mq` Avjx Avkivd Gi Rxebx

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mq` Avjx Avkivd 1924 mvji 30 Rvbyqvix XvKv Rjvi beveM _vbvi AvMjv Mvg gvgvi
evoxZ Rb Mnb Kib| Zuvi c~iv bvg mq` Avey bmi Avjx Avkivd| Ze Avjx Avkivd bvgB
cwiwPZ jvf Kib| Zvui wcZvi bvg mq` Avjx nvg` Ges gvZvi bvg mq`v KvgiwbMvi LvZzb|
Zvui cwK wbevm gviv Rjvi AvjvKw`qv Mvg| AvjvKw`qvi weLvZ mq` cwievi Zvui Rb|
XvKvi wgicyi gvhvi kvwqZ weLvZ m~dx mvaK I Bmjvg cPviK nhiZ mq` kvn Avjx evM`v`x
(ivnt) Zvui c~e cyil| wcZv I gvZvi w`K _K wZwb mq` eskxq| kke _KB eskxq c_vq
AvavwZK NivYvq jvwjZ cvwjZ nb| Zvui c~e cyil mq` kvn Avjx evM`v`x (ivnt) eskvbyg ivm~j
(mt) Gi `wn Bgvg nvmvBb (ivt) Gi 19Zg cyil| wZwb evM`v` _K m~dx mvabv cmvi I
Bmjvg cPvii Dk PwjkRb msMxmn 1443 mvj w`jxZ Avmb| ZLb w`jxi wmsnvmb AwawZ
wQjb mq` AvjvDxb Avjg kvn| G AvavwZK mvaKi Pwi gy nq mgvU AvjvDwb Zvui Kbv
kvnRv`x Avqkv LvZzbK Zvui KvQ weq `b| Zvici Zvuiv GKwU cy mvb jvf Kib| hvui bvg
ivLb mq` kvn Imgvb| mq` kvn Avjx (ivnt) x Ges cy mq` kvn ImgvbK wbq 1451 mvj
dwi`cyii Mi`vq Pj Avmb| GLvb Avmvi ci wZwb 2q weq Kib| 2q x eyhyM wewe bvg
cwiwPZ jvf Kib| cieZxZ c_g x gviv hvb| 2q xi NiI mvbvw` jvf Kib| GK mgq
wZxq x eyhyM wewei mvbiv mr fvB mq` kvn Imgvbi cwZ wel cvlY Ki| wK eyhyM wewe
mq` ImgvbK wbR mvb`i Pq ekx fvjevmZb| mq` kvn Imgvbi cy wQjb mq` kvn
Avt Kvw`i, Zuvi cy mq` kvn Avt ikx`, Zuvi cy mq` kvn gynv` hvKi, Zvui cy mq` kvn Avt
iwk`, Zvui cy mq` kvn gynv` hvKi, Zvui cy mq` kvn gynv` nvwdh Mi`v _K ZrKvwjb
hkvnii gviv Gm AvjvKw`qv Mvg emevm KiZ _vKb| mq` kvn nvwdhi cy wQjb mq`
kvn gynv` bvwhi, Zvui cy mq` kvn Avkivd Avjx, Zvui cy mq` kvn mvqd Avjx| mq` kvn
mvqd Avjxi Pvicy wQj| Zvuiv njbt mq` Kvkg Avjx, mq` Avj&Zvd Avjx, mq` gvgZvh
Avjx I mq` gvKviig Avjx| mq` Kvkg Avjxi `yQj wZb Kbv, mq` AvjZvd Avjxi GK
Qj `yKbv, mq` gvgZvh Avjx wbtmvb I mq` gvKviig Avjxi GK cy `yKbv wQj|
mq` Kvmg Avjxi wZxq Qj mq` Avjx nvg`i mv_ mq` gvKviig Avjxi Kwbv Kbv mq`v
Kvgib wbMvi LvZzbi weq nq| mq` Avjx nvg` I mq`v Kvgib wbMvii cvuP cy cvuP Kbv| cvuP
cy h_vg RvZxq AavcK I `vij Bnmvb wekwe`vjqi cvb wf.wm mq` Avjx Avnmvb, wewk
wkvwe` `vij Bnmvbi cwZvZv wf.wm gig cdmi mq` Avjx Avkivd, cLvZ nvwgIcvw_K
AavcK mq` Avjx iRv, `vij Bnmvb wekwe`vjqi cvb cvwfwm I Avjkdv gwWKj KjR
I nvmcvZvji Pqvigvb AavcK mq` Avjx bKx I GK mgqi evsjvi wkK (eZgvb Amy)
mq` Avjx ZKx| cvuP Kbvi ga eZgvb PviRb RxweZ| gig cdmi mq` Avjx Avkivd
mwwjZ fvB evb`i ga PZz_ Ges fvB`i ga wZxq wQjb| Bgvg nvmvBb (ivt) Gi esk
ZvwjKvq mq` Avjx Avkivd 31 Zg cyil|

