GKZ Ki KweZv I MVB

GKz‡ki KweZv I Mvb iwdKzj Bmjvg
evqvbœ mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi evOvwj gvZ…fvlvi Rb¨ i³ †`q, †mB Agi GKz‡k wb‡q
Avgv‡ì †`‡k h‡Zv KweZv †jLv n‡q‡Q, gyw³hy× Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv GKK NUbv wb‡q
Z‡Zv KweZv iwPZ nqwb| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi h‡Zv Mfxifv‡e Avgv‡ì KweZv‡K Av‡jvwoZ
K‡i‡Q, gyw³hy× Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv welq Zv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| GKz‡ki i³v³ ¯§„wZ KweZvq
ZvrÿwYK Ges my`~icÖmvix cÖwZwµqv I Aby‡cÖiYvi mÂvi K‡i‡Q| GKz‡k N‡UwQj
XvKvq A_P KweZvi †ÿ‡Î me©v‡MÖ Zvi AbyiYb D‡VwQj PÆMÖv‡g| †mB w`bB iwPZ
n‡qwQj gvneye-Dj-Avjg †PŠayixi `xN© KweZv ÔKuv`‡Z Avwmwb duvwmi `vwe wb‡q
G‡mwQÕ| KweZvwU `ªæZ iwPZ n‡qwQj, cÖKvwkZ I cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj mgvb MwZ‡Z
Avi wbwl× nIqvi †MŠieI jvf K‡iwQj m‡½ m‡½| KweZvwU `xN©w`b cÖKvwkZ nqwb, Z‡e
cybtcÖKv‡ki c~‡e© Kwei ¯§„wZ †_‡K h‡ZvUzKz D×vi Kiv wM‡qwQj Zvi wKQzUvÑ
GLv‡b hviv cÖvY w`‡q‡Q
igbvi EaŸ©gyLx K…òP‚ovi wb‡P
†hLv‡b Av¸‡bi dzjKxi g‡Zv
GLv‡b-ILv‡b R¡j‡Q i‡³i Avjcbv,
†mLv‡b Avwg Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb|
AvR Avwg †kv‡K wenŸj bB,
AvR Avwg †µv‡a Db¥Ë bB,
Avwg AvR i‡³i †MŠi‡e Awfwl³|...
†h wkï Avi †Kv‡bv w`b Zvi wcZvi †Kv‡j Suvwc‡q covi
my‡hvM cv‡e bv,
†h M„nea~ Avi †Kv‡bvw`b Zvi ¯^vgxi cÖZxÿvq AuvP‡j cÖ`xc
†X‡K `yqv‡i Avi ùvwo‡q _vK‡e bv,
†h Rbbx †LvKv G‡m‡Q e‡j DÏvg Avb‡›` mšÍvb‡K Avi
Rwo‡q ai‡Z cv‡e bv,
†h ZiæY gvwU‡Z jywU‡q covi Av‡M evievi GKwU wcÖqZgvi
Qwe †Pv‡L Avb‡Z †Póv K‡iwQj,
Zv‡ì mevi bv‡g kvw¯Í `vwe Ki‡Z G‡mwQ
GB wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Db¥y³ cÖv½‡Y Avwg Zv‡ì duvwmi `vwe
wb‡q G‡mwQ
hviv Avgvi AmsL¨ fvB‡evb‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Q,
hviv Avgvi nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZn¨gq fvlvq Af¨¯Í
gvZ… m‡¤^vab‡K †K‡o wb‡Z wM‡q
Avgvi GB me fvB‡evb‡ì nZ¨v K‡i‡Q
Avwg Zv‡ì duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ...|
GKz‡ki NUbvejxi ZvrÿwYK cÖwZwµqv †µv‡ai, †ÿv‡fi, N„Yvi, cÖwZ‡kv‡ai| NUbvi
AvKw¯§KZv, AgvbywlKZv †mw`b gvbyl‡K Kx Zxeªfv‡e Av‡›`vwjZ K‡iwQj, GKz‡ki
NUbvi m‡½ m‡½ PÆMÖv‡g iwPZ gvneye-Dj-Avjg †PŠayixi m‡Zi c„ôv `xN© KweZvq Zv
aiv c‡owQj wek¦¯Ífv‡e| D×„Z wew”Qbœ wewÿß cO&w³ wb‡q †h `vwe †mv”Pvi Zv wQj
†mw`bKvi †`kevmxi mevi, hv KL‡bv c~iY nqwb| †`‡k †`‡k hy‡M hy‡M †h `vwe I‡V, hv
KL‡bv c~iY nq bv| †h `vwe c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡iv A‡bK i³ S‡i| GKz‡k‡Z Avgv‡ì i³ Si‡Z ïiæ
K‡iwQj, ZvB Avgiv Zvi AvKw¯§KZvq wenŸj n‡q c‡owQjvg| mw¤^Z wd‡i †c‡Z wej¤^
nqwb, Zvici Avgiv †`‡LwQ GKz‡k‡Z BwZnv‡mi GK gnZx AwfhvÎvi ïiæ|
wVK ZvrÿwYK bv n‡jI GKz‡ki cÖ_g eQ‡ii g‡a¨B †h K‡qKwU KweZv iwPZ n‡qwQj,
A_©vr NUbvi DËvc wbe©vwcZ nIqvi c~‡e©B Av‡iv †hme Av‡eM KweZvq wea„Z
n‡qwQj, nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕ m¼j‡b Zv MÖw_Z n‡q‡Q| G
m¼jbwUI wbwl× nIqvi †MŠie †_‡K ewÂZ nqwb, Z‡e †mŠfvM¨µ‡g Zv cybtcybt cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q|
GKz‡ki NUbv GKRb Kwe‡K Kxfv‡e Av‡jvwoZ K‡iwQj GKz‡k wb‡q hviv KweZv
wj‡L‡Qb, †m K_v Zviv †j‡Lbwb, Zv AvR ¯§„wZ| wKš‘ †m Av‡eM †h K‡Zv Zxeª, weaŸ¯Í
I DËß wQj, Zv Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi hLb kvgmyi ivngv‡bi KweZv cvV KwiÑ
Avi †hb bv †`wL KvwZ©‡Ki Puv` wKsev
c„w_exi †Kv‡bv nxivi mKvj,
†Kv‡bvw`b Avi †hb Avgvi †Pv‡Li wKbv‡i
AvKv‡ki cÖwZfv, mÜ¨vb`xi AwfÁvb Avi
ivwÎ in‡mï Mvp fvlv †Ku‡c bv I‡V,
†Ku‡c bv I‡V c„w_exi `xßgvb w`M‡šÍi Zviv|
GB my›ì c„w_exi wbm‡M©i iƒc †_‡K Kwe wb‡R‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| NUbvi
cvkweKZvq e¨vKzj, wenŸj, †kvKvZzi Kwe cÖK…wZi †gvn †_‡K wb‡R‡K Avovj Ki‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb| D×„Z cO&w³¸‡jvq †h Kvgbv cÖKvwkZ, Zv Av‡e‡Mi †Kvb ¯Íi †_‡K DrmvwiZ
Zv Av‡iv ¯úó nq Kwe hLb fq¼i wKQzi Rb¨ Abybq K‡ibÑ
Av¸bZuvZv muvovwk w`‡q †Zvgiv Dc‡o †d‡jv Avgvi `ywU †PvL
†mB `ywU †PvL, hv‡ì cÖvÁ `xwßi g„Zz¨nxb, we‡`ªvnx R¡vjvq
†`‡LwQ wbg©g AvKv‡ki wb‡P gvbweK g„Zzï Zzwnb-¯‘äZv|
kvgmyi ivngv‡bi Av‡e`bÑ
UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i †K‡U †d‡jv m~‡h©i g‡Zv ürwcÐ...
wKš‘ †kv‡bv, GK †duvUv i³I †hb c‡o bv gvwU‡Z,
†Kbbv Avgvi i‡³i KYvq KYvq D¾¡j †mªv‡Zi g‡Zv
e‡q P‡j‡Q gbmy‡ii we‡`ªvnx i‡³i AwfÁvb|
†Zvgiv KzwU KzwU K‡i wQu‡o †d‡jv Avgvi ürwcÐÑ
†h ürwc‡Ð Nb Nb ¯úw›`Z n‡”Q Avgvi †`‡ki Mvp fv‡jvevmv,
Kwei ürwc‡Ði Nb Nb ¯úw›`Z ÔAvgvi †`‡ki Mvp fv‡jvevmvÕ, Kwei ü`‡qi G †`k †Kvb †`k?
†m †`‡ki cwiPq Kx? †m †`‡ki mxgvbv Kx? Kwei Ae‡PZbvq wK †`k Z_v ¯^‡`‡ki Avengvb
wPišÍb cÖwZkÖæwZ D™¢vwmZ? Zvic‡i Kwei †PZbvq BwZnv‡mi K‡qKwU Aa¨vq
D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡QÑ
†`vnvB †Pw½‡mi Dj½ Zievwi wnsmªZvi,
†`vnvB d¨vivI‡bi gwgMwÜ exfrmZvi,
†`vnvB ˆZgy‡ii ˆckvwPK i³-†bkvi
†Zvgiv wbwðý K‡i `vI Avgvi Aw¯ÍZ¡,
c„w_ex n‡Z wPiw`‡bi R‡b¨ wbwðý K‡i `vI
DËivKv‡ki Zvivi g‡Zv Avgvi fv¯î Aw¯ÍZ¡
wbwðý K‡i `vI, wbwðý K‡i `vI|
D×„Z ¯Íe‡K †Pw½‡mi Dj½ Zievwii wnsmªZvi, d¨vivI‡bi gwgMwÜ exfrmZvi, ˆZgy‡ii
ˆckvwPK i³-†bkvi D‡jøL cÖwZc‡ÿi ¯§viK| wKš‘ †h Aw¯ÍZ¡ fv¯î Zv‡K wbwðý Kivi kw³
Kvi? KweZvi cwimgvwß‡Z DËivKv‡ki Zvivi g‡Zv fv¯î Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wbwðý Kivi †h
AvnŸvb Zv e¯‘Z †Pw½m, d¨vivI, ˆZgy‡ii DËim~wi‡ì cÖwZ P¨v‡jÄ, †m Aw¯Í‡Z¡i †eva
Kwe‡K †kv‡Ki ¯ÍäZv †_‡K we‡`ªvnx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
GKz‡ki knx‡ì bvg cÖ_g KweZvq D”PviY K‡ib nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb, †h KweZvq †m
bvg¸‡jv D”PvwiZ †m KweZvi ïiæ‡Z i‡q‡Q gvZ… m‡¤^vab| KweZvwU Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q
ÔAv¤§v Zvi bvgwU GKeviI WvK‡e bv Z‡e Avi?Õ G cÖ‡kœi DËi cieZ©x cO&w³¸‡jv‡Z
wbtm„Z n‡q Avevi wRÁvmvi iƒc wb‡q‡Q,
N~wY©S‡oi g‡Zv †mB bvg Db¥w_Z g‡bi cÖvšÍ‡i
Ny‡i Ny‡i RvM‡e WvK‡e,
`yÕwU †Vuv‡Ui †fZi †_‡K gy‡³vi g‡Zv Mwo‡q G‡m
GKeviI D¾¡j n‡q DV‡e bv, mvivwU Rxe‡bI bv?
wK K‡i GB ¸iæfvi mB‡e Zzwg, K‡Zvw`b?
Zvici knx‡ì bvg D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q, Zvi ˆ`wnK MVb I wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯§„wZ‡K gw_Z K‡i, G
knx` A‡Pbv ARvbv `~‡ii gvbyl wQj bv, cwiwPZ PZ¡‡iB wQj Zvi Avbv‡Mvbv| nvmvb
nvwdRyi ingv‡bi KweZvq †m cwiP‡qi AšÍi½ QvcÑ
Aveyj eiKZ †bB; †mB A¯^vfvweK †e‡o IVv
wekvj kixi evjK, gayi ÷‡ji Qv` Quy‡q nuvU‡Zv †h
Zv‡K †W‡Kv bv;
H KweZvq knx‡ì bv‡gi cwiPh©v Kiv n‡q‡Q †e`bv Avi ggZv w`‡q, m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q GKUv
†MŠie GKUv An¼vi,
mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸviÑ wK welYœ †_vKv †_vKv bvg;
GB GK mvix bvg ek©vi Zxÿè djvi g‡Zv GLb ü`q‡K nv‡b;
GKwU we‡kl w`‡b, we‡kl mg‡q GKwU NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i K‡qKwU g„Zz¨, hviv Gi bvqK
Zviv G c„w_ex †_‡K we`vq wb‡q †Mj, wKš‘ †m KqwU bvg gy‡Q bv wM‡q Kx K‡i wPišÍb
n‡q †Mj, Kx K‡i GKUv Rb‡Mvôxi we¯§„Z ¯^‡`k‡K bZzb K‡i m„wó K‡i w`‡q †Mj, Kwei
†PZbvq Zv Abyf‚Z n‡q‡QÑ
hv‡ì nvivjvg Zviv Avgv‡ì‡K we¯Í…Z K‡i w`‡q †Mj
†`‡ki G cÖvšÍ †_‡K I cÖv‡šÍ,
KYv KYv K‡i cÖv‡Y `xwß Qwo‡q w`‡q †Mj
†`‡ki cÖv‡Yi `xwßi †fZi g„Zzï AÜKv‡i Wz‡e †h‡Z †h‡Z
Aveyj eiKZ; mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸvi
wK Avðh©, wK welYœ bvg! GK mvi R¡jšÍ bvg|
†_vKv †_vKv GK mvi welYœ bv‡gi GK mvi R¡jšÍ bv‡g iƒcvqY Ges †`‡ki G cÖvšÍ †_‡K I
cÖvšÍ KYv KYv K‡i cÖv‡Y `xwß Qwo‡q †`qv| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi G †`k wK kvgmyi
ivngv‡bi †`k †_‡K Avjv`v? wbðqB bq? nvmv‡bi KweZvi m‡½ m‡½ †`‡ki gvby‡li K_v
G‡m‡Q, Kwe wek¦vm †i‡L‡Qb RbZvi Mfx‡i,
K…lvY †hgb el©vi cwjwm³ gv‡V †ivqv av‡bi Pviv¸‡jv
†i‡L Av‡m †mvbvjx k‡mï R‡b¥i AvKv•ÿvq
†Zgwb miæ miæ Abyf‚wZ¸‡jv RbZvi Mfx‡i
ey‡b G‡mwQ|
GKz‡ki Zvrch© †`k I †`‡ki gvby‡li Ici Av¯’v I wek¦vm Ac©Y; †`k‡K Avcb Rvbv †_‡K
†`kvZ¥‡ev‡ai m„wó nq, †mw`b gvbyl GKwU †`‡ki K_v Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQj, hv Zvi wb‡Ri †`k|
¯^‡`‡ki Abyf‚wZ‡Z †mw`b hviv Mfxifv‡e mœvZ n‡qwQj Zv‡ì Av‡eM G KweZvq aiv
c‡o‡Q,
†`k Avgvi, BwZnv‡mi aviv †h Ávb Avgv‡K w`‡q‡Q, ZviB
cweÎ mšÍvb GKwU w`‡b †Zvgvi ü`‡qi we`xY© Avfv‡K
†`wL‡qQÑ we`xY© Avfvq R¡‡jwQj;
mgKvjxb gvby‡li †PZbvq ¯^‡`k †mw`b mnmv mPwKZ n‡q D‡VwQj, †`k wQj, wQj gvbyl|
wQj bv ¯^‡`k Avi Zvi mšÍvb| GKz‡k †`k‡K ¯^‡`k K‡i‡Q, †`‡ki gvbyl‡K †`‡ki mšÍvb
K‡i‡Q, †`k n‡q D‡V‡Q †`kgvZ…Kv| GKwU w`b wK Avðh©RbKfv‡e me weåvwšÍi
Aemvb NwU‡q GKwU RvwZ‡K Zvi gvZ…f‚wg w`‡q †Mj,
†`k Avgvi †Zvgvi cÖv‡Yi Mfxi R¡‡j mœvb K‡i Gevi Gjvg...
GKevi †Zvgvi MÖvg hgybvi †Nvjv †mªv‡Z`„wó‡K Wzwe‡q wb‡q
jÿ jÿ Pviv av‡bi g‡Zv Avw`MšÍ cÖv‡Yi meyR
wkLv¸‡jv †`wL,
wK Avðh© cÖvY Qwo‡q‡QÑ GKwU w`b Av‡MI Zv eyS‡Z cvwiwb,
wK Avðh© `xwß‡Z †Zvgvi †KvwU mšÍv‡bi cÖev‡n cÖev‡n
msµwgZ n‡q‡QÑ
GKwU w`b Av‡MI †Zv eyS‡Z cvwiwb †`k Avgvi|
Ô†`k AvgviÕ evK¨wUi c~e©kZ© †`k‡K GKvšÍ Avcbvi Abyf‚Z nIqv, G †ÿ‡Î Zv N‡UwQj|
ivóª Avi †`k †h GKv_© ev Awfbœ wQj bv, †m †ev‡aiI m„wó GKz‡k †_‡K, Avevi †h †eva
†_‡K ¯^‡`k †PZbvi m„wó, G †eva I †PZbvi Z_v ¯^‡`‡ki kÎæi †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ Kwe‡K
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB g‡š¿i mvabv Ki‡Z n‡q‡QÑ
†n Avgvi Ávb GKwU gvÎ D”Pvi‡Yi wel Avgv‡K `vI
hv ü`q †_‡K ü`‡q Qovq,
Ilwa R‡b¥i g‡Zv GKevi ¯úw›`Z n‡q †h N„Yv Avi
KL‡bv g„Zz¨‡K Rv‡b bv, †n Avgvi Ávb|
G Ávb gvZ…fvlvi gš¿, GKz‡ki m‡½ gvZv, gvZ…fvlv I gvZ…f‚wgi †PZbv A½vw½fv‡e
RwoZ| †h gvZ…fvlvq,
Avqyi cÖ_g ü`qgw_Z kã,
gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖ_g `xÿv †h D”Pvi‡Y
†mB gvZ…fvlvi m¤§v‡bi R‡b¨ hviv h~_e× n‡q ùvwo‡qwQj, Rxe‡bi kÎæ kqZvbiv †mB
cweÎ †`n¸‡jv wQwb‡q wb‡q †M‡Q| wKš‘ Zv‡ì Agi AvZ¥v wQwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡iwb, Zv
AvR ¯^‡`k Avi ¯^‡`kevmxi ü`‡q m¤úÖmvwiZÑ
Avi Avgiv †mB Agi knx`‡ì R‡b¨
Zv‡ì wcÖq gy‡Li fvlv evsjvi R‡b¨ GKPvc cv_‡ii g‡Zv
GK n‡q †MwQ
wngvj‡qi g‡Zv A‡f`¨ wekvj n‡q †MwQ|
†n Avgvi †`k eb¨vi g‡Zv
mg¯Í AwfÁZvi cwjgvwU‡K Mwo‡q G‡b GKwU †PZbv‡K De©i K‡iwQ:
GKwU †PZbv‡K mg¯Í AwfÁZv †mw`b De©i K‡iwQj, †mB †PZbv gvbyl‡K GKvZ¥
K‡iwQj, ¯^‡`‡ki kÎæi m‡½ ˆØi‡_ †mw`b mevB GK n‡q wM‡qwQjÑ
GLv‡b i‡q‡Q gv Avi wcZv
fvB Avi †evb, ¯^Rb wea~i cwiRb
Avi Zzwg Avwg, †`k Avgvi!
GLv‡b Avgiv d¨vivD‡bi Avqyi †kl KwU eQ‡ii J×‡Zï gy‡LvgywL,
GLv‡b Avgiv c„w_exi †kl ˆØi‡_ ùvwo‡q,
†`k Avgvi, ¯Íä A_ev KjKÉ GB Ø‡›Øi mxgv‡šÍ G‡m gv‡qi †mœ‡ni
cÿ †_‡K †KvwU KÉ †PŠwPi K‡i w`‡q‡Q
Gevi Avgiv †Zvgvi|
¯^‡`‡ki kÎæ †gvKv‡ejvq †mw`b gvby‡l gvby‡l eëavb Ny‡PwQj, `~i n‡qwQj gv Avi gvZ…
f‚wgi eëavb| gv Z_v gvZ…f‚wgi R‡b¨ gvbyl wb‡e`b K‡iwQj wb‡R‡K| gvbyl †mw`b knx`
fvB‡qi g„Zz¨‡kvK we¯§„Z n‡Z †c‡iwQj| gv Z_v gvZ…f‚wg‡K Luy‡R †c‡q| gv‡qi
AvKv•ÿv Dcjwäi ga¨ w`‡q nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi KweZvwUi mgvwß| †m AvKv•ÿv Kwei
g‡Zv meviB Rvbv| evqvbœi GKz‡ki ci GKz‡ki cÖ_g knx‡ì i³ †hLv‡b S‡iwQj, †mLv‡b
gvbyl GKwU ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢ wbg©vY K‡iwQj, gvÎ GKwU iv‡Zi g‡a¨ AmsL¨ nvZ knx`‡ì
¯§„wZ‡Z H cÖZxKwU ¯’vcb K‡iwQj, ciw`b †mwU n‡q D‡VwQj Zx_©‡ÿÎ, wKš‘
cÖwZwµqvi n¯Í IB cÖZxKwU wbwðý K‡i w`‡Z wej¤^ K‡iwb| wKš‘ IB GKwU gvÎ w`‡bi
NUbv, cÖ_g knx` wgbv‡i cy‡®úi ¯ÍeK †mw`b gvby‡li Rb¨ wQj GK Af‚Zc~e© AwfÁZv|
†mB ¯§„wZi wgbvi hLb P‚Y©-wePzY© I a~wjKYvmn Acm„Z n‡jv ZviI GKwU ZvrÿwYK
cÖwZwµqv mgKvjxb Kwei KweZvq aiv c‡owQj| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv‡ì fvlvq,
¯§„wZi wgbvi †f‡O‡Q †Zvgvi? fq wK eÜz Avgiv GL‡bv
Pvi †KvwU cwievi
Lvov i‡qwQ †Zv|...
B‡Ui wgbvi
†f‡O‡Q fvOzK| fq wK eÜz, †`k GKevi Avgiv RvMix
Pvi †KvwU cwievi|
ïay knx` wgbvi bq, hv‡ì ¯§„wZ‡Z †mB wgbvi, Zv‡ì g„Zz¨‡K gwngvgq K‡i‡Qb AvRv`| †h
g„Zz¨‡Z ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢ M‡o I‡V, iwPZ nq KweZv, euvav nq Mvb, †m g„Zz¨ AgiZvi Aci bvg,
Zvi cÖwZwµqvI wfbœ,
G †Kvb g„Zz¨? †KD wK †`‡L‡Q g„Zz¨ Ggb,
wkq‡i hvnvi I‡V bv Kvbœv, S‡i bv AkÖæ?
wngvjq †_‡K mvMi Aewa mnmv eis
mKj †e`bv n‡q I‡V GK cZvKvi is
G †Kvb g„Zz¨? †KD wK †`‡L‡Q g„Zz¨ Ggb,
wei‡n †hLv‡b †bB nvnvKvi?
GB Rbc‡ì BwZnv‡m gvbyl Gi Av‡M †Kv‡bv g„Zz¨‡K G‡Zv gwngv Av‡ivc K‡iwb,
K‡qKwU mvaviY gvbyl g„Zzï Kvi‡Y G‡Zv AmvaviYZ¡ jvf K‡iwb, Zviv ïay knx` e‡j
cwiMwYZ nqwb, Zviv wKse`wšÍi bvq‡K cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì †h cyivY wQj bv GKz‡k
†m cyiv‡Yi Afve c~iY K‡i‡Q| wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvd‡ii KweZvq GKz‡ki †m gwngv
KxwZ©Z,
†`‡ki gvbyl GKwU `‡Ð
GKvZ¥ n‡qwQj, mœvqy-MÖwš’‡Z cuvR‡i-†ckx‡Z,
†g‡L w`‡qwQj GKwU A½xKviÑ
†mw`b cÖ_g|
Ges cÖ_g bZzb w`M¦j‡q
mÂvigvb G †`‡ki BwZe„Ë|
GKz‡k †deªæqvwi ïay wKse`wšÍ, †Kej HwZn¨ ev wbQK cyivY bq, GKz‡k AvaywbK cyivY|
ZvB GKz‡k G †`‡ki BwZe„Ë‡K bZzb w`M¦j‡q mÂvigvb K‡iwQj| Zvic‡i Av‡iv A‡bK eo
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A‡bK i³ S‡i‡Q wKš‘ GKz‡ki gwngv‡K †Kv‡bv NUbv ÿzYœ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, AwZµg Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb| Avi †Kv‡bv w`b, †Kv‡bv NUbv G †`‡k Avi †`kevmxi ü`‡q G‡Zv Mfxi `vM
KvU‡Z cv‡iwb, KviY †mw`b Avgv‡ì hvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQjÑ
†PZbvi c‡_ wØavnxb AwfhvÎv
bvbvb gyLxb nvRvi †jv‡Ki
GKÎ Aw¯ÍZ¡
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GKz‡k‡ZB G †`‡k cÖ_g Kv‡jv cZvKv I‡o, †h cZvKv cÖvq wekwU eQi G †`‡ki RvZxq
cZvKvi g‡Zv D‡o‡Q, h‡Zvw`b bv jvj m~h©LwPZ cZvKvi D`q n‡q‡Q Z‡Zvw`b| GKz‡ki
iwOb I mkã wPÎKí wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvd‡ii KweZvqÑ
Kv‡jv cZvKvq
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GKz‡ki KweZv iwPZ n‡qwQj ZvrÿwYK Av‡e‡M, wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRb wQj Mv‡biI| ZvB
GKwU KweZv Mvb n‡q D‡VwQj| Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayixi KweZv ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³
ivOv‡bvÕ| Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix GKwU KweZv wn‡m‡eB iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb, hv
Ave„wË Kiv n‡qwQj †MÐvwiqv ayc‡Lvjv gv‡V hyejx‡Mi GK Db¥y³ Abyôv‡b| Ave`yj
jwZ‡di my‡i IB KweZv cÖ_g Mvb n‡q I‡V Ave`yj jwZd I AvwZKzj Bmjv‡gi K‡É|
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Av‡iv c‡i bZzb K‡i myi K‡ib| GLb AvjZvd gvngy‡ì my‡iB MvbwU MxZ nq| GKz‡ki
cÖ_g Mvb ïay GKz‡ki ¯§„wZPviY bq, eis Zvi ¯Íe‡K ¯Íe‡K †h cÖkœ, †h Reve Zv wQj
†mw`bKvi wRÁvmv I DËiÑ
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GKz‡k †deªæqvwi GKz‡k †deªæqvwi\
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Av‡iK †kÖYxi gvby‡li K_v N„Yvi m‡½:
†mB Auvav‡ii cï‡ì gyL †Pbv,
Zvnv‡ì Z‡i gv‡qi, †ev‡bi fvB‡qi Pig N„Yv
Iiv ¸wj †Qv‡o G †`‡ki cÖv‡Y †`‡ki `vwe‡K †iv‡L
I‡ì N„Y¨ c`vNvZ GB evsjvi ey‡K
Iiv G †`‡ki bq,
†`‡ki fvM¨ Iiv K‡i weµq
Iiv gvby‡li Abœ, e¯¿, kvwšÍ wb‡q‡Q Kvwo
GKz‡k †deªæqvwi GKz‡k †deªæqvwi!!
GKz‡ki ZvrÿwYK cÖwZwµqvq †h KweZv¸‡jv m„wó n‡qwQj Zvi K‡qKwU‡Z Av‡e‡Mi †h
cwiPh©v cvIqv †Mj c‡i iwPZ KweZv¸‡jv‡Z Zvi AbyiYb QvovI be be †cÖwÿ‡Z hy³ n‡q‡Q|
cÖwZ eQi GKz‡k‡Z cÖKvwkZ m¼jb¸‡jv‡Z †m cwiPq Qwo‡q Av‡Q, c‡i iwPZ
KweZv¸‡jv‡Z ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB GKz‡ki ¯§„wZ `~ivMZ| wKš‘ knx` ¯§„wZi AgiZv Agwjb|
µ‡g µ‡g cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q gvZ…fvlv Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avi mvgwMÖKfv‡e gvby‡li
msMÖvg| evsjv fvlv Z_v evsjv eY©gvjv evOvwji mËvq BwZg‡a¨ †h Avm‡b cÖwZwôZ
n‡qwQj Zvi m‡MŠie cwiPq, kvgmyi ivngv‡bi ÔeY©gvjv, Avgvi `ytwLbx eY©gvjvÕ
KweZvqÑ
bÿÎcy‡Äi g‡Zv R¡jR¡‡j cZvKv Dwo‡q Av‡Qv Avgvi mËvq|
ggZv bv‡gi c~Z cÖ‡`‡ki k¨vgwjgv †Zvgv‡K wbweo
wN‡i iq me©`vB|
AvUPwjøk †_‡K EbmË‡ii g‡a¨ evsjv fvlv I eY©gvjvi weiæ‡× A‡bK lohš¿ A‡bK PµvšÍ
†M‡Q| evsjv eY©gvjv D‡”Q‡ì cÖqvm Kwe‡K GKUv mg‡q e¨w_Z K‡iwQj, evsjv
eY©gvjv‡K evqvbœi GKz‡ki ¯§„wZi aviK I evnKiƒ‡c wPwýZ K‡i Kwe †e`bvZ© n‡q
wj‡LwQ‡jbÑ
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Ewbk †kvÕ evqvbœi `viæY iw³g cy®úvÄwj
ey‡K wb‡q Av‡Qv m‡MŠi‡e gnxqmx|
†m dz‡ji GKwU cvcwoI wQbœ n‡j Avgvi mËvi w`‡K
K‡Zv †bvsiv nv‡Zi wnsmªZv †a‡q Av‡m|
GLb †Zvgv‡K wb‡q †LOivi †bvsivwg|
GLb †Zvgv‡K wN‡i wLw¯Í-†LD‡ii †cŠl gvm!
