And Discussion | Banana stem has very high moisture content compared to other raw ‘materials used n pulp and paper industry. Useful ver content obtained Table 1: Processing of banana stem Particular Vale “As wach banana sem ken (=) To (OD banana stem (kg) 100 ‘Volume of Juice generated afer watering () 38 ‘Tolal sos inthe Ties @) 2s ‘As such banana stem fer obtained after dewatering (kg) 386 ‘OD banana som fiber obiained aller dewatsring Oe) 7 Solids removed during wet cleaning () 2 (OD useful banana stem ber obtained ater wet cleaning (ke) | 65 ble 2: Proximate chemical analysis of different raw materials ‘and washedwithhotwatertoremovethe black liquorand [Particular ‘Banana siem [| Wheat stow Bagasse dissolved substances, After thorough washing pulp was. Ethanol-Benzene Extractives (%6) | 1 32 27 screened inlaboratony Somer sreenof0 15mm shot} 19g NgOHT solubility (6) ET aaa a Width. Pups were evaluated for unscreened and sreed yield, rejects content, Kappa number, brightness and | C*tlulose (%) oy 2s aL viscosity asper Tappitestmethods. Teemicelfuloses (96) 155 2G BAT Tolocellubose @) 9 727 7S Analytical Procedures Tigin Tat 19 192 * Moisture conten: was determined as per Tapp Test [ASB 0) Bs a2 26 MathodT 2100m-03, * Kappa no. of unbleached pul: was determined as per Tapp Test Method 238 0m-99 * Brightness ofthe pup: was determinedasperlS0 2470 * Viscosity of the pulp: was determined as per Tappi Test Method T 2300m04 * Celulose: was determined as per Updegrofl, D.M,, Anal, Biochem., 32,420 (1969) * Hamicellese: was determined as per Deschatoets, L. and Errest,.C.U. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 24: 379-385 (1986) *Holoceliulose: was determined as per Wise, E., Murphy, M. and DiAddieco,A.A.,Paper Trade J, 11212), 95,1846) 122 Volume 25, No. 2, April-June - 2013 ‘Table 3: Pulping of different blends of banana stem and wheat straw Particular ‘Banana stem: Wheat Saw 0:100 | 5:95 | 10:90 |20:80| |Unscreened pulp yield (%) | 53.7 | 53.7 | 532 | 529 Screen rejects 0) os | 06 | os [10 Screened pulpyield(%™) | 332 | S31 | 524 [519 [Screened pulpkappano. | 110 | 11.0 122 Free alkali (gi) aq | 47 48 [Black liquor solids (%) 140 | 140 143 Black liquor pit 4 | 124 | 124 | 125 NaOH 16.0%, AQ 0.05%, Bath ratio 1-4, Cooking temperature 160 °C, Cooking time 60 min Ippta «after processing one ton of banana stem was 65 kg ony, Proximate ‘chemical analysis of banana stem shows its suatiliy for pulp and paper. Banana stem has ower lignin content compared to wheat straw ‘and bagasse, Resulls of processing of banana stam and proximate chemical analysis of wheat straw, bagasse and banana stom bers are ivenin Tablet and2respectvely. Blending of banana stem fiber with wheat straw Puipng results in detalare presented n Tabi 3. To obtain t1-12kappa number pulp by Soda-AQ process, banana slem and wheat straw Dlends required 16% alkali charge. Blending of banana stem in proportion to 5% with wheal straw could nol affect pup yield whereas Table 4: Bleaching results of diferent blends of banana stem and wheat straw pulps (Pariculr Banana sem? What saw 10 | 395 | 1090 | 2080 Dy Sage CH, = 0 Cay Tenp =O Timea (C10, added 6) To To] 10 7 Final pit a as | as a (C10, Consumed) | 978 | 979 | 989 oo Ear Sage F000 NGO Te Cony Tap = WFC, Tne Fil prt Tas | 10 | 109 Tos ee Kappa No’ 2 2 | aa 32 BigimesS0) | 756 | 756 | 186 70 Diag (Come Tea Te TT [C10, Cay 09 os] 0s oo Fira ptt 2 ar | 44 43 Bigines (SO) | 20 | 23 | m3 ws [CIE whiteness as | 687 | 687 68 Opacity) ms | mor | OS 5 Sirnkage 37 os | Toa Viscosity (ep) tia_[ tor _[ 100 oR Table 5: Strength properties of different blends of bleached banana stem and wheat straw pulps Figure |: Effect of blending of banana stem with wheat straw on tear and tensile index: increase in proportion of banana slem to 10-20% reduced the unbleached pup yield by 05-0.8% andincreased the screen rejects by 03.05%, Unbleached pulps produced with ciforent blends of banana stem and wheat svaw were bleached by ,E.