wkv Rxeb
mq` Avjx Avkivd Qv Rxeb AZ gavex wQjb| QvUejv _K Zvui gvS gavexi
YvY cwjwZ nq| ^fvlx, kv ^fve I Av`kevb G QvwU zj _K GmB AwaK mgq
Aaqbi ga KvUvZb| cvPi AdvW XvKv wekwe`vjqi gymwjg nj Pwjki `kK AbywZ
evwlK cyivi weZiYxZ evsjv Ges BsiRxZ wewfb welq iPbv cwZhvMx wnme cwZwUZ c_g
vb Ges mejv AvBUg c_g nq wekl cyivi MnY Ki evievi Wvqvm DVvbvgv KiZ wMq
`kK`i wecyj KiZvwjZ Awfbw`Z GB gavex I KZx Qv| cv_wgK wkv i Kib gvgvi evox
AvMjvZ| cieZxZ 1931 mvj cwievii m`m`i mv_ XvKv Pj Avmb| 1932 mvj wZwb
AvigvbxUvjv miKvix nvBzj fwZ nb Ges 1940 mvj gwUK cg vb jvf Kib| Zvici
jvikxc cq XvKv BUviwgwWqU KjR (eZgvb XvKv KjR)| fwZ nb| 1942 mvj AvB G

cixvq 6 vb jvf Kib| Zvici XvKv wekwe`vjq _K 1945 mvj BsiRxZ we.G Abvm
c_g kYxZ c_g nq ^Yc`K cvb| GKB wekwe`vjq _K 1946 mvj D welq KwZZi mv_
Gg.G. cvk Kib| cieZxZ eUbi KvgexR wekwe`vjq Aaqbi myhvM jvf Kib| ILvb
_K 1952 mvj BsiRxZ we.G.Abvm cvk Ki `k wdi Avmb| cybivq KvgexR DP wkvi
myhvM cvb Ges KwZZi mv_ BsiRxZ 1956 mvj Gg.G. I 1964 mvj wc.GBP.wW. wWMx jvf
Kib| KvgexR AavqbKvj Zvui gav I cwZfvq wkKiv AZ gy wQjb| Zvui wc.GBP.wW-i
w_wmmi MvBW wgt Iqvvim Gi KvQ cieZxZ AaqbiZ RbK evsjv`kx QvK mq` Avjx
Avkivdi cwZfv I gavi D`vniY w`q H aibi Qv nIqvi Rb DrmvwnZ KiwQjb|

`vZ Rxeb
mq` Avjx Avkivd 1948 mvj Pvu`cyii cLvZ AvBbRxwe gig gvni Avjx mvnei
Kbv, XvKv wekwe`vjqi Pwjki `kKi Qvx eMg AvwQqvK weq Kib| eMg AvwQqv QvUejv
_K GKRb mwLb wPwkx| Pvu`cyi cv_wgK wkv i Kib| cieZxZ XvKvi BWb zj G
KjR _K G jfj cvk Kib| XvKv wekwe`vjq _K AviexZ h_vg we.G Abvm I
Gg.G.cvk Kib| 1951 mvj KvgexR nvgiU&b KjR _K GWyKkb cv MvRyqU wWMx jvf
Kib| eMg AvwQqvI ^vgxi bvq Rxebi AwaK mgq wkwqx wnme KvR KiQb| XvKvi
wfKvibmv zj, KivPxZ I KvgexR wewfb bvmvix I K.wR. zj 1953-1984 mvj ch
wkqx wQjb| Gi cvkvcvwk wZwb GKRb ` n wkx| wewfb aiYi ivbv I wk Kvh Zvi wQj
Abb cwZfv| mq` Avjx Avkivd I eMg AvwQqv `vZ Rxeb Kvb mvbvw` jvf Kib wb|

