XtraEdge 2010 09

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
SEPTEMBER 2010
SEPTEMBER 2010
Impatience never commanded success.

Volume - 6 Issue - 3
September, 2010 (Monthly Magazine)
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[B.Tech. IIT-Delhi]
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Editor : Pramod Maheshwari

Dear Students,
Three Things you Must Know to Attract Success
Everyone wants success. Some people spend their every waking moment pursuing it,
to the detriment of all else. For others, attaining success seems impossible. They
conclude that it is destined for a select few. The rest of us are to remain "content
with such things as we have". Having it all is not "in our stars".
When you strive for success with the wrong assumptions, you will never reach it.
It's like traveling somewhere with the wrong map.
Zig Ziglar says that, "Success is a process, not an event," "a journey, not a
destination." Jim Rohn describes it as " .... a condition that must be attracted
not pursued."
Success is something you must work hard and long to earn, for yourself. It has a
price, sometimes a very high one. And most people are n't really and truly ready to
pay that price, to do what success demands. If success has eluded you so far,
perhaps you should try changing your assumptions. You need to accept that :
You must go through a growing process, which will require time and patience,
in order to achieve success. There are no short cuts. Anything else is a
temporary illusion. Success that will remain with you, and bring you joy rather
than sorrow, requires a learning process, a time to grow out of old habits and
into new ones, a time to learn what works and what doesn't. And you must
pay your dues, in full, in advance! so don't be in a hurry.
You will need to acquire traits and skills that attract it. What does success
mean to you ? Identify, in specific terms, what you regard as success. What
traits or skills will you need to achieve this goal? Find 2 or 3 people who have
what you want. Write down the habits that have made them successuf and
resolve to copy them. This is called mentoring learning from others who have
arrived where you want to go. Once you learn to do what it takes, you qualify.
And when you qualify, success comes looking for you. You just can't be denied!
You must be ready to travel the road to success, oftentimes alone. It's been
said that, "At some point in time, the pursuit of your goals becomes secondary
and what you have become in the process .... is what is most important. It's not
the distance you go .... so much as the going itself" (Les Brown).
Remember, when parents try to teach their children to crawl, what they do? They
put their favorite toy in front of them and teased them forward, inch by inch. They
were after the toy, which kept them motivated. When they became good at
reaching the toy, they had learned to crawl. After that, they could reach any
destination they wanted. The DESTINATION was less important. They became
champion crawlers in the PROCESS!
When you are ready for success you attract it, with little effort. When
you are not, it runs from you, no matter how hard you chase. In other
words, you repel it! Most likely, this is the reason that success eludes
people.
Now that you know how to attract success, why not get started on the journey that
will take you where you want to go? Any one can succeed, but unfortunately not
every one will. Fate does not foist it upon you. You can have anything you want in
life, if you're ready to pay the price. But if you consider the process too hard, too slow,
or too long and lonely, you have qualified your self as a looser; painful but true.
So don't short change yourself with short-cuts. Go out there today and start
attracting success. It's literally yours for the taking!
Presenting forever positive ideas to your success.
Yours truly
Pramod Maheshwari,
B.Tech., IIT Delhi
SEPTEMBER 2010
SEPTEMBER 2010
Volume-6 Issue-3
September, 2010 (Monthly Magazine)
NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS
CONTENTS
INDEX
Regulars ..........
Much more IIT-JEE News.

Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
Challenging Problems in Physics,, Chemistry & Maths
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE- 2011 & 2012
PAGE
NEWS ARTICLE
IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS
KNOW IIT-JEE
IIT-K To Coordinate 2011 JEE

Vice president addresses IIT Delhi
Mr. Vineet Agrawal & Dr. Alok Aggarwal
Previous IIT-JEE Question
Study Time........
DYNAMIC PHYSICS
S
Success Tips for the Months
What matters is not what you have, but
what you can do.
It is not about what you can't do. It is
about what you can do.
8-Challenging Problems [Set# 5]

Students Forum
Physics Fundamentals
Current Electricity
Circular Motion, Rotational Motion
CATALYSE CHEMISTRY
If you want to be smart, find friends who

are smarter than you are.
Don't be irreplaceable. If you can't be
replaced, you can't be promoted.
Never test the depth of the water with
both feet.
Many of life's failures are people who did
not realize how close they were to success
when they gave up.
35
Key Concept
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
Oxygen Family & Hydrogen Family
Understanding : Inorganic Chemistry
Never mind what others do; do better

than yourself, beat your own record from
day to day, and you are a success.
If you don't know where you're going, who
will follow you?
14
DICEY MATHS
48
Mathematical Challenges
Students Forum
Key Concept
Probability
Binomial Theorem
Test Time ..........

XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES
59
Class XII IIT-JEE 2011 Paper

Class XI IIT-JEE 2012 Paper
SEPTEMBER 2010
IIT-K To Coordinate 2011 JEE

The IIT-K will be coordinating the IIT Joint
Entrance Exam (IIT-JEE) for 2011. The
members of the IIT Joint Admission Board
(JAB) will be attending a meeting at IIT-K
on August 21 to finalise the schedule.
Representatives of all 15 IITs are expected
to attend the meeting. The 2010 exam
was coordinated by IIT-Chennai. IIT-K
Director Sanjay Govind Dhande said: Not
many changes are likely to be made in the
examination format. We will decide the
dates for the form distribution, form
submission and examination . A final
decision will be taken in the meeting by
the JAB members. The name of the IITJEE chairman will also be announced soon
after the meeting. The IIT-JEE is divided
into seven zones headed by prominent IITs.
Each year, one of these seven IITs
coordinates the exam.
Vice President addresses IIT Delhi

convocation
New Delhi: Vice President of India M.

Hamid Ansari has said that there has not
been sufficient appreciation of engineering
education being a key enabler of India's
growth and a vital element in shaping of
our national destiny.
Addressing the audiences at the forty-first
convocation ceremony of the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT)-Delhi on
Saturday, Ansari said that questions about
the ability of the present framework of
engineering education to respond to
national requirements in adequate
measure remain unanswered.
He further said that the quality of teaching

and employability of graduates is one
aspect of it; the dearth of qualified and
motivated faculty is another. It is for this
reason that the National Knowledge
Commi-ssion called for "a new paradigm in
regulation, accredi-tation, governance and
faculty
development"
across
the
engineering education spectrum.
Ansari further stated, "It would seem that
an essential concomitant of technological
advance is the effort by society, including
its professional segment of engineers and
technologists, to ensure that it sustains
and promotes social cohesiveness through
necessary correctives."
"Technological, scientific or digital divides
in societies cannot further the larger
human cause. Today's professionals cannot
function in isolation of the social and
political context nor can they remain in
ivory towers or professional silos," he said.
He drew attention to some data that
makes for disturbing reading viz. less than
1 per cent of IIT undergraduates in the
country pursue Masters or Ph D courses
within the IIT system; less than 15 per cent
of those graduating from IITs move
towards teaching or research, whether in
India or abroad; the IIT system produces
less than 1.5 per cent of the total
engineering graduates in the country but
accounts for over 70 per cent of those
pursuing Doctoral programmes in
engineering and technology. Also, in terms
of international grading of academic output
based on publications, citations of faculty,
and patents applied for and granted, India
fares poorly in comparison to even some
developing countries.
Only IIT-Mumbai and IIT-Delhi find a place
in the 2009 Times Higher Education ranking
of 50 engineering and information
technology institutions. However, no Indian
university, not even an IIT, figures in the
top 100 of the Shanghai Jiao Tong
4
University Institute of Higher Education's

Academic Ranking of World Universities, or
in the top 100 of the 2009 Times Higher
Education World University Rankings.
Ansari informed the gathering, "Students
from India and those of Indian origin and
numbering 35,300 accounted for over onethird of all foreign engineering students in
the United States in 2009. Out of these,
around 26,000 students were enrolled in
Masters Programmes constituting over 65
per cent of all foreign masters students,
and 5690 were enrolled in Doctoral
Programmes constituting around one fifth
of all foreign doctoral students."
"These figures shed light on the
opportunity loss for our academic
institutions, and eventually to the nation, to
benefit from the research potential and
effort of the best and brightest graduating
from our engineering institutions, including
the IITs," he said. Emphasizing on the need
to focus on accessible, affordable and
applicable learning, the Vice President said
that "We need to close the gap between
policy intent and actual delivery. The
requirement to up-skill or re-skill 500
million people by 2020 in order to meet
growth requirements underlines the need
for undertaking this on a war footing.
Curricular reforms, faculty development
and promotion of a spirit of
entrepreneurship and innovation are
imperative and compelling."
The Vice President stated that the
evolutionary context of any technology
determines the purposes to which they
would be deployed. "Where such
technologies evolve as societal products,
they carry the ability to serve larger social
purposes. Increasingly, in this era of
globalization transforming technologies are
emerging in corporate contexts and are
being deployed to primarily serve narrow
corporate interests and stakeholders."
SEPTEMBER 2010
"Thus, the shrinking base of stakeholders in

the development and deployment of
technologies is fast eroding their political
and social legitimacy. It is increasingly felt
that these technologies are widening
societal inequalities and deepening political
conflict. The situation has also been
compounded by the lack of political
initiative and social impetus by national
leaderships and community elders," he
stated.
Quoting American scientist Bill Hubbard,
the Vice President said that "progress of
biology, neuroscience and computer
science will make possible in the
foreseeable future technolo-gies of mind
and life that will invalidate the working
social assumptions of societies."
"The graduating students today represent
the young citizenry that constitutes the
overwhelming majority of our population. It
is for you to question if the technologies
that you have imbibed and would develop
in future are being co-opted in the massive
social and political projects that our nation
has undertaken since independence - of
ameliorating the condition of each of our
citizens so that they have access to
opportunity to lead better lives and utilize
their potential," Hamid Ansari said.
Congratulating IIT students who had been
conferred awards and medals at the
occasion, the Vice President wished them
success for their professional and personal
endeavors.
"I am confident that the graduating
students would live up to the oath that you
have undertaken to be honest in the
discharge of your duties, to uphold the
dignity of the individual and integrity of the
profession, and to utilize your knowledge
for the service of the country and of
mankind," he said.
Nano-Clay
Used
to
Form
Lightweight Composite Ballistic
Armor with Superior Strength and
Blast Resistance
MKP Structural Design Associates,
Inc. (Ann Arbor, MI) garnered U.S. Patent
7,694,621 for lightweight composite
ballistic armor made with nano-clay. The
armor is intended for use in military and
tactical vehicles and armored civilian
vehicles as well as buildings protecting

people, machinery, supplies and fuel,
according to inventor Zheng-Dong Ma.
Features of the composite armor system
include
ultra-light-weight,
flexibility,
superior ballistic and blast resistance,
superior strength and durability for
structural integrity, capability to resist heat
and flame, ease of manufacture,
maintenance and repair. Damage to the
armor is restricted to a limited range due
to the fact that long cracks in the polymer
matrix can be stopped from further
propagation due to the presence of nanoclay particles in the matrix.
The terrorist attacks of Sep. 11, 2001 in
New York City and Washington, D.C., and
the current war in Iraq, have heightened
the need for ballistic armor. Military
vehicles, in particular, are vulnerable to
higher-potency weapons such as rocketlaunched grenades and other projectiles.
Military personnel want lightweight, fast
and maneuverable vehicles, but they also
want vehicle occupants to be fully
protected.
Ballistic steel armor plates, while relatively
inexpensive, add thousands of pounds to a
vehicle, many of which were not designed
to carry such loads. This has resulted in
numerous engine and transmission failures
as well as problems with vehicle
suspensions and brakes. The additional
weight reduces fuel efficiency and makes it
impossible to carry additional personnel in
the vehicle in case of emergency. For
these reasons, designers are beginning to
adopt more lightweight composite armor
across the board for military and tactical
vehicles.
MKPs front plate is preferably composed
of ceramic pellets arranged in a periodic
pattern designed for improving the ballistic
resistance, especially in the presence of
multiple hits. The pellets may be contained
in a single-layered or three-dimensional
metal or fiber network filled by thermoset
or thermoplastic polymer material. The
polymer may be further improved by use of
nano clay to improve resistance to crack
propagation. The ceramic pellet will have
an optimally designed shape, which
enhances the transferring of impact load
onto surrounding pellets. This feature
5
results in desired compress stress among

the pellets, which reduces the crack
propagation and improves the out-of-plane
impact resistance performance.
The ceramic pellets in the tile are seated in
a fabric network, and are molded with the
selected thermoset or thermoplastic
polymer material. The polymer material
functions as impact absorber and position
keeper of the pellets and may have nanoclay particles molded in to further improve
resistance to crack propagation. The fabric
network in the ceramic layer has two
major functions: one is to keep the pellets
in a desired arrangement and the other is
to reinforce the ceramic layer during the
ballistic impact.
The back plate features ultra-light weight

and
outstanding
out-of-plane
stiffness/strength. It is designed to have
improved bending stiffness and strength
for optimizing the armor performance. The
back plate, combined with one or more
face plates, is referred to herein as an
Armor Tile.
MKP Structural Design Associates Armor
Tile The fabric net is designed to hold the
armor tiles (ceramic layer and back plate)
in place and form an integrated armor kit
that can fill into various vehicle contours.
The optimally designed supporting
structure also provides the advanced
features of low cost and ease of
installation, replacement, and repair.
Since its establishment in 2001, MKP
Structural Design Associates has been
dedicated to the development of new
technologies for simulating, designing, and
manufacturing innovative structural and
material concepts. These can be used for a
wide range of applications, including nextgeneration air and ground vehicle systems.
SEPTEMBER 2010
At least two alternative supporting

structures are possible. The first is a net
structure to which the armor kits are
attached. The benefit of this design is it is
lightweight and easy to install on different
kinds of surfaces. The second one is made
of fabric cloths, such as a para-aramid
fiber, which has arrays of pockets that the
armor tiles can be inserted in. This concept
is similar to the body armor except a large
number of armor inserts will be used.
In terms of materials, different kinds of
materials are combined to defeat the
projectile effectively. Ceramic pellets or
cylinders function to damage and to rotate
the projectiles. Optimized cable network
provides reinforcement when tension and
bending loads exist on the armor plate.
Matrix material functions to absorb shock
waves and to keep the structural
integrityVarious lightweight armor designs
are now becoming commercially available.
Cellular Materials International, Inc. of
Charlottesville, Va. offers a product called
Microtrussm, a periodic cellular material
designed to absorb a larger amount of
energy than solid material of equal mass.
When a blast hits the face of the sandwich
panel, the face plate will stretch and
wrinkle followed by the propagation of the
impulse force into the core. The core will
then buckle and collapse, absorbing the
maximum kinetic energy of the blast. The
back face plate takes the remaining blast
pressure towards the end of the blast
event where the intensity of the impulse
force is considerably reduced. Thus, the
periodic
structure
maximizes
the
absorption of the impulse energy created
by the blast and distributes or diffuses the
intensity of the force, leading to protection
of the assets behind the sandwich
structures.
Engineering college of IIT Bombay

is one of the most credible
professional college in India
world is looking at India both for trained

technical manpower and as a potential
research hub.
Germany wants to collaborate with IITMandi that started in 2009 while Australia
is interested in IIT-Patna, started in 2008,
top government sources have told HT.
They join Japan, France and the United
Kingdom, which are already in talks with
the government to collaborate with the
new IITs in Hyderabad, Jodhpur and Ropar,
respectively.
The proposed collaboration involves the
foreign partner providing technical
knowhow and assistance to the IITs, and
engaging in exchange programmes and
joint research, sources said.
The talks so far with Japan, France and the
UK suggest that the foreign partners are
keen to tap Indian talent - both in terms of
trained engineers and research - through
their collaboration with the IITs, the
sources said.
Japan, for instance, wants IIT-Hyderabad
to incorporate the Japanese language and
the country's management practices in its
course structure - a move that would ease
the integration of the institute's graduates
into Japanese firms. Top Japanese
companies are also expected to help train
students at this IIT.
The early IITs too were hand-held and
assisted - financially and technically - by
foreign countries when they were started
half a century ago, though that was largely
to help a newly independent, struggling
nation find its educational feet.
IIT-Bombay was helped by the erstwhile
Soviet Union and UNESCO, IIT-Kanpur and
Madras by the US and Germany and IITDelhi by Britain.
IIT-Kanpur plans
Bangalore, US
in
IIT-K intends to set up research centres in

the US and Malaysia as part of a plan to
compete with top universities, he said.
The presence in Bangalore, the US and
Malaysia will be preceded by establishing
a centre at Noida, near the national capital,
the institute's first footprint outside Kanpur
in Uttar Pradesh, Dhande told an innovation
convention here.
The convention was organized by IIT-K
alumni as part of the golden jubilee
celebrations
of
the
institute.
Dhande did not elaborate on the kind of
presence the institute planned in
Bangalore, which has transformed into a
major hub of new economy sectors such
information technology and biotechnology.
In Malaysia, the IIT-K plans a research
centre in Penang while the facility in the
US may come up either in Silicon Valley,
Boston or Washington, Dhande said.
Opening up of centres abroad was
essential to compete internationally, he
said.
"If we want to be internationally
recognized, we must have presence in
different parts of the world," Dhande said.
Karnataka has been pleading with the
central government that an IIT be set up in
the state. The central government has
promised to do so but no time frame has
been indicated. IANS
Global suitors woo new IITs
Space Quick Facts

1. Saturns rings are made up of
particles of ice, dust and rock.
Some particles are as small as
grains of sand while others are
much larger than skyscrapers.
2. Jupiter is larger than 1,000 Earths.
Germany and Australia have joined a

growing number of developed nations keen
to tie up with the new Indian Institutes of
Technology that have opened in the last
two years. Both have formally told the
Indian government their universities would
like to collaborate with the new IITs. The
reason is
clear: the developed
presence
Bangalore: The Indian Institute of

Technology-Kanpur (IIT-K) plans a
presence in India's IT hub here, the US and
Malaysia, institute director S.G. Dhande
said here on Saturday.
3. The Great Red Spot on Jupiter is a

hurricane-like storm system that
was first detected in the early
1600s.
4. Comet Hale-Bopp is putting out

approximately 250 tons of gas and
dust per second. This is about 50
times more than most comets
SEPTEMBER 2010
produce.
Success Story
This articles contains stories of persons who have succeed after graduation from different IIT's
Dr. Alok Aggarwal

B.Tech, IIT Delhi in 1980
Ph.D. in Hopkins University, (1984)
Mr. Vineet Agrawal received his Bachelors Degree in Mechanical

Engineering with Distinction from IIT Delhi in 1983. He obtained
his MBA degree from Bajaj Institute of Management Studies,
Mumbai in 1985.
Dr. Alok Aggarwal received his Bachelors Degree in Electrical

Engineering from IIT Delhi in 1980. He obtained his Ph.D. in
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Johns Hopkins
University in 1984.
Mr. Vineet Agrawal is presently the President of the Wipro

Consumer Care and Lighting business since 2002.
Dr. Alok Aggarwal joined IBM Research Division in Yorktown

Heights New York in 1984. During the fall of 1987 and 1989, he
was on sabbatical from IBM and taught two courses (in two
terms) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and
also supervised two Ph.D. students. During 1991 and 1996, along
with other colleagues from IBM, he created and sold a "Supply
Chain Management Solution" for paper mills, steel mills and other
related industries. In July 1997, Dr. Aggarwal "Founded" the IBM
India Research Laboratory that he set-up inside the Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi. Dr. Aggarwal started this Laboratory
from "ground zero" and by July 2000, he had built it into a 60member team (with 30 PhDs and 30 Masters in Electrical
Engineering, Computer Science, and in Business Administration).
In August 2000, Dr. Aggarwal became the Director of Emerging
Business Opportunities for IBM Research Division worldwide.
Mr. Vineet Agrawal joined Wipro as a Management Trainee in

1985. He was rotated through various positions before being
appointed as the Chief Executive of Wipro Peripherals Business in
1999. Subsequently, he was appointed as the Corporate
Executive Vice President handling the Six Sigma Quality function,
Innovation foray and the CSR initiative for the Wipro Corporation
in 2000. He has been a member of the Chief Executive Council
member of Wipro since 2000.
Mr. Vineet Agrawal has led the business of Wipro Consumer Care
and Lighting from 300 Cr to 2000 Cr in 6 years. In 2007, in a bold
move, his business acquired the 700 Cr Unza a South Asian Co.
this being the largest overseas personal care acquisition by an
Indian Co. Mr. Agrawals responsibility includes running the FMCG
Indian business of Wipro, both in India and abroad. He also
handles the Office Interior business which includes the Office
Modular furniture business and the Lighting business.
Dr. Alok Aggarwal has published 86 Research papers and he has

also been granted 8 patents from the US Patents and Trademark
Office. Along with his colleagues at Evalueserve, in 2003, he has
pioneered the concept of Knowledge Process Outsourcing
(KPO) and wrote the first article in this regard. Dr. Aggarwal has
served as a Chairperson of the IEEE Computer Society's Technical
Committee on Mathematical Foundations of Computing and has
been on the editorial boards of SIAM Journal of Computing,
Algorithmica, and Journal of Symbolic Computation. During 19982000, Dr. Aggarwal was a member of Executive Committee on
Information Technology of the Confederation of the Indian Industry
(CII) and also of the Telecom Committee of Federation of Indian
Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). He is currently a
Chartered Member of The Indus Entrepreneur (TiE) organization.
Mr. Vineet Agrawal pioneered Wipros Social Responsibility with