†Zvgvi gy‡Li w`‡K AvR Avi hvq bv ZvKv‡bv,
eY©gvjv, Avgvi `ytwLbx eY©gvjv!!
wKš‘ Kwei IB nZvkv, ˆbivk¨, †e`bv †K‡U hvq EbmË‡ii gnvb MYAfz¨Ìv‡b| kvgmyi
ivngv‡bi Ô†deªæqvwi 1969Õ KweZv‡Z Ô†deªæqvwi 1952Õ wd‡i Av‡m be‡MŠi‡e| GKz‡ki
knxìv weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z KweZv I Mv‡b †hfv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡qwQj Zv‡Z GKUv
GK‡N‡qwg, GKUv MZvbyMwZKZv G‡m wM‡qwQj| EbmË‡ii MYAfz¨Ìv‡b Zviv Avevi
bZzb K‡i m„wó n‡jv, kvgmyi ivngv‡bi fvlvqÑ
eywS ZvB Ewbk‡kv EbmË‡iI
Avevi mvjvg bv‡g ivRc‡_, k~‡b¨ †Zv‡jv d¬¨vM,
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mvjv‡gi eyK AvR Db¥w_Z †gNbv,
mvjv‡gi †PvL AvR Av‡jvwKZ XvKv,
mvjv‡gi gyL AvR ZiæY k¨vgj c~e© evsjv|
jÿYxq, †h kvgmyi ivngvb evsjv eY©gvjv wb‡q Ô†LOivi †bvsivwgÕ, ÔwLw¯Í-†LD‡oi †cŠl
gvmÕ cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i `xN©k¦vm †d‡j e‡jwQ‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi gy‡Li w`‡K AvR Avi hvq bv
ZvKv‡bv, eY©gvjv, Avgvi `ytwLbx eY©gvjvÕÑ †mB Kwe EbmË‡ii MYAfz¨Ìv‡b ivRc‡_
†b‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi m‡½ GKvZ¥ n‡q IB nZvkv Avi ˆbivk¨ †_‡K gyw³ jvf K‡i ej‡Qb,
†`Ljvg ivRc‡_, †`Ljvg Avgiv meB RbmvaviY
†`Ljvg mvjv‡gi nvZ †_‡K bÿ‡Îi g‡Zv
S‡i Awfbvkx eY©gvjv
Avi eiKZ e‡j Mvp D”Pvi‡Y
GL‡bv ex‡ii i‡³ `ytwLbx gvZvi AkÖæR‡j
†dv‡U dzj ev¯Í‡e PZ¡‡i
wZàvbœ mvj †_‡K GKvËi mv‡ji cÖwZ eQi GKz‡k †deªæqvwi knx` wèm Dcj‡ÿ Avgv‡ì
†`‡k AmsL¨ m¼jb cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q, †mme m¼j‡b me‡P‡q †ewk gyw`ªZ n‡q‡Q KweZv|
GKz‡ki Z_v evsjv fvlvi knx`‡ì Rb¨ G †`‡ki gvby‡li AK…wÎg Av‡e‡Mi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q
IBme KweZvq| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi ev GKz‡ki knx`‡ì wb‡q h‡Zv KweZv †jLv n‡q‡Q Zvi
meB Kv‡jvËxY© nqwb, wKš‘ GKz‡k wb‡q hviv KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì Av‡eM wQj
AK…wÎg|
1953 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi cÖ_g knx` wè‡m cÖfvZ‡dwi‡Z MvIqv n‡qwQj MvRxDj nK
iwPZ Ôfzj‡ev bv fzj‡ev bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi fzj‡ev bvÕ| †mw`b mÜ¨vq XvKv K‡j‡Ri
QvÎ‡ì D‡`¨v‡M cëb gq`v‡b Aew¯’Z †mKv‡ji e„Uvwbqv wm‡bgv nj g‡Â cÖ_g MvIqv
n‡qwQj Ave`yj jwZ‡di my‡i Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayixi ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k
†deªæqvwiÕ| GKz‡ki cÖ_g m¼jb nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb m¤úvw`Z ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕ
(gvP© 1953)-†Z †Zvdv¾j †nv‡m‡bi GKwU Mvb i‡q‡Q, Ôi³ kc‡_ Avgiv AvwR‡K †Zvgv‡i
¯§iY KwiÕ| Z‡e GKz‡ki i³v³ NUbvi cÖwZwµqvq ZvrÿwYKfv‡e GKz‡ki Mvb Aek¨ cÖ_g
iwPZ n‡qwQj Lyjbvq gkviid DwÏb Avng` iwPZ Ôg„Zz¨‡K hviv Zz”Q Kwij fvlv euvPvevi
Z‡iÕ| Aci GKwU Mvb kvgmyÏxb Avng` iwPZ †mwU n‡jv, Ôivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb Kwiwj‡i
evOvwj XvKvi kni i‡³ fvmvBwjÕ| Ave`yj jwZ‡di weL¨vZ Mvb ÔIiv Avgvi gy‡Li fvlv
KvBov wb‡Z PvqÕ iwPZ I MxZ n‡qwQj cÖ_g 1954 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi| GKz‡ki
cÖ_g `ywU Mv‡b A_©vr Ôg„Zz¨‡K hviv Zz”Q Kwij fvlv euvPvevi Z‡iÕ Ges Ôivóªfvlv
Av‡›`vjb Kwiwj‡i evOvwj, XvKvi kni i‡³ fvmvBwjÕ cieZ©x‡Z myi K‡iwQ‡jb AvjZvd
gvngy`| Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayixi ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi, Avwg
wK fzwj‡Z cvwiÕ Mv‡b cybivq myiv‡ivc K‡i Agi n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb AvjZvd gvngy`| evsjv
fvlvi knx`‡ì wb‡q iwPZ Mv‡b myiv‡ivc Ges lv‡Ui `k‡K IBme Mvb‡K RbwcÖq K‡i †Zvjvi
Aciv‡aB 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j cvwK¯Ívb evwnbx Zv‡K AvUK Ges XvKv
K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U wb‡q wM‡q ˆckvwPK ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb K‡i, wKš‘ exi wkíx
AvjZvd gvngy` cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi wb‡`©k g‡Zv ÔcvwK¯Ívb wR›`vev`Õ aŸwb D”PviY
Ki‡Z Am¤§Z nb Ges ÔRq evsjvÕ †¯øvMvb w`‡Z w`‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi ¸wj‡Z SuvRiv
n‡q gnvexi bvq‡Ki g‡Zv g„ZzëiY K‡ib| A_P evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ci gyw³hy‡×i GB
AKz‡Zvfq wkíx ˆmwbK‡K exi‡kÖô, exiDËg, exiweµg ev exicÖZxK †Kv‡bv Dcvwa w`‡q
m¤§vwbZ Kiv nqwb, hwÌ GKvËi mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i mgq †h `yÕRb wkíxi evwo‡Z XvKvi
gyw³evwnbxi eënv‡ii Rb¨ A¯¿ gRy` _vK‡Zv Zviv n‡jb KÉwkíx AvjZvd gvngy` Ges
eskxev`K I¯Ív` axi Avwj wgqv| Kx Acwimxg mvnm _vK‡j GKvË‡ii gyw³hy‡×i fqven
w`b¸‡jv‡Z wb‡R‡ì evwo‡Z gyw³evwnbxi A¯¿fvÐvi ivLv hvq, Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| Ave`yj
Mvd&dvi †PŠayixi ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕ Mv‡bi cÖ_g myiKvi
Ave`yj jwZd 1954 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Dcj‡ÿ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb `xN© m½xZ ÔIiv Avgvi
gy‡Li fvlv/K_v KvBiv wb‡Z Pvq, Iiv K_vq K_vq wkKj civq Avgvi nv‡Z cvqÕ| evsjv
†jvKMv_vi Av`‡j †jvK my‡i Rvwi Mv‡bi Avw½‡K iwPZ GB MvbwU‡Z Avengvb evsjv I
evOvwji gy‡Li fvlv I K‡Éi Mv‡bi HwZn¨ g~Z© n‡q D‡V‡Q| Ave`yj jwZd GKvË‡ii bq gvm
Zvi MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡iwQ‡jb, †iwWIi ÷vd AvwU©÷ nIqv m‡Ë¡I GKw`‡bi
RbÏ XvKv †eZvi †_‡K †Kv‡bv Abyôvb K‡ibwb Avi †m mgq ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª
†_‡K Anin Zvi iwPZ I myiv‡ivwcZ †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| Ave`yj jwZ‡di
Ae`vb Avgv‡ì gyw³msMÖv‡g AZ¨šÍ ewjô Avi Zvi ¯^xK…wZI wZwb †c‡qwQ‡jb
¯^vaxbZvi ci wewfbœ miKv‡ii Avg‡j| Aci GKRb gnvb wkíx †kL jyrdi ingvb hvi
myiv‡ivwcZ ewjô MYm½xZ¸‡jv fvlv, ¯^vwaKvi, EbmË‡ii MYAv‡›`vjb, GKvË‡ii
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Ges gyw³hy‡× evievi MxZ n‡q‡Q| cÖm½µ‡g wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi
iwPZ †kL jyrdi ingvb myiv‡ivwcZ ÔRbZvi msMÖvg Pj‡eB, Avgv‡ì msMÖvg Pj‡eB
RbZvi msMÖvg Pj‡eBÕ MvbwU D`vniY h‡_ó| Avgiv kvgmyÏxb Avng` iwPZ Ôivóªfvlv
Av‡›`vjb Kwiwj‡iÕ MvbwU D×„Z KiwQÑ
ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb Kwiwj‡i evOvwj
(†Zviv) XvKvi kni i‡³ fvmvBwj|
I evOvwj...|
gv-I Kv‡›` evc-I Kv‡›` †Rv‡oi fvB
eÜz evÜe KvB›`v Kq nvq‡i †Ljvi mv_x bvB
†i evOvwj...|
Bs‡iR hy‡M nuvUzi wb‡P PvjvB‡Zv ¸wj
¯^vaxb †`‡k fvB‡q fvB‡q, Dovq gv_vi Lywj
†i evOvwj...|
¸wj LvIqv Qv‡ÎiB jvk Ki‡e bv †`q
†mB jv‡ki Dci †cUªj w`qv nvq‡i Av¸‡b †cvovq
†i evOvwj...|
¸wj LvIqv evOvwji iæû KvB›`v KvB›`v Kq
†Zvgiv evOvwj gv WvwK‡qv Avgvi
Rbg `ytLx gvq‡i| (†kl)
xgšwd I eÞjÖx£ß xmqwt gwvlw hwnwk gøgpwk

Aik GK×Ëm 2010
W. Gi miËmk Awly
eÙxagyk og ÌbËmB RygËdk og ZuekZwËK iwZÚhwnwk iwcøËi eÞKwm Kkw pt„ Gog
ZuekZw owixMÞKhwËg xdYêt KËk Ìbm†Ëlwk KÚxÄ I ohøZw„ xgšwd I eÞjÖx£ß xmqw
Ggv MËgnYw iwdg RygËdk GKUw †kØZòeÔYê AdÖnŠ„ xKìç bÖ:LRdK pËlI G Kaw
oxZø Ìj, xgšwd I eÞjÖx£ß GLËdw AwiwËbk KÚxÄk AŠ pËt IËVxd„ AaP Awikw jxb DdíZ
xgËmðk xbËK ZwKwB Ggv ÌoLwdKwk xgšwËdk owËa RygËdk ÌjwMoÔ¢ lq Kxk ZwpËl
GUw GËKgwËkB þeÄ pËt jwt, xgšwd I eÞjÖx£ß GLd iwdÖËnk KÚxÄk GK AexkËâQbø
AŠ„ xgvm mZw²yk Ìmn hwËM AxZ gÙpu xRxdo Ggv AxZ q×bÛ xRxdËok Iek Ìj MËgnYw
PwlwËdw pËtËQ Zw ogwk iËd bÖ’xU eÞËmík Rgwg LÖ^Rgwk eÞtwo ÌeËtËQ„ eÞmí
bÖ’xU pËlw : (1) ipwxgËmðk D¨g NUl Ky KËk? (2) eÞwËYk D¨g NUl Ky KËk? G bÖ’xU
eÞmí Awxb iwdÖËnk iËdI xQl xKìç ZLdKwk xgšwd I eÞjÖx£ß G eÞËmík D£k Ìbtwk iËZw
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lq Kkw jwt, ZLd gÖSËZ AoÖxgcw pt dw Ìj G†Ëlw eÞwPyd hwkËZB upward motion gw
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ÌPËtxQ Zw pËlw GKxU ÑgšwxdK mwËþèk jLd PPêw I eÞËtwM pt ZLd ÑgšwxdK
exkhwnw Awedw AwexdB PËl AwËo„ AwiwËbk ÌbËm Awikw gwvlw hwnwt xgšwd I
eÞjÖx£ßk PPêw I MËgnYw jxb KkËZ PwB, ZwpËl eÞaËi jw KkËZ pËg Zw pËlw xgšwd
xmqw, xgšwd PPêw I MËgnYwk iw¢w gwrwËdw„ AwiwËbk KÚxnËZ, AwiwËbk
xPxKuowt, AwgpwItw I exkËgm BZøwxbËZ Ìjog oioøwt Awikw hÖMxQ Zwk oiwcwd jxb
AwiwËbk xdRþñ ÑgšwxdK MËgnYw ÌaËK D¨ÔZ pËZw ZËg Awikw xdËRkwB AËdK m²
oÙxÄ KkËZ ewkZwi„ ebwaêxgbøwt Awikw Ìj ‘ÌKwtwKê (quark)-Gk Kaw Âxd Zw pËlw
ebwËaêk q×bÛZi KYw jwËbk oiìñËt Adøwdø KYw Ìjid xdDUÛd, ÌeÞwUd BZøwxb
MxVZ„ G ÌKwtwKê m²xU 1960 owËlk AwËM gøgpÕZ ptxd„ xjxd ÌKwtwËKêk cwkYwk
eÞgZêd KËkd xZxd G q×bÛZi KYw†ËlwËK ‘ÌKwtwKê’ dwËi AxhxpZ KËkd„ ÌZixdhwËgB
Fermion m²xU ebwaêxgb Enrico Fermi-Gk dwiwdÖowËk Ggv XwKw xgmðxgbøwlËtk
KwRêd pËl MËgnYwkZ oËZød ÌgwËok dwiwdÖowËk Boson m²xU PwlÖ pt„ xKQÖ xKQÖ
KYwËK Fermion ÌMw¢yt Ggv xKQÖ xKQÖ KYwËK Boson ÌMw¢yt glw pt„ xi. Ìgwo jxb
xdËR MËgnYw dw KkËZd ZwpËl Boson m²xU PwlÖ pËZw dw„ oÖZkwv ÌbLw jwËâQ, gÉ
MËgnK jxb AËdK xbd cËk MËgnYw KËkd ÌoUwB pËâQ exkhwnw ÑZxkk GK AeÔgê
oÖËjwM„ xgšwd xmqw I xgšwd MËgnYw KkËZ pËg GUwB pËâQ Awol Kaw„ bÖ:LRdK
pËlI GUw oZø Ìj eÙxagyk Adø¢ jLd ÌbËmk GNP-Gk 1-3 mZwvm gøt pËâQ ÑgšwxdK
MËgnYwt ZLd AwiwËbk ÌbËm G GKB LwËZ gøt pËâQ GNP-Gk iw¢ 0.2 mZwvm„ G gøt
gwxrËt jxb GKUw quantum jump Ìbtw pt Ggv AwiwËbk ÌQËlËiËtkw jxb xgšwd I
eÞjÖx£ßk xgKwËm Ggv eÞËtwËM ZwËbk ÌicwËK jawjahwËg eÞËtwM KkËZ ewËk ZLdB
ÌKgl Awikw xgšwËdk GK GKxU Ìq¢ kPdw Kkg Ggv Ìoog ÌqË¢k Kaw gwvlwt ÌgwSwËdwk
ÌqË¢I DejÖ£ß hwnwk oÙxÄ pËg„
GLd eÞmí DVËZ ewËk jZqY ejêìæ Awikw xgšwd xmqw I MËgnYw Kiê exúPiwËbk iËZw
bqhwËg Awt£ dw Kkg ZZ xbd ejêìæ xK Awikw pwZ †xUËt gËo awKg? gwvlw hwnwk
eÞËtwM NUwg dw? þñhwgZB GLwËd exkhwnwk eÞmíxU GËo eËr Ggv AËdËKB iËd
KËkd Ìj Awikw Æ×l, KËlR, xgmðxgbøwlËt xgšwËdk Ìjog mwLwt ewVbwd Kxk ÌoLwËd
jxb Awikw jawja exkhwnw gøgpwk KkËZ ewxk ZwpËl G KwRxU opRZk pËg„ G cwkYw
Ìj GËKgwËk AËj#x£ßK Zw dt Ggv xKQÖ xKQÖ exkhwnw Ìj ÑZxk Kkw ptxd Zw-I
dt„ ZËg eÞmí pËâQ exkhwnw eÞËtwM KËk xgÂ¦ gwvlwt ewVbwd AËdK oit opRZk dw-I
pËZ ewËk„ iËd kwLËZ pËg xgËmðk ÑgšwxdK Ìj šwdËKwn xdxiêZ pËtËQ Zwk
AËdKLwxdB eÞKwxmZ pËtËQ I pËâQ BvËkxR hwnwt eÖþæK I Rwdêwl xpËoËg„ gwvlwt
erwËZ pËl gw MËgnYw KkËZ pËl G eÖþæK I RwdêwËlk gøgpwk dw KËk ewkg dw Ggv
G†ËlwËZ Ìj šwËdk Kaw glw pËtËQ Zw jxb Awikw Qw¢Ëbk owiËd Z×Ël ckËZ PwB
ZwpËl AdÖgwËbk eÞoŠ GËo eËr Awk owËa owËa exkhwnwk eÞoŠxUI GËo jwt„ xgšwd
xmqwk ÌqË¢ AdÖgwb GKxU eÞËtwRdyt gøgþÿw Zw iËd kwLËZ pËg„ xKìç G KawI iËd
kwLw eÞËtwRd Ìj AdÖgwËbk iwcøËi Awikw og oit Awol hwg dw-I f×xUËt Z×lËZ ewxk„
The horse is a noble animal-GB eÞgwbxU ogwB RwËdd Ggv AËmðk nobility I Ìj xK Zw-I
ogwB Delx³ KËkd„ xKìç Awikw jLd G eÞgwbxU gwvlwt eÞKwm Kxk GhwËg Ìj, Amð
GKxU Dbwk eÞwYy ZLd Jbwjê m²xU nobility m²xUk Aaê gpd KËk dw„ Jbwjê gwb xbËt
jxb Adø ÌKwËdw m² gøgpwk Kxk ZwpËlI xKìç Zw nobility-k Aaê eÞKwm KËk dw„ G GK
A¨ÖZ gøwewk; nobility Awk xKQÖ dt, nobility Qwrw„
xgšwËdk AËdK mwËþè Gid AËdK m² AwËQ, jw xgšwËdk phenomenon Z×Ël cËk„ Gixd
GKxU m² pËlw polarization„ jxbI KÄ KËk polarization-Gk GKxU gwvlw exkhwnw ÌKD
LÖ^ËR ewt, xKìç depolarization-Gk exkhwnw Ky KËk ewËg? IB exkhwnwk AwËM ‘A’
gw ‘d’ gxoËt? dw, ZwËZ LÖg GKUw KwR pËg dw„ G Kaw†Ëlwk iwËd GB dt Ìj,
exkhwnwk KwRUwËK LwËUw KËk ÌbLwk AgKwm AwËQ„ jZ bÔk oºg AdÖgwb KkËZ
pËg Ggv oxVKhwËg exkhwnwI KkËZ pËg„ xKìç og xRxdo AdÖgwËbk bkKwk AwËQ xK?
GLd globalization gw xgmðwtËdk jÖËM eÙxagyk og Axcgwoy GKB m² §wkw GKB oiËt
GKB gþçËK ÌgwSwËZ Pwt„ Ìjid CD CD (compact disk), cassette BZøwxb, Gog m² gw
Adøwdø ÑgšwxdK m² Ìjid television, X-ray, ultrasonograph, G†Ëlwk gŠwdÖgwb gw
electron, positron, hydrogen, oxygen G†Ëlwk gŠwdÖgwb Kkwk oxZøB ÌKwËdw bkKwk
AwËQ xK?
G ÌqË¢ GKxU xgKùe cwkwk gøgþÿw MÞpY Kkw ÌjËZ ewËk„ Awxi xdËR G xgKùe
cwkwxU gøgpwk KËkxQ Ggv oÖfl ÌeËtxQ„ G QwrwI G xgKùe cwkwk oiaêd Awxi W.
K×bkwZ-B-LÖbw I W. oËZød ÌgwËok Ryg¥mwt ZwËbk KwQ ÌaËK lwh KËkxQ„ xgKùe
cwkwxU pËlw Ìj, dwigwPK ÑgšwxdK m²†Ëlw Ìj†Ëlw xgmðgøwey eÞPxlZ pËt ÌMËQ
Ìo†Ëlwk BvËkxR kÕe xVK ÌkËLB x¢ßtwgwPK m²†Ëlw jxb AwiwËbk iwZÚhwnw
gwvlwhwnwk iwcøËi Kxk ZwpËl ewVbwËd ÌKwËdw oioøw pt dw„ gøwewkUw GKU×
xL^P×xr ÌMwËQk pËZ ewËk xKìç G xL^P×xr LÖgB DewËbt pËZ ewËk„ DbwpkYþñkÕe
AwYxgK xgšwd erwËdwk oit jxb glw pt, GKxU BËlKUÛd jxb DâP ÌZRwgþÿwk GKxU
Kqea ÌaËK xdØ ÌZRwgþÿwk GKxU KqeËa lwf Ìbt ZwpËl GKxU ray gw kxmô xdMêZ pt
Ggv ÌoB kxmôk ÌZR G bÖB ÌZRwgþÿwk gøgcwËdk oiwd pt, ZwpËl atomic transition-Gk
gøwewkxU Qw¢Ëbk gÖSËZ ÌKwËdw AoÖxgcw pt dw„ GidxK Kq KawxU dw gËl
‘AkxgU’ KawxU glËlI ÌKwËdw AoÖxgcw pt dw„ xgšwd xmqwk ÌqË¢ G ckËdk GKxU
approach jxb Awikw AwËM ÌaËKB xdZwi Zw pËl G ÌqË¢ Awikw BËZwiËcøB AËdKUw
AMÞMxZ lwh KkZwi„
G eÞoËŠ Awiwk GKUw iRwk Mùe iËd erËQ„ Ìgm xKQÖ xbd AwËM KlKwZwt science
writing gw xgšwd ÌlLwk Iek GKxU oËóild AdÖxÅZ pËtxQl Ggv gwvlwËbm ÌaËK W.
AwgbÖlöwp Awl-iÖZy mkf×x¥d, W. Awly AwoMk, W. mpybÖl Bolwi xMËtxQËld IB
oËóilËd„ AwxiI xQlwi„ GËoxQËld Ìbm ex¢Kwk oóewbK owMkit ÌNwn„ owMkit ÌNwn
pVwu Awl-iÖZy mkf×x¥dËK glËld ‘Awedwkw Ìj GZ exkhwnwk Kaw glËQd, glÖdËZw
depolarization-Gk gwvlw Ky KkËgd?’ mkf×x¥d owËpg xVK G eÞmíxUk Rdø eÞþçZ
xQËld dw„ ZwB GKU× aZiZ ÌLËt xKQÖ glËZ ÌPÄw KkËld„ owMkit ÌNwn Ggwk
AwiwËK eÞmí KkËld ‘Awexd Ky gËld?’ Awxi gllwi GxU GK Kawt dw gËl AËdK m²
gøgpwk KËk NUdwxU hwOP×k KËk glwB ÌmÛt„ ZLd G ckËdk ‘NUdwËK’ glw jwt
depolarization„ Awxi G eÞoËŠ exkhwnw oóeËKê Awiwk iZwiZ eÞKwm Kklwi„ owMkit
ÌNwnËK lq KËkB gllwi ‘ckØd Awexd ÌP#kŠyËK (KlKwZwk GKxU gøþæZi I RdwKyYê
þÿwd) Mwxr PwxlËt jwËâQd„ pVwu Awedwk MwxrUwËK UÛwxfK lwBËU awiwËZ
pËlw xKìç eËk Mwxr Awk start pËâQ dw„ WÛwBhwk ÌPÄw KËkB jwËâQ, xKìç start
pËâQ dw„ Awexd ZLd WÛwBhwkËK glËld, ÌdËi ÌbL dw xK pËtËQ? WÛwBhwk gËdU
LÖËl og xKQÖ ekyqw KËk GËo gll oøwk, ‘gøwUwxk WwDd’„ GLd WÛwBhwk G
bÖËUw m² gËl jw ÌgwSwËZ PwBl Awexd xVK ÌoUwB gÖSËld„ GLwËd xK
‘xgbÖøuËKwn mx£ßxgpyd’ glwk ÌKwËdw xgËmn eÞËtwRd AwËQ? Awiwk GKaw ÂËd
ogwB Ìpw Ìpw KËk ÌpËo ÌflËld„
exkËmËn Ìj KawxU glËZ PwB Zw pËlw GB, GKRd xmqK gw MËgnK jxb Zwk xgntËK
LÖg hwËlwhwËg gÖËS awËKd ÌKgl ZLdB xZxd iwZÚhwnwk iwcøËi Zwk xgntxU AËdøk
owiËd Z×Ël ckËZ ewËkd„ xmqËKk ÌgwcMiøZwk IeËkB QwË¢k ÌgwcMiøZw AËdKLwxd
xdhêk KËk„ ZwB scientific concept †Ëlw Ìj xmqËKk KwËQ SKSËK ZKZËK pËZ pËg Zw
glwBgwÉlø„ Awk exkhwnwk MÞpYËjwMøZw pËlw Gk PËlk Iek QrwËZ QrwËZ Ìjid
‘Qrw’ xVK ÌZixd PlËZ PlËZ ‘Pl’„ Awikw jxb xgšwd xmqw I MËgnYwt AxcKZk gÛZy pB,
Awikw jxb xdËRkwB dZ×d MËgnYwk exaKÚu pB Ggv xgšwd xgntwxb oóeËKê AwiwËbk
cøwd-cwkYw jxb AZøìæ þeÄ pt ÌKgl ZLdB Awikw xgmðgøwey eÞPxlZ ÑgšwxdK m²†Ëlw
gøgpwk KËk AwiwËbk oiÙ¦ gwvlw hwnwt xgšwd I eÞjÖx£ß xgnËt eÞwYgìæ ewVbwd
KkËZ ewkg„
GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk Ggv Awikw
AwLzZwkz-Dlz-Awli
MZKwl (gÙpþexZgwk) xgËKl eÞwt 4Uw XwKw ÌixWKøwl KËlR ÌpwËýUl eÞwŠËY
kwÄÛhwnw gwvlwk bwxgËZ xgËqwhkZ Qw¢Ëbk Iek eÖxlËmk †xl PwlwËdwk fËl XwKw
xgmðxgbøwlËtk Gi G KõwËok Qw¢ Ìiwpwóib owlwpD¥yd (26) NUdwþÿËl xdpZ Ggv gÉ
ovLøK Qw¢ I eaPwky AwpZ pd„ AwpZËbk iËcø 20 RdËK pwoewZwËl hxZê Kkw pt„ kwZ
8Uwk ek AwpZËbk iËcø XwKw xgmðxgbøwlËtk Qw¢ AwgbÖl Rgµwk (30), AwgÖl gkKZ
(25) I gwbwiZly Kiwxmêtwl ÌeÞËok iwxlËKk eÖ¢ kxfK×x¥Ëdk (27) iÙZ×ø pt„ AwpZËbk
iËcø e^wPRËdk Agþÿw Awm‰wRdK gxltw Rwdw xMtwËQ„
GxU pËâQ 1952 owËlk 22 ÌfgÛØtwxk ÑbxdK AwRwËbk eÞai Lgk„ dIËglwl dwiK GKxU
ex¢Kw 23 ÌfgÛØtwxk 1952 ZwxkËL Ìj xgËmn ovLøwxU eÞKwm KËkxQl Zwk eÞai
eÙÅwt xmËkwdwËik iËcø xQl : ‘XwKw mpËkk xgxhdí þÿwËd eÖxlm I xixlUwxkk
†xlgnêY kwRcwdyk iwxUËZ Qw¢-xmÂ I xKËmwkËbk ÌmwxYZ-ewZ mpybËbk þôÙxZk
eÞxZ mÛ¦w šwedwaê mwioÖx¥Ëdk ebZøwM„’
hwnw AwËëbwlËdk eÞai mpyb Ìiwpwóib owlwpD¥yËdk dwi AwR AËdËK hÖËl
ÌMËQd„ mwioÖx¥Ëdk KawI„ Bxd pËâQd Zbwdyìæd eÞwËbxmK exknËbk oboø, ÑbxdK
AwRwb ex¢Kwk oóewbK AwgÖl Kwlwi mwioÖx¥d„ hÖËl jwItwB þñwhwxgK„ Awikw
Kawt Kawt mpyËbk kË£ßk eÞxZ mÛ¦w šweËdk Kaw gxl„ mpyËbk k£ß gÙaw ÌjËZ Ìbtw
pËg dw gËl ÌþöwMwd Z×xl„ ogêþæËkk gwvlw hwnw eÞxZÅw Kkwk owËa owËa mpyËbk
kË£ß AxRêZ þñwcydZwËK Aaêgp Kkwk AwItwR DVwB„ xKìç xgþôÙZ Ìiwpwóib
owlwpD¥yËdk Kaw jLd iËd pt Ggv ÌPwËLk owiËd jLd ÌbxL lq ÌKwxU gxéZ lwx˜Z
iwdÖËnk ÌgbdwZê iÖLâQxg, ZLd ÌhËg ewB dw Awikw ÌK KwËK Ìc^wKw xbxâQ„ eÞai
hwnwÐoxdK owlwpD¥yËdk dwËi XwKwk GKxU orËKk dwiKkY Kkwk Rdø gQk KËtK
cËk ÌPÄw PwxlËt jwxâQ„ XwKwk Ìitk Kaw xbËtxQËld, xKìç IB ejêìæB„ owlwpD¥yËdk
exkPt LÖ^ËR Ìgk Kkwk Rdø MËgnKËbk AdÖËkwc KkxQ„ eÞxZgwËk etlw ÌfgÛØtwxk
ÌaËK jwkw Ìj iZ I eËak, Zwkw ÌoB iZ I eËak xhx£ËZB ‘GK×mËK’ KwËR lwMwgwk Rdø
DËVeËr lwËMd„ okKwxkhwËg ogêþæËk ÂcÖ gwvlw hwnw dt, gwvlw od-ZwxkLI PwlÖ
Kkwk xdËbêm Ìbtw pËtËQ„ ckw jwK, G ÌbËm AZ:ek ogêþæËk gwvlw hwnw PwlÖ pËt
ÌMËQ, KÄ KËk pËlI owËpg-oÖgwkw gwvlw oËdk xpowgUw k® KËk xdËtËQd,
kwRcwdyop ÌbËmk eÞxZxU ÌRlw-DeËRlwt Axfo-ovþÿw I ÌbwKwdewËUk
owBdËgwWê†Ëlw gwvlw pkËf xlxLZ pËtËQ mpyb xidwËk ÌdZwËbk Qxg UwOwËdw xdËt
ÌKwËdw Ñp-p›ËMwl, iwkwiwxk, LÖd-RLi pItwk Awk ÌKwËdw AgKwm awKËQ
dw„ xKìç Zwkek? Zwkek Ky pËg?