-D sequence, Bleaching results of diferent blends of banana stem and wheat straw pulps are given in ‘Table 4, Bleachabilty of banana stem blended pulps was comparable with wheat staw pup, rightness of banana stem blended bleached pulps were higher by 0.3-0.5% in comparison to wheat straw pul. Viscosity of banana slem blended bleached pulps were lower by 0.6- 4.Sepincomparisonto wheat straw pup. ‘Strength properties of diferent blends of bleached banana stem and eat tw pulps are given in Table 8. Bleached pus produced with Giferont blends of banana stom and wheat straw showed beter irongth properias as compared to wheat straw pulp. Blending of banana stem with wheat straw by 520% showed improvement in tensile index by 616.7%, tear index by 15-3 8%, butst Index by 3.8- 15.6% and double fold by 8.6-41.4% compared to wheat saw pul. Effect of blending ofbanana stem with wheat straw on tear and tensile indexofbleached pupis shown in Figure 1 Bleached pulps produced with different blends of banana stem and ‘Table 6: Morphological properties of different blends of leached banana stem and wheat straw pulps 123 Volume 25, No.2, April-June - 2013 Parioular ‘Banana stem: Wheat saw Paricaar ‘Banana sem Wheal Saw 0100] 5:95 [10:90]20:90 D:100 | 5:95 [10:90] 20:80 SR 30 | pans | 3s Average fier length (mm) | 07 | 0.80 | 082 | 0.88 ccammaps (GC pear pat} e] [ber wie amy 179 1R0 | 1R2 | 183 Bulk (e/a) Tis [UIs Pras] Tis] | Conrseness aim) 77 | 186 | 8 | OBS Tensile index (Nmig) | 61.5 | 652 | 69.1] 718 Fiber proportion(%) Burst index (ke) 474 | 492 [497 | 548 02-0.5)mmn] 398 | 384 | 380) 37.1 Tear index (mNm‘/g) | 4.76 | 483 | 4.88 | 4.94 aoa 35.1 | 34.3 | 332] 31.0 Porosity Geell00mi) | 303. | 3 | aia Jago] [2mm eae Double Ford 0) 20_| 315 | 350 | 410 peo oun ea Ippta Table 7; Pulping of different blends of banana stem and bagasse Table 10: Morphological properties of different blends of Table 8: Bleaching of different blends of banana stem and bagasse pulps Particular Banana stem : Bagasse bleached banana stem and bagasse pulps 0100] 595] 10:90] 20:80] [Particular Banana stan Bagasse lUnsereened putp yield (%) | 585 | 573 | 573 | 563 0100 ] 5:95 10:90] 20380 ISereen rgjects 76) Te TOs TOR 12] [Average fbertengis mm) | 08s | 0x6 Jo.9s | Lor lSereenedpulp vid) | 579 | 565 | 565 | Soi] [Fiber width Cam) 228 | BS [225 | 26 [Screcned pulp kappano. | 115 | 11.7 | 119 | 119] |Coarseness (usin) a9 | 126A [i242 | 1217 [Free alkali (el) 42 [41 | 40 | 39 Fiber proportion (%) |Black liquor solids (%) B8 [139 [139 | 141 za 382 | 36.8 | 34.6 | 33.5 [Black liquor pit a7 [126 [26 [ize] [95-1omm 353, [351 ]326 | 306 ‘AA as Na,O - 13.5%, Bath ratio 1:4, Cooking temp. - 160 °C, 10-2.0mm 19.7 [208 [219 | 232 Cooking time 60 min 2.0 mm 68 | 73 [09 | 27 wheat straw were characterized for Fania T ‘Banana sem Baas morphological properties. Morphological [oto | _s9s | ins |_ 2080 properties of ciferent lends of bleached [OE Consineney - 10% Temp = 85°C, Tine AS min, FRSTWS= TSEC] hanang stom and hea staw pus are gven [Nao =) [10 [10 10 10 een " ven ed Soe 7 = in Table 6. With the increase of bananas Kappe no [ss |__9s 96 93 percentage in wheat saw pup the average 1D Stage (C10, = OAS, Consifeney “59, Temp. = 6, Time= AT in) fe length was inceased fom 0.75 to 0.88 [ciojadiedsy [oss [08s Oss 0.5 mmm. Proportion of lang fber (22.0 mm) was ara lec a BY increasedto 7.5 trom 2.0% withthe Bending of C10, Coasuimed 994 994 994 994 odio 7S fom 2.0% wi the lensing of C2) banana steminwheat straw Ey Stage (FLO, O50 NaOH L257 Consttney = 1000 Temp = 00°C) Time = Oma) Final pH [ws [10.7 108 109 Blending of banana stem fiber with For KappaNo [1.95 [2.09 204 214 Brighiness 180) | 82 [81.2 806 784 bagasse D Stage (Consstnsy - 10%, Temp. — 75°C, Time = 180 min) (C10, Cay On o8 ax os ing ferent. blen — a pas z= = Pulping results of diferent blends of Se oe oe ad ae banana stem and wheat straw are CIE waiteess | 833 | AL a4 83 prosented in Tablo 7, To got 11-12 kappa pacity 6) 658 655 655 630 number pulp by kraftprocess, banana stom ee) am ue aa = ‘and bagasse blends required 13.5% AA Viscosity (ep) 168 164 155) 14s Table 9: Strength properties of different blonds of bleached banana stem and bagasse pulps alkali as Na,0. Blending of banana stem with bagasse reduced the unbleached pulp yield by 1.2-2.2% and increased the sereen rejects by 0.2-0.8%, 124 Volume 25, No.2, April-June - 2013 asi acs tos rat | 595] Tost | “SR 19.0 | 20.0 | 21.5 | 23.5 Ser eereteer Cece terre ‘Grammage (gim*) 60.5 | 60.1 | 61.1 | 603 Saka ao aa fa Ts ‘Tensile index (Nmvg) 43.6 | 48.7 | 52.9 | 553 ‘Burst index (KN/g) 3.13 32 34 | 36 Tear index (mNmva) | 6.06 | 623 | 6.61 | 6.93 ij ; if ae a Porosity (sec/100 ml) 25.5 | 48.3 ] 50.3 ] 85.4 Proportion of banana stom, Dowslesaino) | st | oo | 66 | 7 Peon st peng sen Ippta Unbleached pulps produced with diferent blends of banana stem and bagasse were bleached by OD,E.,D sequence. Bleaching results of

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