Wipro Applying Thought in Schools program. This was an initiative
that he conceptualized and initiated in 2001 with a belief that this
was something Wipro needs to get into. This initiative has grown
to impact 800 schools and 700,000 children. The program
encourages creativity in children by improving the teaching
method in schools.
Mr. Vineet Agrawals strength lies in Strategy development and
executing it on ground. He was chosen to lead the complex Wipro
Repositioning exercise during 1996-99.
In honouring Dr. Alok Aggarwal, IIT Delhi recognizes the

outstanding contributions made by him as an Entrepreneur and
Researcher. Through his achievements, Dr. Alok Aggarwal has
brought glory to the name of the Institute.
In honouring Mr. Vineet Agrawal, IIT Delhi recognizes

the outstanding contributions made by him as a Corporate
Leader. Through his achievements, Mr. Vineet Agrawal
has brought glory to the name of the Institute..
SEPTEMBER 2010
KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions
Q = mc T
...(iii)
From (i) and (iii) Since U = Q Therefore
1 M 2g 2l
mcT =
2 r 2 Y
PHYSICS
1.
A transverse harmonic disturbance is produced in a

string. The maximum transverse velocity is 3 m/s and
maximum transverse acceleration is 90 m/s2. If the
wave velocity is 20 m/s then find the waveform.
[IIT-2005]
Sol. The wave form of a transverse harmonic disturbance
y = a sin (t kx )
Given vmax = a = 3 m/s
...(i)
....(ii)
Amax = a2 = 90 m/s2
Velocity of wave v = 20 m/s
...(iii)
Dividing (ii) by (i)
90
a2
=
= 30 rad/s
...(iv)
a
3
Substituting the value of in (i) we get
3
= 0.1 m
...(v)
a=
30
Now
2
2
2v
30
3
k=
=
=
=
=
=
...(vi)
v/v
v
v
20
2
From (iv), (v) and (vi) the wave form is
3
y = 0.1 sin 30t x

2
T =
Here
m = mass of string = density volume of string
= r2l
1 M 2g 2
T =
2 (r 2 ) 2 Yc
(100 10) 2
1
2
(3.14 2 10 3 ) 2 2.1 1011 420 7860
= 0.00457C
3.
The x y plane is the boundary between two

transparent media. Medium 1 with z 0 has a
refractive index
2 and medium 2 with z 0 has a
refractive index
3 . A ray of light in medium 1

^
given by the vector A = 6 3 ^i + 8 3 j 10 k is

incident on the plane of separation. Find the unit
vector in the direction of the refracted ray in
medium 2.
Sol.
A 5m long cylindrical steel wire with radius 2 103

m is suspended vertically from a rigid support and
carries a bob of mass 100 kg at the other end. If the
bob gets snapped, calculate the change in temperature
of the wire ignoring radiation losses. (For the steel
wire : Young's modulus = 2.1 1011 Pa; Density
= 7860 kg/m3; Specific heat = 420 J/kg-K).
[IIT-2001]
Sol. When the mass of 100 kg is attached, the string is
under tension and hence in the deformed state.
Therefore it has potential energy (U) which is given
by the formula.
1
U=
stress stain volume
2
(Stress) 2
1
=
r2l
2
Y
1 M 2g 2l
1 (Mg / r 2 ) 2
r2l =
...(i)
=
Y
2
2 r 2 Y
This energy is released in the form of heat, thereby
raising the temperature of the wire
2.
1 M 2g 2l
2 r 2 Ycm
Y
^
M'
6 3 i +8 3 j
6 3 i +8 3 j
8 3j
M'
O 6 3 ^i
10 K
X
^
A = 6 3 i + 8 3 j 10 k
Fig(1)
Fig(2)
^
Figure 1 shows vector 6 3i + 8 3 j
Figure 2 shows vector A = 6 3 i + 8 3 j 10 k

The perpendicular to line MOM' is Z-Axis which has
a unit vector of k . Angle between vector IO and
ZO can be found by dot product
IO . ZO = (IO) (ZO) cos i

^
(6 3 i + 8 3 j 10 k ).( k )
(6 3 ) 2 + (8 3 ) 2 + (10) 2 (1) 2
= cos i
SEPTEMBER 2010
i = 60
Unit vector in the direction MOM' from figure (1) is
^
n^ =
6 3 i+ 8 3 j
[(6 3 ) 2 + (8 3 ) 2 ]1/ 2
3^ 4 ^
i+ j
8 5
To find the angle of refraction, we use snell's law
sin i
sin 60
3
=
=
r = 45
sin r
sin r
2
From the triangle ORS
n^ =
r^ = (sin r) n^ ( cos r) k
^
3 ^ 4 ^
= (sin 45) i + j (cos 45) k
5
5
=
4.
1
5 2
0 2I1I 2
x
4 r 2
Since F x The motion is simple harmonic
0 2I1I 2
...(ii)
= (mass per unit length) 2
4 r 2
2I1I 2
From (i) (Mass per unit length) g = 0
4
r
2I1I 2
...(iii)
Mass per unit length = 0
4 rg
From (ii) and (iii)
0 2I1I 2
2I1I 2
= 0
2
2
4 r
4 rg
Restoring force/length F =
[3 i + 4 j 5 k ]
Along horizontal wire AB, which is free to move in a

vertical plane and carries a steady current of 20A, is
in equilibrium at a height of 0.01 m over another
parallel long wire CD which is fixed in a horizontal
plane and carries a steady current of 30A, as shown
in figure. Show that when AB is slightly depressed, it
executes simple harmonic motion. Find the period of
oscillations.
B
A
g
r
T = 2
5.
In the figure both cells A and B are of equal emf.

Find R for which potential difference across battery
A will be zero, long time after the switch is closed.
Internal resistance of batteries A and B are r1 and r2
respectively (r1 > r2).s
A B
mg
I2 = 30A
R
R
3R
+ r1 + r 2
4
2
3
+
I=
I=
=
R eq
R eg
3R / 4 + r1 + r2
0 2I1I 2
2I1I 2
0
4 r x
4
r
0
1
1

2I1I2
=
4
r x r
r (r x )
0
2I1I2
4
(r x )r
2I1I 2 x
= 0
4 r ( r x )
when x is small i.e., x <<r then r x r
Restoring force/length =
B'
Restoring force/length =
Sol. After a long time capacitor will be fully charged,

hence no current will flow through capacitor and all
the current will flow from inductor. Since current is
D.C., resistance of L is zero.
1
R
Reg = + R
+ r1 + r 2
2
2
A'
r = 0.01 m
Fmag
I1 = 20A
r
0.01
= 2p
= 0.2 sec
g
9.8
D
C
Sol. When AB is steady,
Weight per unit length = Force per unit length
2I1I 2
...(i)
weight per unit length = 0
4
r
when the rod is depressed by a distance x, then the
force acting on the upper wire increases and behave
as a restoring force
g
r
r1 r2
2
=
T
or
Potential drop across A is

I r1 = 0
2
=
r1
3R / 4 + r1 + r2
r1 = r2 + 3R/4
4
R = (r1 r2)
3
SEPTEMBER 2010
The hydrogenation of Y and Z is shown below :

H2
CH3 C = C CH3
CH3 CH CH CH3
CHEMISTRY
Ni
An organic compound A, C8H4O3, in dry benzene in

the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 gives compound B.
The compound B on treatment with PCl5 followed by
reaction with H2/Pd(BaSO4) gives compound C,
which on reaction with hydrazine gives a cyclised
compound D(C14H10N2). Identify A, B, C and D.
Explain the formation of D from C.
[IIT-2000]
Sol. The given reactions are as follows.
O
O
6.
CH3 CH3
PCl5
H2/Pd (BaSO4)
Both, Y and Z can be obtained from following alkyl

halide :
Cl
CH3 C CH CH3
O
O
C6H5
C6H5
NH2
NH2
CH2 = C CH CH3 + CH3 C = C CH3
CH3 CH3
(Z) 20%
NH2
NH2
O
Hence,
(Y) 80%
X, CH3 C CH CH3
CH3 CH3
Y, CH3 C = C CH3
NH
CH3 CH3
Cl
NH
; HCl
2-chloro-2,3-dimethyl butane
(X)
C6H5
H
The formation of D from C may be explained as
follows.
C6H5
K-t-butoxide
CH3 CH3
O H2NNH2
O
CH3 CH3
(Z)
C6H5
CH3 CH CH CH3
CH3 CH3
OH
H2
Ni
CH3 CH C = CH2
AlCl3
O +
CH3 CH3
(Y)
CH3 CH3
OH
Z, CH3 CH C = CH2
C6H5
N
CH3 CH3
An alkyl halide X, of formula C6H13Cl on treatment

with potassium t-butoxide gives two isomeric alkenes
Y and Z(C6H12). Both alkenes on hydrogenation give
2, 3-dimethyl butane. Predict the structures of X, Y
and Z.
[IIT-1996]
Sol. The alkyl halide X, on dehydrohalogenation gives
two isomeric alkenes.
7.
The molar volume of liquid benzene

(density = 0.877 g ml1) increases by a factor of 2750
as it vaporizes at 20C and that of liquid toluene
(density = 0.867 g ml1) increases by a factor of 7720
at 20C. A solution of benzene and toluene at 20C
has a vapour pressure of 46.0 torr. Find the mole
fraction of benzene in vapour above the solution.
[IIT-1996]
Sol. Given that,
Density of benzene = 0.877 g ml1
Molecular mass of benzene (C6H6)
= 6 12 + 6 1 = 78
78
Molar volume of benzene in liquid form =
ml
0.877
78
1
L = 244.58 L
=
0.877
1000
And molar volume of benzene in vapour phse
78
2750
L = 244.58 L
=
0.877
1000
Density of toluene = 0.867 g ml1
Molecular mass of toluene (C6H5CH3)
= 6 12 + 5 1 + 1 12 + 3 1 = 92
Molar volume of toluene in liquid form
8.
K t butoxide
C 6 H13Cl
Y + Z
X
; HCl
C 6 H12
Both, Y and Z have the same molecular formula

C6H12(CnH2n). Since, both Y and Z absorb one mol of
H2 to give same alkane 2, 3-dimethyl butane, hence
they should have the skeleton of this alkane.
2
Y and Z (C6H12) H
CH3 CH CH CH3
Ni
CH3 CH3
2,3-dimethyl butane
The above alkane can be prepared from two alkenes
CH3 C = C CH3 and CH3 CH C = CH2
CH3 CH3
2,3-dimethyl
butene-2
(Y)
CH3 CH3
butene-1
2,3-dimethyl
(Z)
10
SEPTEMBER 2010
k
(0.0126 1cm 1 )
=
= 2.01 cm1
G
(0.00627 1 )
Conductivity of 0.1 M HAc solution
K
2.01 cm 1
=
k=
R
520
Molar conductivity of 0.1 M HAc solution
k
(2.01 / 520) 1 cm 1
m(HAc) =
=
c
(0.1 mol dm 3 )
92
92
1
ml =
L
0.867
0.867
1000
And molar volume of toluene in vapour phase
92
7720
L = 819.19 L
=
0.867
1000
Using the ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
At
T = 20C = 293 K
nRT
For benzene, P = PB0 =
V
1 0.082 293
=
= 0.098 atm
244.58
= 74.48 torr
(Q 1 atm = 760 torr)
Similarly, for toluene,
nRT
P = PT0 =
V
1 0.082 293
= 0.029 atm
=
819.19
= 22.04 torr
(Q 1 atm = 760 torr)
According to Raoult's law,
PB = PB0 xB = 74.48 xB
K=
= 0.038 65 1 cm1 dm3 mol1

= 38.65 1 cm2 mol1
According to Kohlrausch law, (HAc) is given by
m (HAc) = m (HCl) + m (NaAc) m (NaCl)
= (420 + 91 126) 1 cm2 mol1
= 385 1 cm2 mol1
Therefore, the degree of dissociation of acetic acid is
given as
(38.65 1 cm 2 mol 1 )
= m =
0.1
(385 1 cm 2 mol 1 )
m
and the hydrogen-ion concentration of 0.1 M HAc
solution is
[H+] = c = (0.1 M)(0.1) = 0.01 M
Thus, its pH is pH = log{[H+]/M} = log(0.01) = 2
PT = PT0 xT = 22.04 (1 xB)

And
PM = PB0 xB + PT0 xT
or
46.0 = 74.48 xB + 22.04 (1 xB)
Solving,
xB = 0.457
According to Dalton's law,
PB = PM x 'B
(in vapour phase)
or mole fraction of benzene in vapour form,
P
74.48 0.457
= 0.74
x 'B = B =
46.0
PM
9.
10. An organic compound A, C8H4O3, in dry benzene in

the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 gives compound B.
The compound B on treatment with PCl5 followed by
reaction with H2/Pd(BaSO4) gives compound C,
which on reaction with hydrazine gives a cyclised
compound D(C14H10N2). Identify A, B, C and D.
Explain the formation of D from C.
[IIT-2000]
Sol. The given reactions are as follows.
O
O
The values of for HCl, NaCl and NaAc (sodium

acetate) are 420, 126 and 91 1 cm2 mol1,
respectively. The resistance of a conductivity cell is
520 when filled with 0.1 M acetic acid and drops
to 122 when enough NaCl is added to make the
solution 0.1 M in NaCl as well. Calculate the cell
constant and hydrogen-ion concentration of the
solution. Given :
m (HCl) = 420 1 cm2 mol1,
m (NaCl)
O +
OH
C6H5
C
PCl5
H2/Pd (BaSO4)
= 126 cm mol ,
and
m(NaAc) = 91 1 cm2 mol1
Sol. Resistance of 0.1 M HAc = 520
Resistance of 0.1 M HAc + 0.1 M NaCl = 122
Conductance due to 0.1 M NaCl,
1
1
G=
= 0.00627 1
122
520
Conductivity of 0.1 M NaCl solution
k = mc = (126 1 cm2 mol1)(0.1 mol dm3)
= 12.6 1cm2 dm3 = 12.6 1 cm2(10 cm)3
= 0.0126 1 cm1
Cell constant,
AlCl3
O
C6H5
O H2NNH2
O
N
N
H
The formation of D from C may be explained as
follows.
C6H5
O
O
C6H5
NH2
NH2
+
NH2
NH2
O
C6H5
O
NH
NH
OH
C6H5
N
N
11
SEPTEMBER 2010
Then, equation of AC is,
MATHEMATICS
y
x
=1
+
a
h
11. With usual notation, if in a triangle ABC

b+c c+a
a+b
=
=
, then prove that
11
12
13
cos A
cos B
cos C
=
=
[IIT-1984]
7
19
25
a+b
b+c c+a
Sol. Let
=
=
=
13
11
12
(b + c) = 11, c + a = 12, a + b = 13
2(a + b + c) = 36
or
a + b + c = 18
Now, b + c = 11 and a + b + c = 18 a = 7
c + a = 12, and a + b + c = 18 b = 6
a + b = 13 and a + b + c = 18 c = 5
b2 + c2 a 2
cos A =
2bc
362 + 252 492

2
2(30)
and equation of DE AC and passing through origin is,

y
hy
x
=0x=
...(2)
h
a
a
Solving (1) and (2) we get the coordinates of point E
as follows :
hy
a2
702
a 2 + b2 c2
cos C =
2ab
842
a2 + h2
a 2h
ah 2
F
,
2(a 2 + h 2 ) 2(a 2 + h 2 )
1
5
19
35
=
m1 =
5
7
a 2h
2(a 2 + h 2 )
ah 2
2(a 2 + h 2 )
2h (a 2 + h 2 ) a 2 h
(a 2 + 2 h 2 )
ah
ah 2
...(3)
a 2h
0
2
a 2h
a
+
h
=
and slope of BE =
a 2 + a 3 + ah 2
ah 2
+a
2
2
a +h
ah
m2 = 2
...(4)
a + 2h 2
from (3) and (4),
AF BE.
m1m2 = 1
12. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. If D is midpoint of BC, the foot of the perpendicular drawn from
D to AC and F and mid-point of DE. Prove that AF is
perpendicular to BE.
[IIT-1989]
Sol. Let BC be taken as x-axis with ortigin at D, the midpoint of BC, and DA will be y-axis
AB = AC
Let BC = 2a, then the coordinates of B and C are
(a, 0) and (a , 0) let A(0, h)
y
13. Let f(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C where, A, B, C are real

numbers. Prove that if f(x) is an integer whenever x is
an integer, then the numbers 2A, A + B and C are all
integers. Conversely, prove that if the numbers 2A,
A + B and C are all integers, then f(x) is an integer
whenever x is an integer.
[IIT-1998]
Sol. Suppose f(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C is an integer whenever
x is an integer
f(0), f(1), f(1) are integers.
C, A + B + C, A B + C are integers
C, A + B, A B are integers.
C, A + B, (A + B) (A B) = 2A are integers.
a 2h
Since F is mid-point of DE,
1 19 5
cos A : cos B : cos C = :
:
5 35 7
= 7 : 19 : 25
y=
49 + 36 25
y
=1
h
slope of AF =
252 + 492 362
ah 2
a 2h
E = 2
,
2
2
2
a +h a +h
a 2 + c2 b2
cos B =
2ac
...(1)
F
C
12
SEPTEMBER 2010
Conversely suppose 2A, A + B and C are integers.

Let n be any integer. We have
1
15. If f : [1, 1] R and f(0) = lim nf and f(0) = 0.
n
n
Find the value of :
2
1
lim (n + 1)cos1 n given that
n
n
n (n 1)
f(n) = An2 + Bn + C = 2A
+ (A + B)n + C
2
Since n is an integer, n(n 1)/2 is an integers. Also
2A, A + B and C are integers.
We get f(n) is an integer for all integer n
1
0 < lim cos 1 <
n
2
n
14. A window of perimeter (including the base of the

arch) is in the form of a rectangle surrounded by a
semi-circle. The semi-circular portion is fitted with
coloured glass while the rectangular part is fitted with
clear glass. The clear glass transmits three times as
much light per square meter as the coloured glass does.
What is the ratio for the sides of the rectangle so that
the window transmits the maximum light?[IIT-1991]
Sol. Let '2b' be the diameter of the circular portion and 'a'
be the lengths of the other sides of the rectangle.
Total perimeter = 2a + 4b + b = K
(say) ...(1)
Now, let the light transmission rate (per square
metre) of the coloured glass be L and Q be the total
amount of transmitted light.
2
1
(n + 1)cos1 n
n
n
Sol. Here lim
2 1
1
= lim n 1 + cos 1 1
n
n
n
1
= lim nf
n
n
2 1
1
1
Where f = 1 + cos1 1 = f(0)
n
n
n
1
given f (0) = lim nf
n
n
2
1
lim (n + 1)cos1 n = f(0) ...(1)
n
n
2
where f(x) = (1 + x) cos1x 1, f(0) = 0
1
2
f(x) = (1 + x )
+ cos 1 x

1 x2
2
2
f(0) = 1 + = 1
...(2)
from equation (1) and (2)

2
2
1
lim (n + 1) cos1 n = 1
n
n
Coloured
glass
Clear glass
Then, Q = 2ab(3L) +
1 2
b (L)
2
Q=
L
{b2 + 12ab}
2
Q=
L
{b2 + 6b (K 4b b)}
2
Q=
L
{6Kb 24b2 5b2}
2
Ability
L
dQ
= {6K 48b 10b} = 0
db
2
b=
d 2Q
6K
48 +10
...(2)
L
{48 + 10}La
2
db
Thus, Q is maximum and from (1) and (2),
(48 + 10) b = 6K and K = 2a + 4b + b
(48 + 10) b = 6{2a + 4b + b}
and
Thus, the ratio =
2b
6
=
a
6+
[IIT-2004]
13
We can accomplish almost anything win tin our ability

if we but think we can.
He is the best sailor who can steer within fewest

points of the wind, and exact a motive power out of
the greatest obstacles.
Our work is the presentation of our capabilities.
The wind and the waves are always on the side of the
ablest navigator.
SEPTEMBER 2010
Physics Challenging Problems
Set # 5
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems
and enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
So lutions will b e p ub lished in n ex t issue

Q. 1
Q. 2
Which of the following graphs are hyperbolic

(A) P V diagram for an isothermal process
(B) Current density vs area of cross section in a
current carrying wire
(C) Velocity of incompressible fluid vs area of
cross-section for steady flow of fluid through
a pipe
(D) Wavelength corresponding to which emissive
power is maximum vs temperature of
blackbody
Q. 4
Speed of a body moving in a circular path

changes with time as v = 2t, then
(A) Magnitude of acceleration remains constant
(B) Magnitude of acceleration increases
(C) Angle between velocity and acceleration
remains constant
(D) Angle between velocity and acceleration
increases
Q. 5
Consider a resistor of uniform cross section area

connected to a battery of internal resistance zero.
If the length of the resistor is doubled by
stretching it then
(A) current will become four times
(B) the electric field in the wire will become half
(C) the thermal power produced by the resistor
will become one fourth
(D) the product of the current density and
conductance will become half
Q. 6
A mosquito with 8 legs stands on water surface

and each leg makes depression of radius a. If the
surface tension and angle of contact are T and
zero respectively then the weight of mosquito is
(A) 8T.a
(B) 16 Ta
For two different gases x and y, having degrees

of freedom f1 and f2 and molar heat capacities at
constant volume C V1 and C V2 respectively, the
lnP versus lnV graph is plotted for adiabatic
process as shown, then
Ln P
y
x
ln V
(A) f1 > f2
(C) C V2 < C V1
(B) f2 > f1
(D) C V1 > C V2
(C)
Q. 3
A particle of charge q and mass m moves

rectilinearly under the action of an electric field
E = x. Here and are positive constants
Q. 7
and x is the distance from the point where the

particle was initially at rest then
(A) motion of particle is oscillatory
(B) amplitude of the particle is /
(D)
Ta
16
Three wires are carrying same constant current I

in different direction. Four loops enclosing the
wires in different manner are shown. The
direction of dl is shown in the figure

Loop-1
(D) the maximum acceleration of the particle

q
is
m
(C) mean position of the particle is at x =
Ta
8
Loop-2
Loop-3
Loop-4
14
SEPTEMBER 2010
Column I
Column II

(A) Along closed loop 1 (P)
B . dl = i
(B) Along closed loop 2 (Q)
B . dl = i
(C) Along closed loop 3 (R)
Down:
B . dl = 0
2.
The particles are closest together in this state. (5)
3.
Very difficult to do with a solid, not much spare space! (8)
4.
The particles are close together but they can still move
around quite freely in this state. (6)
(D) Along closed loop 4 (S) net work done by

the
magnetic force to
move a unit charge
along the loop is zero
5.
A word that means particles spreading in liquids and gases

because of their random movement. (9)
8.
This is happening to a gas when it is cooled to form a liquid.