Zwkek Ky GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk dwxK 8 fwùMÖd xdËt gwbwdÖgwb gìc pËg? ZwkekI xK
gwvlwhwnwk exkhwnw xdËt ex¡ZdôdøËbk xgZKê xþæxiZ pËg? ÌbËmk og ÌlwK
Aqkšwdoóedí pËZ ewkËg? eÞwBiwxk Æ×l ÌaËK mZKkw 70-80 hwËMk WÛeAwDU
xþæxiZ pËt AwoËg? Qw¢ kwRdyxZk dwËi Awk ÌKwËdw Qw¢Qw¢y lwm pËt NËk xfkËg
dw? DâPxmqwk ewVøeÖþæËKk Rdø xmqwaêyËbk xZd-Pwk †Y Ìgxm bwi xbËt exúPigËŠk
ewVøeÖþæKeÞwx®k pwxeËZøm awKËg dw? gwvlwt ÌlLw owxUêxfËKU BvËkxRKkËYk
Rdø Awgwk BZþæZ AdÖgwb Ìol ÌLwlwk bÙmø ÌPwËL erËg dw? BvËkxR xixWtwi
Æ×l†ËlwËZ ÌQËlËiËtËbk erwgwk Rdø AxhhwgKËbk Awk lwBd lwMwËZ pËg dw?
xgËbËm ÌQËlËiËtËbk erwËdwk Rdø G ÌbËmk bÔZwgwo†ËlwËZ lwBd Ìbtw gìc pËg? Æ×l-
KËlR hwxoêxUk Kõwo†Ëlw jawxdtËi jawoiËt ÂkØ I Ìmn pËg? Ìomd RU gËl ÌKwËdw m²
ex¢Kwk eÙÅw Klx‰Z KkËg dw? ekyqw ÌeQwËdwk bwxg xKvgw ÌUýU ekyqw QwrwB
fwBdwl ekyqw Ìbtwk AxcKwk eÞbwËdk ÌoöwMwd Aagw dKl Kkwk bwxg xdËt Qw¢kw
Awk xmqKËbk IeËk PrwI pËg dw? Ìj xmqK dKËlk gøwewËk KËVwk ZwËK iwkck KËk
xixQlopKwËk ÌUÛËd xKvgw gwËo Z×Ël Ìbtwk Dlöwo xK gìc pËg? ‘gwvlw, gwvlw’ KËk
owcwkY iwdÖnËK AwËgMweöÖZ KËk ÌkËL ÌKD xK xdR oìæwdËbk BvËkxR xmxLËt
owcwkY iwdÖËnk iwawk IeËk Qxr NÖkwËdwk þñeí ÌbLËg dw? ogËPËt gr Kaw, Zwk eËkI
xK iw-ÌgwËdkw xdhêËt mpyb xidwËk ÌjËZ ewkËg GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk DelËq?
kwÄÛhwnw gdwi exkhwnw
Gog eÞmí Z×lxQ RdwxìæËK„ Gog eÞËmík RgwgbwËdk bwxtZòI GKKhwËg ÌKwËdw
ipËlk, Ìo Kaw xgmðwo Kxk dw„ ZËg iËd-eÞwËYB xgmðwo Kxk, GZ xbd cËk Awikw jZB
gwvlwhwnwËK kwÄÛhwnw Kkwk Rdø pBPB KkxQ gwvlwhwnw ZZB ¢ßiwìñËt
‘exkhwnw’ pËZ pËZ AxhcwËdk hwnwt ejêgxmZ pËâQ„ AaP G jwgu gwvlwËbm ÌaËK Gid
GKLwxd gwvlw Axhcwd eÞKwm Kkw pËlw dw Ìj AxhcwdxU G ÌbËmk GZ xbËdk
owxpËZø gøgpÕZ hwnwk m²oºwkËK cwkY KËk Awed ixpiwt oiÖŒòl awKwk bwxgbwk
pËg„
RwdËZ ÌeËkxQ, Kxg ipwËbg owpw PlxìæKw, ovob BZøwxb xWKmdwxk LÖ^ËR LÖ^ËR
ÌeËkmwd„ dw, ‘xgkwd’ m²xU xZxd ÌKwawtI ÌeËld dw„ G ckËdk gÉ m² Awikw pkbi ÌlLwk
Kawt gøgpwk KkxQ„ AaP Ìo†Ëlw gwvlw AxhcwËd ÌdB„ G xbËK eÞPxlZ eÞxZxU
AxhcwËd mZ mZ m² Aaêop þÿwd ÌeËtËQ Ìj†Ëlwk AwËb# ÌKwËdw eÞPld ÌdB dw
owxpËZø dw ovgwbeË¢„ BË£fwËK gwdWwxo m² eÞai gøgpwk KkËZ xMËt hynY
ÌgKwtbwt erËZ pËtxQl„ ‘KoÖk’ m²xU KlwËi ÌKd xlËLxQ Ìo Rdø ‘oóewbËKk’ AËdK Kaw
ÂdËZ pËtËQ„ ogËPËt iRwk gøwewk iÖoxli eÞcwd gwvlwËbËmk ÌlLK- oóewbK
owvgwxbKkw Ìjog m² iÖoliwxd gËl gwb xbËâQd, KlKwZwk ÑbxdK-ow®wxpK-iwxoK ex
¢Kw†Ëlw Ìoog m² gøgpwk KkËQ Ìbbwk„ ÌoLwdKwk ÌkxWI xUxhk gwvlwhwnwt Zwkw
owcwkËYø eÞPxlZ Awkxg, fwkxo, DbÖê, BvËkxR m² gøgpwk KkËQ Gìæwk Awk Awikw?
og ÌqË¢ ojËZí eÞPxlZ IB og m² exkpwk KËk gøgpwk KkxQ iÙZhwnw ovÆÚËZk
m²KùebÛØËik m²iwlw„ oóeÞxZ GKRd oÖËlLK Ìgm xKQÖ DbwpkYop kowËlw KËk
xgntUw AwËlwPdw KËkËQd„ Ìo AwËlwPdwk xKQÖ Avm Z×Ël ckwk Ìlwh owilwËZ
ewklwi dw„ Ìjid :
‘AwiwËbk ÌbËm exkhwnw xdËt Koku ÌbËL iËd pt gøwewkUw LÖgB bÖkÕp GKxU
xKQÖ„ G eÞoËŠ AxhcwËdk ‘ÌUKxdKøwl ItwWê’ m² bÖ’xU þôZêgø„ ÌoLwËd eÞËtwRËd
Axhcwd eÞËYZwkw Aaê eÞw™l Kkwk Rdø BvËkxR m² gøgpwk KkËZ x§cw
KËkdxd„ xKìç AwiwËbk ex¡Zkw BlÖxiËdmd mË²k Aaê KËkËQd AwËlwKoŒw dt, D¨wod
eÞwLjê„ ZwËbk KwËQ gøwvK iwËd AxcËKwn„ xpxëb exkhwnwxgbkw AwËkw AËdK
bÔk AMÞok pËtËQd, ‘UtËlU fk ÌlxWo’-Gk exkhwnw Zwkw ÑZxk KËkËQd : ‘ÌbgyI xK
pwMdK×xV„’ AwiwËbk AËdK exkhwnwxgb xpxëbItwlwËbk KwRKËiê eÞhwxgZ pËt Ìilw
SwËilw ÑZxk KËk PËlËQd„ xpxëb exkhwnwxgbMËYk lqø gwvlw hwnwËK KZUw
xpxëbk KwQwKwxQ Awdw jwt„ xKìç AwiwËbk ÌZw Ìo bwt ÌdB„ Awikw ÌZw XwKw
dMkyËK ÌKëbÛ KËk gwvlw hwnwËK þñwcydhwËg xgKxmZ KkËZ ewxk„ ÌoLwËd
exkhwnw xdËt GZ ÉŒZ ÌKd? Ìj m² RdËgwcø Ggv pwËZk KwËQ DËV AwËo, Awikw
iÖËL gxl, ZwB exkhwnw xpËoËg Â¦„ ovob AxhcwËd kwÄÛexZ mË²k Aaê BvËkxRËZ
Ìbtw AwËQ ÌeÞxoËWëU„ GidB jLd Agþÿw, ZLd bÖkÕp xpxëb, ovÆÚZ, Zuoi I Z¨g mË²k
iËcø eÞZøwgZêËdk ÌPÄw ÌKd?’
Ìemwt ÌjËpZ× owvgwxbK, ÌoËpZ× ZwËbk pËt jxb xKQÖ gxl Awmw Kxk ÌKD iËd xKQÖ
KkËgd dw„ ÌgPwkw RwdêwxlýUËbk ÌeËUk bwËtB icøkwËZk iËcøB jwgZyt NUdw I šwd-
xgšwËdk Lgk gwvlw hwnwt eÞKwm KkËZ pt ‘exkhwnw eÞËYZwËbk Rdø AËeqw Kkwk
oÖËjwM ZwËbk ÌdB’„ GUwB pËlw og Kawk owk Kaw„ Agmø Gk ÌPËtI Ìgwc pt gr Kaw
GKxU ÌaËK jwËâQ, Zw pËlw, Ìj ÌbËmk mZKkw 75 ÌaËK 85 hwM ÌlwK ZwËbk xdRþñ
DâPwkY I gwKhxŠËZ gwvlw hwnw xbËtB xbd †Rkwd PwxlËt xdËâQd„ pwl ÌMkxþæ,
gøgow-ÌZRwkZ ÌaËK ÂkØ KËk ÌKwawtI ZwËbk AwUKwËâQ dw, ÌoLwËd mZKkw 20-22
RËdk gwvlw kwÄÛhwnw dw exkhwnw Ìo iwilwUw AdwtwËoB iÖlZxg kwLw ÌjËZ ewËk
dwxK?
Deovpwk
GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk DelËq gÉgwk gÉhwËg jw glw pËtËQ DeovpwËk ÌoUwB AwgwËkw
DâPwkY KkËZ PwB„ ZwpËlw xmqw, xmqw Ggv xmqw„ ÌbËm owgêRdyd xmqw Qwrw
hwnwk ÌqË¢ jwB Kkw ÌpwK, xKQ×ËZB xKQÖ pËg dw„ Awk ÌbËmk mZKkw 100 hwM
ÌlwK xmxqZ pËl hwnw xKvgw exkhwnwk RdøI xKQÖ AwUKwËg dw„ ÌKddw M^wËtk
ÌaËK Awow xdkqk AxoiÖx¥ xKvgw ZxiRd ÌgItwk KwËQ BDxdhwxoêxUI jw,
xgmðxgbøwltI ZwB : gwvlw pkËfk owBd ÌgwWêI jw, BvËkxR pkËfk owBd ÌgwWêI ZwB
og xKQÖB ZwËbk KwËQ xMÞK„ oÖZkwv ÌbËmk Ìgxmk hwM iwdÖnËK Aš, AxmxqZ I
xdkqk KËk ÌkËL ogêþæËk gwvlw hwnwk eÞowk xKQÖËZB oºg pËg dw„ AwBd KËkI dw„
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XwKwt gwvlw owxpËZøk PPêw BvËkR Awil
W. ItwxKl Awpib
1757 owËl elwmyk eÞpodiÔlK jÖË¦ xokwRDË¥#lwk ekwRt I iÙZ×ø pËl gwvlwk
kwRdyxZËZ xgkwU exkgZêd oÔxPZ pt„ nrjËìèk dwtK iykRwfk Awly Lwd
iÖxmêbwgwËbk iodËb AxcxÅZ pËlI xZxd eÞKÚZeËq BýU Bx«tw ÌKwóewxdk AcyËd
‘eÖZ×l dgwËg’ exkYZ pd„ 1765 owËl ÌbItwxd I 1772 owËl kwRÐdxZK qiZw lwh KËk
ÌKwóewxd KlKwZwt kwRcwdy þÿwdwìæk KËk„ XwKwk dwËtg-dwxRËik eb gpwl
awKËlI ¢ßËi Zwkw qiZw pwxkËt Dewxc-ogêþñ I AdÖbwdËhwMy dgwËg exkYZ
pd„ BvËkRËK opwtZw bwËdk eÖkÆwkþñkÕe RokZ Lwd 1765 owËl eÖdkwt XwKwk
dwËtg-dwxRi eËb xdjÖ£ß pd„ xZxd 1767 owËl ‘dgwg’ Dewxc lwh KËkd Ggv IB eb I
Dewxc gvmwdÖ¢ßËi ÌhwM Kkwk oÖxgcw ewd„ iÖpwóib ÌkRw LwËdk (1760-1765) ek
RokZ Lwd (1765-81) I Zwk gvmck jwkw dwËtg-dwxRi pd, Zwkw pËld pwoiZ RŠ (1781-
1787), dokZ RŠ (1787-1823), mwioDË¥#lw (1823-1831), KikDË¥#lw (1831-1836) I
MwRyD¥yd pwtbwk (1836-1843)„ MwRyD¥yd xd:oìæwd pItwt IB eb I Dewxc xglÖ®
pt„ 1857 owËl hwkËZ ‘xoewxp xgËbÛwp’ pËl XwKwËZI Zwk ÌQ^wtw lwËM; BvËkR
mwoK Ìbmy xoewxpËbk ÌRl, f^wxo, byewìæk xbËt KËVwkpËþæ Zw bid KËk„ 1758 owËl
ÌKwóewxdk mwoËdk Agowd NËU, BvløwË«k ipwkwdy xhËƒwxktw hwkËZk mwodhwk
MÞpY KkËl xgÛxUm mwodwil ÂkØ pt„ hwkZgwoy ipwkwdyk eÞRwhÖ£ß pt„
BvËkRkw xgÛËUdËK ‘iwZÚhÔxi’ (Home) Ggv hwkZËK ‘DexdËgm’ (Colony) xpËoËg
MYø KËk oóeÔYê xdËRËbk þñwËaêB mwodgøgþÿw eÞgZêd I mwodKwjê exkPwldw
KËk„ kwRÐdxZK I AaêÐdxZKhwËg ÌmwnY-eyrËdk iwcøËi oóeb AwpkY pËlw
JexdËgxmK mwodgøgþÿwk eÞcwd lqø„ Zwk ekI glËZ pt, BvËkR eÞgxZêZ dZ×d
mwoddyxZ, AaêdyxZ I xmqwgøgþÿwk fËl gwvlwËbËm cyËk cyËk icøjÖMyt owiìæmwod I
oiwRgøgþÿwk Agowd pt I AwcÖxdK jÖËMk oÔ¢ewZ pt„ BvËkxR hwnw Ggv ewúPwZø
šwdxgšwd xmqwk fËl gwOwxlk Rygdcwkw, xPìæw I ÌPZdw, id I idËd exkgZêËdk oÔPdw
pt„ ZwËbk gøx£ßËZòk xgKwm NËU; Zwkw þñwcyd xPìæw, iÖ£ß gÖx¦, jÖx£ßxgbøw,
xgšwd, iwdxgK I ÑdxZK iÔløËgwc BZøwxb dgø šwd, hwg I hwgdwk AxcKwky
pt„ eÞcwdZ kwRcwdy mpk KlKwZwËK ÌKëbÛ KËk Gog šwdxgšwd, xgbøw-gÖx¦k
exkPjêw I KiêKw¡ exkPwxlZ pt„ G oit okKwxk I ÌgokKwxk Axfo-AwbwlËZ PwKxk,
ÌQwULwËUw gøgowt, xgxhdí Ìemw I gÙx£Rygy iwdÖËnk oiìñËt mpËk GKxU Ìbmyt
icøxg£ ÌmÛYyk D¨g pt„ Dxdm mZËK AwcÖxdKZwk eÞxZÅwt I dgRwMkËYk oÙxÄËZ
GkwB KwjêKk hÔxiKw ewld KËk„
KlKwZwk dMkRygd I dgRwMkY gwvlwk ifþñl mpk†ËlwËZ ÌZid AwËlwrd oÙxÄ KkËZ
ewËkxd„ Dxdm mZËKk eÞwt icøhwM ejêìæ XwKw mpkgwoyk iËcø AwcÖxdK xmqw I
dgjÖËMk ÌKwËdw eÞËYwbdw RwËMxd„ XwKw I iÖxmêbwgwËbk dgwg I AxhRwZ
exkgwk†ËlwËZ Awkxg-fwkxok owËa AxZxk£ß DbêÖ hwnw þÿwd KËk Ìdt„ gwvlw hwnwk
owËa ZwËbk ÌKwËdw ovxmöÄZw xQl dw„ BvËkRËbk owËa fwkxo hwnwt ZwËbk
ÌjwMwËjwM pËZw„ Gk Rdø xdËtwMeÞw® Ìbwhwny xQËld„ 1835 owl ejêìæ okKwxk
KwRKËiê fwkxo hwnw PwlÖ awKwt Zwkw i£ßg-iwbÛwowt IB hwnw xmqwk eÞxZ AxcK
AwMÞp eÞKwm KËkËQ„ AwcÖxdK xmqw xgþæwËkk owËa Æ×l-KËlËRk ewVøeÖþæK
kPdw, e¢ex¢Kw eÞKwm, ohw-oxixZ MVd, ciê I oiwR ovÆwk AwËëbwld BZøwxbk iwcøËi
KlKwZwt gwvlw kPdwk Ìj oÔPdw pËtxQl, XwKwt Ìoog KiêKw¡ ÂkØ pËZ AwËkw 50 gQk
AxZ¢ßwìæ pËt jwt„ fËl GLwËd gwvlw hwnw AwËMk iËZwB DËexqZ ÌaËK jwt„
XwKwk iÖK×Upyd dwËtg-dwxRËik eb xglÖ® pËl ZwËbk AgxmÄ ÌM#kg, mwd-mIKwZ,
HxZpøI AþæxiZ pt„ GLd BvËkRkwB ogêit qiZwk AxcKwky pt„ xoewxp xgËbÛwËp
BvËkRËK opËjwxMZw bwd KËk XwKwk DVxZ cxdK I dgø Rxibwk exkgwËkk oboø
AwgbÖl Mxd 1865 owËl ‘dgwg’ Dewxc lwh KËkd, jw 1877 owËl gvmwdÖ¢ßËi gøgpwËkk
oÖËjwM ewd„ G exkgwËkk oìæwd dgwg oxliÖlöwp I dgwg Awpowd Dlöwp XwKwk
AwcÖxdKwtd I DdítËd †kØZòeÔYê hÔxiKw ewld KËkd„
XwKwt AwcÖxdK cwkwk xmqw LÖg cyk MxZËZ ÂkØ pt„ 1818 owËl XwKwt eÞaËi
gøwexUýU ximdwxkËbk owpwËjø BvËkxR Æ×l eÞxZxÅZ pt„ okKwxk DËbøwËM eÞai
Æ×l þÿwxeZ pt 1835 owËl, jw 1841 owËl XwKw KËlËR kÕewìæxkZ pt„ 1874 owËl
XwKw iwbÛwow þÿwxeZ pt, IgwtbÖlöwp Awl Igwtby ÌowpkwItwbêy xQËld eÞai
oÖewxkdËUË«ëU„ xZxd 1879 owËl ‘oiwR oxóildy ohw’ Ggv XwKwk Qw¢kw 1883 owËl
‘XwKw iÖoliwd oÖpÕb oxóildy’ þÿwed KËk iÖoliwd oiwËR xmqw xgþæwËk opwtZw
KËkd„ 1905 owËl gŠhŠ pËl eÔgêgŠ I Awowi eÞËbËmk kwRcwdy mpk xpËoËg XwKwt
dZ×d KËk eÞwËYk oéwk pt, xKìç Zw xQl AZøìæ qYþÿwty, 1911 owËl gŠhŠ xgËkwcy
AwËëbwlËdk fËl Zw kxpZ Kkw pt„ 1906 owËl XwKwt ‘Al Bx«tw iÖoxli lyM’ MxVZ pËl
XwKwt kwRÐdxZK oËPZdZw gÙx¦ ewt„ 1921 owËl ‘XwKw xgmðxgbøwlt’ eÞxZxÅZ pËl
G AéËlk xmqwRygËd dZ×d D¥yedwk oéwk pt„ XwKwk AwcÖxdK xmxqZ I Ìg#x¦K oiwR
MVËd XwKw xgmðxgbøwlËtk Agbwd ogËPËt Ìgxm„ gwvlwËbËmk kwRdyxZ, oiwRdyxZ,
AaêdyxZ, xmqw, xmùe-owxpZø Zaw ovÆÚxZ ogêËqË¢ xgmðxgbøwlËtk Agbwd AwRI
Z×ldwkxpZ„ 1926 owËl XwKw xgmðxgbøwlt I XwKw KËlËRk xmqK-QwË¢k DËbøwËM
þÿwxeZ iÖoxli owxpZø oiwËRk ‘gÖx¦k iÖx£ß AwËëbwld’ oiwRËK dZ×d hwgdwt RwxMËt
ÌZwËl„ hwkËZ xgÛxUmxgËkwcy AwËëbwld ¢ßËiB ÌRwkbwk pt, eÞxZgwËbk mpk
XwKwËZI Zwk eÞhwg eËr„ 1947 owËl hwkZ I ewxKþæwd bÖ’xU eÙaK þñwcyd kwÄÛ
MxVZ pËl XwKw eÔgê ewxKþæwËdk eÞwËbxmK kwRcwdy pt„
GKxU qyY cwkwk dgøxmxqZ icøxg£ ÌmÛYy §wkw 1860 owËl ‘gwŠwlw jìè’ dwËi eÞai
QwewLwdw þÿwxeZ pt, Awk ÌoLwd ÌaËK ‘KxgZwK×oÖiwgly’ dwËi iwxoK ex¢Kw,
‘dylbeêY’ dwËi bydgìc× xiË¢k jÖMwìæKwky dwUK BZøwxb Qwew pt„ dbytwk Axcgwoy
bydgìc× xi¢ ZLd XwKw ÌRlwt WwK xghwËMk KiêPwky xQËld„ 1861 owËl xgLøwZ
ow®wxpK ‘XwKw eÞKwm’ AwZôeÞKwm KËk„ oóewbdwk KwËR KÙnäPëbÛ iRÖibwk
(1834-1907) Ggv eÞKwmdwk KwËR pxkmPëbÛ xi¢ RxrZ xQËld„ pxkmPëbÛ xi¢ (1834-
1872) XwKwk Axcgwoy xQËld„ xZxd Kxg I dwUøKwk xpËoËg gÉ MÞìÿ kPdw I eÞKwm
KËkd„ KÚnäPëbÛ iRÖibwk RwZ-oóewbK xQËld„ xZxd LÖldwk Axcgwoy, xKìç byNêKwl
XwKwt ÌaËK ex¢Kw oóewbdw I owxpZøKiê exkPwldw KËkd„ GkekB hwB xMxkmPëbÛ
Ìod (1835-1910) K×kAwd I pwxbËok AdÖgwbop xgxgc MbøMÞìÿ kPdw KËkd„ xZxd
XwKwk AbÔËk e^wPËbwdw MÞwËi RdôMÞpY KËkd„ GLwËd GKUw xgnt DËlöLø,
AwcÖxdK owxpËZøk jw¢weËa XwKw KlKwZwk opjw¢y xQl; fËl owxpËZøk dZ×d eËa
PlËZ Ìgxm ÌgM ÌeËZ ptxd„ Zwk ekI iËd kwLw bkKwk, 1947 owl ejêìæ ÌbËmk dgøxmxqZ
gÖx¦Rygy ÌmÛYyk KwËQ ifþñl mpk XwKw AËeqw kwRcwdy mpk KlKwZwk (1911 owl
ejêìæ xgÛxUm hwkËZk kwRcwdy, eËk eÞwËbxmK kwRcwdy pt) AwKnêY Ìgxm
xQl„ eÔgêgËŠk Axcgwoy pËtI AËdK owxpZøKiêy ZLd KlKwZwt Mid KËkd Ggv MÞìÿ-ex
¢Kwxb eÞKwm-eÞPwËk gÛZy pd„
Zwk ekI glËZ x§cw ÌdB, Ìbm-xghwËMk AwM ejêìæ jwkw XwKwt Agþÿwd KËkd Ggv
xmùe-owxpZø PPêwt xdËtwxRZ awËKd, ZwËbk owxpZøKiêËK LwËUw KËk ÌbLw jwt
dw„ XwKwk Ìg#x¦K oiwR I ÌlLK ÌMwÅy MÞìÿ kPdw, e¢ex¢Kw eÞKwm I ohw-oxixZ MVd
KËk AwcÖxdK gwvlw owxpZøPPêw I eÞowËk AMÞYy hÔxiKw ewld KËkd„
1860 owËl ‘dylbeêY’ eÞKwm, iéwxhdt (1862), icÖoÔbd b£ KZêÙK AdÖgwb, ewbxk lO
KZêÙK iÖbÛY, lËOk xgPwk I Aaêb¡ BZøwxb NUdw Ìjd NÖiìæ XwKwËK RwxMËt
ÌZwËl„ eÞKÚZeËq IB gQk ÌaËKB XwKwt AwcÖxdK owxpZøPPêw I MÞìÿ eÞKwm ÂkØ
pt„ Dxdm mZK ejêìæ ÌlLK xpËoËg jwËbk dwi Kkw jwt, Zwkw pËld KÚnäPëbÛ iRÖibwk
(1834-1907), xMxkmPëbÛ Ìod (1835-1910), pxkmPëbÛ xi¢ (1838-1872), pxkpk dëby,
byddwa Ìod (1839-1898), KwlyeÞodí ÌNwn (1843-1910), dgKwìæ PË›wewcøwt (1845-
1904), kRdyKwìæ †® (1849-1900), AwdëbPëbÛ xi¢ (1854-1903), ÌmL AwgbÖo Ìowgpwd
eÞiÖL„
LÖldwk Axcgwoy KÚnäPëbÛ iRÖibwk XwKwk diêwl Æ×Ël xmqKZw KkËZd„ xZxd
KxgZwK×oÖiwgly, iËdwkx™Kw, XwKw eÞKwm, xgšwedy, gyYwewxY eÞhÙxZ ex¢Kw
oóewbdw KËkd„ KÚnäPëbÛ iÔlZ Kxg xQËld, o¨wgmZK (1861) I ÌiwpËhwM (1871) Zwk
KwgøMÞìÿ„ kwRdwkwtY goÖ ZwËK ‘XwKwB mwxrk døwt DuKÚÄ XwKwB Kxg’ gËl
iìægø KËkd„
XwKwk Axcgwoy pxkmPëbÛ xi¢I Kxg xQËld„ xZxd KÚnäPËëbÛk iËZw GKwxcK ex¢Kw
jaw xP£kx™Kw (1862), AgKwmkx™Kw (IB), KwgøeÞKwm (1864), xpëbÖ xpÐZxnYy
(1865), xpëbÖkx™Kw (1868), xi¢eÞKwm (1870) eÞhÙxZ oóewbdw KËkd; ex¢Kw†Ëlwk
AwtÖ þñùe xQl„ Gog ex¢Kwt xZxd MyxZKxgZw, AwLøwdKwgø, eÞpod I eÞgìc eÞKwm
KËkËQd„ ‘KxgZwËK#iÖby’ (3 hwM, 1863-70), gyk gwKøwgly (1864), KyPKgcKwgø
(1866), xdgêwxoZw oyZw (1871) eÞcwd KwgøMÞìÿ„ Âhoø myNÞv (1861), iøwI ckËg ÌK?