Kg Rxeb
mq` Avjx Avkivd AvRxeb GKRb wkK wQjb| `k we`k Zvui Av`k I wbvevb
wkKZvi gvag e vbx-Yx Zix Ki MQb| 1947 mvj XvKv wekwe`vjq BsiRx wefvM
jKPvivi wnme Zvi wkKZv Rxeb i| 1947-1955 mvj ch wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjqi
BsiRxi jKPvivi Ges wiWvi wQjb| 1955-1956 mvj ch ivRkvnx wekwe`vjqi BsiRx
wefvM wiWvi Ges wefvMxq cavb wQjb| 1956-1973 mvj ch KivPx wekwe`vjq BsiRxi
cdmi Ges wefvMxq cavb wQjb| 1973-1974 mvj ch KvgexR wekwe`vjqi Kqvi nji
djv wQjb| 1974-1984 mvj ch m`x Aviei Rv wKs Avyj AvwRR wekwe`vjq I gv
Dyj Kziv wekwe`vjqi BsiRx wefvMi cdmi I wefvMxq cavb wQjb| 1982-1992 mvj ch
m`x Aviei Rv wKs Avyj AvwRR wekwe`vjq I gv Dyj Kziv wekwe`vjqi BsiRx
wefvMi cdmi I wefvMxq cavb wQjb| 1982-1992 mvj ch KvgexR wekwe`vjq wfwRwUs
cdmi wQjb| Aekl gZz ch `vij Bnmvb wekwe`vjq wewfb welq wkKZvq wbqvwRZ
wQjb| ZvQvov wZwb 1971 mvj AvgwiKvi nvfvW I 1974 mvj KvbvWvi wbD ev DBK
wekwe`vjq wfwRwUs cdmi wQjb| Abw`K gvjqwkqv, B`vbwkqv, ebvB mn wewfb `ki
wewfb wekwe`vjq cwkY Kvm jKPvi w`qQb| wkKZv I wkv`vb cwZZ wZwb wQjb GK
AZzjbxq ewZ|

wkv msviK
mq` Avjx Avkivd wQjb GKRb AvRvwZK LvwZmb wkvwe` I wkv msviK| weMZ
wZb `kK wkvi BmjvgxKiY GKK wkv`kb wbq mviv wek AKv cwikg Ki MQb Ges
wkv msvi cw_KZ wnme LvwZ jvf KiwQjb| Zvui `wZ vb-wevb cvvZ mKzjvwi
avb-avibvi cfve h bwZKZv I g~jevai Aeq PjQ Zv _K iv cZ nj wkvi
BmjvgxKiY Ki ag wfwK wkvi weK bB| Zvui G wgkbK mdj Kivi j 1974 mvj
ZrKvjxb m`x ev`kvn dqmvj web Avyj AvwRRK wPwV `b Ges m`x wkv eevK Bmjvgx
HwZn Azb iL cwgv avb aviYvi mvcwZK AvgY _K ivi Av c`ci civgk `b|
cieZxZ m`x Aviemn Abvb gymwjg `ki wewk wkvwe`MYK mv_ wbq 1977 mvj gv
kixd c_g wekgymwjg wkv mjbi cavb D`vv I mwPe wnme KvR Kib| Zvici 1980-