(10)
Q. 8
An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes different

types of processes which are described in column
I. Match the corresponding effect in column
II. The letters have usual meaning.
Column I
Column II
2
(A) P = 2V
(P) If volume increases
then temperature will
also increase
(B) PV2 = constant (Q) If volume increases
then temperature will
decrease
(C) C = Cv + 2R
(R) For expansion, heat
will have to be
supplied to the gas
(D) C = Cv 2R
(S) If temperature
increases then work
done by gas is positive
10. When a liquid changes to a solid it is ? (8)

11. This is caused by gas particles hitting the side of a container
millions of times a second! (8)
12. You must obtain this to check out a theory in a scientific
court! (8)
CROSSWORD PUZZLE NO.-12
10
Across:
1.
The particles are far apart and moving fast. (3)
6.
When a liquid changes to a gas fast for a cup of tea!(7)
7.
Ice thawing is an example. (7)
9.
The partices in a liquid are all ? up! (7)
11
12
13
14
11. The 'bits' of solids, liquids and gases. (9)

15
13. One way in which solids are different than gases or

liquids. Its an easy question really, its not ? (4)
14. The particles of a solid are under going this without
causing a sound! and more so on heating! (9)
16
15. The 'pattern' of particles in a solid is very? (7)

16. What a solid does on heating (without melting) as the
atoms get more excited! (7)
15
SEPTEMBER 2010
1. [B,D]
8
a
C1
e
Physics Challenging Problems

Qu e s tio ns we r e Pub lis he d in Augu st Is su e
A=
3
M
0.32 10 6 4 9 10 9
0 (E 2 + E 1 )
4. [B] E +
= E2
2 0
C2
2
b
Solution
E+
120 V
8.7 10 5
2E = E 1 E 2
= E1
2 0
E=
=
5. [B]
120
3 = 60 volt
6
120
VM VN =
3 = 60 volt
6
VG VM = 0
Charge on C2 is zero
CK =
0A
db+
b
K
We set b = 0
A
C K = 0 = C if CK = 2C
d
2 A
0A
2b
Then,
= 0 K=
b
d
2b d
db+
K
K > 0 & b d
2b
K =
& 2b d > 0
2b d
d
d
<bd
b >
2
2
VG VH =
q (E1 E 2 ) = 0.08 N
0.08 10
8
q=
=
10 6 Columb
5
2
25
2.5 10 10
= 0.32 10 6 C
= 0.32C
6. [A,B,C,D]
For option (A)
3. [C]
2 0
= E2
2 0
E = E1
0
Adding (1) & (2)
= E 2 + E1
0
20V
20 10
10
=
= 2.5 A
4
4
For option (B)
i=
..(1)
..(2)
20V
i=
q = (E 2 + E 1 )A 0
10V
1
i
E+
E1 E 2
2
2.5 10 5
20
= 12.5 104V/m
120
1 = 20 volt
6
120
Vb Ve =
2 = 40 volt
6
Vd Ve = 20volt
Charge on C1 = 2 20 = 40C
Va Vd =
2. [B]
Set # 4
16
20
A
3
SEPTEMBER 2010
For Option (C)

10V
2
1
i
20V
20 10 10 5
i=
=
= A
1+ 2 + 3 6 3
For Option (D)

3
20V
i=
20
= 20Amp
1
7. [B,D]
1.
Barium compounds are the source for the

different greens in fireworks.
2.
There are 60,000 miles (97,000 km) in blood

vessels in every human.
3.
The average person produces about 400 to 500

ml of cerebrospinal fluid every day.
4.
Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atom had

a nucleus in 1911.
5.
Impacts by comets or asteroids can also

generate giant tsunamis.
6.
Basic surgery would cure 80% of the over 45

million blind people in the world. Sixty percent of
whom live in sub-Saharan Africa, China and
India.
7.
Studies have confirmed that ginkgo increases

blood flow to the retina, and can slow retinal
deterioration resulting in an increase of visual
acuity. In clinical tests ginkgo has improved
hearing loss in the elderly. It also improves
circulation in the extremities relieving cold
hands and feet, swelling in the limbs and
chronic arterial blockage.
8.
Venus may well once have had water like Earth

does, but because of the scorching surface
temperature of 482 degrees C (900 degrees F).
Any sign of it has long ago evaporated.
9.
About 95 percent of every edible fat or oil

consists of fatty acids. Fatty acids all are based
on carbon chains - carbon atoms linked together
one after another in a single molecule. Different
fatty acids are defined as saturated,
monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated depending
on how effectively hydrogen atoms have linked
onto those carbon chains.
10.
On average women cry 5.3 times a month. Men

only 1.4.
11.
The Medal of Honor is the highest award for

valour in action against an enemy force which
can be bestowed upon an individual serving in
the Armed Services of the United States.
mv 1 10
=
= 5m
qB 1 2
Coordinates of center
3
x = + R sin = +5 = +3
5
4
y = R cos = 5 = 4
5
Position of particle not given so R = 5m
Center may be anywhere
2m 2 1
T=
=
=
qB
1 2
R=
8. [B,C]
P1
2
P2
2
Q1
Q2
= blv = 1 0.04 5
= 0.2volt
0.2
i=
=
i = 0.02A
R eq 10
i = 2 10 2 A = 20mA
17
SEPTEMBER 2010
Students' Forum
PHYSICS
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
A particle having charge q = 8.85 C is placed on

the axis of a circular ring of radius R = 30 cm.
Distance of the particle from centre of the ring is
a = 40 cm. Calculate electrical flux passing through
the ring.
Sol. Electric field strength at point in plane of ring
depends upon its distance from centre of the ring.
Magnitude of electric field field is same at all those
points which are equidistant from the centre and coplaner with the ring.
E
r
x
q
R
V0 = 28 volt is connected in parallel to the

uncharged capacitor filled with above mentioned
di-electric. Calculate ratio of charge on capacitor
filled by aforesaid di-electric to charge in air
capacitor in steady state.
1.
Sol. Let area of plates of each capacitor be A and let

separation between them be d. Capacitance of air
A
capacitor, C0 = 0
d
And capacitance of capacitor, filled with di-electric,
KA
= aVC0 = 2VC0
C= 0
d
Initial charge in air capacitor, q0 = C0V0
When air capacitor is connected across the other
capacitor, some charge flows from air-capacitor to
the other capacitor so that potential differences
across two capacitors in steady state becomes equal.
Let the potential difference be V.
Charge of capacitor filled with di-electric will be
equal to
q1 = CV = 2C0V2
and charge on air capacitor will be equal to q2 = C0V
But
q 1 + q2 = q0
or
2C0V2 + C0V = C0V0
From above equation V = 4 or 3.5
Negative value is absurd. Therefore, V = 3.5 volts.
2C 0 V 2
q1
=
= 2V = 7
Ans.
C0 V
q2
Therefore, consider a copaner and concentric ring of

radius x and radial thickness de as shown in Figurer.
Its area is dS = 2x dx
Distance of every point of this ring from point
charge is r = a 2 + x 2
Electric field strength at circumference of this
1 q
ring is E =
4 0 r 2
Inclination of E with the normal to surface of the

a
ring considered is given by cos =
Flux passing
r
through this ring is
A stationary circular loop of radius a is located in a

magnetic field which varies with time from t = 0 to
t = T according to law B = B0 . t (T t). If plane of
loop is normal to the direction of field and resistance
of the loop is R, calculate
(i) amount of heat generated in the loop during this
interval, and
(ii) magnitude of charge flown through the loop
from instant t = 0 to the instant when current
reverses its direction.
Neglect self inductance of the loop.
Sol. Since, magnetic field strength B varies with time,
therefore, flux linked wit the loop varies with time.
But whenever flux linked wit a circuit changes, and
emf is induced. consequently, and emf is induced in
3.
d = E ds
d = d dS cos
1
a
q
(2x dx )
=
2
2
2
2
4 0 (a + x )
a +x
Hence, total flux passing through the given ring is
x = R aq
qa 1
1
xdx
=
=

2
2
3
/
2
x = 0 2 0 (a + x )
2 0 q
a 2 + x 2
= 105 NC1 m2
2.
A parallel plate capacitor is filled by a di-electric

whose di-electric constant varies with potential
difference V according to law K = aV, where
a = 2 volt1. An air capacitor having same
dimensions charged to a potential difference of
18
SEPTEMBER 2010
the loop and a current starts to flow through the

loop. Due to flow of current heat is generated.
A an instant t, flux linked with the loop.
= B area of the loop
= a2 B0 (tT t2)
d
= a2 B0(T 2t)
Induced emf, e =
dt
Sol. Volume of gas is minimum at state 2 during the

cycle. Let it be V0. Then maximum volume of gas
during the cycle will be equal to 5V0 which is at
states 4 and 1. Therefore, V4 = V1 = 5V0.
Temperature during the cycle is maximum at the end
of isobaric process 2 3 i.e. state 3 and minimum
at the end of isochoric cooling process 4 1 i.e.
state 1. Let minimum absolute temperature be T0.
Then T1 = T0 and T3 = 2T0.
Since gas is Oxygen which is di-atomic, therefore,
7
5
7
Cv = R, Cp =
R and =
2
2
5
Since, process 1 2 is isothermal, therefore,
temperature during the process remains constant.
Hence temperature T2 is also equal to T0.
Considering n mole of the gas,
Work done by the gas during isothermal process
1 2,
V
W12 = nRT1.log 2 = nRT0 loge 5
V1
But for isothermal process Q = W, therefore,
Q12 = nRT0 loge 5
Now considering isobaric process 2 3
T
V3
= 3 =2
or V3 = 2V0
T2
V2
a 2 B 0
e
=
(2t T) 2
...(1)
R
R
Thernal power generated at this instant, P = i2R
2 a 4 B30
(2t T)2
or
P=
R
During an elemental time interval dt, heat generated
2 a 4 B 30
(2t T)2 .dt
= P.dt =
R
Total heat generated from t = 0 to t = T,

2 a 4 B 02 T
(2t T ) 2 .dt
Q = P.dt =
0
R
2 a 4 B 02 To3
Ans. (1)
=
R
The current reverses its sign when its magnitude
reduces to zero. Let this happen at instant t = t0.
Substituting t by t0 in equation (1),
a 2 B 0
T
(2t0 T) = 0 or t0 =
R
2
dq
in equation (1),
Substituting i by
dt
Induced current i =
Heat
gas during the process,

7
Q23 = nCP(T3 T2) =
nRT0
2
Work done by gas during the process,
W23 = nR(T3 T2) = nRT0
Now considering adiabatic process 3 4,
V3 = 2V0 ,
T3 = 2T0
T4 = ?
V4 = 5V0 ,
1
Using T.V = constant
(2T0) (2V0) 1 = T4(5V0) 1
or
T4 = 2 (0.4)0.4 T0
Work done by the gas during the process,
P V P4 V4
nR (T3 T4 )
W24 = 3 3
=
1
1
= 5 nRT0 (1 (0.4)0.4) T0
During isochoric process 4 1, no work is done by
the gas and heat is rejected from the gas.
Hence,
W41 = 0 and Q41 is negative
Net work done by the gas during the cycle,
W = W12 + W23 + W34 + W41 =
nRT0 {6 loge 5 5 (0.4)0.4}
Heat supplied to the gas during heating process,
7
QS = Q23 =
( 6 loge 5 5 0.40.4) = 0.2642
2
2
W
or =
=
( 6 loge 5 5 0.40.4) = 0.2642
7
Qs
a 2 B 0
(2 t T )dt
R
Charge that flows from t = 0 to t = T/2,
a 2 B 0 T / 2
a 2 B 0 T 2
(2t T )dt =
q=
0
R
4R
a 2 B 0 T 2
or magnitude of charge that flows =
4R
Ans. (2)
Oxygen is used as working substance in an engine
working on the cycle shown in Figure
dq =
4.
4
1
V
Processes 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1 are isothermal,
isobaric, adiabatic and isochoric, respectively. If
ratio of maximum to minimum volume of oxygen
during the cycle is 5 and that of maximum to
minimum absolute temperature is 2, assuming
oxygen to be an ideal gas, calculate efficiency of the
engine.
Given, (0.4)0.4 = 0.693 and loge 5 1.6094
supplied
or = 26.42 %
19
to
Ans.
SEPTEMBER 2010
A thin convex lens of focal length f and having

aperture diameter d is used to focus sun rays on a
screen. If speed of light in vacuum is c, absolute
temperature of sun TS and rays fall on the lens
normally, calculate pressure experienced by the
surface on which rays are converged.
Sol. When light rays incident on the screen, momentum
of rays reduces to zero. Due to change in momentum
of incident rays, the surface experiences a force.
Let radius of sun be Rs and its distance from earth
be. r.
According to Stefan's law,
rate of radiation from per unit area of surface of sun
5.
What is mercury poisoning?
CHEMICAL DANGER Too much mercury can make you sick,

but sometimes the symptoms are hard to distinguish from
other illnesses.
What's mercury?
There are three kinds of mercury. Depending on what the
exposure is, you could have different symptoms and
disease states.
Elemental, or metal mercury, is found in thermometers. The
problem with that is the inhalation of fumes that come off
that mercury. Playing with it and ingesting it is not as toxic.
That kind of mercury causes significant amounts of
neurological damage. As the exposure gets longer, there
may be additional changes in the bone marrow that affect
the ability to produce blood cells, infertility and problems
with heart rhythm.
Mercury salts, which are basically industrial, if you breathe
in or ingest them, gravitate more toward the kidney and not
so much the nervous system.
The organic mercury is what gets into the food chain. It's
put into the water by chemical plants that are
manufacturing things and they get into shellfish and fish,
or elemental mercury that gets into the water is changed
into organic mercury by sea life; we eat fish or shellfish
and we get mercury exposure. That organic mercury acts
very similarly to the elemental form. It affects a lot of
nervous system damage. If a woman is pregnant, this
can also cause birth defects and loss of the fetus if the
levels get high enough.
Is mercury something we need in our diets, or is no amount
nutritionally safe or necessary?
No level is normal. Zero is normal. It doesnt have a specific
reason to be in our body. As long as we live on this Earth,
because it's in Earth's crust and in the atmosphere, we're
going to be exposed. But there is no specific function for
that metal in our body.
The issue is one of looking at the total body burden: How
much mercury is in the body and what's known to be a
normal background? Theoretically, there's going to be a
baseline level, a general population average, but depending
on where you live, that level may be higher or lower. If you
live near a coast, you're more up to eating seafood. Or you
may be in an industrial area where mercury is put into the
water or the air.
= Ts4 Wm2
Surface area of sun = 4R s2
Rate of radiation from sun, E = Ts4 4R s2
Intensity of sun rays at earth,
I=
E
4r
Ts4 R s2
r
Wm2
1
d
A = = d2m2
2
4

Power incident on the lens,
Area of convex lens,
Ts4 R s2 .d 2
W
4r 2
But these rays are converged on a screen by the lens,
therefore, rate of incidence of momentum on the
P
screen =
c
Just after incidence, momentum of rays reduces
reduces to zero, therefore, magnitude of rate of
change of momentum of rays,
P = AI =
Ts4 R s2 d 2
dp
P
= 0 =
dt
4r 2 c
c
But the magnitude of rate of change of momentum

= force experience by the screen.
Hence, force on screen, F =
Ts4 R s2 d 2
4 2 c
I v
=
Where I is the size of image.
O u
Radius of image circle formed on the screen
v
f
= . O = . Rs
u
r
But for a lens,
Area of image circle, a = R s

r
It means force F acts on area a
Pressure =
Ts4 d 2
force, F
=
area, a
4f 2 c
Ans.
20
SEPTEMBER 2010
21
SEPTEMBER 2010
P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Current Electricity
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
I = R
Review of Concepts :
Electric current is the rate of transfer of charge
through a certain surface.
The direction of electric current is as that of flow
of positive charge.
If a charge q cross an area in time t, then the
average current = q/t
Its unit is C/s or ampere.
Electric current has direction as well as
magnitude but it is a scalar quantity.
Electric current obeys simple law of algebra.
i.e.,
I = I1 + I 2
I1
or
Its unit A/m2

Electric current can be defined as flux of current
density vector.
i.e.,
i=
j . dS
Relation between drift velocity and current
I1
density v d =
I2
j
en
Here, negative sign indicates that drifting of electron

takes place in the opposite direction of current
density.
The average thermal velocity of electron is zero.
Electric resistance : Electric resistance (R) is
defined as the opposition to the flow of electric
charge through the material.
It is a microscopic quantity.
Its symbol is
Its unit is ohm.
(a)
Types of Current :
Steady state current or constant current : This
type of current is not function of time.
Transient or variable current : This type of current
passing through a surface depends upon time.
q
dq
i.e.,
I = f(t)
or I = lim
t 0 t
dt
Electric charge passing a surface in time
t=q=
I
J=
S cos
I dt
0
I dt
Average current I =
dt
(b)
0
t
l
A
where, R = resistance,
R=
Convection Current : The electric due to

mechanical transfer of charged particle is called
convection current. Convection current in different
situation.
Case I : If a point charge is rotating with constant
angular velocity .
q
2
q
I= ; T=
I=
2
T
l = length of the conductor,

A = area of cross section
Continuity Equation :
Case II : If a non-conducting ring having charge

per unit length is rotating with constant angular
velocity about an axis passing through centre of
ring and perpendicular to the plane of ring.
The continuity equation is based on conservation

principle of charge.
Drift Velocity (vd) : When a potential difference
is applied between ends of metallic conductor, an
= resistivity of the material,
22
j . dS =
dq
dt
SEPTEMBER 2010
electric field is established inside the metallic

conductor. Due to this, electron modify their
random motion and starts to drift slowly in the
opposite direction of electric field. The average
velocity of drifting possessed by electron is
known as drift velocity.
e
= E
m
vd
Ohm's Law fails in tube, crystal diodes, thyristors

etc.
EMF and PD of a Cell : A device which supplies
electric energy is called a seat of emf. The seat of
emf is also called a cell.
A battery is a device which manages a potential
difference between its two terminals.
e = EMF of the battery is the work done by the
force per unit charge.
When the terminals of a cell are connected to an
external resistance, the cell is said to be in closed
circuit.
E.M.F. has no electrostatic origin.
Internal Resistance of a Cell (r) : Internal
resistance of a cell is the resistance of its
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of cell :
(a) Varies directly as concentration of the solution of
the cell.
(b) Varies directly as the separation between
electrodes i.e., length of solution between
electrodes.
(c) Varies inversely as the area of immersed
electrodes.
(d) is independent of the material of electrodes.
Potential difference across the cell :
Potential difference across the first cell
V1 = E1 + Ir1 (discharging of cell)
where, vd = drift velocity, e = electron,

= relaxation time, m = mass of electron
E = electric field
Variation of Resistance with Temperature :
Let a metallic conductor of length l and crosssectional area A.
Rt = R0(1 + t)
where,
Rt = resistance of conductor at temperature tC,
R0 = resistance of conductor at 0C,
= temperature coefficient.
i
A
Some Important Points :
(a) '' is proportionality constant known as

temperature coefficient of resistance variation.
(b) The value of does not depend upon initial and
final resistance of the conductor.
(c) The value of depends upon the unit which is
chosen.
(d) The value of may by negative.
Electric Conductance (G) :
It is reciprocal of resistance, G =
1
R
i
Its unit is per ohm.