(1862) I Nk awKËZ gwgÖB ÌhËR (1863) eÞpodiÔlK kPdw„ XwKw eÞKwm (6 GxeÞl 1872)
ex¢Kw ZwËK ‘eÔgê gwvlwk GKxU kZíþñkÕe’ gËl AxhxpZ KËkd„
XwKwk AbÔËk e^wPËbwdwk Axcgwoy hwB xMxkmPëbÛ exg¢ K×kAwd I 10 LË¡ pwxbo
AdÖgwb KËk Ggv pRkZ iÖpwóib ow:-op iÖoxli idyny I Zwfxok, KËtKxU RygdyMÞìÿ
kPdw KËk LøwxZ ARêd KËkd„ Awkxg I fwkxo hwnwt Zwk AMwc ewx¡Zø xQl„ xZxd
gwvlw hwnwt eÞai K×kAwd AdÖgwb KËk GK xbËK owpxoKZwk exkPt Ìbd, Aek xbËK
iÖoxli oiwËRk Aìc ÌPwL LÖËl Ìbd„ AdÔxbZ K×kAwd I pwxbo QwrwI xZxd Zweoiwlw,
ZwRxKkwZ×l AwDxltw, dyxZiwlw, xpËZwewLøwdiwlw, byItwd-B-pwxfR, ipweÖkØn
pRkZ iÖpwóib I ZueÞgxZêZ Bolwi ciê, Biwi pwowd I ÌpwËoËdk Rygdy, PwxkxU owcµy
iÖoliwd dwky, kwiKÚnä ekipvËok Dx£ß I Rygdy BZøwxb Zwk MbøMÞìÿ„
1898 owËl kgyëbÛdwa VwK×k gŠyt owxpZø exknËbk mwLw ÌLwlw DelËq XwKwt GËo
iìægø KËkd ‘XwKwt bmêdyt xRxdo xZdxU, eÞaËi iw XwËKmðky, Zwkek KwlyeÞodí
gwgÖ I byddwa gwgÖ„’ KwlyeÞodí ÌNwn xg¢ßieÖËk RdôMÞpY KËkd„ XwKwt ÌlLwerw
KËk eÞaËi AwbwlËZ ÌKkwxdk PwKxk KËkd, eËk hwItwËlk hÔiøwxcKwkyk eÞcwd
KiêKZêw xdjÖ£ß pd„ KwlyeÞodí eÞcwdZ Mbø ÌlLK; eÞhwZxPìæw, xdmyaxPìæw,
xdhÙZxPìæw, Qwtwbmêd, eÞËiwblpky, oyZwk AxMíekyqw eÞhÙxZ Zwk MbøMÞìÿ Ggv
ÌKwil KxgZw I oŠyZ i™ky KxgZw I MwËdk eÖþæK„ xgbøwowMkyt MbøkyxZk Rdø
ZwËK ‘eÔgêgËŠk xgbøwowMk’ glw pËZw„ XwKw beêY (1863) I gwìcg (1874) ex¢Kw
oóewbdw Zwk Aek owxpZøKyxZê„
kgyëbÛdwa VwK×Ëkk iËZ, XwKwk x§Zyt ‘bmêdyt gøx£ßZò’ byddwa Ìod iwxdKMË™k
gwtkw MÞwËi RdôMÞpY KËkd„ xZxd eÞaËi XwKwk diêwl Æ×Ëlk xmqK I eËk Æ×l
BdoËeƒk pd„ XwKwt gÛwÊoiwR eÞxZÅw KËk dwdw owiwxRK AwËëbwlËd ÌdZÚZò
Ìbd„ xmqwbwd eÞYwly, gŠËbm I AwowËik ovxq® xggkYy, dyxZxgšwd eÞhÙxZ Zwk
AwËlwPdw eÖþæK Ggv hwkZgnêyt K×xUk Mùeo‰ld„
pxkpk dëby dwUK I eÞpod kPdw KËk oÖdwi ARêd KËkd„ Kxlk Ìg# pwr Ròwlwdy (1875),
Qwl dwB K×K×Ëkk gwNw dwi (1877), NÖNÖ ÌbËLQ f^wb ÌbLxd (1879), ddb hwB Ìg#k
SMrw (1880), Kxlk Ìg# Nk hwŠwdy (1884), Aou KËiêk xgekyZ fl (IB), Gid Kiê Awk Kkg
dw (1886), dwxZd RwiwB (IB), xmLQ ÌKwawt? ÌVKxQ jaw (IB), ÌNwrwk xWi (1889),
Kxlk K×lwŠwk (1890) BZøwxb Zwk dwUøMÞìÿ„ iwbKwox£ß, Ìgmøwox£ß, xgcgwxggwp,
gwgÖ oóeÞbwËtk xglwxoZw BZøwxb Zwk eÞpoËdk xgntgþç xQl„ AeÔgê kpoø (1880) I
obwdëb (1881) dwËi bÖ’Lwdw pwoø-gøŠwZôK ex¢Kw oóewbdw KËkd„
ipwKxg KwtËKwgwb UwŠwBËlk AwMlw MÞwËi RdôMÞpY KËkd„ xZxd XwKw
iwbÛwowt ÌlLwerw KËkd Ggv xdR MÞwËi ÌewýUiwýUwËkk PwKxk KËk Rygd
AxZgwxpZ KËkd„ xgkpxglwe (1870), K×oÖiKwdd (1873), AmÞØiwlw (1896) eÞhÙxZ
L¡ KxgZw, ipwmômwd (1904) Ggv xmgixëbk (1921), Axitcwkw (1922), ipki mkyf (1933),
mômwdhþô Kwgø (1938) KxpdyKwgø„ Zwk ipwmômwd oËgêwuKÚÄ kPdw„ oiKwËl
KxgËbk iËcø Zwk owflø ogwk ÌPËt AxcK„
XwKwk kwRwk ÌbDry xdgwoy ÌmL AwgbÖo Ìowgpwd ‘xpëbÖ-Ìiwoliwd’ (3 L¡, 1889,
1891) kPdw KËk oiwËR AwËlwrd oÙxÄ KËkd„ XwKwk ‘hwkZ gwìcg’ I ‘owkþñZ ÌeÞo’-
Gk iwxlËKk owËa iËdwiwxdlø pËl KlKwZwk xild ÌeÞo ÌaËK Zw eÞKwm KËkd„ Zwk eÞai
MÞìÿ Kxlk dwky Pxk¢ (1880) XwKw xdDR ÌeÞËo Qwew pt„ Zwk Aek MÞìÿ Awjêciê (2 L¡,
1904) XwKwk Ìgbgøwo ÌeÞËo Qwew pt„ xZxd ‘Bolwi-oÖpÕb’ (1906) dwËi GKLwxd
iwxoKe¢ oóewbdw KËkd„
K×xilöwk ÌpwidwgwËbk Rxibwk dgwg ftRÖËdíowk kÕeRwlwl (1876), Z£ò I RwZyt oŠyZ
(1884) Ggv xoËlËUk Kxg AwRêÖiëb Awlyk ÌeÞibeêY (1891) XwKw ÌaËK eÞKwxmZ pt„
G eËgê KlKwZwk ‘gUZlw’k AdÖkÕe XwKwk ‘KxgZwex›’k Ìbwhwny eÖ^xaowxpËZøk
bweU xQl„ GKwìæhwËg iÖoliwd Kxg kxPZ icøjÖMyt hwgcwkwk Gog KwxpdyKwËgøk
gøgowxtK owflø AxcK xQl oËëbp ÌdB, ZËg G†Ëlwk ewV I eÞPwk eúPwueb iÖoxli
oiwRËK AwËkw eúPwËZk xbËK ÌVËl Ìbt„ oþæw AwËgM I þñeíPwxkZw ZwËbk NÖi
ewxrËt ÌkËLxQl„ eÞwt GK m’ gQk cËk gÉ iÖoxli Kxg Ìbwhwny eÖ^xak gøaê fol Z×ËlËQ„
XwKwk iÖoliwd ÌlLKMËYk Aek ‘WwBËidmd’ xQl fwkxo I DbêÖ hwnw I owxpZøeÞyxZ;
xgËmnZ XwKwk AxhRwZ exkgwk†Ëlw GkÕe AdÖhÔxZ byNêKwl cËk ÌkËLxQl„ Zwkw
Mbø-eËbø AwcÖxdK cwkwk KxgZw, Dedøwo, dwUK, ÌQwUMùe, eÞgìc kPdw KËkËQd;
ex¢KwI eÞKwm KËkËQd„ Dxdm mZËK AwgbÖl Mffwk dwowL, LwRw AwpowdDlöwp
mwpyd, Ñotb iÖpóib AwRwb, dgwg iÖpóib ARwb, IgwtbÖlöwp Awl Igwtby
ÌowpkwItwbêy, LÖxRþæw AwLZwk ÌowpkwItwbêy, pwxKi pwxggÖk kpiwd eÞiÖL DbêÖ
ÌlLK xQËld„ G oit ow®wxpK ‘Awl iwmxkK’ (1906) I iwxoK ‘RwbÖ’ (1921) dwËi bÖ’xU
RdxeÞt ex¢Kw eÞKwxmZ pt„ kwRw kwiËiwpd kwt, kwRdwkwtY goÖ, icÖoÔbd b£,
ÌRøwxZxkëbÛdwa VwK×k eÞiÖL hwËlw fwkxo RwdËZd„ kwiËiwpd fwkxoËZ MÞìÿ kPdw
I ex¢Kw oóewbdwI KËkËQd, xKìç AxPËkB Zw ZøwM KËk gwvlwt MÞìÿ eÞYtd I ex¢Kw
eÞKwm KËk gwOwxlk xPìæwk RMËZ xgeög owcd KËkd„ XwKwk gËdxb exkgwËkk
ÌKwËdw oboø G KwRxU KËkdxd„ AxhRwZ ÌmÛYyxU jÖËMk þeëbd AdÖcwgd KkËZ
gøaê pt„
xgm mZËKk ÌMwrw ÌaËK ÂkØ KËk 1947 owl ejêìæ eÞcwd bÖ’xU NUdwt XwKwk PwlxP
¢ ewËùU jwt„ Gk GKxU 1905 owËl ‘gŠ-xgËâQb’ (Partition) Ggv ‘eÔgêgŠ I Awowi
eÞËbm’ MVd; AekxU 1921 owËl ‘XwKw xgmðxgbøwlt’ eÞxZÅw„ dgMxVZ eÞËbËmk
kwRcwdy pItwt XwKwt dgRygËdk oéwk pt„ AdÖkÕe XwKw xgmðxgbøwlt eÞxZxÅZ pËl
eÔgêgËŠk ovLøwMxkÅ iÖoxli oiwËR DâPxmqwk §wk DËdôwxPZ pt„ NUdw§t ‘iÖoxli
þñwËaê’k (Muslim Interest-Gk) AdÖKÔl I ‘xpëbÖ þñwËaê’k (Hindu Interest-Gk) exkeìÿy
xQl„ xpëbÖ oiwRexZkw DhËtk xgËkwxcZw KËkd, ZwËbk AwËëbwlËd okKwk 1911 owËl
gŠ-xgËâQb kxpZ KËk„ GËZ dgwg oxliÖlöwpop iÖoxli oiwRexZkw pZwm I xgq×³
pd„ XwKw mpËkk oyiwdwk iËcø oyiwg¦ ÌaËKI XwKw xgmðxgbøwlt oiwR-ÌbËp
mx£ßgcêK o™ygdy oÖcw oéwk KkËZ awËK„ xgmðxgbøwltËK ÌKëbÛ KËk xmMxMkB
GKxU DâP iwËek gÖx¦Rygy ÌmÛYyk oiwËgm NËU„ DâPxmxqZ I DdíZ xPìæwk GB
ÌmÛYyk pwËZ gwvlw owxpËZøk iwd AËdKLwxd ÌgËr jwt„ Gk fËl XwKwk AwcÖxdK
owxpZø ÌKgl ÌK#lydø lwh KËkxd, x¢Ëmw£kKwËlk dZ×d ÌPZdw cwkY KËk oiMÞ gwvlw
owxpËZøËK dZ×d iw¢w bwd KËkËQ„
xgmðxgbøwlt I KËlËR Acøwedw DelËq pkeÞowb mwþèy, iÖpóib mpybÖlöwp, ÌiwxpZlwl
iRÖibwk, PwkØPëbÛ gËëbøwewcøwt, oÖmylK×iwk Ìb, mÛymPëbÛ P¢ßgZêy, Ñotb
AwgÖl ÉËod, AwgbÖl IbÖb, jbÖdwa okKwk, kËimPëbÛ iRÖibwk, dxldyKwìæ h›mwly,
oËZøëbÛdwa goÖ, KwRy ÌiwZwpwk ÌpwËod, šwdPëbÛ ÌNwn, dËkmPëbÛ Ìod†®, AiËlëbÖ
goÖ, exkil kwt eÞiÖL šwdy-†YyRd XwKwt Agþÿwd KËkd Ggv Acøwedwk ewmwewxm
owxpZø I MËgnYwKiê exkPwldw KËkd„ Zwkw AËdËK KlKwZw ÌaËK XwKwt
AwËod„ XwKw xgmðxgbøwlËtk eÞai xbËKk Qw¢ gÖ¦Ëbg goÖ, idôa kwt, AwgbÖl Kwxbk,
RoyiDbzbyd, AwgÖl fRl eÞiÖL Kxg-owxpxZøK xpËoËg ekgZêyKwËl LøwxZ I eÞxZÅw
lwh KËkd„
Ñotb AwgÖl ÉËod, iÖpóib mpybÖlöwp, AwgbÖl IbÖb, KwRy ÌiwZwpwk ÌpwËod eÞiÖËLk
DËbøwËM eÞxZxÅZ ‘XwKw owxpZø oiwËR’k (1926) iÖLe¢ ‘xmLw’ I ÌlLKËMwÅyk
iwcøËi ‘gÖx¦k iÖx£ß AwËëbwld’ Aek GKxU DËlöLËjwMø xgnt, jw XwKwk xdúPl iÖoxli
oiwRËK xKQ×Uw pËlI dwrw xbËZ ÌeËkxQl„
xgmðxgbøwlter×tw iÖoliwd ÌlLKËbk AwxghêwËg XwKwk owxpËZø dZÖd ewlwgbl ÂkØ
pt„ 1940 owËl ewxKþæwd kwÄÛ MVËd iÖoxli lyËMk lwËpwk-
eÞþæwËg GkÕe ewlwgbËlk pwItwËK ZygÛZk KËk„ PxlöËmk bmËK pwxggÖlöwp
gwpwk, fkkØL Awpib, Awpowd pwgyg eÞiÖL dZ×d iÖËLk Awxghêwg pt„ 1942 owËl
XwKwt eÞxZxÅZ ‘eÔgê ewxKþæwd owxpZø ovob’ MÞwiyY Rygd Agl¹d KËk, eÖ^xa
owxpZø ÌaËK iÖoxli ovÆÚxZk Dewbwd MÞpY KËk Ggv Awkxg-fwkxo mË²k gøgpwk
gwxrËt dZ×d owxpZø kPdwk eÞþæwg MÞpY KËk„ Ñotb owŒwb ÌpwËod I Ñotb Awly
Awpowd GËZ ÌdZÚZò Ìbd„ LÖg þñwhwxgK Zwkw ‘iÖoxli þñwaê’ËK owiËdk xbËK xdËt
AwËod„
føwxoýU-xgËkwcy ÌlLK I xmùey ‘eÞMxZ ÌlLK oáN’ eÞxZÅw KËk Ggv oËáNk iÖLe¢
ewxqK ‘eÞxZËkwc’ eÞKwm KËk gwvlw owxpZøËK eÞxZgwby I MYiÖLy ÌPZdwt D§Ö¦
KËkd„ ZkØY Dbytiwd Mùe-ÌlLK ÌowËid PëbÛ oËáNk owËa NxdÅhwËg RxrZ
xQËld„ xZxd 1942 owËl GK eÞxZgwby xixQËl ÌdZÚZò xbËZ xMËt xdpZ pd„ gwi cwkwk
Adø mx£ßiwd ÌlLK xQËld kËYm bwm†®, dÙËeëbÛPëbÛ ÌMwþñwiy, xKkYm‰k Ìod†®,
AP×øZ ÌMwþñwiy eÞiÖL„ Zwkw AËdËK KawowxpxZøK xpËoËg dwi KËkd„
iÖbÛYjËìèk eÞPld Ggv e¢ex¢Kwk eÞKwm oioÔË¢ MÞxaZ„ XwKwt gwŠwlw jìè (1860)
eÞxZÅwk gQk GËK GËK iwxoK ‘KxgZwK×oÖiwgly’ (Ìi, 1860), iwxoK ‘iËdwkx™Kw’
(RÖd 1860), ewxqK eËk iwxoK ‘dggøgpwk ovxpZw’ (AwMýU 1860), iwxoK ‘ovÆwk
ovËmwcdy’ (1860) eÞKwxmZ pt„ eËkk gQk xgLøwZ ow®wxpK, eËk ÑbxdK ‘XwKw
eÞKwm’ (iwPêê 1861) eÞKwxmZ pt, jwk AwtÖ xQl eÞwt mZ gQk„ XwKw eÞKwËmk
iÖLø hÔxiKw xQl kwRÐdxZK, AaêÐdxZK I owiwxRK ovgwb exkËgmd; ZËg KxgZw,
eÞgìc, oiwËlwPdw, ovÆÚxZ-ovgwb BZøwxbI exkËgmd Kkw pËZw„ GKxU exkovLøwd
ÌaËK Rwdw jwt Ìj, 1860 ÌaËK 1900 owl ejêìæ Pxlöm gQËk 60-Gk AxcK GkÕe ÑbxdK,
ow®wxpK, ewxqK, iwxoK e¢ex¢Kw eÞKwxmZ pËtËQ„ G†Ëlwk iËcø eÔËgêw£ß
KxgZwK×oÖiwgly I XwKw eÞKwm QwrwI ‘xpëbÖ xpÐZxnYy’ (ow®wxpK, 1865), ‘xi
¢eÞKwm’ (1870), ‘gwìcg’ (iwxoK, 1874), ‘hwkZ oÖpÕb’ (iwxoK, 1879), ‘XwKw ÌMËRU’
(ow®wxpK, 1886) BZøwxb DËlöLËjwMø„ KxgZwK×oÖiwgly dwi ÌaËKB eÞiwxYZ pt
GxU owxpZøxgntK e¢„ ex¢Kwk DË¥mø o¹Ëìc glw pt ‘gŠyt KxgZwk DuKnêowcd I xgÂ¦
KwgøKlw eÞPwk §wkw Rdi¡lyk KløwY gcêd„’ KwlyeÞodí ÌNwËnk oóewbdwt eÞKwxmZ
gwìcg ex¢Kwk Awbmê xQl gx‰iPëbÛ PË›wewcøwËtk ‘gŠbmêd’ (1872); XwKw eÞKwm
GxUËK ‘x§Zyt gŠbmêd’ gËl AxhxpZ KËk„ 1906 owl ejêìæ ex¢KwxU xUËK xQl„ GxUI
owxpZøxgntK e¢„ ‘xP£kx™Kw’ËK ‘ebøity iwxoK e¢’ glw pËtËQ„
xgm mZËKk eÞai 47 gQËk jÖËMk exkgZêd, xmqw I šwËdk xgþæwk Ggv oÖËjwM-
oÖxgcw gÙx¦k owËa ex¢Kw-xmùeI DdíZ I oiÙ¦ pËtËQ„ G eËgê DdíZiwËdk e¢ex¢Kwk
iËcø xQl ‘eÞxZhw’ (iwxoK, 1911), Gi Gd hbÛ oóewxbZ ‘XwKw xkxhD I oxóild’ (1912),
dËkmPëbÛ Ìod†® oóewxbZ ‘KËlöwl’ (1923), Ìiwpwóib KwËoi oóewxbZ ‘Axhjwd’ (iwxoK,
1926), Ñotb AwgÖl ÉËod oóewxbZ ‘xmLw’ (gwxnêK, 1927), gÖ¦Ëbg goÖ I AxRZ b£
oóewxbZ ‘eÞMxZ’ (iwxoK, 1927), ÌK Gi AwgbÖk kpiwd oóewxbZ ‘oét’ (1928), xKkYm
‰k Ìod†® I AP×øZ ÌMwþñwiy oóewxbZ ‘eÞxZËkwc’ (1942) BZøwxb„ eÞxZhw, KËlöwl,
eÞMxZ, xmLw, eÞxZËkwc eÞhÙxZ ex¢Kwt KxgZw, Mùe I eÞgìc Ggv iddmyl AwËlwPdw
eÞKwxmZ pËZw„ kgyëbÛxgËkwcy x¢Ëmw£k gwvlw owxpËZøk eÞg£ßw I Avmybwk
dËkmPëbÛ ÌodM® I gÖ¦Ëbg goÖ KËlöwËlk iwcøËi AwZôeÞKwm KËkd„ KlKwZwk
‘Kwxl-Kli’ (1926) kgyëbÛxgËkwcy ÌPZdwËK AwËkw ÌgMgwd KËk ÌZwËl„ xmLw I
eÞxZËkwËck ÌlLK ÌMwÅy xQËld eÞMxZmyl xPìæwk AMÞbÔZ„
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gwvlw hwnwk lwlËd iÖoliwdËbk hÓxiKw

Ñotb Awmkwf Awly
IËtgýUwËkk hwnwt, ‘hwnw pËâQ oÙxÄKZêwk ZwuqxYK bwd’ (Language was the
immediate gift of God). gwvlw AwiwËbk hwnw, gwvlw AwiwËbk Awmw, gwvlw
AwiwËbk eÞwY„ GB gwvlwËK ÌKëbÛ KËkB AwgxZêZ pt eÞxZxU gwvlwËbmyk oÖL-
bÖ:L, gøaw-Ìgbdw, Awmw-AwKwáqw„ gwvlw hwnwB ZwËbk ogwk dtixY, ZwËbk
pÕbþeëbd„
gwvlw hwnw ÌKwËdw owcwkY hwnw dt„ Gk kËtËQ GK NUdwgÉl, HxZpøit
BxZpwo„ eÙxagyk BxZpwËo GxUB GKiw¢ hwnw jwk þñyKÚxZk Rdø ovMÞwi KËkËQ
GKxU eÖËkw RwxZ, pwxoiÖËL mwpwbZ gkY KËkËQ AMxYZ iwdÖn„ eÙxagyk
BxZpwËo GxUB GKiw¢ hwnw jwk Rdø ovMÞwi Rdô xbËtËQ GKxU þñwcyd, owgêËh#i
Ìbm gwvlwËbm„
1931 xLÛÄwË² grÖ fxKk AwxgûKÚZ xgLøwZ ipwþÿwd flKxUËK (The Mahasthan
Plaque) ÌKD ÌKD Awxb gwvlwk ‘eÞwPydZi’ xdbmêd xpËoËg xgËgPdw KËk awËKd
(Agmø xgLøwZ ‘PjêwPjêø xgxdúPt’-G jwguKwËl eÞw® gwvlw owxpËZøk eÞwPydZi
xdbmêd xpËoËg owgêRdydhwËg þñyKÚxZ ÌeËtËQ)„ G xgntxU eÞiwY KËk Ìj,
hwnw†ËâQk iËcø gwvlw dgoÙÄ dt„ jxbI Indo-Aryan exkgwËkk AìæMêZ eÔgêwélyt
eÞwKÚZ ÌMwÅy ÌaËK G hwnwk D¨g, AwjêËbk oitKwËl Gk BxZpwo ÌeÞwxaZ„ ÌKwËdw
ÌKwËdw ex¡Z GiËdw bwxg KËkd Ìj, oiÛwU AËmwK, GidxK ipwixZ gÖ¦I, DeipwËbËmk
eÔgêwéËlk eÞRw owcwkY gw xmnøËbk owËa ÌjwMwjwËMk ÌqË¢ KLËdw KLËdw GKxU
xgËmn ckËdk gwvlw ‘xlxe’ gøgpwk KkËZd„ eÞwK-Awjê jÖËM gwvlwt bÛwxgr,
iËŠwxltwd, ÌhwU-Pyd KlË¹wWw DuoRwZ ÌlwKRd gogwo KkZ„ Zwkw bÛwxgr, ÌhwU-Pyd
Aagw iÖ«w hwnwt Kaw glZ„ †® jÖËMB Awjê ohøZwk owËa gwvlwk eÞai ÌjwMwËjwM
þÿwxeZ pt„ xKìç Awjê ohøZwk owËa gwOwxlËbk pÕbtR I KwjêKk ovËjwM eÞxZxÅZ
pItwk AwËMB ewlê kwRwkw gwvlwËK Ìg#¦ cËiêk AdøZi eyVþÿwËd exkYZ
KËkxQËld„ Awjêkw Delx³ KËk Ìj, ÌKwËdw ovÆÚxZk xgdÄowcd Aagw ÌoxU xdxû¢ßt
KËk Z×lËZ pËl ogêeÞai hwnw xgKÚZ gw cµvo Kkw eÞËtwRd„ ovÆÚZ Ggv eÞwKÚZ
hwnyËbk oÖexkKxùeZ P¢ßwËìæk fËl xdkyp opR-okl gwvlwk Axcgwoykw ZwËbk xdR
hwnw hÖlËZ ÂkØ KËk„ oÖdyxZ K×iwk PË›wewcøwt oËëbpwZyZhwËg eÞiwY KËkËQd
Ìj, AwjêebwdZ gwvlwËbm hÓLË¡k ZuKwlyd Axcgwoykw ZwËbk oiËtk iÖËLk hwnw hÖËl
ÌjËZ gwcø pt„ xKìç ÌjËpZ× ovÆÚZ ÌKwËdw KwjêKk Kaø hwnw xQl dw Ggv Ìo oit eÞwt
og xKQÖB ovÆÚZËZ xlxLZ AwKwËk awKZ, RdMËYk GKxU Avm ÌM#ryt eÞwKÚZ
dwËi Zuoi eÞcwd GKxU xgËmn eÞwKÚZ hwnwt KawgwZêw glËZ ÂkØ KËk„ Adwjê,
bÛwxgr, ÌhwU-Pyd, iÖ«w Ggv ÌKwl Gkw ogwB ÌM#ryt eÞwKÚZ Ae¸vËm Kaw glËZ
awËK Ggv ZwËbk Kaø-hwnw ÌaËK AËdK m² cyËk cyËk GB xgËmn ckËdk eÞwKÚZ
hwnwk þÿwd KËk Ìdt„ cyËk cyËk GB ÌM#ryt eÞwKÚËZk Ae¸vm eÞwPyd gwvlw hwnwk
oÙxÄ KËk„ xKìç jwkw gwvlwk GB eÞwPydkÕËe Kaw glZ, Awjêkw ZwËbk xdØgËYêk
iwdÖn I ÌóöâQ gËl Z×âQ šwd KkZ„ GidI bwxg Kkw pËZw Ìj, jwkw AþeÙmøËbk GB
‘AijêwbwKk’ hwnwt Kaw gËl Zwkw AgmøB dkËK eÞxq® pËg„ AZyg bÖËhêwMøRdK
xgnt Ìj, jxbI ÌMwewl Ìbg Ggv Zwk gvmckËbk DeipwËbËmk GB AvËm xZd mZwxcK
gQËkk kwRZòKwËl xPìæwhwgdwk ÌqË¢ xgxhdí xbËK gwvlw ÌM#kËgk myËnê Awoyd
pËtxQl, Zawxe gwvlw hwnw ÌKwËdw DËlöLËjwMø oiÙx¦ ARêd KkËZ ewËkxd„ Gk opR-
okl KwkY pËlw xpëbÖ oiwR ogêbwB AþeÙmøËbk oÖdwi-pwxdKk GB Kaø hwnwËK
NÙYwk ÌPwËL ÌbLZ„ fËl gwvlw hwnw ZLd ejêìæ AwËb# ÌKwËdw xlxLZ kÕe cwkY
KkËZ ewËkxd„
ewlËbk eËk AwËod Ìod kwRwkw„ Zwkw eÞwt GK m’ gQk mwod KËkd„ ZwËbk KwËQI
gwvlw AþeÙmøËbk hwnw xpËoËg DËexqZ xQl„ xKìç 1201 xLÛÄwË² iÖoliwdËbk gŠ
xgRt gwvlwk Rdø GK dgjÖËMk oÔPdw KËk„ gwvlw hwnwk AdÖKÓl exkËgËmk oÙxÄ pt
Ggv eÞcwd hwnw xpËoËg eÞxZxÅZ pItwk oÖëbk oÖËjwM-oÖxgcwI AwËo„ iÖoliwdËbk
gwvlw xgRËtk oÔPdwt glËZ ÌMËl gwvlw owxpËZø DËlöLËjwMø ÌZid xKQÖB xQl
dw„ ÂcÖ ZwB dt, xmxqZ ÌmÛYy G hwnwt ÌKwËdw xbd PPêwI KËkxd„ owZPxlömxU
KxgZwI ogêowKÓËlø PwkmZ AwxmxU eOzxZovgxlZ PjêwPjêø xgxdúPËtk hwnw (GLd
ÌaËK Pjêweb glw pËg) xgËmnšËbk AxhiËZ ‘owxpËZøk AxZ q×bÛ Avm’ xpËoËg MYø
Kkw pt„ Gk D¨gËK eÞcwdZ ZwxìèK Ìg#¦Ëbg ciêiZ RdxeÞt Kkwk eÞtwËo kxPZ gËl iËd
Kkw pt„ ‘Ìl#xKK’ ÌaËKB Gk D¨g NËU„
PjêweËbk oxVK Kwl jwB ÌpwK dw ÌKd owcwkYhwËg ex¡Zkw iËd KËkd, iÖoliwdËbk
AwxghêwËgk AwËM gÛwÊYø mwodgøgþÿwt iÖ£ß owxpZø oÙxÄËZ ÌKwËdw þÿwdyt
hwnwËK oÖËjwM Ìbtw ptxd Ggv Zwkw ovÆÚZ Qwrw og hwnwËK xdxn¦ KËk kwLËZd„
xdØgxYêZ GKxU oÖLøwZ ovÆÚZ ÌmöwËK glw pËtËQ, ‘AÄwbm eÔkwY’-Gk Kaw
xKvgw ‘kwËik PxkZ’ mÛgY KkËl ZwËK ‘Ìk#kg’ dkËK xdxq® Kkw pËg :
AÄwbm eÖkwYwxY kwioøËP#k ZwxdP

hwnwtwv iwdg: oÛZòw Ìk#kgv dkKv gÛËRø„„
þñwhwxgK KwkËYB gwvlw hwnwt owxpZøPPêw Ìo xbd xQl Aoºg„ byËdm PëbÛ ÌoËdk
hwnwt :
If a person hears the stories of Eighteen Puranas or of the ramayana recited in bengali, he will
be thrown into the hell called Raurava [History of Bengali Language and Literature, P.5]
glwgwÉlø, iÖoliwd mwoK xoKwëbwk mwp, ÌpwËod mwp, gkgK mwp Ggv ekwMl Lwd
eÞiÖL kwRdøgËMêk eÙÅËewnKZw dw awKËl ‘AþeÙmøËbk hwnw’ gwvlw A‰×ËkB
xgdÄ pËZw„
iÖoxli mwod eÞxZÅwk AdøZi †kØZòeÔYê flwfl GB Ìj, šwd I owxpZø Kwjê¢ßËik ÌqË¢
gÛwÊYømx£ßk GKâQ¢ AwxceËZø hwOd ckl Ggv gYêgwËbk xdMr ÌaËK
xpëbÖcymx£ßËK owcwkYhwËg iÖ£ß Kkw oºg pËlw„ gÛwÊY Ggv AgÛwÊY G bÖ’Ëtk
ÑgcwdÖM Kwjêcwkwt iÖoliwdkw AwËb# ÌKwËdw ewaêKø xgËgPdwt Ìddxd„ šwd
AwpkËYk ÌqË¢ ZwËbk ogwBËKB oiwd iËd Kkw pËZw„ ZwËbk bwfZxkK Agþÿwd
xdYyêZ pËZw Ìicwk xhx£ËZ„ iÖoliwdkw gwvlwËK ÂcÖ Ìj DdôÖ£ß pÕbËt þñwMZ
Rwdwt ZwB dt, G jwguKwl DËexqZ GB hwnwËK owxpZø ÌqË¢ Zwkw GK dgRdô bwd
KËk„ 1350 xLÛÄw² dwMwb iÖoliwdkw gËŠk xgxhdí AélËK GKyhÓZ KËk Ggv gwvlw
hwnw I owxpËZøk eÙÅËewnËKk hÓxiKw ewld KkËZ ÂkØ KËk„ GhwËg gwvlw hwnwt
dg dg owxpZø oÙxÄËZ D¥yedwk oéwk pt„
kwRKyt eÙÅËewnKZwk gËb#lËZ owMËkk D£wl ÌXDËtk iËZw gwvlw hwnw gËŠk ogê¢
eÞowk lwh KËk„ D^P×-xdPÖ, cdy-xdcêd ogwk KwËQ gwvlw hwnw Ìe^#QËZ ÂkØ KËk
Ggv og Kwjê¢ßËi, og hwgdwxPìæwt gwvlw eÞcwd hÓxiKw ewld KkËZ awËK„ xpëbÖ-
iÖoliwd ogwB GB kwRKyt eÙÅËewnKZwËK þñwMZ Rwdwt Ggv Gk xpZKk AgþÿwdËK
ogêwìæKkËY DeËhwM KkËZ awËK„
gwvlw hwnwk eÔYêwŠ AqËkk iwcøËi xlxLZ Abøwgxc eÞwPyd jZ eÖ^xa-eÖþæK
AwxgûKÚZ pËtËQ Gk iËcø AdøZi ogËPËt eÖkËdw eÖ^xaxU pËlw gr× P¡ybwËok gw x§R
P¡ybwo xgkxPZ mÛyKÚnä KyZêd, jwk kPdwKwl 1400 xLÛÄwË²k ÌmnwËcê Aaêwu
iÖoliwd mwodwiËl„ AËdËKB GxUËK eÔYêwŠ gwvlw AqËk kxPZ ogËPËt eÖkËdw MÞìÿ
gËl bwxg KËkd„ glw gwÉlø, ‘PjêwPjê xgxdúPt’ owgêRdydhwËg gwvlw hwnwk AwxbZi
ew¡Öxlxe gËl þñyKÚZ pt„
kwiwB ex¡Z §øaêpyd hwnwt gËŠk iÖoxli xgRtËK ‘þñMêyt Awmygêwb’ xpËoËg DËlöL
KËk iÖoliwdËbk hÓtoy eÞmvow KËkd„ ‘mÔdø eÖkwY’-Gk ‘xdk™Ëdk Dûôw’
xmËkwdwiyt AcøwËt iÖoliwdËbk ciêwgZwk xpËoËg xPx¢Z Kkw pt, jwkw xK dw gÛwÊY
I ÌodkwRwËbk ÑþñkmwoËdk Dueyrd I AZøwPwk ÌaËK RdMYËK iÖ£ß KËk„ xgþôËtk
xKQÖ ÌdB, xgbˆ owxpZø-oiwËlwPK eÞia ÌP#cÖky x§cwpyd hwnwt þñyKwk KËkd :
‘gwvlw owxpËZøk Rdô pt iÖoxli mwodwiËl„’
eÞLøwZ BxZpwoxgb Wƒk iÖpwóib Ìiwpk Awly iÖoliwdËbk gwvlw hwnwk eÞmvodyt
eÙÅËewnKZwk xgþæwxkZ xggkYy eÞbwd KËkËQd : “LÖg oºgZ Rwlwl Dbzbyd iÖpwóib
mwËpk kwRZòKwËl (1415-1431 xLÛÄw²) eébm mZËKk eÞaiwvËm Kxg KÚx£gwËok
kwiwtËYk gwvlw AdÖgwbB gwvlwt eÞai DËlöLËjwMø owxpZøoÙxÄ„ Kxg-
eÙÅËewnKZw eÞbwËdk Rdø ÌM#Ërk mwoËKk hÓtoy eÞmvow KËkd Ggv DËlöL KËkd,
kwRwk Awšw AdÖowËkB xZxd IB AdÖgwbKiê oóewbd KËkd„ Zwk eËkk DËlöLËjwMø
owxpZøKiêxU pËlw iwlwck goÖ xgkxPZ, jwk DËlöL AwËMB Kkw pËtËQ„ iwlwck goÖ
iÖxmêbwgwb ÌRlwk ‘K×lyd’ MÞwËik gwxoëbw xQËld„ oÖlZwd BDoÖf mwËpk oit (1474-
1482 xLÛÄw²) iwlwck goÖ owxpZø PPêw KËkd„ oÖlZwd BDoÖf mwËpk eÙÅËewnKZwt
Kxg iwlwck hMgZ MyZwk bmi I GKwbm AcøwËtk Iek xhx£ KËk Zwk ‘mÛyKÚnä-xgRt’
Kwgø kPdw KËkd„ gwkgK mwp Aagw BDoÖf mwp KxgËK ‘†YkwR Lwd’ DewxcËZ
hÓxnZ KËkd„ Kxg DËlöL KkËZ ÌhwËldxd Ìj, xdØgYê xpëbÖ ‘mÔbÛ’Ëbk iÔl ‘eÖkwY’
ÌaËK ewV xdxn¦ awKwk KwkËYB xZxd IB KwgøkPdwt DuowxpZ pËtxQËld„ Bxltwo
mwpy jÖËM AwËkw KËtKRd Kxg LøwxZ ARêd KËkxQËld„
ÉËod mwxp jÖËM Ìgm KËtKRd LøwxZiwd Kxg, Ìjid xgRt†®, xgeÞbwo xeelwB, jmkwR
Lwd, KgyëbÛ ekËimðk, mÛyKwk dëby ZwËbk Kwgø kPdw KËkd„ ÉËod mwËpzk
kwRËZòk (1493-1519 xLÛÄw²) eÞai xbËK, LÖg oºgZ 1494-95 xLÛÄwË², xgRt†®
‘ebôeÖkwY’ kPdw KËkd„ xgeÞbwo xeelwB eÞwt GKB oiËt kPdw KËkd oeêeÔRwe¦xZk
Iek eÞYyZ ‘idowiŠl’„ ÉËod mwpy jÖËMB jmkwR Lwd kPdw KËkd ‘mÛyKÚnä-xgRt
Kwgø’„ ÉËod mwËpzk Ìodwcøq Ggv P›MÞwËik mwoK (Mhdêk) ekwMl LwËdk
eÙÅËewnKZw lwh KËkd KgyëbÛ ekËimðk Ggv ZwkB (ekwMl LwËdk) AdÖËkwËc
‘ipwhwkZ’-Gk AvmxgËmn xZxd gwvlwt AdÖgwb KËkd„ ekwMl LwËdk eÖ¢ QÖxU Lwd
Kxg mÛyKwk dëbyk eÙÅËewnKZw KËkd„ Zwk AwËbm-AdÖ¢ßËi mÛyKwk dëby
‘ipwhwkËZk AmðËic egê’ AdÖgwb KËkd„ dÖokwZ mwpz þñtv ipwhwkËZk Aek GKxU
AdÖgwbKËiêk Aaêwtd KËkd„ xKìç ÌoB kPdw AwËlwk iÖL ÌbËLxd„ dÖokZ mwËpk eÖ¢
xfËkwR mwËpk eÖÅËewnKZwt x§RmÛyck dwËi Aek GKRd Kxg ‘xgbøwoÖëbk’
ipwKwgøxU kPdw KËkd (iÖpwóib Ìiwpk Awly, xpýUÛ Ag xb iÖoxlio Ag ÌgŠl, xktwb,
1985, eÙÅw 856-858)„
iÖoxli mwoKkw gwþæxgKB gwvlw hwnwk eÙÅËewnKZwk iwdËo ogêwZôK eÞËPÄw
MÞpY KËkd„ ‘mÛyKÚnä KyZêd’-Gk kPxtZw gr× P¡ybwo ÌM#Ërk kwRbkgwËk DexþÿZ
pËt oŠyZ exkËgmËdk Rdø kwRKyt AwiìèËYk oóiwd lwh KËkd„ AwËMB DËlöL Kkw
pËtËQ, oÖlZwd gwkgwK mwËpk KwQ ÌaËK owZ gQk Kwl AxZeÞËtwRdyt kwRKyt
eÙÅËewnKZw lwh KËk iwlwck goÖ ‘mÛyKÚnä xgRt’ Kwgø oóeÔYê KkËZ oiaê
pd„ oÖlZwd þñtv KÚx£gwoËK iwløhÓxnZ KËkd, Kxgk Rdø jw xQl xgkl ijêwbw lwËhk
AdÖei GK NUdw„ byËdm PëbÛ ÌodI xdx§êcwt þñyKÚxZ eÞbwd KËkËQd Ìj, "We are led
to believe that when the powerful Moslem sovereigns of Bengal granted this recognition to
the vernacular literature in their own courts, Hindu Rajas naturally followed the suit."