1996 mvj ch wewfb `k G aiYi Aviv cvuPwU wek mjbi bZZ `b| wewfb `k AbywZ
wkvmjb, mwgbvi, IqvKmc BZvw`i gvag wkvi BmjvgxKiY Av`vjbi cw_KZ wnme
wkv msvi, AZzjbxq f~wgKv iL MQb| Aekl 1989 mvj wbR `k `vij Bnmvb
wekwe`vjq cwZv Ki Zvui wkv`kbK evevqbi gvag wkv msvii KvR Pvjy iL MQb|
wkv Zvui Ae`vb wnme DjLhvM msLK eB wjL MQb| hv evsjv, BsiRx I Aviex fvlvq
AvRvwZK chvq weklfve mgv`Z|

ag cPviK
mq` Avjx Avkivd GKRb LvwZgvb ag cPviK wQjb| agcPvi Zvui gvag wQj `ywU|
c_gZ: wkvi BmjvgxKiY wZxqZt m~dx mvabv| wkvi BmjvgxKiY wZwb wewfb gZ I
agvej^x`i wbKU Bmjvgx g~jeva I AvwK`vq wekvmi `vIqvZ w`qQb| Zvui G `vIqvZx KvR
AZ m~ I cvi mv_ Pvjy iLwQjb| Abw`K wZwb GKRb m~dx mvaK wnme `k we`ki
LvwZgvb Awj-eyhyM `i LjvdZ jvf Kib| wZwb hvu`i LjvdZ jvf Kib Zvuiv nQbt
evsjv`ki nhiZ kvn m~dx Wvt ew`Dvgvb (ivnt) nhiZ nvdR eRjyi ingvb (ivnt) cvwKvbi
nhiZ Rvnxb kvn (ivnt) m`x Aviei nhiZ mvBq` gvbRyi nvmvBb (ivnt) kvBL gynv` Avjvfx
gvwjKx| `k QvovI eUb, KvbvWv, wwb`v` (Iq BwR), mvD_ AvwdKv I AvgwiKvimn wewfb
`k Zvui AbK gyix` iqQ| Gfve wZwb cvPxb hyMi m~dx agcPviK`i bvq wekl Ki
BDivci `kjvZ KvR Ki MQb| wZwb m~dx mvabvq AvavwZKZvi GK weivU chvq DbwZ
jvf KiwQjb| Gme w`K _K wZwb wQjb GKRb Kvgj Awj|

mgvRKgx
Abw`K wZwb wQjb GKRb wbt^v_ bxie mgvRKgx| GZ eZvi gvSI wZwb wewfb vb
wbRi wevwiZ cwiPq Mvcb iLB mgvRi wewfb msvi KvR KiQb| Mvg-M-gv`vmv
gmwR`mn wkv cwZvb I Abvb KjvY I mev i gvag mvgvRi wbwfK Kgx wnme
mvgvwRK DbwZ Ki MQb|

Abb cwZfv
mq` Avjx Avkivd wQjb cLvZ Kwe, mvwnwZK, mdj mgvjvPK, M`wkx I fvlvwe`|
BsiRx Ges evsjv mvwnZvsMb Zvui cwiwPwZ Pwjki `kK _K| 1943-44 mvj ch wZwb c~e
cvwKvb mvwnZ msm`i mn-mv`K wQjb, 1944-45 mvj ch mv`K I 1945-47 mvj ch
mn-mfvcwZ wQjb| Kwe mvwnwZK wnme wZwb ek msLK eB iPbv Ki MQb| GB me iPbv
evsjv-BsiRx mvwnZ ej cwiwPZ I wekl f~wgKv iL hvQ|

weij ewZ
mq` Avjx Avkivd gvbe KjvY I `vbkxjZvi GK weij ewZ| wbR bq ay AbKI `vb
Kvh me`v Drmvn w`qQb| `vbi wZwb wQjb wZxq nvRx gynv` gynmxb| Zvui cwZwZ
Avkivd PwiUej Uv I hvKvZ dv gvbe mev I `vb KvR GK Abb f~wgKv iL hvQ|
wbtmvb mq` Avjx Avkivd gZyi c~e Zvui vei-Avei mKj mw Avkivd PwiUej Uv I
`vij Bnmvb Uv `vb Ki MQb|

wZivavb
Aekl, 7 AvM 1998Bs eUbi KvgexR wbR evwoZ ivZ Nyg Aevq Zvui cf~i
WvK cicvi Pj MQb|