Electric conductivity =
E 1r 1
Ohm's law in vector form :
Potential difference across the second cell

V2 = E2 Ir2 (charging of cells)
E= i
where, =
m
2
Concept of Rise up and Drop up of voltage:

(a) Ideal cell
= receptivity of material
ne
According to ohm's law, electric current passing
through a conductor is proportional to the
potential difference between end of the conductor
i.e.,
V = IR
In case of ohms law, V-I graph is straight line.
E 2r 2
Rise up
+E
23
Drop up
E
SEPTEMBER 2010
(b) Real cell

r,E
i
r,E
Rise up
problem will ask you explicitly to consider power or

energy.
Step 2 Set up the problem using the following steps :
Make a drawing of the circuit.
Identify the circuit elements, including sources of
emf and resistors.
Determine the target variables. Typically they
will be the power input or output for each circuit
element, or the total amount of energy put into or
taken out of a circuit element in a given time.
Step 3 Execute the solution as follows :
i
Drop up
E ir
E ir
(c) Electric resistance

R
i
Drop up
Rise up
IR
+IR
A source of emf delivers power I into a circuit

when the current I runs through the source from
to +. The energy is converted from chemical
energy in a battery, from mechanical energy in a
generator, or whatever. In this case the source has
a positive power output to the circuit or,
equivalently, a negative power input to the
source.
When a battery being charged, the terminal

voltage is greater than its emf V = E + Ir.
Kirchhoff's Law : Kirchhoff's law is able to
solve complicated circuit problems.
(i) First Law : Incoming current = Outgoing current
I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5
I2
I1
I5
A source of emf power I from a circuit that is,

it has a negative power output, or, equivalently, a
positive power inputwhen currents passes
through the source in the direction from + to
.This occurs in charging a storage battery, when
electrical energy is converted back to chemical
energy. In this case the source has a negative
power output to the circuit or, equivalently, a
positive power input to the source.
No matter what the direction of the current
through a resistor, It removes energy from a
circuit at a rate given by VI = I2R = V2/R, where
V is the potential difference across the resistor.
There is also a positive power input to the internal
resistance r of a source, irrespective of the
direction of the current. The internal resistance
always removes energy from the circuit,
converting it into heat at a rate I2r.
You may need to calculated the total energy
delivered to or extracted from a circuit element in
a given amount of time. If integral is just the
product of power and elapsed time.
Step 4 Evaluate your answer : Check your results,
including a check that energy is conserved. This
conservation can be expressed in either of two forms:
net power input = net power output or the
algebraic sum of the power inputs to the circuit
elements is zero.
I4
I3
This law is based upon conservation principle of

charge.
(ii) Second Law : (Loop rule or voltage law.) This
law is based upon conservation principle of
energy.
Grouping of resistors :
Case I : Resistors in series
RMN = Req = R1 + R2
R2
N
M R1
In general,
Req = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn
Case II : Resistors in parallel
1
R MN
1
1
1
=
+
R eq
R1
R2
R1
M
R2
In general,
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
R MN
R1
R2
Rn
Problem solving strategy : Series and Parallel
Problem solving strategy. : Power and Energy in circuits
Step 1 Identify the relevant concepts : Many resistor

networks are made up of resistors in series, in
parallel, or a combination of the two. The key
concept is such a network can be replaced by a single
equivalent resistor.
Step 1 Identify the relevant concepts :

The ideas of electric power input and output can be
applied to any electric circuit. In most cases youll
know when these concepts are needed, because the
24
SEPTEMBER 2010
Step 2 Set up the problem using the following steps:
Problem solving st. : Kirchhoffs Rules :

Step 1 Identify the relevant concepts : Kirchhoffs
rules are important tools for analyzing any circuit
more complicated than a single loop.
Step 2 Set up the problem using the following steps :
Draw a large circuit diagram so you have plenty
of room for labels. Label all quantities, known
and unknown, including an assumed direction for
each unknown current and emf. Often you will
not know in advance the actual direction of an
unknown current or emf, but this does not matter.
If the the actual direction of a particular quantity
is opposite to your assumption, the result will
come out with a negative sign. If you are
Kirchhoffs rules correctly, they will give you the
directions as well as the magnitudes of unknown
currents and emfs.
When you label currents, it is usually best to use
the junction rule immediately to express the
currents of as few quantities as possible. For
example, fig (a) shows a circuit correctly labeled;
fig. (b) shows the same circuit, relabeled by
applying the junction rule to point a to eliminate I3.
r2
r1
2
1
Make a drawing of the resistor network.

Determine whether the resistors are connected in
series or parallel. Note that you can often consider
networks such as combinations of series and
parallel arrangements.
a
I
R1
R2
R3
(a) R1, R2, and R3 in series

R1
a
I
R2
R3
b
I
b
I
(b) R1, R2, and R3 in parallel
Determine what the target variables are. They

could include the equivalent resistance of the
network, the potential difference across each
resistor, or the current through each resistor.
Use Eq. Req = R1 + R2 + R3 (resistors in series)

or
I2
I1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+...(resistors in parallel)
R eq R 1 R 2 R 3
I3
to find the equivalent resistance for a series or a

parallel combination, respectively.
I1
If the network is more complex, try reducing in to

series and parallel combinations.
R1
I2
a
R2
(a)
When calculating potential differences, remember

that when resistors are connected in series, the
total potential differences across the combination
equals the sum of the individual potential
differences. When they are connected in parallel,
the potential difference across the parallel
combination.
r2
r1
+
I2
I1
I1 + I 2
R3
I2
I1
Keep in mind the analogous statements for

current. When resistors are connected in series,
the current is the same through every resistor and
equals the current through the series combination.
When resistors are connected in parallel the total
current through the combination equals the sum
of the currents through the individual resistors.
R1
R2
(b)
Determine which quantities are the target
variables.
Choose any closed loop in the network and
designate
a
direction
(clockwise
or
counterclockwise) to travel around the loop when
applying the loop rule. The direction does not
have to be the same as any assumed current
direction.
Step 4 Evaluate your answer : Check whether your

results are consistent. If resistors are connected in
series, the equivalent resistance should be greater
than that of any individual resistor; if they are
connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance should
be less than that of any individual resistor.
R3
25
SEPTEMBER 2010
Travel around the loop in the designated

direction, adding potential differences as you
cross them. Remember that a positive potential
and a negative potential difference corresponds to
a decrease in potential. An emf is counted as
positive when you traverse it from () to (+), and
negative when you go from (+) to (). An IR term
is negative if you travel through the resistor in the
same direction as the assumed current and
positive if you pass it in the opposite direction.
Figure. summarizes these sign conventions. In
each part of the figure travel is the direction
that we imagine going around a loop while using
Kirchhoffs loop law, not necessary the direction
of current.
Equate the sum is Step 2 to zero.
If necessary, choose another loop to get a
different relation among the unknowns, and
continue until you have as many independent
equations as unknowns or until every circuit
element has been included in a at least one of the
chosen loops.
Solve the equations simultaneously to determine
the unknowns. This step involves algebra, not
physics, but it can be fairly complex. Be careful
with algebraic manipulations; one sign error will
prove fatal to the entire solution.
You can use this same bookkeeping system to
find the potential Vab of any point a with respect to
any other point b. Start at b and add the potential
changes you encounter in going from b to a, using the
same sign rules as in Step 2. The algebraic sum of the
these changes is vab = Va Vb.
Step 4 Evaluate your answer : Check all the step in
your algebra. A useful strategy is to consider a loop
other than the ones you used to solve the problem; if
the sum of potential drops around this loop is not
zero, you made an error somewhere in your
calculations. As always, ask yourself whether is
answer make sense.
Travel
Travel
+
+
1.
IR
B
A
4
Sol. The equivalent Wheatstone's bridge network of the
given circuit is shown in fig.
B
2
3
A
1
C
2
D
2 Volt
Here the points B and D are at the same potential as
the bridge is balanced. So the 3 resistance in BD
arm is ineffective and can be omitted from the circuit.
The resistance of ABC branch is 2 + 4 = 6 as
AB and BC are in series. Similarly the resistance of
A D C branch is 1 + 2 = 3.
The two resistances, i.e., 6 ohm and 3 ohm are in
parallel. The equivalent resistance R is given by
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
R = 2
6
3
R
2
(i) The current drawn from 2 volt accumulator is
E
2
=
= I amp.
i=
R
2
(ii) The current through 3 resistor is zero.
(iii) When the 3 resistor is removed from the
circuit, there will be no change.
+IR
I
I
When using Kirchhoffs rules, follow these sign
conventions as you travel around a circuit loop.
In a circuit shown in fig.

(i) find the current drawn from the accumulator.
(ii) find the current through the 3 ohm resistor,
(iii) What happens when 3 ohm resistor is removed
from the circuit ?
2V
1
Travel
Travel
+
Solved Examples
2.
26
A battery of e.m.f. 5 volt and internal resistance 20

is connected with a resistance R1 = 50 and a
resistance R2 = 40. A voltmeter of resistance 1000
is used to measure the potential difference across R1.
What percentage error is made in the reading ?
SEPTEMBER 2010
Let R be the voltmeter resistance. The resistance 400

and voltmeter resistance R are in parallel. Their
equivalent resistance R is given by
1
400 + R
400R
1
1
=
+
=
or
400
400R
400 + R
R
R
But R should be equal to 300 ohm. Hence
400R
= 300
R = 1200 ohm
400 + R
Thus, voltmeter resistance is 1200 ohm.
When the voltmeter is connected across 300 ohm, the
effective resistance R" is given by
1
1
1+ 4
5
1
=
+
=
=
300
1200
1200
R" 1200
1200
R =
= 240 ohm.
5
Now the potential difference is shared between 240
ohm and 400 ohm.
Potential diff. across 240 ohm : Potential difference
across 400 ohm
= 240 : 400 = 3 : 5
As total potential is 60 V, hence potential difference
across 240 ohm, i.e., across resistance 300 ohm will
be
3
60 = 22.5 V.
8
Sol. The circuit is shown in fig.

1000
V
R2 = 50
R1 = 50
20
5V
When voltmeter is not connected
E
current in the circuit i =
r + R1 + R 2
5
5
1
=
=
A
20 + 50 + 40
110
22
Potential difference across R1 = i R1
1
50 = 2.27 volt.
=
22
When the voltmeter is connected across R1.
In this case the galvanometer resistance is in parallel
with R1. Hence
1000 50
= 47.62 ohm
Equivalent resistance =
1000 + 50
Current in the circuit
5
5
A
=
=
20 + 40 + 47.62 107.62
Potential difference measured by voltmeter
5
=
47.62 = 2.21 volt.
107.62
2.27 2.21
100 = 2.6%
Percentage error =
2.27
i=
3.
4.
H
+
C
+
G
(i) The potential difference between B and D and
(ii) the potential difference across the terminals of
each of the cells G and H.
Sol. Fig. shows the current distribution.
Applying Kirchhoff's first law at point D, we have
i = i1 + i2
...(1)
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to mesh and
ADBA, we have
2i + 1i + 2i1 = 2 1 = 1
or
3i + 2i1 = 1
...(2)
2V
2
B
A
In the circuit fig. a voltmeter reads 30 V when it is

connected across 400 ohm resistance. Calculate what
the same voltmeter will read when it is connected
across the 300 resistance ?
30 V
V
300
400
60 V
Sol. Potential difference across 400 ohm = 30 V
Potential difference across 300 ohm
= (60 30) = 30 V
This shows that the potential difference is equally
shared.
In the circuit shown in fig. E, F, G and H are cells of

e.m.f. 2, 1, 3 and 1 volt and their internal resistances
are 2, 1, 3 and 1 ohm respectively. Calculate
E
+
B
A
1V
i
D
27
1V
1
i1
i2
1
C
3V
SEPTEMBER 2010
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to mesh DCBD, we

get
3i2 1i2 2i1 = 3 1
or
4i2 2i1 = 2
...(3)
Solving eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get
1
6
5
i1 =
amp., i2 =
amp. and i =
amp.
13
13
13
(i) Potential difference between B and D
2
1
volt.
= 2i1 = 2 =
13 13
(ii) Potential difference across G
63
= 1.61 V
= E i2R = 3
13
Potential difference across H
6
=1
(1) = 1.46 V.
13
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
OF AIR
Twelve equal wires, each of resistance 6 ohm are

joined up to form a skeleton cube. A current enters at
one corner and leaves at the diagonally opposite
corner. Find the joint resistance between the corners.
Sol. The skeleton ABCDEFGH, is shown in fig.
i/6
F
E
i/3
i/3
i/6
A
B i/6
i/3
i/6
i/3
5.
i/6
H i/3
Did you know that the air we breathe isnt just oxygen,
infact its made up of a number of different gases such as
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, neon and many
others. Each of these gases carry useful properties so
separating them from the air around us is
extremely beneficial.
The process is called fractional distillation and consists of
two steps, the first relies on cooling the air to a very low
temperature (i.e. converting it into a liquid), the second
involves heating it up thus allowing each gas within the
mixture to evaporate at its own boiling point. The key to
success here is that every element within air has its own
unique boiling temperature. As long as we know these
boiling temperatures we know when to collect each gas.
i/3
D
C
i/6
This skeleton consists of twelve wires. Let the
resistance of each wire be r. Here the current i enters
at corner A and leaves at corner G. The current i at
corner A is divided into three equal parts (i/3)
because the resistance of each wire is the same. At B,
D and E, the current i/3 is divided into two equal
parts each having magnitude i/6. At the corners C, F
and H, the currents again combine to give currents,
each of magnitude i/3 along CG, FG and HG
respectively. At corner G, all these currents combine
so that the current leaving at G is i.
Let R be the equivalent resistance between the
corners A and G. Taking any one of the paths say
ABCG, we have
VAG = VAB + VBC + VCG
i
i
i
iR = r + r + r
3
6
3
5
or R = r
6
According to given problem r = 6 ohm
5
6 = 5 ohm.
R=
6
So what are the real world benefits of separating and

extracting these gases? Well liquid oxygen is used to power
rockets, oxygen gas is used in breathing apparatus, nitrogen
is used to make fertilizers, the nitric acid component of
nitrogen is used in explosives.
The other gases all have their own uses too, for example
argon is used to fill up the empty space in most light bulbs
(thanks to its unreactive nature). Carbon dioxide is used in
fire extinguishers and is great for putting out fires in burning
liquids and electrical fires. There really are too many uses to
list but suffice it to say that fractional distillation is an
extremely useful process for humans the world over.
28
SEPTEMBER 2010
P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Circular Motion, Rotational Motion

KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Without centripetal force, a body can not move on a

circular path. Earth gets this force from the
gravitational attraction between earth and sun;
electron moves in circular path due to electrostatic
attraction between it and nucleus. A cyclic or car
while taking turn, gets the centripetal force from the
friction between road and type. To create this force,
the vehicle tilts itself towards the centre. If it makes
angle with the vertical in tilted position then than
= v2/rg. where v is its velocity and r is the radius of
the path. In order to avoid skidding (or slipping), the
angle of tilt with vertical should be less than angle
of friction . i.e.
tan < tan
Circular Motion :
When a particle moves on a circular path with
uniform speed, its is said to execute a uniform
circular motion.
Angular Velocity : It is the rate of change of
angular displacements of the body. If the radial line
in the adjoining figure rotates through an angle
(radian) in time t (seconds) then its angular velocity.
or
radian / second
t
If it takes the radial line a time T to complete one
revolution, then
2
=
T
and if n revolutions are made in 1s then
1
and = 2n
n=
T
The angular acceleration of the particle is given by
=
t
Linear Velocity :
Linear velocity = angular velocity radius
v=r
linear acceleration of particle (a) = a r
Centripetal Acceleration : When a particle moves
with uniform speed v in a circle of radius r it is acted
upon by an acceleration v2/r in the direction of centre.
It is called centripetal acceleration. The acceleration
has a fixed magnitude but its direction is
continuously changing. It is always directed towards
the centre of the circle.
Centripetal Forces : If the particle of mass m moves
with uniform velocity v in circle of radius r, then
mv 2
. This is
force acting on it towards the centre is
r
called centripetal force. It has a fixed magnitude and
is always directed towards the centre.
=
v2
< (since coefficient of friction = tan )
rg
In limiting condition
v2
= or v =
rg
.r.g
This is the maximum safe speed at the turn.

Since centripetal force is provided by the friction, it
can never be more than the maximum value
R = (mg) or frictional force.
Motion in a vertical circle : When a body tied at one
end of a string is revolved in a vertical circle, it has
different speed at different points of the circular path.
Therefore, the centripetal force and tension in the
string change continuously. At the highest point A of
motion.
A
va
mg
Ta
r
C
Tb
vb
B
mg
mv a2
mg
r
r
This tension, at highest point will be zero, for a
minimum velocity vc given by
Ta + mg =
0=
29
mv a2
or
Ta =
mv c2
mg or
r
vc =
gr
SEPTEMBER 2010
This minimum speed is called critical speed (vc). If

the speed at A is less than this value, the particle will
not reach up to the highest point. To reach with this
speed at A, the body should have speed at B given by
the conservation laws viz.
Decrease in kinetic energy = increase in potential
energy
Let l be the length of string AB. The forces acting on

the bob are (i) weight mg acting downwards,
(ii) tension T along the sting (horizontal) component
is T sin and vertical component is T cos ).
T cos = mg
The horizontal component is equal to the centripetal
force i.e.,
1
1
mvb2 mva2 = mg.2r
2
2
vb2 = va2 + 4gr
for critical speed va = vc =

vb2gr + 4gr
gr
or
vb =
T cos
T
T sin
5gr
r
Therefore, the body should have speed at B at least
5gr , so that it can just move in vertical circle.
Tension in string at B is given by.
mg
mv 2b
m5vgr
or Tb = mg +
= 6mg
Tb mg =
r
r
This means that the string should be able to stand to a
tension, equal to six times the weight of the body
otherwise the string will break.
Rotational Motion :
Centre of mass of a system of particles :
The point at which the whole mass of the body may
be supposed to be concentrated is called the centre of
mass.
Consider the case of a body of an arbitrary shape of n
XY plane as shown in fig. Let the body consist of
number of
At any other point P making angle with the vertical,

from the figure.
A
Y
(x2, y2)
P1(x1, y1)
(x, y ) P2
vp
P3(x3, y3)
P
B
T mg cos =
mv 2p
r
mg
or
Q
mg cos
particles P1, P2, P3, .... of masses m1, m2, m3, ..... and
coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), ..... If ( x, y) be
the coordinates of centre of mass, then
v2
T = m r + g cos
r
v2
At point A, = 180; Ta = m a g
r
At point B, = 0;
and
v2
Tb = m b + g
r
x =
m1x1 + m 2 x 2 + m 3 x 3 + ....
m n x n
=
m1 + m 2 + m 3 + .....
m n
y =
m1 y1 + m 2 y 2 + m 3 y 3 + ...
m n y n
=
m1 + m 2 + m 3 + ....
m n
When there is a continuous distribution of mass

instead of being discrete, we treat an infinitesimal
element of the body of mass dm whose position is
(x, y, z). In such a case, we replace summation by
integration in above equations. Now we have,
Conical pendulum :
A conical pendulum consists of a string AB (fig.)
whose upper end is fixed at A and other and B is tied
with a bob. When the bob is drawn aside and is given
a horizontal push. Let it describe a horizontal circle
with constant angular speed in such a way that AB
makes a constant angle with the vertical. As the
string traces the surface of a cone, it is known as
conic pendulum.
x dm = x dm
M
dm
y dm = y dm
y =
M
dm
x =
30
SEPTEMBER 2010
z =
z dm = z dm
M
dm
Theorems on moment of inertia :

Theorem of parallel axes : According to this
theorem, the moment of inertia I of a body about any
axis is equal to its moment of inertia about a parallel
axis through centre of mass IG plus Ma2 where M is
the mass of the body and a is the perpendicular
distance between the axes, i.e., I = IG + Ma2
Theorem of perpendicular axes : According to this
theorem, the moment of inertia I of the body about a
perpendicular axis is equal to the sum of moment of
inertia of the body about two axes right angles to
each other in the plane of the body and intersecting at
a point where the perpendicular axis passes, i.e.,
I = Ix + I y
Table of moment of inertia :
where M is the total mass.