Kaø hwnw ÌaËK xlxLZ hwnwt gwvlwk D£kËYk Ìj eÞx¢ßtw ZwËZ iÖoliwd kwRdøgËMêk
AxZ KwjêKk I fleÞoÔ eÙÅËewnKZwk Kaw gþçZ ÌKD-B AþñyKwk KkËZ ewkËg dw„ G
eÞoËŠ DËlöL Kkw ÌjËZ ewËk Ìj, iÖoliwdËbk þñYêjÖËM gËŠ gÉovLøK iÖoliwd ÌlLËKkI
Awxghêwg NËUxQl„ ‘BDoÖf-RÖËlLw’ LøwZ iÖpwóib owxMËkk iËZw ipwd gøx£ßZò
Zbwdyìæd ÌM^wrw ÌiwlöwËbk ht-hyxZËK oóeÔYê DËeqw KËk xdhêËt DdôÖ£ß iËd Kwgø
kPdw KËk jwd„ Ñotb iÖlZwd, pwRy Ìiwpwóib, ÌmL iÖZwxlg Ggv Aw²Öddgy eÞKwËmø
gwvlwk †YKyZêd KËkd„ ¢Ëtwbm mZËK pRkZ dÔk K×ZgÖl AwlËik ipwd xeZw, xjxd
ew™wg ÌaËK gwvlwt PËl GËoxQËld, Zwk xdËRk dwËik ÌmËn ‘gwŠwly’ Dewxc ejêìæ
ovjÖ£ß KkËZ x§cw KËkdxd„ owkw gËŠ xZxd exkxPxZ lwh KËkxQËld ‘ÌmL AwlwIl pK
gwŠwly’ dwËi„
o®bm mZËK Kxg AwgbÖl pwKyiB eÞai owxpZøoÛÄw, xjxd gwvlw hwnwËK NÙYw
eÞbmêdKwky gøx£ßËbk RNdø KwjêKlweËK xlxLZhwËg oiwËlwPdw KËkd„ gwvlwk
Ñgky m¢ØËbk xZxd eÞZøt I owpxoKZwk oËŠ ZwËbk iËdwhwg exkgZêËdk Awpµwd
Rwdwd Aagw xPkZËk gŠhÓxi ÌQËr jwItwk ekwimê Ìbd„ gwvlwËbËmk iwdÖn gwþæxgKB
ZwËbk døwtoŠZ AxcKwk Awbwt Ggv ZwËbk iwZÚhwnwk þñyKÚxZ lwËhk Rdø ovMÞwi
KkËZ awËK Ìj ovMÞwi PËl mZw²yk ek mZw²y„ fËl gkKZ, owlwi, kxfK, RgµwËkk exg¢
kË£ß kx™Z HxZpwxoK GK×Ëmk owfËlø D¥yxeZ pËt þñwcyd owgêËh#i gwvlwËbm
eÙxagyk iwdxPË¢ þÿwd KËk Ìdt„ eÙxagygøwey xgbøiwd Pwk opoÛwxcK iwZÚhwnwk
iËcø owgêRdydhwËg AwìæRêwxZK iwZÚhwnw xbgokÕËe exkxPxpßZ GB ipwd GK×Ëmk
Awikw AwR Ìe#kËgk owËa Dbjwed KkËZ ewxk ÂcÖ GKxU KwkËY„ Awk ÌoxU pËlw
iÖoliwdkwB ZwËbk þñYêjÖËM gwvlwhwnwËK Rdô xbËt lwld I eÙÅËewnKZwk iwcøËi
eÔYêwŠ, oiÙ¦ I GKxU ÌgMgwd hwnw I owxpËZø kÕewìæxkZ KËkd„
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AìækwËlk Kaw
xZZwm ÌP#cÖky
GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxkËK AwìæRêwxZK iwZÚhwnw xbgo ÌNwnYwk bwxg hwnw ÑoxdK
kxfK×l BolwËik (R. 11 GxeÞl, 1953) KËŸB ogêeÞai DâPwxkZ pt„ K×xilöw xhËƒwxktw
okKwxk KËlËR kxfK×l Bolwi Awiwk eÞZøq Qw¢ xQl„ GB kxfK×l BolwiB xQËld
AwìæRêwxZK iwZÚhwnw xbgËok eÞai eÞg£ßw I DËbøw£ßw„ Mother Language Lovers of
the World dwiK GKxU ovMVd LwrweÔgêK Gk MxZËK ÌgMgwd KËk Z×ËlxQËld„ G
DËbøwËM Zwk opËjw¦w xQËld P›MÞwi kwDRwËdk AwËkK hwnwÐoxdK AwgbÖo
owlwi (R. 1951)„ Ìemwt xQËld xZxd Ìixkd Bx™xdtwk„ kxfK×l Bolwi PwKxkRygy„ DhËtk
AKõwìæ mÛi-NwËi I xPìæw-eÞxZhwt Ggv Ìicw-idËd AgËmËn BDËdËÆw GK×Ëm
ÌfgÛØtwxkËK AwìæRêwxZK iwZÚhwnw xbgo ÌNwnYw KËkxQl„
eÞoŠZ GLwËd GKU× eUhÓxik Kaw DËlöL KkËZ pt„ kxfK×l Bolwo RdôMZ gwOwxl!
K×xilöw mpËkk kwRgwxr KóewD« Zwk Rdôþÿwd ‘MxY lR’ mynêK GKxU
xdhÙZËlwËK„ K×xilöw xhËƒwxktw KËlËR Qw¢ awKwKwËl [1968-1972] Zwk iËcø
RwZytZwgwby ÌPZdwk DËdôn I xgKwm NËU„ xZxd ZLd ÌaËKB kwRdyxZK ovÆÚxZ
PPêw I AdÖmylËd iËdwËjwMy pd„ Qw¢lyËMk ÌixdËfËýUw I AwbmêËKB xZxd Zwk
kwRdyxZK ovÆÚxZPPêwk iwcøi xpËoËg ÌgËQ xdËtxQËld„ xZxd 1970-71 owËl
xhËƒwxktw KËlR Qw¢ ovob ÌaËK owxpZøe¢ oóewbK xdgêwxPZ pËtxQËld Ggv GK×Ëm
ÌfgÛØtwxk 1972 xLÛÄwË² xZxd ‘ÌiN ÌKËU oÔjê Ggwk pwol’ mynêK GKxU o‰ld Ìgk
KËkd„ oËgêwexk xZxd xQËld gyk iÖx£ßËjw¦w„ Ìo RdøB xZxd o‰lËdk GkÕe dwiKkY
KËkxQËld„
KËlR RygËdB xZxd KËtKxU ÌfgÛØtwxk eÞZøq I cwkY Kkwk oÖËjwM ÌeËtxQËld„ Gk
icø xbËtB xZxd xdR iwZÚhwnwk Kaw iËiê iËiê Delx³ KËkd„ xPìæw-ÌPZdw I eÞxZhwt
xZxd iw, iwZÚhÓxi I iwZÚhwnwËK oËgêwâP šwd KËkxQËld„ KwkY kxfK, Rgµwk,
gkKZ, owlwpDx¥d eÞiÖËLk iwZÚhwnwk Rdø AwZôZøwMB Zwk iËcø GB Delx³ Rdô
xbËtxQl„ fËl xgËbm Zaw KwdwWwt gogwo KËkI xZxd iÖpÔËZêk Rdø Zwk iwZÚhwnw I
iwZÚhÓxik Kaw hÖËl ÌjËZ ewËkdxd„ gkv BDËkwe, AwËixkKw I KwdwWw eÞhÙxZ Aél
¸iËYk fËl Zwk iËcø Ìj gøweKZk I dZ×dZk Delx³ I AxhšZwk Rdôwìæk NËU Zwk iÔl xQl
eÙxagyk xgxhdí hwnwËMwÅyk iwZÚhwnwËK kqw Kkw„ ÌKddw xZxd lq KËkd
BDËkwËe Ìgm xKQÖ q×bÛ I bÖgêl RwxZËMwÅyk hwnw pwxkËt ÌMËQ Aagw xglÖx®
NËUËQ iÔlZ oóeÞowkYgwbyËbk owvÆÚxZK AwMÞwoËdk eÞgl Pwe I ZwËe„ GB
Delx³RwZ ÌPZdw ÌaËKB LÖg oºg gwOwxl kxfK×l Bolwi KwdwWwxhx£K Mother
Language Lovers of the World MVd KËkd„ fËl kxfËKk eËq KwR Kkw opR pt„ ZgÖ ZwËK
AËdK bÖMêi ea I AËdK gwcw-xgex£ xWOwËZ pt GK×mËK AwìæRêwxZK iwZÚhwnw
xbgo ÌNwnYw Ìbtwk Rdø„
GB lËqø xZxd RwxZoËáNk ipwoxPg Kxf AwdwdËK GK×Ëmk †kØZò, Zwuejê, DË¥mø I
ARêd oóeËKê gøwLøweÔgêK Gk Zwx£òK xbK AdÖcwgËdk Rdø GKxU e¢ ÌlËLd 9
RwdÖtwxk 1988 xLÛÄwË² Ggv owËa GB xbdxUËK AwìæRêwxZK iwZÚhwnw xbgo
xpËoËg xgËgPdw Kkw jwt xK dw Zw-I eË¢ DËlöL KËkd„ Gk RgwËg 23 RwdÖtwxk 1988
owËl Kxf AwdwËdk BdfkËimd Axfowk gwOwxl pwowd ÌfkËb#o Rwdwd Ìj G ckËdk
eÞþæwg ÌKwËdw kwÄÛeq ÌaËK ÌeÞkY KkËZ pt„ ZËgB Zw MÞpYËjwMøZw ARêËd oiaê„
Gkek kxfK×l Bolwi e^wPxU hwnwk eÞxZxdxc oiìñËt MVd KËkd A Group of Mother
Language Lovers of the World„ AwMÞËpk KwkËY AwËkw bÖËUw hwnwËMwÅyk
iwdÖnËK oóeÙ£ß Kkw pt„ GB owZ hwnwËMwÅy iwdÖËnk iÖLø eÞg£ßw xdjÖ£ß pd
kxfK×l Bolwi„ GB bËl AìæhÖê£ßËbk iËcø bÖ’Rd gwOwxl, bÖ’Rd BvËkR, GKRd
Rwiêwd, bÖ’Rd xfxlxeËdw, GKRd KwxâP, GKRd KøwË«wxdo I GKRd xpxëbhwny
xQËld„ Gkek ÂkØ pËtxQl þñwqk ovMÞp Axhjwd„ Gk GK Kxe RwxZoËáN xdjÖ£ß
KwdwWwk kwÄÛbÔZ ÌWxhW fwIlwËkk KwËQ ÌeÞkY Kkw pt Zw xdxbêÄ ÌfwkwËi
DeþÿweËdk Rdø„ xZxd GxU AdÖËiwbËdk Rdø Zwk ÌbËmk ekkwÄÛ bfZËk ewxVËt
Ìbd„ ÌoLwËd eÞwt AwU-dt iwo xgl¹ pt„ ZwËZI bËi jwdxd kxfK×l Bolwi„ Awmw I þñeí
xdËt AËeqw KkËZ awËKd GKxU Âh iÖÖpÔËZêk Rdø„ Gk iËcø xZxd BDËdËÆwk hwnw
xghwËMk exkPwlK ÌRwËof eËlk owËa ÌjwMwËjwM KËkd„ GKBhwËg BDËdËÆwk obk
bfZËk KiêkZ Awdw iwxktw iwBlËfk oËaI„ xZxd ZwËZ Duowpgø™K owrw Ìbd Ggv Zwk
Zkf ÌaËK e^wPxU ÌbËmk dwi xbËt IB og ÌbmËK MÞØËek eÞþæwg BDËdËÆwËZ
AwdÖÅwxdKhwËg DeþÿweËdk Rdø AdÖËkwc Kkw pt„ e^wPxU ÌbËmk iËcø kËtËQ
gwvlwËbm, hwkZ, KwdwWw, xfdløw« I pwËŠxk„ Gkek BDËdËÆwk obk bfZk fÝwËëok
eøwxko ÌaËK RwdwËdw pt G gøwewËk GB Ìbm†ËlwËK eÙxagyk xgxhdí ÌbËmk oiaêd
Awbwt KkËZ pËg„ GËZ eÞai owrw Ìbd pwËŠxk 16 AwMýU 1999 owËl„ Gkek ÂkØ pt
xdxbêÄ fkËi eÞþæwËgk oiaêd„ ZwI GK oit Awbwt pËt jwt„ Zwkek gwvlwËbËmk ZuKwlyd
xmqw oxPg KwRy kxfKD¥yd Awpib, xmqwiìèy Go G GBP ÌK owËbK, gwvlwËbmþÿ
BDËdËÆwk oxPg eÞËfok Kxfl Dx¥d Awpib, fÝwËëok gwvlwËbmþÿ kwÄÛbÔZ Ñotb
ÌiwtwËŒi Awly, BDËdËÆwk obk bfZËkk KiêKZêw Uxd pK eÞiÖËLk eÞËPÄwt I
eÞjZímylZwt Zw AËdK bÔk GxMËt jwt„ ZËg gwvlwËbËmk ZuKwlyd eÞcwdiìèy G
gøwewËk bÛØZ gøgþÿw MÞpËYk fËlB GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxkËK AwìæRêwxZK
iwZÚhwnw xbgo ÌNwnYwk xgntxU ZòkwxìñZ pt„ Gk ÌeQËd xgËmðk 28xU ÌbËmk oiaêd
xQl„ Gk iËcø ewxKþæwdI AìæhÖê£ß„ 1999 owËlk 17 dËh¹k ÌoB gÉ KwxáqZ HxZpwxoK
AwìæRêwxZK iwZÚhwnw xbgo ÌNwxnZ pt Ggv xgmðgøwey Zw eÞPwxkZ pt„ xgRt
oÔxPZ pt gwvlw I gwOwxlk Zaw gwvlwËbËmk„
G xgRt I ÌM#kg DelËq kxfK×l BolwiËK Awxi Axhdëbd RwxdËt GKLwdw xPxV xlxL„ Gk
D£Ëk kxfK×l Bolwi 6-3-2000 owËl AwiwËK xlËLxQËld ‘xeÞt xmqw†kØ, AwìæRêwxZK
iwZÚhwnw xbgËok ÌeÞqweËU Awedwk ÂËhâQw I AxhdëbËdk Rdø AwedwËK cdøgwb
RwdwB„
1952 owËl eÙxagyk GKxU AéËlk xKQÖ ÌlwK iwZÚhwnwËK hwËlwËgËo Ggv eÞËtwRËd
xdËRk Rygd xbËt ZwËbk hwnw I ovÆÚxZËK ÌjhwËg ixpiwxìñZ KËk ÌMËQd, 47 gQk ek
eÙxagyk og K’xU ÌbËmk og K’xU hwnwk og eÞxZxdxc GK¢ pËt Delx³ KËkËQd Ìj Zwkw
Ìo xbd ÂcÖ ZwËbk hwnwxUËKB dt, eÙxagyk og K’xU hwnw Ggv iwdÖnËK ixpiwxìñZ
KËkËQd„ gwvlw AwR eÙxagyk og K’xU hwnw- ovÆÚxZk kqw I xgKwËmk iÔl ÌeÞkYw„
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Awiwk iËdk KawxU
KwRy LÖkmybÖŒwiwd Duel

KxgZwxU Ìmn Kkwk ek Awiwk iËd pËlw GxU Adø KwËkw ÌlLw„ GKxU xSkxSËk ÌoíËpk
ÌQ^wtw Awiwk owkw MwËt gËt ÌMl Awgwk jLd erlwi„
ÌQwU ÌgwdUw oìæwdËbk xdËt gwowt GËoxQl„ Awiwk xbËK AËdKqY ZwxKËt gll, Z×xi
GKU× ÌmwI ÌZw, ÌZwiwk iwawk P×Ël pwZ gÖxlËt ÌbB„ oìæwd bÖËUw KwËQ gËo
Awiwk AwOÖl xdËt ÌLlw KkxQl, Awiwk Ìgwd iwawk P×Ël AwOÖl xbËt xgxl KËk xbËZ
lwMl, xVK Awiwk iw Ìjid iwawk P×Ël xgxl ÌKËU xbËZd„ kwËRøk NÖi ÌPwËL ÌdËi GËlw
Awiwk„
ZëbÛwk iËcøB GKxU Qëb iËd Ìbwlw xbËZ lwMl
Awiwk iwawk ÌKËm xgxl KBkw NÖi ewrwBZ iw

NÖËik iwËS þñed ÌbxL ÌZwiwt Awxi iw
AwiwËbk ÌbËm xZd bmK cËk iw¢ KËtK lwL iwdÖn mpËkk AwËlw-gwZwËo gr pËtËQ„ G
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pwËZB RËdô GB bm ÌKwxUkI Ìgxm iwdÖn eÞKÚxZk iËZwB ÌgËr DËVËQ„ kwRcwdy
XwKwk gwBËk iwdÖn GLËdw iwËtk ÌKwËl oìæwËdk NÖxiËt erw ÌbËL Ahøþæ„ xKQÖ
AwcÖxdK iw KwËR Aagw AKwËRI xdËRËK gøþæ kwËLd gËl ‘gÖtw’ oË¹wcËd GKRd
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oìæwd lwlËdk owpwËjø pwZ gwxrËt Ìbd gr Ìgwd, f×eÖ, hwxg gw GKRd Rw„
mpËk hwMø DdíZ Kkwk Awmwt GB hwMøxgrx¹Z gÖtw AwËo„ gÖtw hwËlw pËl oìæwd,
iw-Lwlwk RwtMwt gÖtwk ÌoíËpk eÞZøwmy pt„ MÙxpYy, MÙpþñwiy, ÌQwU KwËRk
ÌQËl GidxK mðÂk-mwÂxrk KwËQI GB hwMøxgrx¹Z dwky GK WwËK gÖtw pËt
jwt„ AwqxkK gÖtwk Aaê xgiÔZê pËt ogêRd exkxPZ MÙpexkPwxkKw, oìæwd ewxlKw
Kwi MhËdêo pËt jwt Ìo„ iwËtk ÌKwl h×Ël xMËt xmÂ gËl IËV, ‘gÖtwk KwËQ ÌmwËgw’
gw ‘dxokËdk pwËZ Lwg’„ Awxi Agmø gÖËK pwZ ÌkËL glËZ ewxk G ovLøw LÖgB Ki,
ZËg ÌoB Ki ovLøwI ÌdpwZ Ìfldw dt„
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opoÛ ÌKwxU iwdÖËnk iËZw Awiwk Rdô iwxUk ÌKwl ÌN^Ën„ hkw hwËbÛk gnêYeÖÄ Nd
ogÖR g^wmSwr, eÞwPyd AwiMwËQk ÌKwËl ÌgËr IVw xPkl ewZwk AwMwQw Awk LËrk
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iwËtk ojZí pwËZ ÌgËr DËVxQ„
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kwdíwNËkk ewËmB ÌQwU eÖK×k„ dwi ‘gwxlMwbwk eÖK×k’„ xdRêd NÖNÖ WwKw
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eÖ^xU iwQ DËV AwËo„
iw Awk Awxi oÖËjwMiËZw RŠl oxkËt flmw Awk gBxP ovMÞp Kxk„ kwËZ LËrk Pwl
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iwoÖbw Rwpwd, Awxi ÌZwiwk iw’„ Awxi ÌK^Ëb ÌpËo gxl, ‘p^øw Ìk iw Z×B iwoÖbw
Rwpwd, Z×B Awiwk iw„ Awxi ÌZwËKB owkw Rygd cËk L^ÖËR ÌgrwxâQ„’
KxgZxU Ìmn KËk ÌK^ËbxQlwi„ iËd pËtxQl iw Ìjd xfËk xfËk AwoËQd Awiwk þñËeí, iËd,
xPìæwt, ÌPZdwt, AxhiwËd, Awiwk ÌlLwt, KxgZwt„
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pËtI oøwk xgÂ¦ BvËkxRËZ Kaw glËZd, erwËZd„ AwiwËbk Æ×Ëlk ZLdKwk Qw¢Ëbk
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AwËixkKwd gìc×Ëbk xdËt AwoËZd„ AwRËK Awiwk jZU×K× BvËkxRk gwpwbÖxk Zwk
98 hwM ewIdw eÞxl¢ßwe ÌWwËkËok„
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Mùe erg, gwvlwt„ Awxi KwRy Ìiwpwóib mym I AwKw¥wo xdËRËbk iËcø bÙxÄ xgxdit
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g^wbk ZwrwËdw glxQ G Rdø, Æ×Ël GKxU iþæ xUËdk NËk AwiwËbk Kõwo goZ„ ÌoB
xUËdk NËkk Kxr gkMw BZøwxbËZ AovLø g^wbk ZwËbk ovowk Rygd jwed
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xMËt xblÖ Ìj Ìgm K’gwk ZwËbk Kwir ÌLËtËQ, Zw AwiwËbk ogwk Rwdw„ ÌoB xblÖk
ÌPwËLI AwR dykg eÞmí„ oøwk ÂkØ KkËld, ‘Awiwk GB hgNÖËk RygËdk Aekwpî Ìglwt
b^wrwBtw ...
ÌgmLwxdK eËr ÌMËld„ KxVd KxVd m², Awikw P×ePwe ÂdxQ„ gwBËk SiSi gÙxÄ Awk
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KwËd GËo Ìe^#Ql ‘...AwiwËbk eÞai Awlwe GKxU f×Ugl iøwËP... Æ×Ëlk iwËV gwOwxl I
iÖoliwd Qw¢Ëbk f×Ugl iøwP... Vwpk ewBlwi hwËlw Kxktw ZLd, jLd xeËVk Dek GKUw
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qiZw§Ëë§k AwgËZê xeÞt iwZÚhwnw
W. iwpiÖb mwp ÌKwËkmy

Languages are jealous sovereigns, and passports are rarely allowed for travelers to cross their
strictly guarded boundaries.
Rabindranath Tagore, 1935.
(Quoted from Rabindranath Tagore, the Myriad-Minded Man by Krishna Dutta and Andrew
Robinson; St. Martin's Press, New York, 1995, Dedication Page).
1995 owËl AwPiKw GK AwiìèY GËlw eøwxko ÌaËK„ ÌoLwdKwk eÞwPøhwnw
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Avm„ nwËUk bmËKk iwSwiwxS ÌaËK Ìgm K’gQk ÌoLwËd Awxi xmqKZw Kxk„ Awgwk
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gËU„ KlKwZw xgmðxgbøwlËtk GKxU LÖgB DdíZiwËdk eÞKwmdw W. byËdm PëbÛ
ÌoËdk xpýUxk Ag ÌgŠxl løwŠÖËtR Aøw« xlUwËkPwk (1916, eÙ: 10) Ggv xio ÌR GBP
Ìkwløw«Ëok WƒËkU xWxMÞk Axhoëbhê lw fwiz g^Mwxl b^ lw xlËZkwZ×økz bÖø
ÌiwtwBËtdwR (icøjÖËMk owxpËZø gwOwxl kiYy; (ogêd, 1930, eÙ: 25) MÞìÿ§Ët GB oZø
DejÖ£ßhwËg þñyKÚZ„ AxmxqZ ÌbmRËbk Ìbwldw ÌaËK kwRohw Agxc gwvlwt GxMËt Pll
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pËZw„ xgËbmwMZ qiZwglËtk owËa oóeÙ£ß AxhRwZkw gwvlwk hwnw I owxpZøËK
eÞhÔZ exkiwËY eÞmvow KkËZd„ Kxg I bwmêxdKkwI ÌeËZd Duowp Ggv DejÖ£ß
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awKËld m²Z£ò, bmêd Ggv ovÆÚZ Kwgømwþè xdËt„ mÛy ÑPZdø (1485-1533) eÔYê
þñwcydZwt Zwk Ñgnägciê eÞPwËkk oÖËjwM lwh KkËld„ Zwk AwxghêwËgk fËl
xpëbÖcËiêk eÖdRêdô Ggv owvÆÚxZK kËdo^wËok oÔ¢ewZ NUl„ (lÖB kdÖ, l^øwbÖBoi,
eøwxko, 1951, eÙ: 4, 101-103)„ Zw Qwrw Zwx£òK Ìg#¦ciê I ÌbmR xpëbÖcËiêk eÞhwËg
oÙÄ xgxgc ciêyt owcd e¦xZ jaw, ciê VwK×k, P¡y I idow Ìbgy eÞhÙxZk eÞhÓZ eÞowk
NËU„ Ggv GB eÞowkZw ÌaËK gøwx® ewt gøweK owxpZø-owiMÞyk„
GLwËd ÌjUw xgËmnhwËg lqøËjwMø, ÌoUw pËlw xpëbÖ ciêyt qiZwglËtk Ìj exg¢
mwþè†Ëlwk ÌbmR hwnwt AdÖgwËbk ÌqË¢ gwcw-xdËnc xQl, Zw ¢ßËiB AgoÙZ pËZ ÂkØ
Kkl„ gÉmÞØZ xdËncwšwiÔlK PkY bÖ’xU GLwËd D¦ÙZ Kkw ÌjËZ ewËk : AÄwbm
eÖkwdwxd-kwioø PxkZwxdP
hwnwtwv iwdg : mÞØZòw : Ìk#kg dkKv gÛËRu
(iwdg hwnw Aaêwu gwvlwt jwkw AÄwbm eÖkwY, kwi PxkËZk Kwxpdy ÂdËg, xdxúPZB
Zwkw Ìk#kg dkËK Mid KkËg)„
Zw QwrwI kwiwtY, ipwhwkËZk AdÖgwbKËbk oiwR-cµvoKwkK kÕËeI xPxpßZ Kkw pt Ìo
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ekgZêyKwËl iÖoxli kqYmyl ipËlI ÌbLw ÌMl GKB kKËik eÞxZx¢ßtwmylZw„ ZwkwI Bolwi
cËiêk exg¢ MÞìÿwxb gwvlwt kÕewìæËkk xgkØË¦ GK ckËdk Awex£ AwËkwe KkËZ ÂkØ
KkËld„ GKwxcK Kxg Agmø ÌowâPwk pËtxQËld Gk xgkØË¦„ o®bm mZw²yËZ Kxg
AwgbÖl pwxKi G ckËdk KwËRk oÖewxkm jwkw KËkËQd ZwËbk KUÔ-KwUgø KËk
gËlËQd, gwvlwt RdôMÞpY KËk awKËlI Zwkw gkv xdgêwoËd PËl ÌjËZ ewËkd„ xZxd
xlËLËQd :
Ìj oËg gËŠËZ Rxdô xpvËo gŠgwYy
Ìo og Kwpwk Rdô xdYêt d Rwxd
Ìbmy hwnw xgbøw jwk iËd d jÖjwt
xdR Ìbm ZøwMy ÌKd xgËbm d jwt„
AZ:ek AwiwËbk KwËQ exkbÙmøiwd pËlw GKUw dZ×d oioøw„ ÌoUw pËlw Mbø
gøgpwËkk oÔ¢ewËZ jw bxqY Gxmtwk Adøwdø hwnw†Ëlwk ÌqË¢I NËU„ AÄwbm
mZw²yk Ìmn xbK ÌaËK xLÛÄyt ximdwxk I eÞmwoKkw dZ×d eÞxZxÅZ iÖbÛYjìè gøgpwk
KËk MËbø AwZôeÞKwm KkxQËld„ xpëbÖ I iÖoliwËdk ek GLd GKUw ZÚZyt
kwRÐdxZK, AaêÐdxZK I owvÆÚxZK qiZw glËtk Awxghêwg NUl jw Ìgm
†kØZòeÔYêhwËgB eÞxZxdxcZò Kkl gxYK, owiÛwRøgwby, xLÛÄyt Ggv xgšwdiÖLy
eÞZyPø kÕËe„ eZ×êxMR, WwP, Wøwxdm, fkwxo I BvËkR eÞiÖL exúPiwËbk iËcø
ÌmËnw£ßkwB N^wxU m£ß KËk gol gwvlwt„ eÞwt bÖ m’ gQk cËk gwOwxl I BvËkRËbk
iËcø þÿwxeZ pËlw NxdÅ ÑdKUø jwËZ qiZw§Ëë§k AwgËZê exZZ pËlw ZwËbk bÖ’xU
hwnw„ jw pItwk Zw pËlw, gwOwxl Aùe þñùe BvËkxR xmLl„ ÌKD ÌKD A…ËfwWê-
Køwx¹ÛËRk ex¡ZËbkI oiÖZl pItwk eÞtwËo QÖUl„ xKìç gwvlw bÛØZ DdítËdk eËa cwxgZ
pËlw, dZ×d xPìæwËPZdwk cwkK-gwpKkÕËe owxpZø I xgšwdPPêw eÞowkZw lwh Kkl„
kwRÐdxZK qiZw GKxU dZ×d exkgZêd Awdtd Kkl jwËZ AwBd-AwbwlËZk Ggv okKwxk
ÌjwMwËjwËMk hwnwkÕËe BvËkxRËK eÞxZxÅZ Kkl„ BvËkxR fwkxok þÿwd bLl Kkl
(1835)„ fwkxo Zwk Qt m’ gQËkk hÓxiKw pwxkËt ¢ßËi xglÖ® pËt ÌMl„ BvËkxR iwcøxiK
I DâPZk xmqwk eÞcwd gwpËd exkYZ pËlw„ xgMZ mZw²yk ZÚZyt bmK ÌaËK KlKwZw I
XwKw xgmðxgbøwlËtk xKQÖ xKQÖ xmqw Kwjê¢ßËi gwvlw gøgpÕZ pËZ awKl„ GhwËg
ÌbLw jwt ciêyt I kwRÐdxZK qiZw glt xKhwËg GËKk ek GK gwvlwt ovÆÚZ, Awkxg,
fwkxo I BvËkxR PwxeËt xbËtxQl„ xKQÖ ÌqË¢ gwOwxlk iwZÚhwnw þñwhwxgK xgKwm
xgxNíZ pËlw„ Awk xKQÖ ÌqË¢ GB hwnw†Ëlw gwvlwËK oiÙ¦ Kkl„ gwvlw hwnwt dZ×d
foËlk eÞwglø ÌbLw xbËlw„
gwOwxl eÞxZhwk DËdôËnk ÌqË¢ Agmø xdxpZ xQl Adø KwjêKwkY„ ZgÖ Edxgvm
mZw²yk cwkwgwxpKZwt kwRw kwiËiwpd kwt ÌaËK kgyëbÛdwa VwK×k, CmðkPëbÛ
xgbøwowMk I gx‰iPëbÛ PË›wewcøwt Ggv Adø AËdK fkwxo owxpZøwdÖkwMy
gwvlwËK GKxU AwcÖxdK hwnwt DdíyZ KkËZ Axhlwny Ggv KwR KËk ÌMËQd Ìo lËqø„
kwRw kwiËiwpd xglwZ jwItwk eËa x¢gYê kx™Z fkwxo eZwKwk eÞxZ mÛ¦w xdËgbd
KËkxQËld gËl Rwdw jwt„ gwOwxl Kxg iwBËKl icÖoÔbd b£ Agþÿwd KkËld ÌhoêwBËZ
1856 ÌaËK 1857 owl Agxc Ggv GB bÖB gQËkk lw Ìf^wËZd kPdwk hwnwìæk KkËld,
ÌbmËeÞiop gÉ dZ×d hwgcwkwk Awibwxd NUwËld Zwk xeÞt iwZÚhwnwt„
xgvm mZw²y pËlw GKxbK ÌaËK eÔYêwŠ o‰yYê RwZyt xPìæwiÖ£ß xgmðRdydZwk
Dbwk AwbËmê D§Ö¦ pItwk jÖM„ eÞwPø-eÞZyËPøk oxóild Agmøºwgy pËt b^wrwl AËdK
xbK ÌaËK„ hwnwk jÖ¦ËK hwËlwhwËg GxMËt Ìdtwk Rdø ZLd Ìgm xKQÖ Ñodø owiËìæk
eÞËtwRd pËt erl„ xgËmn KËk GKRd ÌodwexZk„ ÌoB ÌodwexZ þñtv GKRd Kxg
kwRxgËkwcy KxgZw kPdwk Rdø jwËK ÌRl LwUËZ pËlw; xZxd KwRy dRkØl Bolwi xZxd
jawaêB RwdËZd Ìj,
bÖMêi xMxk, Kwìæwk ikØ, bÖþæk ewkwgwk
lxáNËZ pËg kwx¢ xdmyËa jw¢ykw É^xmtwk!
xKìç jw¢ykw xK oxZø oxZø owgcwdy xQËld? eÞhÓZ exkiwËY owxpxZøK-ÑgšwxdK
kPdwoºwk gwvlw hwnwt eÞKwËmk ekI kwRÐdxZK qiZw glËtk KwQ ÌaËK og oit DejÖ£ß
þñyKÚZ Zwk pËlw dw„ KiêKw¡ GxMËt ÌMl dw eÞZøwxmZ ogêeÞKwk xgntwgxlËK
ÌKëbÛ KËk„ Gk iËcø GËlw 1947 owl„ xgËbmy mx£ß ÌlR †xUËt PËl ÌMl„ xKìç
þñwcydZwk iÔlø xbËZ pËlw LÖg Ìgxm„ ÌKddw oyiwËìæk bÖB xbËK QxrËt erËld
gwOwxlkw„ GK xbËK xpxëb, Adø xbËK DbÖêk eÞhÖËZòk KwËQ AwZôwÉxZ xbËZ
AËdKUw gwcø pËld Zwkw„ 1948 owl ÌaËK oËgêwexk 1952 owËlk GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk
gwvlw hwnwk eËq AwËëbwld pËlw jwËZ ovLøw†kØ dwMxkKËbk GB hwnwxUI DbÖêk
owËa AdøZi kwÄÛhwnwt exkMxYZ pt„ eËk Zw Gid kÕe exkMÞp Kkl jw 1971 owËl
hwnwZwx£òK RwZytZwgwËbk xhx£ËZ iÖx£ß ovMÞwËi ZygÛ AwKwk cwkY
Kkl„ ÌKwËdw eÞwxZÅwxdK xdtixdËbêm Ñbdxëbd gøgpwËk AdÖoÙZ pItwk
eÞËtwRdytZw ÌbLw ÌMl dw„ xKvgw gwcøgwcKZw awKl dw„
gÉ AwZôZøwËMk xgxdiËt ewxKþæwËdk gwvlwhwny ÌMwÅy xdËRËbk iÖ£ß Kkl Ggv
eÞxZÅw Kkl xdËRËbk owgêËh#i kwÄÛ„
GB ÌZw GKUw bÙÄwìæ : xKhwËg hwnw AwËkwpY KËk qiZwt!
bmêdyt Ggv jawËjwMø owfËløk ekI gwvlwËbËm gwvlw Awgwk GK ckËdk xgeËbk
iÖËLwiÖxL b^wxrËt„ eÞaiZ, glw eÞËtwRd xmqw ÌqË¢ gÉxgc KwkËY AgdxZ NËUËQ
bwkØY„ iwZÚhwnw gwvlw ÌmLwk ÌqË¢ ÌpwK gw eÞcwd xgËbmy hwnw BvËkxRk ÌqË¢
ÌpwK, ÌbLw ÌMl lqøËjwMø qtqxZ„ Zwk Iek oioøw pËlw Ìbm ZøwËMk xpxrK„ xgËmn
KËk, BvËkxR hwny Ìbm†Ëlwt eÞaiZ jÖ£ßkwÄÛ, Zwkek AËýUÛxltw, Gkek Bvløw« Awk
hwkZ„ GLd hwËlw gwvlw ÌmLwk eÞËtwRdI eÞwt AbÙmø pËt ÌMËQ„ ogwB Ìjd ÌUwËtËfl,
xRAwkB eÞhÙxZ ewo KkËZB gøxZgøþæ„ ZwB, gwvlwËbËmk ifþñl mpËkI GLd
xK«wkMwËUêd, BvËkxR iwcøËi eÞwBiwxk I ÌoËK«wxk Æ×l Ggv ÌKwxPv ÌoëUwËkk
kikiw gøgow„ Zwk Iek Awgwk pwRwk pwRwk gwOwxl ZwËbk ÌQËlËiËtËbk DâPxmqwk
Rdø ewVwËâQ ÌbËmk gwBËk„
G exkxþÿxZ eÞwcwËdøk oÖËjwM KËk xbËtËQ BvËkxR hwnwk Aùexgþæk bqZw
ARêdKwkyËbk„ GUw GKhwËg owiwxRK ovpxZk exkeìÿy„ GUw AeÞËtwRdyt
DâPidøZwk iËdwhwg Ggv iwZÚhwnwk eÞxZ PÔrwìæ Agšw I AgËplw exkbÙÄ pËâQ
eÞwtmB„ AaêÐdxZK þñwËaêk xiËak qiZw GLd ÌbËmk hwnwk AMÞMxZk eÞx¢ßtwËK
KkËQ exkPwldw„
gwvlw hwnw eÙxagyk bmxU ogËPËt Ìgxm eÞPxlZ hwnwk AdøZi„ 1755 owËl xkhwkl
fkwxo eÞoËŠ Ìj gËlxQËld, ‘xdxúPZ, owiwxRK Ggv Ìj#x£ßK’ ¢ßim gwvlwk ÌqË¢ ZwB
exkbÙmøiwd„ Awmw Kkg Ìj, AbÔk hxgnøËZ gwvlw qiZw §Ëë§k eÞËKwe ÌaËK ÌkpwB
ewËg„ þñyt DdítËdk eËa AMÞokiwd awKËg AwiwËbk xeÞt iwZÚhwnw„
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gwvlw hwnwt ÑdkwRø
AkØYwh okKwk
AcøweK kxfK×l Bolwi ovgwbeË¢ GK xdgËìc xlËLËQd, (AËdK xmqËKk gwvlw DâPwkY
Â¦ dt, 13 ÌfgÛØtwxk, 2010) ‘gwvlw hwnwk gøgpwk, gwdwd DâPwkËY Pki ÑdkwRø
xgkwR KkËQ„’
eËkk xbËdk GK KwMËR W. xgmðxRu ÌNwËnk xdgìc ‘gwvlw hwnw : hwgdw I
bÖhêwgdw’„ xmËkwdwËiB þeÄ, GB hwnw gøgpwËk Ìj ÑdkwRø PlËQ, Zw Zwk
bÖhêwgdwk KwkY„ xZxd xlËLËQd, ‘gwvlw hwnw AwR bÖkgþÿwk iÖËL b^wxrËtËQ’„
GB ÑdkwËRøk xKQÖ DbwpkY ÌbLw ÌMl Ìo xbd (12 ÌfgÛØtwxk, 2010) GKxU gBËtk
eÞKwmdw DuoËgk xdiìèY ÌeËt„ LwËik IeËkk ÌlLw ‘Rwxpb AwKgk ÌP#cÖky’k
KwgøMÞìÿ AìæËk gwxpËk’„
ÌP#cÖky ebxgk eËk EcµêKiw (’) ÌKd? BvËkxRËZ eËoxoh ÌKËo Ecµê Kiw lwËM (Ìjid
Rahim's book); xKìç gwvlwt lwËM dw„ Ìjid Awiwk eZwKw, kxfËKk gB BZøwxb„
ÌKwËdw xKQÖk Iek AËdøk AxcKwk ÌgwSwËZ GB o¹ìc eb pt„ Ìjog eËbk DâPwkY þñkwìæ
Zwk oËŠ ‘k’, Awk jwËbk DâPwkY plìæ ZwËbk oËŠ ‘Gk’ (gw ‘Ì’-Gk k-G-Kwk Ggv k)
xghx£ß xgËct„
ÌKwËdw ÌKwËdw owvgwxbK Gog xgcwd RwËdd dw Aagw Zw AMÞwpø KËkd„ 8 GxeÞl
(2007) Awiwk Ìbm-Gk GKxU xmËkwdwi “MwBgwìcwt ‘Awlöwpk bl’k 17 oboø
ÌMÞfZwk”„ ‘bl’k’ KawUw hÖl„ pËg bËlk Aagw bl-Gk„
Zw Qwrw Kwgø iwËdB ÌZw KxgZwk gB„ Gk ÌmËn Awgwk MÞìÿ ÌKd? kgyëbÛdwaI
Agmø KwgøMÞþÿ xlËLËQd; xKìç ÌKD eÞxZgwb dw Kkwt Zw PwlÖ pËt ÌMËQ„
AdÖÅwËd Pgêø-ÌPwnø-Ìlpø-Ìet dwdw gþçk xgmwl AwËtwRd xQl„ xQl AËdK †Yy gøx£ßk
oiwËgm„ xKìç iËék ÌeQËd xgmwl gøwdwËk KËtKxU hÖl AËdKËKB LÖg eyrw
xbxâQl„ iÖLøËK ÌlLw pËtxQl ‘iÔLø’„ GB xdgìcKwËkk dwiI xQl hÖl gwdwËd„
AìæËk-gwxpËk gBxU eÞKwm KËkËQd kdRÖ kwBi, KxgZw ov¢ßwxìæ ÌaËK„ KxgZw ov
¢ßwxìæ dwiUw Ìgm hwgdw RwMwt„ ov¢ßwxìæ iwËd iwËok Ìmn xbd Aagw Aoit„ GLwËd
ÌKwd AËaê?
Awgwk dwËik gwdwd eÞoËŠ xfxk„ GgwËkk dwi ÌmL pwxodw, xjxd MÞìÿKwk Ggv ÌbËmk
eÞcwdiìèy„ gwdwd hÖl ÌbLw jwt Zwk dwËik gwdwËdI„ Zwk GKxU gBËtk dwi ‘kPdw
oiMÞ’„ ilwËU MÞìÿKwk xpËoËg ÌlLw pËtËQ ‘ËmL pwxodw’„ GLwËd G-KwkUw
hÖl„ iwËSk G-Kwk (Ë) pËg dw, pËg ewËmk G-Kwk (Ì)„
MZ 17 RwdÖtwxk (2010) gwvlw GKwËWiyk ‘ZkØY ÌlLK eÞKËùek’ DË§wcdy AdÖÅwËd
eÞKËùek eÞcwd eÞxmqK Kxg pwtwu iwiÖb gËld, ‘owxpËZøk iÔËl pËâQ hwnw„ hwnw
gøgpwËk ÌlLKËK oËPZd pËZ pËg„’
pwtwËZk GB ekwimê dZ×d xKQÖ dt„ ZkØY ÌlLKkw AËdËKB ZgÖ G gøwewËk oËPZd
dd„ xgbNÖËU og hÖl ÌbLw jwt ZwËbk KwkI KwkI ÌlLwt„ hÖl ÌbLw jwt, KwËkw KwËkw
dwËik gwdwËdI„
dwËik gwdwd eÞoËŠ glw pt, Zw xdËRk BâQwiËZw ÌlLwk AxcKwk kËtËQ ogwkB„
Zw kËtËQ, xKìç jxZ xPËpßk RwtMwt xgoMê gøgpwËkk AxcKwk ÌdB„ AaP GB hÖl ÌbLw
jwt kwÄÛexZk dwËik gwdwËdI„
eÞwaxiK xmqw o®wËpk (7-13 RwdÖtwxk, 2010) Ì¢ßwreË¢ kwÄÛexZ, iìèy, eÞxZiìèy Ggv
oxPËgk dwËik gwdwËd hÖl ÌbËL PiËK DËVxQlwi„ Gid hÖl Agmø eÞxZxbdB ÌbLw
jwt„ ZgÖ xmqw iìèYwlt gËl Kaw!
ovgwbeË¢ eÞKwxmZ GB Ì¢ßwreË¢ kwÄÛexZ, eÞcwdiìèy, ovxmöÄ iìèYwlËtk iìèy,
eÞxZiìèy Ggv oxPg GB e^wPRËdk gwYy Qwew pËtËQ„ xKìç eÞcwdiìèy Qwrw Awk
KwËkw dwËik gwdwdB Â¦ dt„
kwÄÛexZk dwi AwËM ÌlLw pËZw xRlöÖk kpiwd„ GLd GB oŒd gøx£ßk dwËik AwËM
ÌlLw pt Ìiwpwóib hÖl gwdwËd ‘Ìiw:’„ dwËik ÂcÖ GB Avm ovËqËe ÌKd? ovËqe KkËZ pËlI
xbËZ pËg xgëbÖ xPpß Ìiw.„ xgoMê (:) gwvlw Aqk„ Zw xbËt m² gw dwi ovËqe Kkw jwt
dw„
iìèy GKRd xPxKuoK Ww£ßwk„ ÌlLw pËtËQ ‘Ww:’„ GKB hÖl„ Ww: pËg dw, pËg Ww.
„ Zw Qwrw xZxd Ggv eÞxZiìèy bÖ’RdB ovob oboø Gi.xe.„ Gi AqËkk ek xgëbÖ xPpß Ìbtw
pËtËQ„ xKìç xe AqËkk ek Ìbtw ptxd„ Zw hÖl„
Ì¢ßwre¢ eÞþçZKwkyËbk Ky owiwdø xmqwI ÌdB?!
ÌKwËdw ÌKwËdw ex¢Kwt ekkwÄÛiìèyk dwi ÌlLw pt, ‘W. byeÖixY’„ Zw xVK dt„ W.
pËâQ WƒËkËUk ovËqe„ byeÖixY WƒËkU dd, Ww£ßwk, ovËqËe Ww.„
gwvlw hwnwt gwdwd I m² eÞËtwËM hÖl eÞoËŠ GKxbd Kaw DËVxQl GK oóewbËKk
gwowt GK Awœwt„
xZxd GKxU owixtKyI eÞKwm KkËQd„ owixtKyxUk eÞKwËmk eÔgêkwËZ ovxmöÄ
ovLøwk ÌlLKËbk Aweøwtd Kkw pt„ pt Awœw„ Awœwt ÌlLwk †ËYk Kaw pt„ hÖËlk
KawI„
x§Zyt ovLøwk ÌlLK Aoyi owpw RwdwËld oóewbKyËtk xmËkwdwËiI hÖl ÌlLw pËtËQ
‘Awikw AxhhÔZ„’ AxhhÓZ mË²k GKiw¢ gwdwd AxhhÓZ„
gwdwd I m² eÞËtwËMk hÖl pt eÞwt ogwkB„ oËŠ oËŠ Zwk eÞxZgwb Kkw pt dw gËl Zw
‘eÞPxlZ’ pËt jwt„ Zw þÿwd ewt ÌlLK-KxgËbk ÌlLwËZI„ AoyËik ÌlLwI gøxZ¢ßi dt„
AdÖÅwËd Aoyi Zwk ‘xdgêwxPZ KxgZw’k GKxU Kxe AwiwËK xbËld„ fõøwËe Aoyi
oóeËKê ÌlLw, xZxd ‘nwËUk bmËKk AdøZi eÞcwd KxgËbk GKRd’„ bmK ÌZw bm
gQk„ nwUxU bmËK Kt gQk? Aoyi oºgZ glËZ ÌPËtËQd, MZ mZw²yk QËtk
bmK„ (UwŠwBËl 1 RwdÖtwxk ÌlLK xbgËok AdÖÅwËd eÞmí KkwËZ Aoyi glËld, IUw
Zwk ÌlLw dt„) bmK ÌlLwk hÖl ÂkØ pËtxQl 1930 owl ÌaËK 1939 owl ejêìæ
bmËK„ BvËkxRËZ IB oitËK ÌlLw pt 1930v„ ovËqËe 30v. ZLdKwk gwOwxl Kxgkw glËZd,
Zwkw xZxkm bmËKk Kxg„ AwoËl Zwkw xQËld ZÚZyt gw xZËdk bmËKk Kxg„ AoyiËK
glw pËtËQ„ AdøZi GKRd„ iwËd? AdøZi iwËdB ÌZw KËtKRËdk GKRd„ xKìç xZxd Ky
QËtk (gw nwËUk) dw owËZk bmËKk Kxg? XwKw xgmðxgbøwlËt hxZê pItwk ek XwKwk
(‘RwZyt’) ex¢Kwt Zwk ÌlLw Qwew pËZ awKËlI KËtK iwËoB Kxg xpËoËg Zwk eÞxZÅw
ewItwk Kaw dt„ xZxd oºgZ owËZk bmËKk Kxg„ xKìç fxkb Awpib (bÖlwl) Zwk GKxU gB
(xd:oŠ kRdyk lwgYø) QËtk bmËKk Ìj bmRdËK DuoMê KËkËQd, Zwk iËcø AoyiI
kËtËQd„
AoyËik gBËt ÌQw› GB ÌlLwËZI Ìgm KËtKxU hÖl„ Awk GKxU iw¢ DËlöL Kxk„ ÌlLw
pËtËQ ‘eÞKwxmZ owZxU KxgZwk gB’„ AeÞKwxmZ gBI pt dwxK?
hÖl eÞoËŠB AwËo ‘AwËlwKlZw’-k Kaw„ glw pËtËQ, Zw ‘ÌQwUËbk
AwdëbgwxnêKy’„ xgmwl AwKwËkk oÖbÙmø gBxUk xmùe oóewbK cÛØg Gn„ eÞâQb I
Al‰kY ZwkB Kkw„ Gog LÖgB oÖëbk KËkËQd xZxd„ oÖëbk, xKìç xdhÖêl dt„ ÌlLw
pËtËQ ‘AwËlwK l3w’„ Awiwk xeÞt ÌlLK cÛØgI ÌZw Awk 3 (xZd)-Gk ewaêKø RwËdd
dw? GKxbd GB eÞoŠ Z×lËZB cÛØg glËld, ‘IUw ýUwBl„ xmËkwdwËik ÌKwËdw AqËkB
iw¢w ÌdB„’
ÌKwËdw ÌKwËdw AqËk iw¢w dw awKËlI PËl„ xKìç ZËtk gøwewkUw Awlwbw„ ZËt iw¢w
dw xbËl pËt jwt 3 (xZd) Awk ¢ xlLËZ iw¢w dw xbËl pËt jwt G„
ÌlLxdýLld (slip of the pen) Agmø dwiy ÌlLKËbk ÌqË¢I NËU„ Ìjid Ñotb mwioÖl pK„ xZxd
AwiwËbk AdøZi eÞcwd Kxg„ Awxi Zwk Mbø-ebø bÖB-B LÖg eQëb Kxk„ xZxd oóeÞxZ
GKxU xgšwedxPË¢ KŸ xbËtËQd„ ‘oÖewkýUwk’ eÞxZËjwxMZwk xgšwed„ KxeUwI oºgZ
ZwkB ÌlLw„ xUxhËZ xgšweËdk Zwk xgLøwZ KËŸ Ìmwdw ÌMl, ‘lÖxKËt kwLw
†®cd’„ †®cd iwËdB ÌZw lÖxKËt kwLw cd„ hÖlUw oºgZ ÌlLxdýLlËdk fl„
GB ÌfgÛØtwxk iwËoB AìæZ bÖ’xU xgšweËd ÌbLw ÌMl, ‘iÙZ×øgwxnêKy
þôkËY’„ iÙZ×øgwxnêKyËZ iÙZ×øËK Aagw Zwk iÙZ×øxbdËK þôkY Kkw jwt„ xKìç
gwxnêKyËK ÌKd?