Motion of centre of mass :
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 located
at position vectors r1 and r2 respectively with respect
to origin. Now the position vector r of the centre of
mass is given by
...(1)
(m1 + m2)r = m1r1 + m2r2
Thus, the product of the total mass of the system and
position vector of the centre of mass is equal to the
sum of the products of the individual masses and
their respective position vectors. Hence
r=
m1r1 + m 2 r2
m1 + m 2
...(2)
Now the velocity of centre of mass of the system is

dr
given by
v=
dt
Axis
1.
Thin uniform rod

of length l
Through
its
centre
and
perpendicular to
its length
Ml 2
12
2.
Thin rectangular
sheet of sides a
and b.
Through
its
centre
and
perpendicular to
its plane
a 2 b2
M +
12
12
3.
Thick
rectangular bar
of
length
l,
breadth b and
thickness t.
Through
its
midpoint
and
perpendicular to
its length
l2 b2
M +
12 12
4.
Uniform
solid
sphere of radius
R
About a diameter
2
MR2
5
5.
Circular ring of
radius R.
Through
its
centre
and
perpendicular to
its plane
MR2
6.
Disc of radius R.
Through
its
centre
and
perpendicular to
its plane
1
MR2
2
7.
Solid cylinder of
length l and
radius R.
(i) Through its

centre
and
parallel to its
length
(ii) Through its
centre
and
perpendicular to
its length.
1
MR2
2
The acceleration of the centre of mass is given by

a=
dv
d2x
dd
=
= 2
dt
dt dt
dt
The equation describing the motion of the centre of

mass may be written as
dv
f(total) = M
dt
When no external force acts on the system, then

0=M
dv
dv
or
=0
dt
dt
v = constant
Therefore, when no external force acts on the system,
the centre of mass of an isolated system move with
uniform velocity.
Moment of inertia and radius of gyration :
Moment of Inertia : The moment of inertia of a
body about an axis is defined as the sum of the
products of the masses of the particles constituting
the body and the square of their respective distance
from the axis.
Radius of Gyration : If we consider that the whole
mass of the body is concentrated at a distance K from
the axis of rotation, then moment of inertia I can be
expressed as
I = MK2
where M is the total mass of the body and K is the
radius of gyration. Thus the quantity whose square
when multiplied by the total mass of the body gives
the moment of inertia of the body about that axis is
known as radius of gyration.
Moment of
inertia
Body
R 2 l2
+
M
4 12
Angular momentum of a rotating body :

In case of rotating body about an axis, the sum of the
momentum of the linear momentum of all the
31
SEPTEMBER 2010
particles about the axis of rotation is called angular

momentum about the axis.
Step-1 : Identify the relevant concepts : The equation

= Iz is useful whenever torques act on a rigid
bodythat is, whenever forces act on a rigid body in
such a way as to change the state of the bodys
rotation.
In some cases you may be able to use an energy
approach instead. However, if the target variable is a
force, a torque, an acceleration, an angular
acceleration, or an elapsed time, the approach using
= I2 is almost always the most efficient one.
Step-2 : Setup the problem using the following steps:
Draw a sketch of the situation and select the body
or bodies to be analyzed.
For each body, draw a free-body diagram
isolating the body and including all the forces
(and only those forces) that act on the body,
including its weight. Label unknown quantities
with algebraic symbols. A new consideration is
that you must show the shape of the body
accurately, including all dimensions and angles
you will need for torque calculations.
Choose coordinate axes for each body and
indicate a positive sense of rotation for each
rotating body. If there is a linear acceleration, its
usually simplest to pick a positive axis in its
direction. If you know the sense of z in advance,
picking it as the positive sense of rotation
simplifies the calculations. When you represent a
force in terms of its components, cross out the
original force to avoid including it twice.
Step-3 : Execute the solution as follows :
For each body in the problem, decide whether it
under goes translational motion, rotational
motion, or both. Depending on the behavior of the
r
body in question, apply F = m a , z = Iz, or
both to the body. Be careful to write separate
equations of motion for each body.
There may be geometrical relations between the
motions of two or more bodies, as with a string
that unwinds from a pulley while turning it or a
wheel that rolls without slipping. Express these
relations in algebraic form, usually as relations
between two linear accelerations or between a
linear acceleration and an angular acceleration.
Check that the number of equations matches the
number of unknown quantities. Then solve the
equations to find the target variable(s).
Step-4 : Evaluate your answer : Check that the
algebraic signs of your results make sense. As an
example, suppose the problem is about a spool of
thread. If you are pulling thread off the spool, your
answers should not tell you that the spool is turning
in the direction the results for special cases or
intuitive expectations. Ask yourself : Does this result
make sense ?
Q Also the angular momentum of rigid body about

an axis is the product of moment of inertia and the
angular velocity of the body about that axis.
L = r p = I
Translational and rotational quantities :
Translational Motion
Rotational Motion
Displacement = s
Angular displacement =
Velocity = v
Angular velocity =
Acceleration = a
Angular acceleration =
Inertia = m
Moment of inertia = I
Force = F
Torque =
Momentum = mv
Angular momentum = I
Power = Fv
Rotational power =
Kinetic energy =
1
mv2
2
Rotational K.E. =
1 2
I
2
Kinematics equation of a rotating rigid body :

The angular velocity of a rotating rigid body is
defined as the rate of change of angular displacement,
i.e., = (d / dt )
Similarly, the angular acceleration is defined as the
rate of change of angular velocity, i.e.,
d
d2
=
=
dt
dt 2
Let a body be rotating with constant angular
acceleration with initial angular velocity 0 . If

is the initial angular displacement, then its angular
velocity and angular displacement at any time is

given by the following equations
= 0 + t
0 = 0t +
1 2
t
2
and 2 = 02 + 2
These equations are similar to usual kinematics
equation of translatory motion.
v = u + at, s = ut +
1 2
at
2
and
v2 = u2 + 2as
Problem Solving Strategy : Rotational Dynamics for
Rigid Bodies :
Our strategy for solving problems in rotational
dynamics is very similar to the strategy for solving
problems that in involve Newtons second law.
32
SEPTEMBER 2010
Problem Solving Strategy: Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

Step-1 : Identify the relevant concepts : The first and
second conditions for equilibrium are useful
whenever there is a rigid body that is not rotating and
not accelerating in space.
Step-2 : Set up the problem using the following steps:
Draw a sketch of the physical situation, including
dimensions, and select the body in equilibrium to
be analyzed.
Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces
acting on the selected body and no others. Do not
include forces exerted by this body on other
bodies. Be careful to show correctly the point at
which each force acts; this is crucial for correct
torque calculations. You can't represent a rigid
body as a point.
Choose coordinate axes and specify a positive
sense of rotation for torques. Represent forces in
terms of their components with respect to the axes
you have chosen; when you do this, cross out the
original force so that you don't included it twice.
In choosing a point to compute torques, note that
if a force has a line of action that goes through a
particular point, the torque of the force with
respect to that point is zero. You can often
eliminate unknown forces or components from
the torque equation by a clever choice of point for
your calculation. The body doesn't actually have
to be pivoted about an axis through the chosen
point.
Step-3 : Execute the solution as follows :
Write equations expressing the equilibrium
conditions. Remember that Fx = 0, Fy = 0, and
z = 0 are always separate equations; never add
x-and y-components in a single equation. Also
remember that when a force is represented in term
of its components, you can compute the torque of
that force by finding the torque of each
component separately, each with its appropriate
lever arm and sign, and adding the results. This is
often easier than determining the lever arm of the
original force.
You always need as many equations as you have
unknowns. Depending on the number of
unknowns, you may need to compute torques
with respect to two or more axes to obtain enough
equations. Often, there are several equally good
sets of force and torque equations for a particular
problem; there is usually no single "right"
combination of equations. When you have as
many independent equations as unknowns, you
can solve the equations simultaneously.
Step-4 : Evaluate your answer : A useful way to
check your results is to rewrite the second condition
for equilibrium, z = 0, using a different choice of
origin. If you've done everything correctly, you'll get
the same answers using this new choice of origin as
you did with your original choice
Solved Examples
1.
A particle a moves along a circle of radius R = 50 cm

so that its radius vector r relative to point O (fig.)
rotates with the
A
A
Y
r
O
R
O
(a)
(b)
constant angular velocity = 0.40 rad/sec. Find the
modulus of the velocity of the particle and modulus
and direction of its total acceleration.
Sol. Consider X and Y axes as shown in fig. Using sine
law in triangle CAO, we get
R
r
R
r
=
or
=
sin
2 sin cos
sin
sin( 2)
Now
r = 2 R cos
r = r cos i + r sin j
= 2 R cos2 i + 2R cos sin j
dr
d
d
= 4R cos sin
i + 2R cos 2
j
Now, v
dt
dt
dt
= 2 R sin 2 i + 2 R cos 2 j
|v| = 2 R
Further
dv
d
d
a=
= 4 R cos 2
i 4 R sin 2
j
dt
dt
dt
= 4 R 2 cos 2 i 4R 2 sin 2 j
|a| = 4 R2
A particle describes a horizontal circle on the smooth
inner surface of a conical funnel as shown in fig. If
the height of the plane of the circle above the vertex
9.8 mark cm, find the speed of the particle.
Sol. The forces acting on the particle are shown in fig.
They are
2.
R sin
mv2/r
mg
R cos
R
r
h=9.8 cm
(i) weight m g acting vertically downwards.

(ii) normal reaction R of smooth surface of the cone.
(iii) reaction of the centripetal force (mv2/r) acting
radially outward.
Hence,
R sin = m g
...(1)
...(2)
and
R cos = (mv2/r)
33
SEPTEMBER 2010
Dividing eq. (1) by eq. (2), we get

gr
...(3)
tan = 2
v
From figure, tan = (r/h)
...(4)
From eqs. (3) and (4), we get
gr
r
= 2 or v = (g h )
h
v
v = [9.8 (9.8 102)]1/2 = 9.98 m/s
Now L =
=
A particle of 10 kg mass is moving in a circle of 4m

radius with a constant speed of 5m/sec. What is its
angular momentum about (i) the centre of circle (ii) a
point on the axis of the circle and 3 m distant from its
centre ? Which of these will always be in same
direction ?
Sol. The situation is shown in fig.
A thin horizontal uniform rod AB of mass m and

length l can rotate freely about a vertical axis passing
through its end A. At a certain moment the end B
starts experiencing a constant force F which is always
perpendicular to the original position of the stationary
rod and directed in the horizontal plane. Find the
angular velocity of the rod as a function of its
rotation angle counted relative to the initial
position.
Sol. The situation of the rod at an angle is shown in fig.
Here
r = i l cos + + j l sin
and
F=jF
(Force is always perpendicular to rod)
Y F
L2
(a) We know that L = r mv

L = m v r sin
Here m = 10 kg, r = 4 m, v = 5 m/sec
and = 90
L = 10 5 4 1 = 200 kg-m2/sec.
(b) In this case r =
(16 2 ) = 4
5.
5
3
0
(4 2 + 32 ) = 5m.
l
L = 10 5 5 = 250 kg-m2/sec.
From figure it is obvious that angular momentum in
first case always has same direction but in second
case the direction changes.
I22 = 2IE or I =
(2IE)
From eqs. (1) and (2), L =
(2IE)
F
X
A symmetrical body is rotating about its axis of

symmetry, its moment of inertia about the axis of
rotation being 1 kg-m2 and its rate of rotation 2
rev./sec. (a) what is its angular momentum ? (b) what
additional work will have to be done to double its
rate of rotation ?
Sol. (a) As the body is rotating about its axis of
symmetry, the angular momentum vector coincides
with the axis of rotation.
Angular momentum L = I
...(1)
1 2
Kinetic energy of rotation E = I
2
or 2E = I2
4.
= r F = (i l cos + j l sin ) (j F)
= l F cos k
| | = l F cos
We know that = 1
1
Here I = m l2 (for rod) and = (d/d)
3
1
m l2 . (d/d)
l F cos =
3
1
or l F cos d =
m l2 . d
3
Integrating within proper limits, we have
1
cos d = m l2 d
lF
0
0
3
...(2)
...(3)
= 2 rev/sec = 2 2
or 4 radian/sec.
1
1 (4)2 = 82 joule
E=
2
( 2 1 8 2 )
= 12.57 kg.m2/sec.
(b) When the rate of rotation is doubled, i.e., 4
rev/sec or 8 radians/sec, the kinetic energy of
rotation is given by
1
E=
1 (8)2 = 322 joule
2
Additional work required
= Final K.E. of rotation Initial K.E. of rotation
= 322 82
= 24 2 = 236.8 joule
3.
L1
(2IE) =
l F sin =
34
1
m l2(2/2)
3
6 F sin
ml
SEPTEMBER 2010
KEY CONCEPT
Organic
Chemistry
Fundamentals
ALIPHATIC
HYDROCARBON
Addition of hydrogen halides to Alkenes :

Markovnikovs Rule
Hydrogen halides (HI, HBr, HCl, and HF) add to the
double bond of alkenes :
C=C
already has the greater number of hydrogen

atoms. The addition of HBr to propene is an
illustration :
Carbon atom
with the
greater
number of
hydrogen atoms
H
Br
Markovnikov
addition
H
Br
product
Reactions that illustrate Markovnikovs rule are said
to be Markovnikov additions.
A mechanism for addition of a hydrogen halide to an
alkene involves the following two steps :
Step 1 :
H
+ HX C C
H H
These additions are sometimes carried out by
dissolving the hydrogen halide in a solvent, such as
acetic acid or CH2Cl2, or by bubbling the gaseous
hydrogen halide directly into the alkene and using the
alkene itself as the solvent. HF is prepared as
polyhydrogen fluoride in pyridine. The order of
reactivity of the hydrogen halides is HI > HBr > HCl
> HF, and unless the alkene is highly substituted, HCl
reacts so slowly that the reaction is not one that is
useful as a preparative method. HBr adds readily, the
reaction may follow an alternate course. However,
adding silica gel or alumina to the mixture of the
alkene and HCl or HBr in CH2Cl2 increases the rate
of addition dramatically and makes the reaction an
easy one to carry out.
The addition of HX to an unsymmetrical alkene
could conceivably occur in two ways. In practice,
however, one product usually predominates. The
addition of HBr to propene, for example, could
conceivably lead to either 1-bromopropane or
2-bromopropane. The main product, however is
2-bromopropane :
C=C
CC + X
Step 2 :
H
X
+ +C C
H
fast
C C
X
The halide ion reacts with the carbocation by

donating an electron pair; the result is an alkyl halide
Modern Statement of Markovniovs Rule :

According to Modern statement of Markovnikovs
rule, In the ionic addition of an unsymmetrical
reagent to a double bond, the positive portion of
the adding reagent attaches itself to a carbon
atom of the double bond so as to yield the more
stable carbocation as an intermediate. Because this
is the step that occurs first (before the addition of the
nucleophilic portion of the adding reagent), it is the
step that determines the overall orientation of the
reaction.
Notice that this formulation of Markovnikovs rule
allows us to predict the outcome of the addition of a
such as ICl. Because of the greater electro negativity
of chlorine, the positive portion of this molecule is
iodine. The addition of ICl to 2-methylpropene takes
place in the following way and produces 2-chloro-1iodo-2-methylpropane :
Br
2-Bromopropane
When 2-methylpropene reacts with HBr, the main

product is tert-butyl bromide, not isobutyl bromide :
CH3
H 3C
C = CH2 + HBr CH3 C CH3
H 3C
Br
tert-Butyl bromide
Consideration of many examples like this led the

Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870 to
formulate what is now known as Markovnikovs
rule. One way to state this rule is to say that in the
addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen atom
adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that
+ H X slow
The electrons of the alkene form a bond with a proton

from HX to form a carbocation and a halide ion
CH2 = CHCH3 + HBr CH3CHCH3
2-Methylpropene
(isobutylene)
CH2 = CHCH3 CH2 CHCH3
35
SEPTEMBER 2010
H 3C
H 3C
H3C
C = CH2 + I Cl
C CH2 I
C C + Hg + CH3CO
H3C
Cl
2-Methylpropene
HO
CH3
In the first step, oxymercuration, water and mercuric

acetate add to the double bond; in the second step,
demercuration, sodium borohydride reduces the
acetoxymercury group and replaces it with hydrogen.
(The acetate group is often abbreviated OAc.)
CH3 C CH2 I
Cl
2-Chloro-1-iodo-2-methylpropane
Both steps can be carried out in the same vessel, and

both reactions take place very rapidly at room
temperature
or
below.
The
first
step
oxymercurationusually goes to completion within a
period of 20s 10 min. The second step
demercuration normally requires less than an hour.
The overall reaction gives alcohols in very high
yields, usually greater than 90%.
An Exception to Markovnikovs Rule :

This rule exception concerns the addition of HBr to
alkenes when the addition is carried out in the
presence of peroxides (i.e., compounds with the
general formula ROOR). When alkenes are treated
with HBr in the presence of peroxides, an antiMarkovnikov addition occurs in the sense that the
hydrogen atom becomes attached to the carbon atom
with the fewer hydrogen atoms. With propene, for
example, the addition takes place as follows :
Oxymercurationdemercuration is also highly

regioselective. The net orientation of the addition of
the elements of water, H and OH, is in accordance
with Markovnikovs rule. The H becomes attached
to the carbon atom of the double bond with the
greater number of hydrogen atoms :
CH3CH = CH2 + HBr ROOR

CH3CH2CH2Br
This addition occurs by a radical mechanism, and not
by the ionic mechanism. This anti-Markovnikov
addition occurs only when HBr is used in the
presence of peroxides and does not occur
significantly with HF, HCl, and HI even when
peroxides are present.
Alcohols from Alkenes through OxymercurationDemercuration Markovnikov Addition :
A useful laboratory procedure for synthesizing
alcohols from alkenes that avoids rearrangement is a
two-step method called oxymercuration demercuration.
Alkenes react with mercuric acetate in a mixture of
tetrahydrofurane (THF) and water to produce
(hydroxyalkyl)
mercury
compounds.
These
(hydroxyalkyl) mercury compounds can be reduced
to alcohols with sodium borohydride :
Step 1 : Oxymercuration
C=C
+ H2O +
||
OCCH
Hg
3 2
H
C=C
HO
HO
The following are specific examples :

Hg ( OAc)
2
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH = CH 2
THF H 2 O
1 Pentene
(15 s )
NaBH 4
CH3(CH2)2 CH CH 2

OH
|
|
(1 h )
OH HgOAc
CH3(CH2)2 CHCH 3 + Hg
|
OH
THF
2-Pentanol (93%)
H3C
CH3
+ CH3COH
OH
HgOAc
Hg(OAc)2
THF-H2O
(20 s)
1-Methylcyclopentene
R C C H
(2) NaBH4, OH
+
HO H
HO Hg OCCH3
Step 2 : Demercuration
CC
H H
(1) Hg(OAc)2/THFH2O
O
CC
H3C
OH
+ OH + NaBH4
NaBH4
OH
Hg OCCH3
+ Hg
(6 min)
1-Methylcyclopentanol
36
SEPTEMBER 2010
37
SEPTEMBER 2010
38
SEPTEMBER 2010
39
SEPTEMBER 2010
40
SEPTEMBER 2010
Rearrangements of the carbon skeleton seldom occur

in
oxymercuration
demercuration.
The
oxymercuration - demercuration of 3, 3-dimethyl-1butene is a striking example illustrating this feature.
It is in direct contrast to the hydration of 3, 3dimethyl-1-butene.
B2H6 + 2 O
CH 3
|
CH 3C CHCH 3
|
|
CH 3 OH
Stereochemistry of Hydroboration :
3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol (94%)
Analysis of the mixture of products by gas

chromatography failed to reveal the presence of any
2,
3-dimethyl-2-butanol.
The
acid-catalyzed
hydration of 3, 3-dimethyl-1-butene, by contrast,
gives 2, 3-dimethyl-2-butanol as the major product.
at the less substituted carbon of the double bond (i.e.,

at the carbon atom that bears the greater number of
hydrogen atoms), and the formation of a bridged
intermediate.
CH3
CH3 syn addition
anti-Markovnikov
H
+
Hydroboration : Synthesis of Alkylboranes
HB
Hydroboration of an alkene is the starting point for a

number of useful synthetic procedures, including the
anti-Markovnikov
syn
hydration
procedure.
Hydroboration was discovered by Herbert C. Brown,
and it can be represented in its simplest terms as
follows :
B
H
H
H
H
+ enantiomer
Science Jokes
A chemistry professor couldn't resist interjecting a little
philosophy into a class lecture. He interrupted his
discussion on balancing chemical equations, saying,
"Remember, if you're not part of the solution, you're part of
the precipitate!"
CC
B
Alkylborane
Hydroboration can be accomplished with diborane