xgšwed eÞoËŠB iËd eËr GKxU KwxpdyxPË¢k dwi„ xgšweËd ÌlLw awËK
‘xeÞtZiwnÖ’„ þèy xlËŠ nÖ pt dw, pt oÖ„ xeÞtZiwoÖ Aagw xeÞtZËioÖ„
gwvlw hwnwt GB ÑdkwRø bÔk KkËZ ÌlLwËlxL I oóewbdw gBxU (gwvlw GKwËWiy)
ÌbLw ÌjËZ ewËk„ xg¸wxìæKk AËdK m²B Ìbtw pËtËQ ÌoLwËd„
ÌlLK : Kxg I owvgwxbK
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GK×Ëmk AwgÙx£
dwxoi AwpËib
GK×Ëmk owxpZø ÂkØ pËtËQ obø kxPZ GKxU KxgZw Ggv P›MÞwËik eÞxZgwb ohwt
KxgKËŸ ÌoB KxgZwk AwgÙx£ xbËt„ GK×m glËlB iÖpÔËZê AwiwËbk iwdoeËU ÌhËo
IËV BxZpwËok ÌoB og xbd, Ìjog xbËd hwnwk Rdø gÖËKk k£ß ÌXËlxQËld
hwnwmpyËbkw„ GK×m GLd gwvlwËbËmk iwdÖËnk ÌPZdwk Axgdmðk gyRiìè„ GK×m
GLd gwvlw hwnw I gwvlwËbËmk oiwaêK„ gÖËKk kË£ß ÌKdw gwvlw hwnwk kËtËQ
pwRwk gQËkk HxZpøxdhêk owxpZø„ Awk gwvlw owxpZø iÔlZ
KxgZwxdhêk„ gwvlwËbËmk iwdÖn KxgZwËeÞiy„ AwiwËbk RygËd oiwËR I kwËÄÛk
Awmw-AwKwáqw Awdëb-Ìgbdwk Qxg owxpËZøk Ìj mwLwt ogËPËt Ìgxm eÞxZxgx¹Z
pËtËQ Zwk dwi KxgZw„ GK×Ëmk NUdweÞgwp xQl kwÄÛyt ejêwËt iwZÚhwnwk ijêwbw
oiÖdíZ awKËg xK awKËg dw Ìo eÞmí xdËt„ AwËgM, jÖx£ß I AxþæËZòk oÖxgmwl
eUhÓxi xdËt MËr DËVËQ GK×m„ gwOwxlk RygËd GK×m ogËPËt †kØZòeÔYê GK
Ìi#xlK NUdw„ GB oÖxgmwl NUdwt AwiwËbk owxpËZøk KxgZw mwLw ogËPËt Ìgxm
eÞxZx¢ßtw eÞKwm KËkËQ„ oPxKZ pËt gÉ gQËkk gøgpÕZ ÌLwlo ÌSËr iÖËQ hwnwk
dwËi þñwRwZøËgwËck eÞËtwRËd mZ mZ KxgZwKiyê oÙxÄmylZwk AMêl LÖËl
xbËtËQd„ NUdwk ZwuqxYK eÞxZx¢ßtwt 1952 owËlk 21 ÌfgÛØtwxk kwËZ Kxg iwpgÖg
Dl AwlËik ‘K^wbËZ Awxoxd f^wxok bwxg xdËt GËoxQ’ oÙxÄ pItw ÌaËK ÂkØ KËk
GLËdw ejêìæ GK×Ëm xdËt AwiwËbk KxgËbk oÙRdmylZw Kõwxìæpyd-
Duowpgø™K„ GK×mËK xdËt Zwkw KxgZw xlLËZ ewkËl xdËRËK Ìo#hwMøgwd gËl iËd
KËkd„ ‘K^wbËZ Awxoxd f^wxok bwxg xdËt GËoxQ’ KxgZwxU P›MÞwËik eÞxZgwb
ohwt 22 ÌfgÛØtwxk 1952 owËl Kxg iwpgÖg Dl Awli ÌP#cÖky ewV KËkd Ggv iÖxbÛZ
Kxe RdZwk iwËS xgZkY KËkd„ ÂkØ pËlw GK×Ëmk owxpZø Awk GK×Ëmk AwgÙx£k
GK¢ eaPlw„ ÌoB RdôlMí ÌaËKB GK×Ëmk KxgZw I Zwk AwgÙx£k cwkw GËK AeËkk
exkeÔkK pËt exkËgxmZ pËâQ„
ié xixWtw†Ëlw GK×Ëmk AdÖÅwdiwlw xdiêwY KËkd KxgZw AwgÙx£ËK eÞcwd
KËk„ xgRt xbgo, þñwcydZw xbgo, etlw ÑgmwL, Cb, bÖMêweÔRw, Ìg#¦ eÔxYêiw, grxbd
BZøwxbk AdÖÅwËdk ÌPËt GK×Ëmk AdÖÅwËd AwgÙx£ xgËmn AwoËd
AxcxÅZ„ GK×Ëmk og AdÖÅwd Ìjd AwgÙx£kB AdÖÅwd KxgZwkB AdÖÅwd„ RdxeÞt
KxgZw ÌaËK ÂkØ KËk obøoÙxRZ KxgZwk AwgÙx£ j¢Z¢„ ÌmÛwZw-bmêK Zw xgeÖl
DuowËp MÞpY KkËQd„ Awikw Rwxd GK×m, xgRt xbgo I þñwcydZw xbgo xdËt xmùe
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GKxU KwkY gËl iËd Kxk„ GK×Ëmk KxgZwt Kxgkw Kùedw eÞxZhw,
AwËgMwdÖhÓxZk þñZ:ýfÓxZê xbËt gwkgwk iÔløwtd-eÖdiÔêløwtd I eÖdkoÙxÄ KËkd
GK×mËK„ GK×mËK ÌKëbÛ KËk gwOwxl RwxZËK AwMwiyk þñeí ÌbxLËt PËld„ Kxgkw
þñeíbÛÄw Ggv bwmêxdK„ KxgZwt þñËeík gyR Mhyk I ZygÛhwËg gÖËd Ìbtw
jwt„ GK×Ëmk KxgZwt iwdÖn RËtk Mhyk Dlöwo Awk AwMwiy þñËeík eÞxZfld ÌbLËZ
ewt gËlB Zw MÞpY KËk Ìgxm„ AwgÙx£k KwR pËlw KxgZwk gøwLøw Kkw, eÖdRêdô
Ìbtw„ xlxLZ mË²k cµxd iwcÖjê bwd Kkw, ZwËK Rygìæ Kkw„
gwËKøk xmùeyZ DâPwkYB AwgÙx£„ AwgÙx£ËZ iÔZê pt gwËKøk AìæxdêxpZ qxYK I
xPkKwlyd hwgdw, og þñeí Ggv ÌbLw-AËbLw, ÌPdw-AËPdwk jwgZyt xdiêwY„ KxgZw
QËëbk HmðËjê MÞxìÿZ gËl KËŸB Zwk eÔYêZw„ lxlZ cµxdËZB Ìo RwMÞZ, xmùeyZ
Ìo#KËjê Ìo Ìbbyeøiwd„ AËMwPËkk MÔsËK gxYêl ÑghËg eÔYê eÞKwm Kkwk Rdø
KËŸk oÙRdmyl eÞKwmhxŠ GKxU dZ×d iwx¢KZw ÌeËt eÙaK iwcøi pËt IËV„ KxgZwk
xgnt AwgÙx£ xmùeyk ÌgwËc lwxlZ pËt gwËKøk AwËgM kÕewìæxkZ pt KËŸk AwËgËM„
AwiwËbk AwKwáqw eÔkY pt Awikw AwËëbwxlZ pB„ dZ×d AËaê dZ×d gËYê, dZ×d
ÌQ^wtwt, dZ×d oÙxÄËZ, dZ×d hxŠËZ GK AwâQdíZwt Awikw ÌeËt jwB GK dZ×d oÙxÄ
xmùe, KŸ jwk AwmÛt, AwgÙx£„ GK×Ëmk KxgZw pËâQ gwKkyxZ, KwgøkyxZ I xgnt
ÌPZdwk ximÛËY Axhdg xP¢Kùe opËjwËM eÞMws AwËgËMk I xgmðwËok m² eÞËtwËM
Ìk#bÛko, gykko I KkØYkËok gÉl gøgpwkoiÙ¦ xgnt-ÑgxPË¢ø DŒòl Aaêwl‰wk eÞcwd
KxgZw„ þñhwgZ KwkËYB GK×Ëmk KxgZw AwgÙx£k GKxU eÙaK kyxZ gw Xv AwËQ„
eÞxZxU AwgÙx£ xmùeyk Ìjid xmùeoËPZd pItw AwgmøK ÌZixd GK×m oóeËKê GKxU
eÔYêwŠ cwkYw awKw AwgmøK„ GK×Ëmk KxgZwk xgxP¢ þækxgdøwo, Ìgwxc gw
hwgËPZdwk AwKxþôK eUexkgZêd, þñpÕbt ovËgby m²wgxl, AeÔgê Deiw DuËeÞqwk
gwK-eÞxZiw, xgþôtKk gwþægxP¢Kùe, Kxgk opR I þñwhwxgK RygdËgwc, eÞMws gøx£ßK
gw AwxZôK AdÖhÓxZ BZøwxb AwgÙx£KwkËK Mhyk AxhxdËgËmk owËa Delx³ KkËZ
pËg„ GK×Ëmk KxgZwk lqø Zw pËg oZø ÌaËK RwZ Kùedw„ GK×Ëmk KxgZw AËdK
Ìgxm oiwRoËPZd gËlB Zwk KwxgøK Kùedwk RdôhÓxi AËdK Ìgxm xgmðwoø I
Zaøxdhêk„ Ìjid :
GLwËd jwkw eÞwY xbËtËQ
kidwk EcµêiÖLy KÚnäPÔrwk Zlwt
ÌjLwËd Aw†Ëdk f×lxKk iËZw
GLwËd ILwËd RòlËQ AovLø kË£ßk Qwe
ÌoLwËd Awxi K^wbËZ Awxoxd
AwR Awxi ÌmwËK xgpµl dB
AwR Awxi Ì¢ßwËc Ddô£ dB
AwR Awxi eÞxZšwt AxgPl
iwpgÖg Dl Awli ÌP#cÖky
K^wbËZ Awxoxd f^wxok bwxg xdËt GËoxQ
AwgÙx£Kwk jLd GK×Ëmk AwgÙx£k Rdø KxgZw xdgêwPd KkËgd ZLd eÞaËiB xZxd
Mhyk iËdwËjwËMk owËa AwxgûKwk KkËgd KxgZwk AìæMÔês hwgwaê„ AwËkw
RwdËgd KxgZwk iÔl ko I MÔsZi gø™dw„ KxgZwk iÔlhwg ko I Aaê gø™dw Delx³ KkËZ
dw ewkËl hkwU KŸ I oÖPwkØ Qëbšwd awKËlI AwgÙx£Kwk ÌmÛwZw-bmêËKk pÕbËtk
KwQwKwxQ Ìe^#QËZ ewkËgd dw„ Ìjid :
‘K×iËrw f×Ël f×Ël
dÖËt eËrËQ lZwUw
oRËd W^wUwt
hËk MøwËQ MwQUw
Awk Awxi WwËlk gxr
ÂxKËt ÌkËLxQ
ÌLwKw Z×B KËg Awoxg
KËg QÖxU’
ÌKwËdw GK iwËK
AwgÖ Rwfk IgwtbÖlöwp
GLwËd AwgÙx£Kwk jxb iwkÕey iwZÚhÓxik ÌmwK oìæweËK mdw£ß KkËZ dw ewËkd
ZËg Kxgk gwK-Ñgbˆ oiÔËl xgdÄ pËg„ GB KxgZwk iÔl ko KkØY„ KËŸ bÖ:L-hwkw
¢ßwìæ ÌmwKxgpµl þñk AwdËZ pËg„ iwËtk owËa oìæwËdk Ìj gwuolø ZwI eÙaK KËŸ
cwkY KkËZ pËg„ ÌKddw KxgZwxUËZ iw I eÖË¢k KËaweKad kËtËQ„ KxgZwxUk
AwËkw GKxU iRw pËâQ xgþæwxkZ gYêdwk oit ovlwecxiêZw ZøwM KËk GK ckËdk
xdkwËgM AaP FRÖ KŸþñk eÞËtwRd pËg„ ÌmÛwZw Ìjd gÖSËZ ewËkd GLwËd iw pËâQd
þñËbm Ggv oìæwd pËâQd hwnwmpyËbk eÞZyK„ AwgÙx£Kwk m²wËaêk oËgêwâP
gøgpwËkk eÞxZ og oit oËPZd pËgd„ xmùeyk xdRþñ þñkhxŠk þñkËqeËYk ÑgxPË¢ø
xPkËPdw GB KxgZwxUËK GK Ìiwpit AwdëbËlwËK Ìe^#ËQ ÌbËgd„
AwgÙx£ Gid GKxU xmùe jw kxmKRËdk KwËQ GKxU xgntËK dZ×dhwËg koMÞwpy
KËk ÌZwËl„ ZwB AwgÙx£KwËkk kËtËQ Zwk exkËgmdwxU pÕbtMÞwpy KËk ÌZwlwk
bwt„ AwgÙx£ xmùey pËâQd icøþæZwKwky„ xmùeiwdoóedí KxgZw AwgÙx£k Rdø
KxgZwk eUhÓxi Ìjid xmùeyk AìæMêZ ÑPZdøËlwK DËdôwPd KËk ÌZixd Kwgø oÙxÄk
Rygdbmêd AŠyKwk I KxgZw kPdwk ÌeÞqweU Rwdw awKËl Ìo oÙxÄ xdËt KwR Kkwk
GK ckËdk þñwâQëbø I eÞZøty iËdwhwg RwËM„
Ìjid :
þôÙxZk xidwk ÌhËOËQ ÌZwiwk? ht xK gìc× Awikw GLËdw Pwk ÌKwxU exkgwk
Lwrw kËtxQ ÌZw„ Ìj xhu KLËdw ÌKwËdw kwRdø ewËkxd hwOËZ
pyËkk iÖK×U dyl eËkwtwdw ÌLwlw ZËlwtwk
AwlwDx¥d Awl AwRwb
þôÙxZþôº
GB KxgZwxUk ÌeÞqweËU kËtËQ eÞai mpyb xidwk
Qëb KxgZwk eÞwY„ GKxU oÖAwgÙx£k xdxbêÄ xmùe iw¢wt Ìe^#QwËdwk AdøZi mZê
pËâQ AwgÙx£KwËkk Qëb oóeKyêt Ìgwc„ xmùeoóiZ AwgÙx£ QËëbk ewkbxmêZwk Iek
xdhêkmyl„ AaêeÔYê PwËek owËa QËëbk iw¢wxghwRËd oÙxÄ pt GK þñtvoóeÔYê
xdxiêZ, Ìjid :
ÌfgÛØtwxkk GK×m ZwxkL
bÖeÖk Ìglwk A£ß
gÙxÄ dwËi, gÙxÄ ÌKwawt
gkKËZk k£ß„
pwRwk jÖËMk oÔjê ZwËe
RòlËg Gid lwl Ìj
ÌoB ÌlwxpËZB lwl pËtËQ
KÚnäPÔrwk Wwl Ìj!
GK×Ëmk KxgZw
Awl iwpiÖb
Aagw
fw†d GËlB ewxL WwËK
ÌaËK ÌaËKB WwËK
ZwËK ÌZwikw ÌKwxKl glËg? gËlw
Awxi Ìj Zwk dwi ÌkËLxQ Awow
dwi xbËtxQ hwnw,
fw†d GËlB
Awowb ÌP#cÖky
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AwgÙx£KwËkk KwR„ KxgZw bÖ’xUk Awk GKxU ÑgxmÄø pËâQ gYêdw I ovlweciyêk
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pËg„ GK×Ëmk Ìjog KxgZw QëbeÞcwd Zw QËëb AwgÙx£ Kkw DxPZ, jw Mbø-QËëb ÌlLw
pËtËQ Zw þñwcyd I g^wcdpwkw pËlI AwgÙx£KwkËK GKxU xdxbêÄ iw¢w I lt gRwt
ÌkËL, AaêeÔYê xgkwËik eÞËtwRd AdÖhg KkËl ÌoLwËd þñk xgkxZ MÞpY KËk
AwgÙx£xU Deþÿwed Kkw ÌmÛt„ Ìjid :
dq¢eÖË™k iËZw RòlRòËl eZwKw DxrËt AwËQw Awiwk o£wt
iiZw dwËik AweöÖZ eÞËbËmk møwixliw ÌZwiwËK xdxgr
xNËk kt ogêbwB„ KwËlw kwZ ÌewpwËdwk eËkk eÞpËk
xmDly ÑmmËg ewxL og KËk kg gËl ibdËiwpd
ZKêwl‰wk Ky cyËkwbwI þñËk eÞZøp xbËZd WwK„
mwioÖk kwpiwd
Awiwk bÖ:xLdy gYêiwlw
Kxg Ìjid Zwk eÞxZhwk þeËmê xPkexkxPZ mË²k owpwËjø AowcwkY ÌKwËdw eOzx£ß
xdiêwY KkËZ ewËkd, AwgÙx£ xmùeyI ÌZixd ewËkd Zwk þñkËqeËYk owpwËjø
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AdÖhÓxZk ÌbwlwPËlk ÑgxP¢ø AdÖowËk KŸþñËkk xhdíZwk eÞËtwRd eËr„ KxgZwk
AìæMêZ Ìo#ëbjê AdÖowËk þñk Ìjid D^P×xdP× pt ÌZixd þñËkk þÿwxtZòI KËi
gwËr„ Awgwk AwËgËMk ZygÛZw gwrËl DâPwkY bÛØZZk pt, þñkþæk ÌgËr jwt, ÌoB
owËa þñËkk ZygÛZwI gwËr„ ÌZixd D¥wipydZw xgnwËb bÖ:ËLk hwg þñkþækËK xdËP
dwxiËt AwËd„ Ìjid :
Awóiw Zwk dwixU cËk GKgwkI WwKËg dw ZËg Awk?
NÔxYêSËrk iËZw ÌoB dwi DdôxaZ iËdk eÞwìæËk
NÖËk NÖËk RwMËg, WwKËg,
bÖ’xU ÌV^wËUk ÌhZk ÌaËK iÖË£ßwk iËZw MxrËt GËo
GKgwkI DŒòl pËt DVËg dw, owkwxU RygËdI dw?
pwowd pwxfRÖk kpiwd
Aik GK×Ëm
xmùe iwcøi xpËoËg AwgÙx£ gwPxdK cwkwk„ fËl iwdÖËnk opRwZ AdÖhÓxZ, jw Kxgk
ÌlLxdk iwcøËi ewVËKk xP£ËK ÌbwlwxtZ KËk ZwËK DâPwkËYk iwcøËi AwgÙx£ xmùey
dZ×d iw¢wt D¨wxoZ KËkd„ ewVK KxgZwxU eËr jZUw AwdxëbZ pd ÂËd Zwk ÌPËt Ìgxm
D¥y® pd„ GK×Ëmk Hmðjêit KxgZw†Ëlw ÌZixd AwgÙx£ xmùeyk KËŸ gwkgwk DâPwxkZ
pËt gwOwxl RwxZËK Zwk o£w xPxpßZ Kkwk oÖËjwM KËk ÌbËg„
GK×Ëmk ÌPZdwk iËcø Ìjid iwZÚhwnw eÞPlËdk xgntxU kËtËQ, ÌZixd kËtËQ iwZÚhwnw
oÖëbk KËk glw I erwk bwtxU„ hwnw ÌZw ÂcÖ xlLËl PËl dw ZwËK glËZI pt„ iÔlZ Awikw
gxl Ìgxm, xlxL AËdK Ki„ glwk Iek xdhêkmyl GKxU hwnw oRyg awKËg dw xdRyêg pËt
jwËg„ dw glwk KwkËY eÙxagy ÌaËK AËdK hwnw pwxkËt xMËtËQ Ggv GLËdw
jwËâQ„ Gid ogêdwm Ìjd Awikw ÌWËK dw Awxd„ AwRKwl ÌkxWI ÌUxlxhmËdk
AexkYwibmyê ZuekZwt AwiwËbk gwvlw Kaøhwnw xgKÚZ pËâQ„ ZwI xKìç GK×Ëmk
AwmÛt xdËt ebwdZ KkËZ pËg„ AeiwËd xdúPt RòËl DVËg gYêiwlw„ RwZyt hwnwk
ijêwbw xdËt Ky pËg jxb Awikw Zwk jawja eÞËtwM dw Kxk; oÖëbk KËk Kaw dw gxl?
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kÕeKawk Ìbm
W. Awmzkwf xox¥Ky
GKxp K×iwk xQl dwËiËZ ibd„
gwËkwxp guok awËK ewak hgd„„
awxKËZ Ìk xZd xbd xgxc owËc gwc„
ewZwl ewak ÌhËO gwxpk pl P^wb„„
P^wb dw gwcd iwËd, KewËlk ÌLl„
xmKwËk ÌMlËk K×iwk gÖËK xbtw Ìml„„
xmKwk dw ewBl K×iwk, ewBl þñed„
icÖiwlw icÖiwlw Kxkl Red„„
ÌP#¥ xWOw icÖKk K×iwk owRwBtw ÌMl„
Ìoxp Ìj xgxck ewxL xgxc DrwBtw xbl„„
GËZK bÖ:ËLk ek eÔYê ÌnwlKlw
þñËeíËZ þñkM GËd xbl icÖgwlw„„
Awpw DRwdy dMËk
G pl bxqYk™d xi¢iRiÖbwk KZÚêK 1899 AË² mZgnê gtËok GK Ìg#¦ gÙ¦wk KwËQ ÌaËK
ovMÙpyZ VwK×kiwk S×xlk ibdK×iwk icÖiwlwk Mùe-UwŠwBl ÌaËK
ovMÙpyZ„ VwK×kiw Aagw VwK×k bwbwk S×xl gw Vwd xbxbk aËl BZøwxb MÞËìÿ KZ
kowËlw kÕeKawk MùeB dw AwËQ jw GKwìæB AwiwËbk gwvlwËbËmk oóeb„
P×Ëlk xfZwk iËZw dbdby, MË™k NwU, pwU, gU AmËat Pwtw, bwby-dwdy-iwËtk icÖk
Ìgwl-f×f×-gÖgÖËbk Awok-gwËlø ÑKËmwËk ÌK ÂËdxd kÕeKawk Gog Mùe? AwËcw
AwËlw AwËcw AìcKwk Nk, KZ Kiêpyd xgËKl oìcøw, bÔËk Ìd#Kw jw¢w, NÖi NÖi
XÖlÖxd AËdK xbbw Aagw VwKziw GKUw Mùe gËlw dw„ ÂkØ pËlw Mùe„ Ìo A-Ìd-K-A-
Ìd-K-xb-d xbd AwËM-GK xQl Ìbm-Zwk xQl GK kwRw-Awk xQl-Awk xQl kwdy-cd-Ìb#lZ-
ÌlwKlmzKk-pwZy-ÌNwrw-Ñodø-owiìæ-DxRk-dwxRk-ixY-iwxdKø-xKQÖkB Ahwg xQl
dw„ kwRw-Ahwg-ÂcÖ xQl dw ÌgUweÖ£×k„ ÌlwËK Kawt gËl :
A^wUK×Ër kwRwk jxb oKwËl ÌbËLw iÖL„
owkw xbd RwdËg KewËl ÌlLw bÖL„„
Mùe ÂkØ pËlw„ Zwkek? Zwkek? Zwkek ÌKD NÖËi„ ÌKD Awc NÖËi„ GB Zwkek Zwkek
PlËZ awËK xbËdk ek xbd GK eÖkØn ÌaËK Adø eÖkØn-jÖM pËZ jÖM-mZw²y-Ìbm pËZ
ÌbËm„ ÂcÖ AwiwËbk ÌbËmB dt GB Mùe glwk kyxZ og ÌbËmB AwËQ, gkfwâQwdí
Awùeo, owpwkwk ikØhÓxi, AZlwxìæËKk ewËrk ÌbËm„ ÌoLwËdI ‘MÞøw«iwËK’ xNËk
xPkìædy xmÂ ZwËbk xdR xdR hwnwt gËl Zwkek-Zwkek?...
Kxg kgyëbÛdwa Awgpiwd GB Mùe KawËK iwZÚbÖËˆk oËŠ Z×ldw KËk gËlËQd : ‘GB Ìj
AwiwËbk ÌbËmk kÕeKaw, gÉjÖËMk gwOwxl gwlËKk xP£ËqË¢k Dek xbtw AmÛwìæ
gxptw KZ xgeög, KZ kwRø hwOw Mrwk icø xbtw Aq×Yí Pxltw AwxotwËQ, Zwpwk Duo
oiþæ gwvlwËbËmk iwZÚËoíËpk iËcø„ Ìo Ìoíp ÌbËmk kwËRøkmðk kwRw pBËZ bydZi
KÚnKËK ejêìæ iwdÖn KxktwËQ„ oKlËK ÂKõ oìcøwt AwKwËmk P^wb ÌbLwBtw
hÖlwBtwËQ Ggv NÖi ewrwxd MwËd mwìæ KxktwËQ„ xdxLl gwvlwËbËmk ÌoB xPk
eÖkwZd MhykZi Ìoíp pBËZ GB kÕeKaw DuowxkZ... gwvlwËbËmk ÌoíËpk oÖkxU Zwpwk
ZkØY xPË£k iËcø eÞËgm Kxktw ZwpwËK Ìjd gwvlwt kËo kowBtw lt„’
Adøwdø gÉ ÌbËmk iËZw AwiwËbk kÕeKawk BxZpwoI AxZ eÞwPyd„ eÞwPyd I Ìg#¦
jÖËM eÞxZxU oó¸wìæ exkgwËkB GidxK kwRohwtI ‘Awlwxedy’ Kaw gøgowty xdjÖ£ß
pËZw„ byNêxbËdk PPêw I AxhšZwt Zwkw ZwËbk MËùe AeÔgê iwcÖky ÌXËl xbZ AëbËkI
Zwkw kwRKdøwËbk ‘ekYKaw’ ÂdwZ xbZ Al£ß kwËM ew Awk Al‰wËk Mw owxRËt
ZwkwB xQl MËùek f×l Awk Mlwk f×Ëlk iwlwk M^wxaKw Ggv owxcKw„ KZkÕe
ÌL^wew-†twVÖxU, iÖUxK, S×UxK, ÌgËl, ÌeËZewrw, xkDxd, xUËtewxL, xoxaKwUw,
LøwUwB, eÞRwexZ, PkØ ÌL^wew, ÌMwtwxldy, cwËkk xnËa, Gog ÌL^wewI g^wcZ Mùe
glËZ glËZB„ ‘bÖxlËt ÌgYy PËld xjxd GB AwcÖxdK xgËdwxbdy’ AwedwkwB glÖd KZxU
ÌK^wewk dwi RwËdd? DeKaw, kÕeKaw, Dexdnc, RwZK Kaw oxkuowMk kwiwtY,
ipwhwkZ, xpËZweËbm, eéZìè Ggv ewkoø hwnwk ÌoËKëbwkdwiw, ZÚZydwiw, Awkgø
DedøwËok Mùe, mwËpkRwxb I mwpRwiwËdk MùeI ZwËbk D£k eÖkØnMY xdúPtB
GKBhwËg xmËLxQl„ iÖNl AwiËl oiÛwU AwKgk koËg£w gykgËlk KwËQ Mùe ÂdËZd,
Ìjid dbytwk kwRw KÚnäPëbÛ ÂdËZd ÌMwewl h^wËrk KwËQ„ iÙZwqkyËYk gYêdw iËZ,
dItwg Awlygxbê I dItwg xokwRËb#lwI xdxbêÄ oiËt Awlwxedy Mùe gxlËtËbk KwËQ Mùe
ÂdËZd„ iykRwfk eÖ¢ iykd Ìj xbd gRÛewËZ iwkw jwt Zwk owËa Mùe glwk Rdø Ìo xbdI
GK kÕeoy Awlwxedy xQl„ KwËRB Mùe glw I Ìmwdwk kyxZ G ÌbËm AxZ eÞwPyd jxbI
Ìg#¦ jÖËMk ek gÛwÊYø jÖËM MËùek GB þñwhwxgK þñZ:ýfÓZê ÌeÞi ÌZid Awbk ÌeËlw
dw„ xKìç Z×xKê xgRËtk ek Awgwk xgËbmy iÖoliwd Ñodø-xoewBkw owËa KËk xdËt
GËlw Awxlf lwtlw, p®etKk, mwpdwiw I Bkwd-Z×kwËdk Mùe lwBxl-iRdÖ, BDoÖf-
RÖËlLw I xmxk-fkpwËbk ÌeÞi„ gwvlwk Awi, K^wVwl I gËUk QwtwZl Ìbmy I xgËbmy
MËùek ÌRwtwËk ÌhËo ÌMl„
GUw AwR AxgovgwxbZ MËgnYwk fol Ìj, gxpxgêËmð jZ MùeKwxpdy AwR oÖeÞPxlZ
Zwk Ìgxmk hwMB xMËtËQ DeipwËbm ÌaËK oIbwMk, ciêeÞPwkK, xRexo I ÌiwŠlËbk
iwcøËi„ G xdËt ÌbËm-xgËbËm xgkwU MÞìÿ ÌlLw pËtËQ Ggv pËâQ„
BxZpwo jwB ÌpwK dbyËiLlw QwtwoÖxdxgr gwvlwËbËmk ÌQËlËiËt jLdB ÂËd ‘owZ hwB
Póew RwËMwËk’ Adøbl gËl IËV ‘ÌKd Ìgwd ewkØl WwËKwËk’? GB ÌgwdËbk WwËKB
Ìo xK iÖx£ßk gwZêw AwdËZ Nk QwËr gwpwËdí GKw£Ëk? NËk NËk ARoÛ iw-Ìgwd,
ZwËbk KwËkw dwi ixYiwlw, máLiwlw, icÖiwlw, mwËpkRwxb, mZ NËkk xgËgxbZw,
Kùedw Aagw AwiwkB Awbxkdy Kdøw„
Zwkek ZwkekI PlËZ awËK GB Zwkek GB Plwk Ìmn ÌdB oyiw ÌdB„ G kwËRø xVKwdw
ÌdB hÓËMwl ÌdB„
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xgmðwo I xgn
RÖgwBbw MÖlmwd Awkw

ÌQwU PwËtk Ìetwlwt Ìmn P×iÖKUw xbËt AwkwËik GKUw m² KËk Kwiwl xitw„ S×exrk
Adø gwxoëbwËbk GLËdw ÌRËM IVwk oit ptxd„ iwxUk GKkx£ P×Ëlwt Pw Ròwl xbËt iÖxr
xbËt ÌLËt ÑZxk pt Kwiwl„ NËkk iËcø GKUw gÖËdw Mìc hwËo„ kwRwk xgQwdwt
xPuewZ pËt NÖËiwËâQ bÖB oway„ L^wPwk iËcø ÌgxRUw ÌlR dwxrËt Awgwk
NÖiwt„ Kwiwl iÙbÖ Mlwt Mwd Mwt KZ xdbÛw jwI ÌMw K×iwk KZ xdbÛw jwI, ÌZwiwk
NËkk Ìowdwk Klxo pBËlw DcwI oxZø, Kwiwl Mwt gr PiuKwk„ GB gxþæËZ Nk ewItwk
jËaÄ gwcw oË£òI GB †ËYB ogwB ZwËK RwtMw xbËtËQ„ GLwËd og Ìemwk iwdÖn
awËK„ Ìlo xfZw, P×xrItwly, RÖZw ewxlmItwlw, ÌVlwMwxrk iRÖk ÌK dt? ZËg KwiwËlk
g^wËmk g^wxmk oÖËk ZwËbk KiêKõwìæ xgnYí oìcøw†Ëlw hËk IËV„ bÖB S×exr eËk
kogZy P×xrItwly gËl owkw xbd KZ xKxoËik Ròwlw oBpø Kxk ÌMw Iþæwb„ Z×iwk
g^wxm ÂdËl ekwdWw Vw¡w lwËM„ Gpd ÌZw kwþæwNwËU MiMi KËk gwBbø„ Kwd
fwBUøw jwt„ GKU×K gwRwI Iþæwb, ... Âxd„
Ìhwk oKwËl kwþæwk cwËkk Kl ÌaËK ÌMwol ÌoËk AwËo Kwiwl„ Pw Lwt, Zwkek KwËRk
eÞþçxZ, kwRw Awk kwdy Pw-xgÆ×U Lwt, eáLy Lwt Zwk Lwbø, Awk kŠgyk owiËd
bÖËck Ìetwlw cËk Ìbt Kwiwl„ Zwkek ÌgxkËt eËr owkw xbËdk Rdø„
eÞai xbd S×xrk XwKdw LÖlËZB A^wZËK DËVxQl GlwKwk iwZgkkw„
- AwËk xitw, Ìewlwewd lBtw awxK, AwiwËMw Wk KËk, GpwËd Z×iwk awKd pBËgw
dw„’
- dw dw, hwBRwd, xKQÖ KBËgw dw„ ÌbËpd dw S^wxe LÖËl pwZ iÖxV KËk ÌbxLËtxQl
Kwiwl„ cyËk cyËk gQk NÖËk GËoËQ„ Kwiwl gËoB ÌMËQ„ dbyk Rygd GLd cÔok þôÙxZ
iw¢„
ÌQwU ÌbwKwËd gËo bÖeÖËkk Lwgwk Lwt Kwiwl„ eÖkwd XwKwk ÌbwKwdewU, gøþæ
iwdÖnRd Awk bi AwUKwËdw xhr... ZwkB iËcø ÌKid KËk Ìjd ÌK#ZÔply xhr RËi
IËV„ fwxRl ÌQwKkwkw gËl GB gwëbk Klw LwBxg? Kwiwl gËl dw, Akw LwBËQ„ I
kwRw I kwdy gwgÖËk aøw‰× gBlw bøwI„ kwRw b^wZ ÌbxLËt pwZ Z×Ël Ìolwi
Ìbt„ PUeU pwZZwxl eËr„ fÝK ekw kwdy GKU× dwP ÌbLwt„ L^wPwk ÌhZk ÌgxRUw QUfU
KËk„
oìcøwt NËk xfËk xgmÛwi, Zwkek g^wxmUw gwRwt Kwiwl„ gÖËKk iËcø Ky Ìjd ÌZwlewr
KËk Zwk„ xmÂKwËlk jwjwgk Rygd, iËd eËr„ gwRwd jLd g^wxm gwRwËZw, S×xrËZ
gëby owe†Ëlw Ìjd Axþÿk pËt DVZ„ ZwËbk mkyk ÌiwPrwËdw xd:mðwËok m² Ìjd iÖx£ß
PwBZ gxëbbmw ÌaËK„ Zw PwBËgB ÌZw„ ÌKwd bÔk ewpwËrk ÌMwed Awþæwdw ÌaËK
cËk GËd Ìewn iwdwËdw, gm Kkw... opR Kaw ÌZw dt„ gwRwËdk Mlw cËk Kwiwl glZ
gwRwd, AwiwËk g^wxm gwRwd xmLwBgw?