(B2H6), which is a gaseous dimer of borane (BH3), or
more conveniently with a reagent prepared by
dissolving diborane in THF. When diborane is
introduced to THF, it reacts to form a Lewis acid
base complex of borane (the Lewis acid) and THF.
The complex is represented as BH3 : THF.
We can see the results of a syn addition in our

examples
involving
the
hydroboration
of
1-methylcyclopentene ring :
HB
electrophilic attack by the mercury species, HgOAc ,
Boron hydride
A mechanism that accounts for the orientation of

addition in the oxymercuration stage, and one that
also explains the general lack of accompanying
rearrangements. Central to this mechanism is an
Alkene
BH3 : THF
Solutions containing the BH3 : THF complex can be

obtained commercially. Hydroboration reactions are
usually carried out in ethers : either in diethyl ether
(CH3CH2)2O, or in some higher molecular weight
ether such as diglyme [(CH3OCH2CH2)2O,
diethylene glycol dimethyl ether]. Great care must be
used in handling diborane and alkylboranes because
they ignite spontaneously in air (with a green flame).
The solution of BH3: THF must be used in an inert
atmosphere (e.g., argon or nitrogen) and with care.
3, 3-Dimethyl-1-butene
hydroboration
THF
(tetrahydrofuran)
Diborane
CH 3
|
(1) Hg ( OAc ) 2 / THF H 2 O
CH 3 C CH = CH 2
( 2 ) NaBH 4 , OH
|
CH 3
C=C + HB
H
+
2H B O
1.
1 couldn't resist interjecting a little philosophy into a

class lecture. He interrupted his discussion on
balancing chemical equations, saying, "Remember, if
you're not part of the solution, you're part of the
precipitate!".
2.
Q. What is volume of a person who lost all his

memory ? A. 1/3 r2h
Because he keeps on saying, main CONE hu!"
41
SEPTEMBER 2010
KEY CONCEPT
OXYGEN FAMILY &

HYDROGEN FAMILY
Inorganic
Chemistry
Fundamentals
Singlet dioxygen can add to a diene molecule in the

1, 4 positions, rather like a DielsAlder reaction. It
may add 1, 2 to an alkene which can be cleaved into
two carbonyl compounds.
OO
CH2
CH2 + singlet O2
Oxygen :
Oxygen occurs as two non-metallic forms, dioxygen
O2 and ozone O3. Dioxygen O2 is stable as a diatomic
molecule, which accounts for it being a gas. The
bonding in the O2 molecules is not as simple as it
might at first appear. If the molecule had two
covalent bonds, then all electron would be paired and
the molecule should be diamagnetic.
O + O
CH CH
Singlet dioxygen may be involved in biological

oxidations.
Ozone O3 is the triatomic allotrope of oxygen. It is
unstable, and decomposes to O2. The structure of O3
is angular, with an O O O bond angle of 11648.
Both O O bond lengths are 1.28 , which is
intermediate between a single bond (1.48 in H2O2)
and a double bond (1.21 in O2). The older valence
bond representation as resonance hybrid now seldom
used. The structure is described as the central O atom
using sp2 hybrid orbitals to bond to the terminal O
atoms. The central atom has one lone pair, and the
terminal O atoms have two lone pairs. This leaves
four electrons for bonding. The pz atomic orbitals
from the three atoms form three delocalized
molecular orbitals covering all three atoms. One MO
is bonding, one non-bonding, and one antibonding.
The four electron fill the bonding and non-bonding
MOs and thus contribute one delocalized bond to
the molecule in addition to the two bonds. Thus the
bond order is 1.5, and the system is described as a
four-electron three-centre bond.
Trioxides of Sulphur :
The only important trioxide in this group, SO3, is
obtained by reaction of sulfur dioxide with molecular
oxygen, a reaction that is thermodynamically very
favorable but extremely slow in the absence of a
catalyst. Platinum sponge, V2O5, and NO serve as
catalysts under various conditions. Sulfur trioxide
reacts vigorously with water to form sulfuric acid.
Commercially, for practical reasons, SO3 is absorbed
in concentrated sulfuric acid, to give oleum, which is
then diluted. Sulfur trioxide is used as such for
preparing sulfonated oils and alkyl arenesulfonate
detergents. It is also a powerful but generally
indiscriminate oxidizing agent; however, it will
selectively oxidize pentachlorotoluene and similar
compounds to the alcohol.
The free molecule, in the gas phase, has a planar,
triangular structure that may be considered to be a
or O = O
Dioxygen is paramaginetic and therefore contains

unpaired electrons. The explanation of this
phenomenon was one of the early successes of the
molecular orbital theory.
Liquid dioxygen is pale blue in colour, and the solid
is also blue. The colour arises from electronic
transitions which excite the ground state (a triplet
state) to a singlet state. This transition is 'forbidden'
in gaseous dioxygen. In liquid or solid dioxygen a
single photon may collide with two molecules
simultaneously and promote both to excited states,
absorbing red yellow green light, so O2 appears
blue. The origin of the excited singlet states in O2 lies
in the arrangement of electrons in the antibonding
*2py and *2pz molecular orbitals, and is shown
below.
Second excited
state (electrons
have opposite
spins
*py*pz
State
Energy /kJ
157
singlet
First excited
state (electrons
paired )
singlet
92
Ground state
(electrons have
parallel spins)
triplet
g+
Singlet O2 is excited, and is much more reactive than

normal ground state triplet dioxygen. Singlet
dioxygen can be generated photochemically by
irradiating normal dioxygen in the presence of a
sensitizer such as fluorescein, methylence blue or
some polycyclic hydrocarbons. Singlet dioxygen can
also be made chemically :
O2(1g) + 2 + Cl
H2O2 + OCl EtOH
42
SEPTEMBER 2010
resonance hybrid involving p p S O bonding,

with additional bonding via overlap of filled
oxygen p orbitals with empty sulfur d orbitals, to
account for the very short S O distance of 1.41
: O:
: O:
O
6S2Cl2 + 4NH4Cl S4N4 + 8S + 16HCl
: O:
O
O
O
A more stable, asbestos-like phase (-SO3) has
infinite helical chains of linked SO4 tetrahedra and
the most stable form, -SO3, which also has an
asbestos-like appearance, presumably has similar
chains crosslinked into layers.
O
O
O
SOSOSO
O
Liquid -SO3, which is a monomer-trimer mixture,

can be stabilized by the addition of boric acid. In the
pure state it is readily polymerized by traces of water.
Compounds of Sulphur and Nitrogen :
A number of ring and chain compounds containing S
and N exist. The elements N and S are diagonally
related in the periodic table, and have similar charge
densities. Their electronegativities are close (N 3.0, S
2.5) so covalent bonding is expected. The compounds
formed have unusual structures which cannot be
explained by the usual bonding theories.
Attempting to work out oxidation states is unhelpful
or misleading.
The best known is tetrasulphur tetranitride S4N4, and
this is starting point for many other S N
compounds. S4N4 may be made as follows :
S4N4 + 6NaOH + 3H2O Na2S2O3 + 2Na2SO3 + 4NH3

If S4N4 is treated with Ag2F in CCl4 solution then
S4N4F4 is formed. This has an eight-membered S N
ring, with the F atoms bonded to S. This results from
breaking the S S bonds across the ring. Similarly
the formation of adducts such as S4N4.BF3 or
S4N4.SbF5 (in which the extra group is bonded to N)
breaks the S S bonds and increases the mean S N
distance from 1.62 to 1.68 . This is presumably
because the electron attracting power of BF3 or SbF5
withdraws some of the electron density.
Reduction of S4N4 with SNCl2 in MeOH gives
tetrasulphur tetraimide S4(NH4). Several imides can
be made by reacting S4N4 with S, or S2Cl2 with NH3.
These imides are related to an S8 ring in which one or
more S atoms have been replaced by imide NH
groups, for example in S7NH, S6(NH)2, S5(NH)3 and
S4(NH)4.
6SCl2 + 16NH3 S4N4 + 2S + 14NH4Cl

4
6S2Cl2 + 16NH3 CCl
S4N4 + 8S + 12NH4Cl
S4N4 is a solid, m.p. 178C, It is thermochromic, that

is it changes colour with temperature. At liquid
nitorgen temperatures it is almost colourless, but at
room temperature it is orange-yellow, and at 100C it
is red. It is stable in air, but may detonate with shock,
grinding or sudden heating. The structure is a
heterocylic ring. This is cradle shaped and differs
structurally from the S8 ring, which is crown shaped.
The X-ray structure shows that the average S N
bond length is 1.62 . Since the sum of the covalent
radii for S and N is 1.78 , the S N bonds seem to
have some double bond character. The fact that the
bonds are of equal length suggest that this is
delocalized. The S.....S distances at the top and
bottom of the cradle are 2.58 . The van der waals
(non-bonded) distance S ... S is 3.30 , and the single
bond distance S S is 2.08 .
This indicates weak S S bonding, and S4N4 is thus a
cage structure.
Many different sizes of rings exist, for example
cyclo-S2N2, cyclo-S4N2, cyclo-S4N3Cl, cycloS3N3Cl3. In addition bicyclo compounds S11N2,
S15N2, S16N2,S17N2 and S19N2 are known. The last
four may be regarded as two heterocyclic S7N ring,
with the N atoms joined through a chain of 1 5S
atoms.
S4N4 is very slowly hydrolysed by water, but reacts
rapidly with warm NaOH with the break-up of the
ring:
N
S
In view of this affinity of S in SO3 for electrons, it is

not surprising that SO3 functions as a fairly strong
Lewis acid toward the bases that it does not
preferentially oxidize. Thus the trioxide gives
crystalline complexes with pyridine, trimethylamine,
or dioxane, which can be used, like SO3 itself, as
sulfonating agents for organic compounds.
The structure of solid SO3 is complex. At least three
well-defined phase are known. -Sulfur trioxide,
formed by condensation of vapors at 80C or
below, is an icelike solid containing cyclic trimers
with structure.
O
O
O
43
SEPTEMBER 2010
If S4N4 is vaporized under reduced pressure and

passed through silver wool, then disulphur dinitrogen
S2N2 is formed.
S4N4 + 4Ag S2N2 + 2Ag2S + N2
S2N2 is a crystalline solid, which is insoluble in water
but soluble in many organic solvents. It explodes
with shock or heat. The structure is cyclic and the
four atoms are very nearly square planar.
The most important reaction of S2N2 is the slow
polymerization of the solid or vapour to form
polythiazyl (SN)x. This is a bronze coloured shiny
solid that looks like a metal. It conducts electricity
and conductivity increases as the temperature
decreases, which is typical of a metal. It becomes a
superconductor at 0.26 K. The crystal structure shows
that the four-membered rings in S2N2 have opened
and polymerized into a long chain polymer. The
atoms have a zig-zag arrangement, and the chain is
almost flat. Conductivity is much greater along the
chains than in other directions, and so the polymer
behaves as a one-dimensional metal. The resistivity is
quite high at room temperature.
Ortho and Para Hydrogen :
The hydrogen molecule H2 exists in two different
forms known as ortho and para hydrogen. The
nucleus of an atom has nuclear spin, in a similar way
to electrons having a spin. In the H2 molecule, the
two nuclei may be spinning in either the same
direction, or in opposite directions. This gives rise to
spin isomerism, that is two different forms of H2 may
exist. These are called ortho and para hydrogen. Spin
isomerism is also found in other symmetrical
molecules whose nuclei have spin momenta, e.g. D2,
N2, F2, Cl2. There are considerable differences
between the physical properties (e.g. boiling points,
specific heats and thermal conductivities) of the ortho
and para forms, because of differences in their
internal energy. There are also difference in the band
spectra of the ortho and para forms of H2.
The para form has the lower energy, and at absolute
zero the gas contains 100% of the para form. As the
temperature is raised, some of the para form changes
into the ortho form. At high temperatures the gas
contains about 75% ortho hydrogen.
Para hydrogen is usually prepared by passing a
mixture of the two forms of hydrogen through a tube
packed with charcoal cooled to liquid air
temperature. Para hydrogen prepared in this way can
be kept for weeks at room temperature in a glass
vessel, because the ortho-para conversion is slow in
the absence of catalysts. Suitable catalysts include
activated charcoal, atomic hydrogen, metals such as
Fe, Ni, Pt and W and paramagnetic substances or ions
(which contain unpaired electrons) such as O2, NO,
NO2, Co2+ and Cr2O3.
Brief description: nickel is found as a constituent in most

meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for
distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron
meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from
5 to nearly 20% nickel. The USA 5-cent coin (whose
nickname is "nickel") contains just 25% nickel. Nickel is a
silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It is hard,
malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair
conductor of heat and electricity.
Nickel carbonyl, [Ni(CO)4], is an extremely toxic gas and
exposure should not exceed 0.007 mg M-3.
Basic information
Name: Nickel
Symbol: Ni
Atomic number: 28
Atomic weight: 58.6934 (2)
Standard state: solid at 298 K
Group in periodic table: 10
Group name: (none)
Period in periodic table: 4
Block in periodic table: d-block
Colour: lustrous, metallic, silvery tinge
Classification: Metallic
Small and large samples of nickel foil like this, as well as
sheet, wire, mesh and rod (and nickel alloys in foil, sheet,
wire, insulated wire and rod form) can be purchased from
Advent Research Materials via their web catalogue.
ISOLATION :
Isolation: it is not normally necessary to make nickel in the
laboratory as it is available readily commercially. Small
amounts of pure nickel can be islated in the laborotory
through the purification of crude nickel with carbon
monoxide. The intermediate in this process is the highly
toxic nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4. The carbonyl
decomposes on heating to about 250C to form pure nickel
powder.
44
SEPTEMBER 2010
UNDERSTANDING
Inorganic Chemistry
A colourless salt (A), soluble in water, gives a

mixture of three gases (B), (C) and (D) along with
water vapours. Gas (B) is blue towards litmus paper,
gas (C) red and gas (D) is neutral. Gas (B) is also
obtained when (A) is heated with NaOH and gives
brown ppt. with K2HgI4. Solution thus obtained gives
white ppt. (E) with CaCl2 solution in presence of
CH3COOH. Precipatete (E) decolorises MnO 4 /H+.
Gas (C) turns lime water milky while gas (D) burns
with blue flame and is fatal when inhaled. Identify
(A) to (D) and explain chemical reactions.
Sol. Gas (B) gives brown ppt. with K2HgI4
gas (B) is NH3 gas (A) has NH4+
(C) turns lime water milky
gas (C) can be SO2 or CO2
Gas (D) is also obtained along with (C). Gas (D)
burns with blue flame and is fatal when inhaled
gas (D) is CO
gas (C) is CO2
(A) has C2O42
It is confirmed by the fact that CaCl2 gives white ppt.
CaC2O4(E) which decolourises MnO4/H+
(A) is (NH4)2C2O4
Explanation :
(iv) (A) reacts with KCN to give a white ppt. (F)

which dissolves in excess of KCN to give soluble (G).
(v) (A) reacts with NH4OH to give a pale blue ppt.
(H) which dissolves in excess of NH4OH in presence
of (NH4)2SO4 to give a deep blue colour (I).
(vi) (A) reacts with NaOH to give an insoluble ppt.
which on boiling gives a black ppt (J). The black ppt.
reacts with glucose to give a red ppt. (K).
What are (A) to (K) ? Give balanced equations for all
the observations.
Sol. Observation (ii) shows that (A) contains sulphate
(SO42) ions because it gives white ppt. of BaSO4.
Since (A) gives chocolate colour with K4[Fe(CN)6],
hence it also contains Cu2+ ions, hence (A) is
CuSO4.5H2O.
1.
Blue ( A )
2CuSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Cu 2 [Fe(CN ) 6 ] + 2K2SO4

( C ) Chocolate colour
(iii) CuSO 4 + 2KI CuI 2 + K2SO4

(A)
(D) ppt.
Cu 2 I 2 + 2KI
(D)
Yellow unstable
2Cu(CN)2 Cu 2 (CN ) 2 + (CN)2
CaC 2 O 4 + 2NaCl
White ppt. (E )
Hg
NH2I
O
Hg
(F) white ppt.
Cu2(CN)2 + 6KCN 2K 3 [Cu (CN ) 4 ]

(G) Soluble
(v) 2CuSO4 + 2NH4OH CuSO 4 .Cu (OH) 2

(H) Pale blue
+ (NH4)2SO4
CuSO4.Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6NH4OH
2[Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ] SO 4 + 8H2O
(Iodide of Millions base)
2MnO4 +16H++5C2O42 10CO2+2Mn2++ H2O

colourless
(I) Deep blue
(i) A blue compound (A) when heated, loses its water

of crystallization and becomes white (B), When (B)
absorbs moisture again becomes blue.
(ii) Aqueous solution of (A) gives white ppt. with
BaCl2 solution and on reaction with K4[Fe(CN)6]
gives a brown chocolate colour (C).
(iii) A reacts with KI to give I2 and a white ppt. (D)
which dissolves in excess of KI to give a brown
coloured complex salt (E).
2K[CuI 2 ]
(E) Pot. cuprous iodide
(iv) CuSO4 + 2KCN Cu (CN ) 2 + K2SO4
brown ppt
2.
Green
2CuI2 Cu 2 I 2 + I2
(NH4)2C2O4+2NaOH
Na2C2O4+ 2 NH 3 +2H2O
(B)
violet
( A ) Blue
White ppt .
(NH4)2 C2O4 2NH3 + CO2 + CO + H2O

(A)
(B) (C)
(D)
(B) is blue towards litmus (basic)
(C) is red toward litmus (acidic)
(D) is neutral
NH3 + K2HgI4
( B) White
(ii) CuSO4 + BaCl2 BaSO 4 + CuCl2
Na2C2O4+ CaCl2
5H O
Moisture
2
(i) CuSO 4 .5H 2 O CuSO 4
CuSO 4 .5H 2 O
(vi) CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
Cu(OH)2
CuO
( J ) Black ppt .
+ H2O
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + 2CuO
CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH + Cu 2 O
( K ) Re d ppt .
45
SEPTEMBER 2010
(iii) Compound (A) is heated strongly. Gases (B) and

(C) with pungent smell came out. A brown residue
(D) is left behind.
(iv) The gas mixture (B) and (C) is passed into
dichromate solution. The solution turns green.
(v) The green solution from step (iv) gives a white
ppt. (E) with a solution of Ba(NO3)2.
(vi) Residue (D) from (v) is heated on charcoal in
reducing flame. It gives a magnetic substance.
Identify compounds (A) to (E) and predict all the
[IIT-1980]
equations.
Sol. The fore said observations may be briefly
summarised as follows :
A hydrated metallic salt A, light green in colour,

gives a white anhydrous residue B after being heated
gradually. B is soluble in water and its aqueous
solution reacts with NO to give a dark brown
compound C. B on strong heating gives a brown
residue and a mixture of two gases E and F. The
gaseous mixture, when passed through acidified
permanganate, discharge the pink colour and when
passed through acidified BaCl2 solution, gives a
white precipitate. Identify A, B, C, D, E and F.
[IIT-1988]
Sol. The given observations are as follows.
(i) Hydrated metallic saltheat
white anhydrous residue

3.
(A)
( B)
(a)
NO
(ii) Aqueous solution of B

dark brown compound
(C)

Pink colour disappears
(b) A
( E ) + ( F)
acidified KMnO4 Pink colour is

discharged
(iv) Gaseous mixture

(E) + (F)
Ba ( NO )
3 2

(d)
Hence, the salt A must be FeSO4.7H2O

The observation (iii) is
2FeSO4 Fe 2 O 3 + SO 2 + SO 3
14243
( D)
( E ) + ( F)
The gaseous mixture of SO2 and SO3 explains the

observation (iv), namely,
+ 5SO2 + 2H2O 2Mn
no colour
2H2O + SO2 + SO3

Ba2+ + SO32 BaSO 3
+ 4H
Pink
2FeSO 4
Fe 2 O 3 + SO 2 + SO 3
(A)
white ppt
(D)
( Brown )
( B)
(C)
SO2, gas turns dichromate solution green due to

formation of green coloured sulphate of chromium
(III), the different equations are,
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
[SO2 + 2H2O 4H+ + SO42 + 2e] 3
Cr2O72 + 3SO2 + 2H+ 2Cr3+ + 3SO42 + H2O
White ppt. (E) is of BaSO4
Cr2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 3Ba(NO3)2 3BaSO 4 + 2Cr(NO3)3
Hence, the various compounds are

(A) FeSO4.7H2O
(B) FeSO4
(D) Fe2O3
(C) [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4
(E) and (F) SO2 and SO3
Compound (A) is a light green crystalline solid. It
gives the following tests :
(i) It dissolves in dilute H2SO4 without evolving any
gas.
(ii) A drop of KMnO4 is added to the above solution.
The pink colour disappears.
Colourless
Green
From observations of (b) and (c), one concludes that

compound (A) should be FeSO4 as on heating, it
gives pungent gases SO2 and SO3.
4H+ + SO32 + SO42
Ba + SO4 BaSO 4
4.
coal
Char
a magnetic substance
MnO 4 + 5Fe 2 + + 8H+ Mn 2 + + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
white ppt
2+
Brown residue
White ppt .
From the last step, one may conclude that brown

residue (D) (hence also compound (A)) must be a salt
of iron. Since (A) decolourises KMnO4 solution
hence it should be a salt of Fe (II). The reactions
involved are given below.
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
[Fe2+ Fe3+ + e] 5
dark brown
+ 5SO 24
Brown residue
Solution
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO [Fe(H 2 O) 5 ( NO)]2+ + H2O
2+
C
(c) K 2 Cr2 O 7 B+
Green solution
White precipitate
The observation (ii) shows that B must be ferrous
sulphate since with NO, it gives dark brown
compound according to the reaction
2MnO 4
pink colour
B + C
Pungent smelling
gas
BaCl2 solution
brown
(A)
KMnO 4
strong
Brown residue + Two gases
(iii) Salt B heating
( D)
H 2SO 4
Dil
.
Solution of
Light green solid
Green
(E)
Hence, (A) is FeSO4 (B) is SO2 (C) is SO3 (D) is

Fe2O3 and (E) is BaSO4
46
SEPTEMBER 2010
A substance (X) is soluble in conc. HCl. When to this

solution NaOH solution is added, a white precipitate
is produced. This precipitate dissolves in excess of
NaOH solution giving a strongly reducing solution.
Heating of (X) with sulphur gives a brown powder
(Y) which is soluble in warm yellow ammonium
sulphide solution. When HCl is added to the latter, a
grey precipitate is produced. Heating of (X) in air
gives a water soluble compound gives white
gelatinous precipitate. Identify the compounds giving
the reactions involved.
Sol. The reaction sequence is as follows :
5.
Conc. HCl
Brief description: cobalt is a brittle, hard, transition metal

with magnetic properties similar to those of iron. Cobalt is
present in meteorites. Ore deposits are found in Zaire,
Morocco and Canada. Cobalt-60 (60Co) is an artificially
produced isotope used as a source of rays (high energy
radiation). Cobalt salts colour glass a beautiful deep blue
colour.
Basic information about and classifications of cobalt :
NaOH
(1) X Dissolves White ppt.
Name : Cobalt
Symbol : Co
Atomic number : 27
Atomic weight : 58.933195 (5)
Standard state : solid at 298 K
Group in periodic table : 9
Group name : (none)
Period in periodic table : 4
Block in periodic table: d-block
Colour : lustrous, metallic, greyish tinge
Classification : Metallic
Marmite, which we all eat here in England and which is
what makes us English, is a source of vitamin B12, actually a
compound containing cobalt. The equivalent, but altogether
blander, in Australia is Vegemite. Marmite is available in the
USA. Try mixing it with peanut butter.
Excess

NaOH
Dissolves and the solution is strongly reducing.

S
(2) X
Brown
NH 4 ) 2 Sx
(
Dissolves
HCl
Grey ppt.
2
(3) X O
Heat
Soluble in
conc. H 2SO 4
NaOH
Soluble H
Fused
White gelatinous ppt.

(a) According to step (2), (X) appears to be tin.
Sn + 2S SnS 2
(X)
(Y)
SnS2 + (NH4)2Sx ( NH 4 ) 2 SnS3
Amm. thiostannate
(NH4)2SnS3 + 2HCl SnS 2 + 2NH4Cl + H2S

Grey ppt .
(b) Step (1) and (3) can also be explained, if (X) is tin
Sn + 2HCl SnCl2 + H2
(X)
SnCl2 + 2NaOH Sn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

SnCl2 + 2NaOH Na 2SnO 2 + 2HCl
Strongly reducing
SnO 2
(c) Sn + O2 Fuse
SnO2 + 2NaOH Fuse
Na2SnO3 + H2O
This sample is from The Elements Collection, an attractive

and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring
elements that is available for sale.
Na2SnO3 + 2HCl
ISOLATION :
(Z)
H 2SnO 3 +
White gelatinous ppt.
2NaCl
Isolation: it is not normally necessary to make cobalt in the

laboratory as it is available readily commercially. Many ores
contain cobalt but not many are of economic importance.
These include the sulphides and arsenides linnaeite, Co3S4,
cobaltite, CoAsS, and smaltite, CoAs2. Industrially, however,
it is normally produced as a byproduct from the produstion
of copper, nickel, and lead.
47
SEPTEMBER 2010
`t{xt|vt V{txzx
Set
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
So lu t ion s wi l l b e p ub lished in nex t issue
Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Show that the conics through the intersection of two

rectangular hyperbolas are also rectangular
hyperbolas. If A, B, C & D be the four points of
intersection of these two rectangular hyperbolas, then
find the orthocentre of the triangle ABC.
Investigate the function f(x) = x5/3 5x2/3 for points

of extremum and find the values of k such that the
equation x5/3 5x2/3 = k has exactly one positive root.
9.
10. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ....., 100}. If X is a subset of A

containing exactly 50 elements then show that
p min = 101C51.
Find the area of a right angle triangle if it is known

that the radius of circle inscribed in the triangle is r
and that of the circumscribed circle is R.
p x
Q is any point on the line x = a. If A is the point (a, 0)

and QR, the bisector of the angle OQA, meets OX in
R, then prove that the locus of the foot of the
perpendicular from R to OQ has the equation
(x 2a) (x2 + y2) + a2x = 0
Interesting Facts
Show that the equation

z4 + 2z3 + 3z2 + 4z + 5 = 0 with (z C) have no
purely real as well as purely imaginary root.
Fish have no eyelids. They can't blink, wink or close

their eyes to sleep.
For centuries salt makers used conical wicker basket

moulds called barrows to make their 'lumps' (like
bricks only bigger!), which then had to be crushed
before the salt could be used. The word 'lump' has
passed into the English language. Workers had to
'lump' the salt and their job was known as 'lumping'.
The first spacecraft to visit Venus was Mariner 2 in

1962. It was subsequently visited by many others
(more than 20 in all). Including Pioneer Venus and the
Soviet Venera 7 - the first spacecraft to land on
another planet - and Venera 9 which returned the first
photographs of the surface.
Adults lose nearly one percent of their natural ability to

mend genetic damage with each year that passes.
The older you are, then, the less able your system is to
fix the cell errors that lead to cancer. It has also been
found that young people with skin cancer have the
repair capacity of people 30 years older.
The tail section of an airplane gives the bumpiest ride.
The plague in Zurich killed 3,700 of the cities 6,000

inhabitants in 1567.
Prove that
a x ln x
a x dx
f +
dx = lna f +
x a x
x a x
0
0
6.
A straight line moves so that the product of the

perpendiculars on it form two fixed points is a
constant. Prove that the locus of the foot of the
perpendiculars from each of these points upon the
straight line is a circle, the same for each.
7.
Prove the identity :

x
zx z 2
x2 x
e4
dz =
dz, deriving for the
function f(x) =
z2 / 4
zx z 2
dz a differential equation and
solving it.
8.
Let , be the roots of a quadratic equation, such
a2 7
+
= 2
Find the set
that = 4 and
1
1
a 4
of values of a for which , (1, 4)
48
SEPTEMBER 2010
MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
SOLUTION FOR AUGUST ISSUE (SET # 4)
1.
2.
Let x2 + y2 = a2
....(1)
and x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0
....(2)
are two circles they cut orthogonally.
Hence c a2 = 0
so from (2) x2 + y2 + 2gx + a2 = 0
...(3)
Let P (a cos , a sin ) be any point on 1st circle. Its
polar w.r.t. 2nd circle is
a x cos + a y sin + g(x + a cos ) + a2 = 0 ....(4)
other end of diameter of 1st circle through P is
Q( a cos , a sin )
This satisfies eqn. ..(4)
Hence proved.
3.
so BH AC
BH AD
CH AB
) dx ;
I ( u) = ln (1 + 2u cos x + u 2 ) dx
0
Use
f (x) dx = f (a x) dx
I (u) = I (u)
I (u) + I ( u)
ln (1 2u cos x + u
) (1 + 2u cos x + u 2 ) dx
ln [(1 u
2 2
) 4u 2 cos 2 x ] dx
ln[1 + u
+ 2u 2 4u 2 cos 2 x ] dx
C
r r r
r r
r r
( h b).c = 0 h . c = b . c
r r r
r r
r r
( h b).d = 0 h . d = b . d
r r r
r r
r r
( h c).b = 0 h . b = c . b
r r r
r r r r
( h c).d = 0 h . d = c . b
r r r
(b c) . d = 0
...(1)
ln[1 2u
cos 2 x + u 4 ] dx
Now let 2x = y
2
1
(u) + I ( u) =
ln[1 2u 2 cos y + u 4 ] dy
2
and CH AD
r r
r r
so b . d = c . d
so BC AD , proved.
1
I (u2) +
2
2 ln[1 2u
cos y + u 4 ] dy
Now let y = 2 t
0
Now, let any point M (with position vector m ) be

on BCD such that AM plane BCD then
r r
r r
. m . ( c b ) = 0 = m . (d c )
r
r
r
so m . b = m . c = m . d
...(2)
Now, let P be any point on AM with position vector
I (u) + I ( u) =
1
1
I (u2) +
ln[1 2u 2 cos t + u 4 ] ( dt)
2
2
1
1
I (u2) + I (u2)
2
2
2I (u) = I (u2) as I(u) = I ( u)
(or using f (2a x) = f (x) Prop).
1
so I (u) = I(u2)
2
t m such that DP is perpendicular to ABC, then

r r
r r
r r r
(t m d ). b = 0 = (t m d ). c so t m . b = b . d &
r r
r
t m . c = d . c which are same equations using (1)
and (2) in them. So such a scalar t can be obtained as
r r
b.d
t=
r
m.b
ln (1 2u cos x + u
0
Let A be at origin & position vectors of B, C, D are ,

r r
r
b , c & d respectively. Perpendicular from B and C
to the faces ACD and ABD meet at H with position
r
vector h ,
A
b
I (u) =
similarly find 3ln[1 2u 2 cos x + u 2 ] dx

0
& show I (u) = I ( u) =
49
n
1
1
I (u2) = n I(u 2 )
2
2
SEPTEMBER 2010
4.
Let f(x) = (x ) (x )
so f(n) f (n + 1) = (n ) (n ) (n + 1 )(n + 1 )
= (n ) (n + 1 ) (n ) (n + 1 )
= [n (n + 1) n( + ) + ] [n(n + 1)
n ( + ) + ]
= [n (n + 1) + na + b ] [n (n + 1) + an + b ]
= (m ) (m ) ; let m = n(n + 1) + an + b
= f (m)
5.
Let xy = c2 be rectangular hyperbola.

Let A (ct1, c/t1) and b (ct2, c/t2) be two fixed points on
it. and P (ct, c/t) be any variable point.
Line AP : x + y t1t = c (t1 + t)
Line BP : x + y t2 t = c (t2 + t)
These lines intersect with x- axis at M (c(t1 + t), 0)
and N(c(t2 + t), 0). Length MN = |c (t1 t2) | which is
a constant.
Similarly intercept on y- axis can be obtained as
It it passes through origin, then

...(2)
m1m2 a2 e2 = 0
Solving (1) with x- axis
x2
m1m2 (x a e)2 + 2 1 = 0
a
using (2) in it
(x ae)2 + e2 (x2 a2 ) = 0
(1 + e2) x2 2ae x = 0
2ae
x=0&x=
1 + e2
so other point on x- axis through which this conic
2ae
,0 which is a fixed point.
passes is
1 + e2
Hence proved.
8.
( x y) 2
f ( c h ) f (c )
h 0
h
h
f c 1 f (c)
c
= lim
;c0
h 0
h
f (2c)
f (1 + h / c) f (c)
2
= lim
h 0
h
h
f ( 2c ) f 1 2 f ( c )
c
= lim
h 0
2h
y
. d(x/y) +
x
x ( x dy + y dx ) y ( ydx + x dy) xy(dx dy)
h
f (2c) f 1 f (2c)f (1)
c
;
= lim
h 0
2h
f (c) = lim
1 1
c . Hence proved.
t1 t 2
6.
x 2 dy y 2 dx
y dx x dy
+
=0
xy
( x y) 2
y ( y dx x dy)
y2
x 2 dy + xy dx xy dx y 2 dx xydy + xydy
( x y) 2
=0
d ( x / y) x. d ( xy) y d ( xy) xy d ( x y)
+
=0
x/y
( x y) 2
d ( x / y) ( x y) d( xy) xy d( x y)
+
=0
x/y
( x y) 2
xy f ( x ). f ( y)
)
(using x = 2c & y = 1 in f =
2
2
h
f 1 f (1)
f (2c) f ' (1)
c
=
= f (2c) lim
2h
h 0
2c
.c
c
f (2c) f ' (1)
=
; as given f(1) = f(1)
2c
x f (c )
f (c ) =
2c
So f(x) is differentiable for x R except x = 0
f (x)
Now f(x) =
x
f ' (x)
1
=
f (x)
x
xy
d ( x / y)
= 0
+ d
x/y
xy
xy
ln (x/y) +
=c
xy
7.
Let x = c R
Let
x2
y2
= 1 be the ellipse and

a2
b2
y = m1 (x ae) and y = m2 (x ae) are two chords
through its focus (ae, 0). Any conic through the
extremities of these chords can be defined as
{y m1 (x ae)} {y m2 (x ae)} +
x 2 y2
...(1)
2 + 2 1 = 0
a
so ln f(x) = ln x + ln c
f(x) = cx
xy f ( x ) f ( y)
Now as f =
2
2
50
SEPTEMBER 2010
let y = 1 in it
2. f(x/2) = f(x) (f(1)
cx
=cx f(1)
2
2
so f(1) = 1 as c 0
so f(x) = x
9.
Brief Description : pure vanadium is a greyish silvery metal,

and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to
alkalis, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and salt waters.
The metal oxidizes readily above 660C to form V2O5.
Industrially, most vanadium produced is used as an additive
to improve steels.
Let i lines are there, no two of which are parallel and

no three of which are coincident. Introduction of
(i + 1)th line will introduce (i + 1) new parts. Let Pi
denotes the number of parts in which plane is being
divided by i lines, then
Pi + 1 = Pi + (i + 1)
Pi + 1Pi = i + 1
using i = 1, 2, 3, ......, n 1
P2 P1 = 2,
P1 P2 = 3
M
M
Pn Pn1 = n
Add these equation
Pn Pi = 2 + 3 +.....+ n
Pn = Pi + 2 + 3 + ....+ n
n (n + 1)
= 2 + 2 + 3+ .....+ n = 1 +
2
1 2
(n + n + 2)
Pn =
2
Table : basic information about and classifications of

vanadium
sin x
sin 3x
sin 9 x
1
1
+
+
= tan 27 x
10.
tan x +
cos 3x cos 9x
cos 27 x
2
2
L.H.S. : Consider on
sin x
sin x
1
1 sin x
tan x +
=
+
cos 3x 2 cos x
cos 3x
2
sin x cos 3x + 2 sin x cos x
=
2 cos x cos 3x
2 sin x cos 3x + 2 sin 2x
=
4 cos x cos 3x
Name : Vanadium
Symbol : V
Atomic number : 23
Atomic weight : 50.9415 (1)
Standard state : solid at 298 K
up in periodic table : 5
Group name : (none)
Period in periodic table : 4
Block in periodic table : d-block
Colour : silvery grey metallic
Classification : Metallic
Isolation: vanadium is available commercially and production

of a sample in the laboratory is not normally required.
Commercially, routes leading to matallic vanadium as main
product are not usually required as enough is produced as
byproduct in other processes.
In industry, heating of vanadium ore or residues from other
processes with salt, NaCl, or sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, at
about 850C gives sodium vanadate, NaVO3. This is
dissolved in water and acidified to give a red solid which in
turn is melted to form a crude form of vanadium pentoxide,
"V2O5". Reduction of vanadium pentoxide with calcium, Ca,
gives pure vanadium. An alternative suitable for small scales
is the reduction of vanadium pentachloride, VCl5, with
hydrogen, H2, or magnesium, Mg. Many other methodsare
also in use.
sin 4 x sin 2x + 2 sin 2x

4 cos x cos 3x
sin 4 x + sin 2 x
=
4 cos x cos 3x
2 sin 3x cos x 1
=
tan 3x
=
4 cos x cos 3x 2
sin 3x
1
1
= tan 9x
similarly tan 3x +
cos 9 x 2
2
sin 9 x
1
1
= tan 27
and tan 9x +
cos 27 x 2
2
on adding all these we get
sin 3x sin 3x
sin 9 x
1
+
+
=
(tan 27x tan x)
cos 3x cos 9 x
cos 27 x 2
Proved.
=
Industrially, most vanadium is used as an additive to

improve steels. Rather than proceed via pure vanadium
metal it is often sufficient to react the crude of vanadium
pentoxide, "V2O5", with crude iron. This produces
ferrovanadium suitable for further work.
51
SEPTEMBER 2010
52
SEPTEMBER 2010
Students' Forum
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
MATHS
1.
Let f(x) satisfies the differential equation

df ( x )
+ f(x) = g(x) where f(x) and g(x) are
x .
dx
continuous functions and f(x) is a decreasing function
x > 0. Prove that x . g(x) <
3.
d( x + f ( x ) ) =
f(x) =
1
x
g(x) <
x . f(x) =
Evaluate :
x . g(x) <
Sol.
C r (r nx)2 xr (1 x)n r
g( x ) dx
r =0
x
n
C r (r2 + n2x2 2nxr)
(1 x)
1 x
r
n
x
= (1 x)n r 2 n C r
1 x
r =0
+ n2x2
r =0
C r (r nx)2 xr (1 x)n r;
r =0
g ( x ) dx
g ( x ) dx
r =0
g( x ) dx
1
x
1 x ( x 1)( x 2)....( x n )
+ x ,
x +1
( x + 1) !
x 0, 1, n N > 2
...(1)
P(x) =
P(n + 1) = 1
Again x . df(x) + f(x) . dx = g(x) dx

x
Thus
(Q n is odd)
where n is odd
g( x ) f ( x )
df ( x )
=
<0
dx
x
g(x) < f(x) x > 0
1
(n + 1) !
0 g(x) dx x > 0.
df ( x )
Sol. Given that x .
+ f(x) = g(x)
dx
k=
(using eqn(1))
we know that
x
x
r nCr
Cr
2nx
1 x
1 x
r =0
C r y r = (1 + y)r
...(i)
r =0
g( x ) dx x > 0
r =0
Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree n such that

i
P(i) =
for i = 0, 1, 2 ..... n. If n is odd than find
i +1
the value of P(n + 1).
Sol. Let Q(x) = (x + 1) P(x) x
clearly Q(x) is polynomial of degree n + 1. Also
2.
x
n
Cr
= (1 x)
= 1 +
1 x
1 x
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. y we get

n
r. C
n
yr1 = n(1 + y)n 1
r =0
n
r. C
n
yr = ny(1 + y)n1
...(ii)
r =0
i
i = 0 for i = 1, 2, 3 .....n
i +1
Thus we can assume
Q(x) = kx(x 1) (x 2) ...... (x n) where k is a
constant.
Now Q(1) = k(1)(2)(3) ...... (1 n)
1 = (1)n + 1 k(n + 1) !
Q(i) = (i + 1)
x
x
x
r.n C r
=n
1 +
1
x
1
x
1
x
r =0
n 1
= nx(1 x)n
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. y we get
n
r . C
2 n
yr1 = n(1 + y)n 2 {y(n 1) + (1 + y}
r =0
53
SEPTEMBER 2010
= ny(1 + y)n 2(ny + 1)

r
x
x
x
r 2 .n C r
= n
1 +
1 x 1 x
1 x
r =0
n 2
P(z)
nx
+ 1
1 x
= nx(nx + 1 x) (1 x)n
Given sum is equal to
(1 x)n {nx(nx + 1 x) (1 x)n
+ n2x2(1 x)n 2nx . nx (1 x)n}
= nx(nx + 1 x) + n2x2 2n2x2
= nx(1 x)
4.
5.
Find the least value of n for which