xmLwiÖËk xmLwiÖ, GKxbd Z×BI Awiwk iZd owe ÌLlwBxg, ... g^wxm gwRwBxg ...
gwBbøwk Ìewlw xK pwËU-gwRwËk Kwilw LwUËgw?
gwRwËdk Kaw AqËk AqËk ewld KËkËQ Kwiwl„ xKìç ÌgËbËbk bËlI ÌKid Ìjd hwOËdk
oÖk„ dbyk ÌoÛwZ Ìjid ÂxKËt AwËo ÌZidB blUwI Rygd-RyxgKwk eÞËtwRËd xQUËK
eËr„ KwlÖ obêwk gËlxQl bl cBkw kwLËZ ewkZwxQ dw Ìk„ ÌRwtwd Ìewlwkw xodwiw
bøwLgwk Pwt, Ìfdxo LwBgwk Pwt, ÌiwgwBËl xexkZ Kkgwk Pwt„ ÑokhyËk ewlxQlwi KZ
Awbk KBkw, ÌoI elwBtw ÌMl„ Zkw Gpd g^wPwk ÌPÄw Kk„ gÖËrw KwlÖ ÌgËb PËl ÌMËQ
MwËkw ewpwËrk ÌKwd M^wËt„
Awk Kwiwl, ÑKlwo, kiRwdkw QxrËt eËrËQ... KLËdw gw RxrËt eËrËQ AekwËc„ ÌKD
Awgwk Nk Ìg^Ëc mwxìæ LÖ^ËR xdËtËQ„
GK xpËoËg hwËlwB AwËQ Kwiwl„ ÌlwËK ZwËK WwËK Iþæwb gËl„ ÌkwR xgmwl
ÌlwËKk xhËr hkw xNx™ GB mpkUwk ewmwewxm gwBËkI PËl jwt ÌLlw ÌbLwËZ„ Alo
ÌKwËdw ÌlwKwlËt ÌjËt ÌSwlw LÖËl gËo„ gËl, owe Awk ÌgxRk lrwB ÌbLËgd owg?
xgxP¢ ÌPpwkwk g^wxmËZ f×^ Ìbt Kwiwl„ ÌgxRUwËK Ìgk KËk AwËd L^wPw
ÌaËK„ oweUw Zwk pwZ AdÖokY KËk KYw Ìbwlwt, iwxUËZ ÌVwKk Ìbt„ ¢ß×k ÌPwËL
ZwKwt Pwk ewËm„
oìcøwt NËk xfËk Kwiwl gËl AËdK ptkwd pBQo AwBR, ZwB dw? Awt ZËk g^wxm
ÂdwB„
XwKw mpk ogêbw UMgM KËk f×UËQ„ GLwËd xixQl, ILwËd eÖxlËmk Zwrdw, lwl dyl
KZ kOËgkËOk Duog„ mpkUwËK Ìjd PwgÖK ÌiËk QÖU KxkËt Ìbt„ awiËZ Ìbt dw„
ÌZidB GK AwdëbËilwt ÌLlw ÌbLwËZ ÌbLwËZ GKU× AdøidÆ pËt eËr Kwiwl„ ptËZw
fwùMÖxd gwZwËo Dbwo pËt IËV id„ owiËd ZwxKËt ÌbËL, dÙZøkZ ZkØYyËbk kxOd
eÖxûeZ Qëbit Duog„ gÖËKk iËcø ÌRËM IËV hwËlwgwow ewItwk ZÚnäw„ gr xd:oŠ iËd pt
xdËRËK„ Ñokhy dwËik GK eÞZwkK dwkyk Kaw iËd pt„ gÖKUw L^w L^w KËk„ G oiËt
GKUw xPuKwk ÂËd ZwKwt Kwiwl„ kwRw-kwdyk ÌPwËL ht f×ËU IËV„ GK lwËf ÌLlw
ÌQËr KwiwËlk K^wËc PËr gËo„ ÌgxRUw L^wPw ÌhËO ÌgxkËt AwoËZ Pwt„ ¢ß×¦ pËt IËV„
f^øwo f^øwo KËk m² KËk„
-AwËk, AwËk ... hwB, ... AweËdk owe Ìj Pll..
PiËK ZwKwt Kwiwl„ oxZøB ÌZw„ WwlwUw ÌLwlw xQl dwxK? okz okz KËk NwËok Iek
xbËt PlËZ ÂkØ KËkËQ kŠy„
- AwËk„ AwËk„ k, .... k ... ÌgxU, jwBo KB? kŠyk iwawt ÌK#mËl pwZ QÖ^BËt cËk ÌfËl
Kwiwl„ GK xbËK xhr RiwËdw iwdÖËnk xgþôt Awk eÞmvow, Adø xbËK oweUw Zwk
pwËZk iÖËVwt ÌiwPr Lwt„ Kwiwl gËl ‘xLbw lwMËQ? Pl jwB xKQÖ LwIËdk gËëbwgþæ
Kxk xMtw„ KwBl Awgwk AwoÖiËd„’
S×exrk xbËK kIdw Ìbt Kwiwl„ ÌQwU xmÂk iËZw Zwk pwZ cËk PËl kwRw Awk
kwdy„ K^wËck Iek gËo xgrwlUw, iwawt SwËek S×xr, Adø pwËZ ÌgxRk L^wPw„ xgxP¢
bÙmø gËU„ xKìç ogwB iRw ewt„
fwùMÖËdk DuoËg pVwu Ìjd gRÛ ÌdËi AwËo„ GKbl ZkØËYk k£ßqty ovNËnê xbdUw Ìjd
k£ßw£ß pËt IËV„ KrwK KrwK KËk †xlk m² IËV„ hyZoìèþæ iwdÖn ewlwËZ awËK GxbK-
IxbK„ KwiwlI ewlwËZ awËK„ ak ak KËk K^weËQ Zwk Ìewnw eÞwYy†Ëlw„ G ÌZw
lrwBËtk ÌLlw dt„ oxZøKwk k£ßxeewowk jÖ¦„ kË£ß ÌhËo jwt kwþæw„ ZwkB iËcø
ÌKwËdwiËZ eÞwY g^wxPËt ewlwt Kwiwl„
owkw kwZ ÌPwËLk ewxd ÌfËlËQ Kwiwl xitw„ Zwk AwbËkk xgrwlUwËK ÌiËk ÌfËlËQ
kŠy„ AaP owkw gQk kŠy ZwËbk oŠy ht Awk xgþôËt iwdÖn jLd ZwËbk ÌbËL, ZLd bÔk
ÌaËKB ÌbËL„ Kwiwl xitw ÌLlw ÌbLwt„ Ryg-RwËdwtwËkk ÌLlw„ pwËZk WÖMWÖxMUw
dwxPËt dwxPËt gËl ÌpB gwâPwkw, gÖrwkw, iwËtkw, gBËdkw, AwËpd AwËpd,
AwiwËMw gwbmw xitwk owKêwo ÌbLËgd, QÖBUøw AwËpd„
p^øw, RËi Ñg xK Kwiwl xitwk ÌLlw„ gwgw xQl Iþæwb ÌgËb„ owe ckZ, owe ÌLlw
ÌbLwËZw„ Zwk Riwdw Ìmn pItwk ek ÌQËl ÌbLl, ÂcÖ owe ÌLlw ÌbxLËt kØxUkØxR PËl
dw„ oËŠ xdËlw g^wbk xdËt ÌLlwk Koku„ ÌoB oËŠ cÔZê cÖkìck GK ÌgxR„ iRw pËlw,
KwiwËlk oËŠ xZdxU eÞwYyk xZdkKi oLø„ ÌLlw ÌbLwËdwk oiËt kŠyk DbøZ fYwt ÌV^wU
QÖ^BËt Awbk Rwdwt Kwiwl ‘owgwo ÌgxU, kwdy gwdwBiÖ ZËk„ dwPd ÌbpwBQo„ Awt
bÖc Lw„’ AËdK AwbËk kŠyËK bÖc LwItwt Kwiwl„ S×xrUw ÌXËK Ìbt owgcwËd„ kŠyk
xgkØË¦ KLËdw ÌKwËdw xpvoÛZwk AxhËjwM ÌZwËlxd Kwiwl„ p^øw, bÖËck iËcø iwËS
iwËS GKU× AwcU× Awxfi Ìo Ìimwt, Zw xVK„ pwRwk ÌpwK owËek RwZ, xgnb^wZ
hwOw awKËlI owgcwd awKw bkKwk„ g^wbkUw DËùUewËùU xWMgwxR Lwt, b^wZ
ÌbLwt, dwdw Koku KËk„ Kwiwl gËl ‘Apd gwbmw xitw ZwR iwawt bøwI Ìbxp .... Z×iwk
ÌmkItwxdWw KB kwLËQw? .... ÌgMi, Z×xi AwMwBtw AwËpw„ KLdI gw gwvlw hwB pËt
f^wxok Axhdt, KLËdw dgwg owËR ÌoËR xovpwoËd gËo gwbmw Awk ÌgMi„ eÞP×k
pwZZwxl eËr„ etow K×xrËt ÌK#ËUw hËk ÌfËl„ ÌgxRUw ÌmKËl g^wcw awKËlI owe Awk
ÌgxRk lrwB Ki ÌkwiwéKk dt„ xpvoÛ pËt f×^Ëo DËV Pwk ewËm lwfwt ÌgxRUw„ ÌaËK
ÌaËK oweUwk iwawk ÌeQdUwt b^wZ gowËdwk ÌPÄw Pwlwt„ gøwewkUw iRwbwk
awKËZ awKËZ Kwiwl bÖËUwËK oxkËt Ìbt„ ewËm gËo Zwk ÌetwËkk ÌgrwlUw GK bÙËÄ
ÌMwUw owKêwoUw ÌbËL„ jwËK gËl L^wxU ejêËgqY, ZwB KËk jwt„ LwItwk oiËt Agmø
xgrwlËK KwËQ xdËtB gËo Kwiwl„
‘Awt bÖ’ËUw hwZ iÖËL xbB„’ xgQwdw ewËZ Kwiwl„ owËek S×xrUw GKU×
bÔËk„ kwRw-kwdy NÖËiwt G ewËm„ eÞwt iwdÖËnk hxŠËZ„ ÌgxR NÖËiwt Adø
iwawt„ ÂcÖ xgrwlUw awËK ÌKwËlk KwËQB„ AdÖMZ GB eÞwYyk ÌKwËdw xKQÖ eQëb
dw pËl dwdwd oÖËk xi^twI xi^twI m² KËk„
- Zkw gÖSo dw„ iwdÖËnk ad Ryg-RwËdwtwk pwRwk †ËY hwlw„ iwdÖn xdiKpwkwi
gÖSQo? AwoËl, Nw ÌLËtËQ Kwiwl„ gwgwk iÙZ×øk ek Nk Ìg^ËcxQl Ñokhyk
oËŠ„ Ñokhyk xgbÖøuxmLwk iËZw xpËlöwxlZ Ìbp„ iwdÖn hRwËdwk ÌK#ml, ÌlwK
Uwdwk PwZ×kyËZ bÖ’RËd oÖËLB xQl„ xKìç ÌoB Kwiwl PwBl ZwËbk ÌLlwNËkk
ovowkUw Awol Nk pËt DVÖK„ Ñokhy Ìg^ËK gËoxQl„ Kwiwl gËlxQl Zk ÌewlwewËdk
mK lwËM dw Ñokhy? H PwBtw bøwL, ÌowlZwd Awk itdw ÌKid Ìowëbk Nk gwBëbw
lBËQ„ f×Ëlk dwpwl gwâPwWwËk lBtw ÌowpwM KkZwËQ„ lI Ñokhy, Ìi#lhy owËgk
KwËQ jwBtw Kliw eBrw lB„
dw, ÑokhyËK Ìj ÌKwd Ìdmwt Ìel! pwËUgwRwËk ÌKwiËk ÌXD Z×Ël owËek S×xr iwawt
xdËt oÖËklw Mlwt p^wK xbZ AwËod ÌMw, gD xS, xSDxrkw, owe ÌLlw ÌbLwiÖ ÌMw!
KwldwxMdy, ÑLtw, ÌMwq×k, xgRlyk dwpwl owËek dwP bøwLËZ AwËpd ...! Ìj xgxgk
gwâPw pt dw, þñwiy hwlwgwËo dw, gD-mwÂxrk xil ÌiwpwgµZ dwB .... pMl xgn gøwbdwk
bwItwB ZwxgR AwËQ Awiwk KwËQ... pwËZk xlLd ÌbBLøw xbiÖ iw ... oÖËklw Mlwt icÖ
ÌXËl ifþñl mpËkk eËa eËa WwK xbËt xbxgø ÌlwK RxiËt Z×lZ Ñokhy„ ÌMkËþÿk DËVwËd
gËo RwdËZ PwBZ
iw, iwBtwk pwZ ÌbBLøw ÌbB? etow lwMËgw dw„ xKËMw gBd ÌKiÖd RwiwB eQëb?
Ñokhy, GZ ÌlwËKk id hÖlwBËZ ewko, Awiwk pwZLwd ÌbBLøw Ìb Ìbxp? Ìd#Kwk
ewUwZËd gËo ewxdËZ mZ LË¡ ÌhËO Lwd Lwd pËt jwItw P^wb ÌbLËZ ÌbLËZ pwxoËZ
ÌhËO Lwd Lwd pËt ÌjZ Ñokhy„ Mlw RxrËt cËk AwËgm RrwËdw Mlwt glZ
- RwbÖ Rwxd ÌMw, RwbÖ Rwxd„ ogB gBËl xbËgw„
ÌoB ÌowpwM hwËlwgwowk iwdÖnUw GK kwËZ xKQÖ dw RwxdËt xhdMÞwËik ÌRwtwd
ÌLËlwtwËrk oËŠ PËl ÌMl„
ÌoB ÌaËK GKwB AwËQ Kwiwl„ oŠy oway xdËt AËdËK bÖ:LB Ìo hÖËl ÌMËQ„ xKìç Zwk
ÌMwQwËdw ovowËk GidUw NUËg, Zw Ìo KLËdw hwËgxd„ Ñokhyk xdiêi gøgpwk,
iwdÖËnk eÞxZ ZwËK Axgmðwoy KËk Z×ËlxQl„ Awk Ìewnw eÞwYy†ËlwB ÌZw Zwk
Agl¹d„ xgrwlUw xQl Zwk xd:m² Qwtwk iËZw„ ÌMwLËkwk DbøZ fYw, ÌgxRUwk xpvoÛ
ÌLlw gw g^wbËkk owKêwËo etow AwËo„ xKìç iËdk Kaw, oÖL-bÖ:ËLk Kaw dykËg ÂËd
Ñcjê cËk awKwk iËZw ÌmÛwZw GKRdB xQl„ Ìo H iÖxdí„ ÌKwËlk KwËQ ÌN^Ën
NÖkZ„ awgwt cwkwËlw dL awKËlI KLËdw ZwËK mwod KkËZ ptxd„ ZwËKB AwR
pwkwËZ pËlw! Mlwk KwËQ oÖþeÄ owËek bvmËdk bwM„ AaP jLd XwKdw Z×ll, ÌbLl
NÖiwËâQ Zwk kŠy, K×¡Öxl ewxKËt„
- ÌiËtiwdÖn Ìk„ VKgwxR ÌZwËbk þñhwg Ìk„ ÌZwËbk Iek hkow Kkw iwËd ÌZw xdËRk ikY
ÌWËK Awdw! owkwUw xbd ÌPwËLk ewxd ÌiwËQ Awk hwËg Kwiwl„ oweUw S×xrk iËcø
MRkwt„ S×xr ÌaËK ÌKwd AoZKê iÖpÔËZê ÌgxkËt iÖxdíËK bvmd KËkËQ„ fwùMÖËdk
Ìilwt NwËok Iek xbËt jw¢w KËkxQl kŠy„ oweUwI xd:oŠ„ ptËZw oway Pwt„ Aagw gxëbZò
ÌaËK iÖx£ß„ iwdÖËnk xpvoÛZw ÌbËL Ik iËcøI ptËZw ÌRËMËQ k£ßZÚnäw„ iÖxdí
ÌgrwlUw ptËZw KwiwlËK RwxMËt xbËZ ÌPÄw KËkxQl ÌoB kwËZ, ZwB ZwËK AwNwZ
KËkËQ dwxMdy„ Kwiwl IËK xgmðwo KËkxQl„
ÌSwlwUw †xQËt Ìdt Kwiwl„ iwdÖny hwËlwgwow Awk xgmðwo ÌhËO ÌMËQ Zwk„ ogwB
GËo owìæòdw Ìbt ZwËK„ Kwiwl idxþÿk KËk ÌfËl„ AËdK xbd oweUwk xbËK hwËlw KËk
ÌLtwl Ìdtxd Kwiwl„ xgmðwo KËkËQ„ hwËlwËgËoËQ„ iwdÖn ht ÌeËlI Ìo kŠyËK Mlwt
RxrËtËQ, iwawt ÌV^wU QÖBËt Awbk KËkËQ xKìç kŠy Ìj Gid KkËg Zw hwgËZ xMËt
ÌKglB ÌPwL xhËR IËV Zwk„ kŠyËK Ìo xdËRk pwËZ bÖc LwBËt lwld-ewld
KËkËQ„ iÖxdí xQl xdxgêËkwcy, dwbÖo-dÖbÖo, Zwk xeÞt GKUw xgrwl„ dwMwËlk iËcø
ÌeËt ÌeËt ZwËKB AwNwZ ÌpËdËQ oweUw„ Mhyk ÌMweËd xgn RxiËt KwiwËlk xeÞt
RygxUËKB ....
- Zt Awxi KwËk xgmðwo KkØi? iwBdËnËk fwlwBtw ZËMw xdtw AwxQlwi Awk Apd ...
pwpwKwk KËk KwËb dw Kwiwl„ jZ dw ÌoíËpk ew¢ËK pwkwËdwk gøaw Zwk ÌPËt Ìgxm
xgmðwo pwkwËdwk KÄ„
GKoit ÌgxkËt eËr Kwiwl„ kwRw-kwdyËKI oËŠ Ìdt„ oËŠ Ìdt ÌgxRk L^wPw„ xikeÖËkk
xbËK L^w L^w KkËQ Rlw Awk RŠl„ Pwk xbK Âimwi„ ÌKD ÌdB„ ÌoBLwËd GËo S×xrk
XwKdw LÖËl Ìbt„ oweUw aiKwt GKU×„ Kwiwl gËl jw, ZËk iÖ£ß KBkw xblwi„ oweUw
xKQÖUw xgxþôZ„ Kwiwl LÖËl Ìbt ÌgxRk L^wPwk xmKl„ jw, xdËRËk lBtw jw
xMtw„ g^wbk bÖËUw xKìç jwt dw„ A^wKËr cËk KwiwËlk Mlw„ ZwËbk ÌPwËL ¢wo,
AwZ‰„ iwdÖËnk oŠB ZwËbk gÖxS xdkweb iËd pt„ oweUw Ìjd xKQÖUw xgxþôZ„
- “jw, jw xMtw„ kŠy, ... jw eáLy, jw xMtw„ Z×BI jw xMtw ....„ Kwiwl SkSËk
Ìk#bÛwËlwxKZ AwKwËmk xbËK ZwKwt„
mpËkk ÌKwlwpl GLwËd Ìe^#Qwtxd GLËdw„ GLwËd jxb eÞwxYRMËZ ÌKwËdw ikYeY
lrwB pt, ÌK xRZËg ÌK pwkËg, ÌKD RwËd dw„
- ikØK xdËRkw lrwB KBkw„ ÌZwËMw lrwB ÌZwkwB KBkw ik„ Awiwk Lwxl bÖ:LÖ
Awiwk xgmðwoU×K× dÄ Kkxl„ iwBdËnk iZdB xdËRkw jÖ¦ Kkxg, ikxg xgn Xwlxg„ Awxi
bÖ:LÖ KkØi dw„”
ÌeQd xfËk gr kwþæwt DËV mpËkk xbËK ew gwxrËt Ìbt Kwiwl xitw„
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Mìc xdËt„ gQËkk xpËoËg gr Ki dt, Acê mZw²y ÌexkËt xMËt xbdxU AwiwËbk KwËQ
goËìæk oiwaêK pËt ÌMËQ„ kgyëbÛdwa AËdK xbd AwËM goìæËK hÖgd xgRty gËl
ÌMËQd„ GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk Zwk Ìbtw AxhcwËK owaêK I oÖeÞjÖ£ß KËkËQ„ Awikw
ogwB G xbdxUk BxZpwo Rwxd„ owkw eÙxagyk iËcø hwnw gøgpwkKwky iwdÖËnk
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gwOwxl„ 1952 owËlk GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk, 1358 oËdk 8 fwùMÖd gwOwxl RwxZk
GKwvm ÌoB xbËdk eÔgê ewxKþæwËdk mwoKËMwÅy KZÚêK Rgkbxþæ DbÖê hwnw
PwxeËt xbËt iwZÚhwnwk AeiÙZ×ø NUwËdwk nrjËìèk xgkØË¦ XwKwk kwþæwt k£ß
SxkËt BxZpwo oÙxÄ KËkxQl„ þñwcydZw lwËhk ek ÌaËKB eÔgêgwvlwk ‘eÔgê
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ÌaËKB eÞxZgwby AwËëbwlËdk Rdô pËtxQl„ Ìo AwËëbwlËdk cwkweËaB GËlw
iwZÚhwnwk Ìi#l AxcKwk kqwk ovpZ Ggv ÌowâPwk GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk, 1952-Gk xgËmn
xbdxU„ G xbd XwKw mpËk Qw¢Ëbk AhÖø¤wËd eÖxlËmk xpvoÛ Aw¢ßiËY jwkw mpyb
pËtxQËld, ZwËbk iËcø DËlöLËjwMø Rgµwk, kxfK, owlwi I gkKZ„ ÌoB xbd ÌaËKB ÌbËm
ÌbËm ÌQwU-gr og iwZÚhwnwk jawaê ijêwbw I AxcKwk lwËhk ovMÞwËik oÔPdw
pËlw„ xgËmn KËk eÔgê ewxKþæwËdk AwKwËm Awodí gÙp£k iÖx£ßjÖË¦k ÌNwnYw
KËk xbdxU Ìjd gRÛwdËl gÖËKk e^wRk RòwxlËt Âhwkº KËk xbËlw„ Zwk ek, xbdxU
Awk G hÓLË¡ oyxiZ awKl dw„
GK bmK AxZ¢ßËik AwËMB 1961-Gk 19 Ìi hwkËZk eÔgêeÞwËìæk oyiwt AgxþÿZ gkwK
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xgmðRdydZw gËlB ptËZw AcêmZËKk gøgcwËd ipwd xgmð iwZÚhwnw xbgokÕËe
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DËbøwM xQl ovËqËe Ìo oÔ¢†Ëlw Rwdw AwiwËbk ogwk eÞËtwRd oZø Rwdwk
AxcKwËk„ ZËaø eÞKwm, 1952-Gk GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxkk AdøZi mpyb AwgbÖl RgµwËkk
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KiêexkPwldw ÌKëbÛ BDËdËÆwk ÌMwPËk Awdwk xdËbêm Ìbtw pt„
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BDËdËÆwk owcwkY oËóilËdk 30Zi eÔYêwŠ AxcËgmËd GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk
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k£ßoíwZ pËtxQl„ GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk xbdxU ZwB ogwk„ owkw eÙxagyk
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G mea ÂcÖ Awiwk xdËRk iwZÚhwnwk AxþæZò kqwk dt, Ìo mea owkw xgËmðk og
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ÌPZdw„ Awikw Ìjd AwiwËbk iËdk bkRw LÖËl gwBËk GËo b^wrwB Ggv ÌjLwËd
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AwìæRêwxZK iwZÚhwnw xbgo AwiwËbk eki xeÞt GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk„
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Awiwk hwBËtk kË£ß kwOwËdw Awikw ÌKwawt?
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AZøwPwk-xdjêwZËd KwËkw iÙZ×ø dw pItw ejêìæ Awikw gÖxS dw Ìj oZø oZøB
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dw„ gwOwxl idd IB ÌiwUwbwËMk NUdwt xgmðwoy oÔqô I þemêKwZk Agiwddwt xKvgw
owvÆÚxZK AwMÞwoËdk xgnt†ËlwËK eÞwt cZêËgøk iËcøB Awikw kwxL dw„
‘Awiwk hwBËtk kË£ß kwOwËdw GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk/Awxi xK hÖxlËZ ewxk’ G Mwd
ÌKgl Mwd dt, G AwiwËbk AìæËkk gwodwkB eÞxZkÕe Ìjd„ AwiwËbk ovMÞwi, AwiwËbk
HxZpø Awk xgRËtk ÌmwKgwYy GB oŠyZxU„ G MwËdk ÌlLK AwgbÖl Mwffwk ÌP#cÖky
I oÖkKwk mpyb AwlZwf iwpiÖb RdiËdk Kaw†ËlwB xlËL, oÖËk ÌgwËd AwiwËbk
eÞxZgwb-eÞxZËkwËck Aw†dËK RòwxlËt ÌkËLËQd„ G Rdø G bÖ’Rd AwiwËbk
dioø„ gwOwxl Awk gwOwxltwdwk Ìj#a eÞËjwRdwt AwiwËbk RwZyt þôwkKxU mpyb
xidwËkk iËcø gwáit pËt DËVËQ„
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iËcø ewaêKø AwËQ„ jw þñwhwxgK Zw oZø dw-I pËZ ewËk„ Awgwk jw oZø Zw
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pËtxQl„ bÖB. †xlËZ Rygd xbËtxQËld owlwi-gkKZkw„ bÖËUwB xQl
AþñwhwxgK„ ÌKddw 144 cwkw ÌhËO xixQl Kkwk owpo ewtxd AËdËK„ GUwB
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Zw oËPZd iwdÖnËK ÌgwSwËdw opR„ GKUw DbwpkY Ìbtw jwK ‘Awiwk hwBËtk kË£ß
kwOwËdw GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk/Awxi xK hÖxlËZ ewxk?’ GB gwKøxUËZ Ìj eÞwËYk
AwËgbd eÞKwm ÌeËtËQ ZwËZ AwiwËbk iËd ÌKwËdw ÌLb awKwk Kaw dt„ ÌoUw
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Dewbwd AwËQ„ Aik GK×Ëmk MwËd owvÆÚxZK AwMÞwoËdk Dewbwd AwËQ, ÌoUw
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dwËi GKxU Mùe xlËLËQd„ xlËLËQd AwËkw AËdËKB Mùe, eÞgìc, Mwd I KxgZw„ Ìoog
Mùe, Mwd I KxgZwt 8 fwùMÖd jZUw iiêxkZ pËt DËVËQ, ZwkI ÌPËt Ìgxm eÞwcwdø
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KËk Zwk exkok gwrwt og oPl hwnwkB þñhwgPxk¢ GxU„ gwvlwkI kËtËQ gøweK m²-
ÌmwnY qiZw„ Ìo Ìbmy-þÿwdyt o^wIZwxlop xgËbmy BvËkxR, fwkxo (ewxoê) Awkxg
hwnwk m² MÞpY KËk xdËt oiÙ¦ pËtËQ„ GËZ ÌKwËdw qxZ ÌdB, gkv hwnwk
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ZwËK Awxi owvÆÚxZK AwMÞwodB glg„ AwiwËbk Ñbdxëbd RygdeÞgwËp ÌfgÛØtwxk
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gwvlw od-ZwxkL gøgpwk KËkd dw„ KwkY ZwkwI iËd KËkd gwvlw od-ZwxkL AwR Awk
KxiDxdËKU KkËZ ewËk dw iwdÖnËK„ ZËg, Zwkw xdRþñ RygdeÞgwËpk owËa gwvlw
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Zw-I xfËk AwoËg gwOwxlk dwMxkK Duog xpËoËg„ xKìç Ìj xgËbmy cwkwxU PlËQ
JexdËgxmK ÌpËRixdk fËl, ZwkI oPl eÞgwp AgøwpZ awKËg„ KwkY AwìæRêwxZK
bwZwkw Gk owËa owvÆÚxZK HKø Ìgwc KËkd„
Awiwk Kaw pËlw Ky KËk AwiwËbk ÌPZdwt ‘AwU fwùMÖd’ xggxZêZ pt ‘GK×Ëm
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AKwZËk ‘gwpd’ KËk PËlxQ„ AwiwËbk iËd GKgwkI xK GUw RwËMxd Ìj owlwi-kxfK-
mxfK-gkKZ-Rgµwk Rygd bwd KËkxQËld gwvlw hwnw kqwk Rdø DbÖê gw BvËkxRk
Rdø dt„ ‘Awp! ixk gwvlwk’ Rdø Awikw G iwËo K^wbg, ÌPwËLk Rl Ìflg AwËlwPdw KkËZ
xMËt Awk glg ‘Aik GK×Ëm ÌfgÛØtwxk AwiwËbk ÌPZdwk... BZøwxb„ ‘ÌfgÛØtwxk’
AwiwËbk dt GUw RwËd dw gwOwxl GUw glw hÖl pËg„ xKìç jwkw ÌfgÛØtwxkËK Aik
KËkËQd gwvlw hwnwk Rdø, Zwkw gkKëbwR DexdËgmgwby ovÆÚxZk, GËZ ÌKwËdw
xiaøw ÌdB„
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