(n 2)x2 + 8x + n + 4 > sin1(sin 12)
+ cos1(cos 12) x R when n N.
(ii) |z 1| ||z| 1| + |z| |arg (z)|

Sol. (i) Ist method : Let z = |z| (cos + i sin ) or |z|ei
where = arg (z)
L.H.S. = |cos + i sin 1|
= 2 sin 2 + i 2 sin . cos

2
2
2
Sol. we have
+ cos1(cos (4 (4 12)))
= (4 12) + 4 12 = 0
So that, (n 2)x2 + 8x + n + 4 > 0 x R
n 2 > 0 n 3 and 82 4(n 2) (n + 4) < 0
or n2 + 2n 24 > 0 n > 4 n 5 n = 5
(Q sin x x for x > 0)
6.
z
complex no. lies on a circle with
|z|
unit radius i.e. x2 + y2 = 1
IInd method :
P z
| z |
Suppose a function f(x) satisfies the following

f ( x ) + f ( y)
conditions f(x + y) =
x, y and
1 + f ( x ).f ( y)
f(0) = 1. Also 1 < f(x) < 1 for all x R, then find
the set of values of x where f(x) is differentiable and
also find the value of lim [f(x)]x.
x
Q
(1, 0)
Sol. First put x = 0, y = 0 f(0) = 0
Now,
f(x) = lim
x 0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
f ( x ) + f (h )
f (x)
1 + f ( x ).f (h )
= lim
x 0
h
z
QP =
1
|z|
| QP | length of the arc QP
2
f (h ) f (0) 1 {f ( x )}
2
= lim
= 1 {f (x)}
x 0
h 0 1 + f ( x ).f (h )
z
1 1 arg (z)
|z|
integrating we get
Hence proved
(ii) Ist method :
L.H.S. = |z 1| = |z |z| + |z| 1|
By using inequality
|z 1| |z |z|| + | |z| 1|
z
| |z| 1| + |z|
1
|z|
f(x) =
1 1 + f ( x )
ln
=x+c
2 1 f ( x )
e x ex
e x + e x
clearly f(x) is differentiable for all x R.

e x e x
lim [f ( x )] x = lim x
x
x e + e x
| |z| 1| + |z| arg (z) [by using (i)]

IInd method : Let p(z) is any point on the circle with
radius |z|.
sin1(sin 12) + cos1(cos 12)
= sin1(sin (4 (4 12)))
sin i cos 2
= = arg (z)
2
2
2
2
R
Q (1, 0)
In PQR, use PQR, use inequality

PQ PR + QR
|z 1| |z| arg (z) + ||z| 1|
Note : you can take Q point out side the circle, too.
For any complex no. z, Prove that following

inequalities.
z
(i)
1 arg (z)
|z|
= 2 sin
= e
54
e x e x
lim x x
e +e
x=1
SEPTEMBER 2010
MATHS
PROBABILITY
Mathematics Fundamentals
Probability :
In a random experiment, let S be the sample space
and E S, then E is an event.
The probability of occurrence of event E is defined as
Some Definitions :
Experiment : A operation which can produce some
well defined outcomes is known as an experiment.
Random experiment : If in each trail of an
experiment conducted under identical conditions, the
outcome is not unique, then such an experiment is
called a random experiment.
Sample space : The set of all possible outcomes in
an experiment is called a sample space. For example,
in a throw of dice, the sample space is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Each element of a sample space is called a sample
point.
Event :
An event is a subset of a sample space.
Simple event : An event containing only a single
sample point is called an elementary or simple event.
Events other than elementary are called composite or
compound or mixed events.
For example, in a single toss of coin, the event of
getting a head is a simple event.
Here S = {H, T} and E = {H}
In a simultaneous toss of two coins, the event of
getting at least one head is a compound event.
Here S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} and E = {HH, HT, TH}
Equally likely events : The given events are said to
be equally likely, if none of them is expected to occur
in preference to the other.
Mutually exclusive events : If two or more events
have no point in common, the events are said to be
mutually exclusive. Thus E1 and E2 are mutually
exclusive in E1 E2 = .
The events which are not mutually exclusive are
known as compatible events.
Exhaustive events : A set of events is said to be
totally exhaustive (simply exhaustive), if no event out
side this set occurs and at least one of these event
must happen as a result of an experiment.
Independent and dependent events : If there are
events in which the occurrence of one does not
depend upon the occurrence of the other, such events
are known as independent events. On the other hand,
if occurrence of one depend upon other, such events
are known as dependent events.
P(E) =
=
number of distinct elements in E

n(E)
=
number of distinct element in S
n(S)
number of outocomes favourable to occurrence of E

number of all possible outcomes
Notations :
Let A and B be two events, then
A B or A + B stands for the occurrence of at

least one of A and B.
A B or AB stands for the simultaneous
occurrence of A and B.
A B stands for the non-occurrence of both A
and B.
A B stands for "the occurrence of A implies
occurrence of B".
Random variable :
A random variable is a real valued function whose
domain is the sample space of a random experiment.
Bays rule :
Let (Hj) be mutually exclusive events such that
n
P(Hj) > 0 for j = 1, 2, ..... n and S = U H j . Let A be

j=1
an events with P(A) > 0, then for j = 1, 2, .... , n

P( H j ) P(A / H j )
Hj
=
P
n
A
P(H k ) P( A / H k )
k =1
Binomial Distribution :
If the probability of happening of an event in a single
trial of an experiment be p, then the probability of
happening of that event r times in n trials will be
n
Cr pr (1 p)n r.
Some important results :
(A)
P(A) =
=
55
Number of cases favourable to event A

Total number of cases
n(A)
n(S)
SEPTEMBER 2010
(i) Probability of happening none of them

= (1 p1) (1 p2) ........ (1 pn)
(ii) Probability of happening at least one of them
Number of cases not favourable to event A

Total number of cases
P(A) =
n(A)
n(S)
= 1 (1 p1) (1 p2) ....... (1 pn)

(iii) Probability of happening of first event and not
happening of the remaining
= p1(1 p2) (1 p3) ....... (1 pn)
(B) Odd in favour and odds against an event : As a

result of an experiment if a of the outcomes are
favourable to an event E and b of the outcomes are
against it, then we say that odds are a to b in favour
of E or odds are b to a against E.
Thus odds in favour of an event E
If A and B are any two events, then

B
P(A B) = P(A) . P or
A
Number of favourable cases

a
=
Number of unfavourable cases
b
B
P(AB) = P(A) . P
A
Similarly, odds against an event E

=
Number of unfavourable cases

b
=
Number of favorable cases
a
B
Where P is known as conditional probability
A
means probability of B when A has occured.
Note :
If odds in favour of an event are a : b, then the
probability of the occurrence of that event is
a
and the probability of non-occurrence of
a+b
b
.
that event is
a+b
Difference between mutually exclusiveness and

independence : Mutually exclusiveness is used
when the events are taken from the same
experiment and independence is used when the
events are taken from the same experiments.
(E)
If odds against an event are a : b, then the

probability of the occurrence of that event is
b
and the probability of non-occurrence of
a+b
a
.
that event is
a+b
(C)
P(AB) + P( AB ) = 1
P( A B) = P(B) P(AB)
P(A B ) = P(A) P(AB)
P(A + B) = P(A B ) + P( A B) + P(AB)
Some important remark about coins, dice and playing
cards :
Coins : A coin has a head side and a tail side. If
an experiment consists of more than a coin, then
coins are considered to be distinct if not otherwise
stated.
P(A) + P( A ) = 1
0 P(A) 1
(D)
P() = 0
P(S) = 1
If S = {A1, A2, ..... An}, then
P(A1) + P(A2) + .... + P(An) = 1
If the probability of happening of an event in one
trial be p, then the probability of successive
happening of that event in r trials is pr.
If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) or
P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B)
If A and B are any two events, then
Dice : A die (cubical) has six faces marked 1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6. We may have tetrahedral (having four
faces 1, 2, 3, 4,) or pentagonal (having five faces
1, 2, 3, 4, 5) die. As in the case of coins, If we
have more than one die, then all dice are
considered to be distinct if not otherwise stated.
Playing cards : A pack of playing cards usually
has 52 cards. There are 4 suits (Spade, Heart,
Diamond and Club) each having 13 cards. There
are two colours red (Heart and Diamond) and
black (Spade and Club) each having 26 cards.
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) or

P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)
If A and B are two independent events, then
In thirteen cards of each suit, there are 3 face cards or

coart card namely king, queen and jack. So there are
in all 12 face cards (4 kings, 4 queens and 4 jacks).
Also there are 16 honour cards, 4 of each suit namely
ace, king, queen and jack.
P(A B) = P(A) . P(B) or

P(AB) = P(A) . P(B)
If the probabilities of happening of n independent
events be p1, p2, ...... , pn respectively, then
P(A A ) = 0
56
SEPTEMBER 2010
MATHS
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Mathematics Fundamentals
Binomial Theorem (For a positive Integral Index) :
Along , Tr + 1 = Tr
... + nCrxnr ar + .... + nCn 1x an1 + nCnan ..(1)

The coefficient nC0, nC1, ......, nCn are called binomial
coefficients.
(n + 1)a
is not an integer. Let [k] be the
a+x
greatest integer in k. We have
(ii) k =
In any term of expansion (1), the sum of the

exponents of x and a is always constant = n.
The binomial coefficients of term equidistant
from the beginning and the end are equal, i.e.
n
Cr = nCn r (0 r n).
The general term of the expansion is (r + 1)th term
usually denoted by Tr + 1 = nCr xn r ar (0 r n).
The middle term in the expansion of (x + a)n
(a) If n is even then there is just one middle term, i.e.
Tr+1 > Tr
i.e. T1 < T2 < T3 < ..... < T[k] 1 < T[k] < T[k] + 1
In this case there is exactly one greatest term viz.
([k] + 1)th term.
Term independent of x in the expansion of
(x + a)n Let Tr + 1 be the term independent of x.
Equate to zero the index of x and you will find the
value of r.
th
term.
th
The number of term in the expansion of

(n + 1)(n + 2)
(x + y + z)n is
, where n is a positive
2
integer.
th
n +3
term and
term.
2
The greatest term in the expansion of (x + a)n,

x, a R and x, a > 0 can be obtained as below :
or
Pascal Triangle
In(x + a)n when expanded the various coefficients
which occur are nC0, nC1, nC2, .... The Pascal triangle
gives the values of these coefficients for n = 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, ....
Tr +1
n r +1 a
=
Tr
r
x
Tr +1
(n + 1)a r (a + x )
1=
Tr
rx
=
where
k=
(a + x ) (n + 1)a
a+x
r =
|k r|,
rx a + x
rx
(n + 1)a
a+x
Now, suppose that

(i) k =
(n + 1)a
is an integer. We have
a+x
Tr +1
r < k = [k] + (fraction)
Tr
r [k]
(b) if n is odd, then there are two middle terms, i.e.

n
+ 1
2
Tr +1
= 1 r = k,
Tr
i.e. Tk + 1 = Tk > Tk1 > .... > T3 > T2 > T1

In this case there are two greatest terms Tk and
Tk+1.
Properties of Binomial Expansion :

There are (n + 1) terms in the expansion of
(x + a)n, n being a positive integer.
n
+ 1
2
Tr +1
> 1 r < k (i.e. 1 r < k)
Tr
Tr + 1 > Tr
If n is a positive integer and x, a are two real or

complex quantities, then
(x + a)n = nC0 xn + nC1xn 1 a + nC2 xn 2 a2 +
57
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
n=4
n=5
n=6
n=7
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
n=8
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
SEPTEMBER 2010
C02 C12 + C22 C32 + ...
Rule : It is to be noted that the first and least terms in

each row is 1. The terms equidistant from the
beginning and end are equal. Any number in any row
is obtained by adding the two numbers in the
preceding row which are just at the left and just at the
right of the given number, e.g. the number 21 in the
row for n = 7 is the sum of 6 (left) and 15 (right)
which occur in the preceding row for n = 6.
0,
if n is odd
=
n/2 n
(1)
.
C
,
if
n is even
n/2
Binomial Theorem for Any Index :

The binomial theorem for any index states that
(1 + x)n = 1 +
Important Cases of Binomial Expansion :
nx
n (n 1) 2
+
x
1!
2!
If we put x = 1 in (1), we get
(1 + a)n = nC0 + nC1a + nC2a2 + ..................

+ nCrar + ........... nCnan
...(2)
Where n is any index (positive or negative)

The general term in expansion (7) is
If we put x = 1 and replace a by a, we get

(1 a)n = nC0 nC1a + nC2a2 ..................
Tr + 1 =
+ (1)r nCrar + .... + (1)n nCnan ...(3)

Adding and subtracting (2) and (3), and then
dividing by 2, we get
When x is small compared with 1, we see that the

terms finally get smaller and smaller. If x is very
small compared with 1, we take 1 as a first
approximation to the value of (1 + x)n or 1 + nx as
a second approximation.
...(4)
1
{(1 + a)n (1 a)n} = nC1a + nC3a3
2
+ nC5a5 + ......
n (n 1)......(n r + 1) r
x
r!
In this expansion there are infinitely many terms.

This expansion is valid for |x| < 1 and first term
unity.
1
{(1 + a)n + (1 a)n} = nC0 + nC2a2
2
+ nC4a4 + ....
...(5)
Replacing n by n in the above expansion, we get
Properties of Binomial Coefficients :
(1 + x)n = 1 nx +
If we put a = 1 in (2) and (3), we get

2n = nC0 + nC2 + ...... + nCr + ....+ nCr + ..... nCn1 + nCn
and 0 = nC0 nC1 + nC2 ...... + ...... + (1)n nCn
nC0 + nC2 + .... = nC1 + nC3 + .... =
=2
+ ... + (1)r
1 n
[2 0]
2
n1
...(6)
C0 + C2 + C4 + ... = C1 + C3 + C5 + .... = 2n 1
and C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + ...... + Cn = 2n
n!
r !( n r ) !
(1 x)n = 1 + nx +
n (n + 1) 2 n (n + 1)(n + 2) 3
x +
x +
2!
3!
....... +
n (n + 1)(n + 2)...(n + r 1) r
x + ....
r!
(1 + x)1 = 1 x + x2 x3 + ...+ (1)rxr + .... to

(1 x)1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ..... + xr + .... to
(1 + x)2 = 1 2x + 3x2 .... + (1)r(r + 1)xr +.
(1 x)2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + ..... + (r + 1)xr + .... to
(1 + x)3 = 1 3x + 6x2 10x3 + ...
Some other properties to remember :
C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ... + nCn = n . 2n 1

C1 2C2 + 3C3 .... = 0
+ (1)r
C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + ... + (n + 1)Cn = (n + 2) 2n 1

C0Cr + C1Cr+1 + ... + Cn rCn =
n (n + 1)(n + 2)...(n + r 1) r
x + ...
r!
Important expansions for n = 1, 2 are :
n (n 1)(n 2)...(n r + 1)
r!
C02 + C12 + C22 + .... + Cn2 =
n (n + 1) 2 n (n + 1)(n + 2) 3
x
x
2!
3!
Replacing x by x in this expansion, we get
Due to convenience usually written as
Where nCr Cr =
n (n 1)(n 2) 3
x +..... ...(7)
3!
(r + 1)(r + 2) r
x + .....
2!
(1 x)3 = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ...
( 2n ) !
(n r ) !. (n + r ) !
...... +
( 2n ) !
(r + 1)(r + 2) r
x + ....
2!
( n !) 2
58
SEPTEMBER 2010
Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 5
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Laws of motion, Friction, Work Power Energy, Gravitation, S.H.M., Laws of Conservations of Momentum,
Rotational Motion (Rigid Body), Elasticity, Fluid Mechanics, Surface Tension, Viscosity, Refl. At Plane surface, Ref. at Curved
surface, Refraction at Plane surface, Prism (Deviation & Dispersion), Refraction at Curved surface, Wave Nature of Light:
Interference. Chemistry : Gaseous state, Chemical Energetics, Oxidation-Reduction, Equivalent Concept, Volumetric Analysis,
Reaction Mechanism, Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne, Alcohol, Ether & Phenol, Practical Organic Chemistry, Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
Halogen Derivatives, Carboxylic Acid & Its Derivatives, Nitrogen Compounds, Amines, Carbohydrates, Amino Acid, Protein &
Polymers. Mathematics : Logarithm & Modulus Function, Quadratic Equation, Progressions, Binomial Theorem, Permutation &
Combination, Complex Number, Indefinite Integration, Definite Integration, Area Under the Curve, Differential Equations.
Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
Question 5 to 9 are multiple choice question with multiple correct answer. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - III
Question 10 to 11 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer (i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong answer..
Section - IV
Question 12 to 19 are Numerical type question. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and 1 mark for wrong answer.
PHYSICS
Questions 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions. Each

question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. Mark your response in
OMR sheet against the question number of that
question. + 3 marks will be given for each correct
answer and 1 mark for each wrong answer.
1.
(A)
Two plane mirror which are perpendicular are

forming two sides of a vessel filled with liquid of
refractive index = 1.5. After all possible refraction &
reflection, find the deviation () in ray
(C)
3.
30
Incident ray
(A) = 0
(B) = 180
(C) = 90
(D) we can't find out deviation as other two angles in
figure is not given
Two identical simple pendulums A and B are fixed at
same point. They are displaced by very small angles
and ( > ) and released from rest. Find the time
after which B reaches its initial position for the first
time. Collisions are elastic and length of strings is l.
l
g
l
g
(B) 2
(D)
l
g
2 l
g
A block of mass 2 kg is kept at origin at t = 0 and is

having velocity 4 5 m/s in positive x-direction. The
only force acting on it is a conservative and its
potential energy is defind as U = x3 + 6x2 + 15 (SI
units). Its velocity when its acceleration is minimum
after t = 0 is (A) 8 m/s
(B) 4 m/s
= 1.5
2.
(C) 10 24 m/s
4.
59
(D) 20 m/s
Power applied to a particle varies with time as

P = (3t2 2t + 1)watts, where t is time in seconds.
Then the change in kinetic energy between time
t = 2s to t = 4s is (A) 46 J
(B) 52 J
(C) 92 J
(D) 104 J
SEPTEMBER 2010

which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct. Mark
your response in OMR sheet against the question
number of that question. + 4 marks will be given for
each correct answer and 1 mark for each wrong
answer.
5.
Two identical ideal springs of

spring constant 1000 N/m as
connected by an ideal pulley
as shown and system is
arranged in vertical plane. At
equilibrium is 60 and
masses m1 and m2 are 2 kg
and 3 kg respectively. Then
elongation in each spring
when is 60 is (A) 1.6 3 cm
(C) 4.8 cm
6.
As shown in figure
pulley is ideal and
strings are massless.
If mass m of hanging
block is the minimum
mass to set the
equilibrium of system
then (g = 10 m/s2)
Interior of vessel air

Glass
9.
m2
(B) 1.6 cm
(D) none of these
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 10, 11).

Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
(P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers to these
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T; B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and DS, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix should
be as follows :
= 37
= 37
m
20 kg
P Q R S T
A
B
C
D
Two converging lens have focal

L
length 20 cm & 30 cm. Optical
axis of both lens coincide. This
lens system is used to form an O
image of an object. It turn out
that size of the image does not f = 20 cm f = 30 cm
depend on the distance between
the lens system & the object. If L is distance between
lens & M is magnification after all possible refraction (A) L = 10 cm
(B) L = 50 cm
2
3
(C) |M| =
(D) |M| =
3
2
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
Mark your response in OMR sheet against the question

number of that question in section-II. + 8 marks will be
given for complete correct answer (i.e. +2 marks for
each correct row) and NO NEGATIVE MARKING for
wrong answer.
10. In the arrangement shown
below force F is just
sufficient
to
keep
equilibrium of 100 N block,
T1, T2 and T3 are tension, in
strings AB, CD and EF and
T4 is total force of all
tensions on block 100 N
A research vessel has a round glass window in

bottom for observing the seabed. The diameter of the
glass window is 60 cm, the thickness of the glass is
20 mm and the index of refraction of water is 1.33
and that of the glass is 1.55. The seabed is 6.0 m
beneath the window. A man in interior of vessel can
see seabed through window.
A SHM is given by y = (sin t + cos t). Which of

the following statement are true (A) The amplitude is 1m
(B) The amplitude is 2 m
(C) When t = 0, the amplitude is 0 m
(D) When t = 0, the amplitude is 1 m
= 0.5
8.
6m
m1
(A) m = 2.5 kg
= 37
(B) m = 5 kg
(C) force applied by 20 kg block on inclined plane is
179 N
(D) force applied by 20 kg block on inclined plane is
223 N
7.
Sea bed`
(A) Area of seabed that can be seen through the

window is 40 m2 (Approx)]
(B) Viewable area of seabed from interior of vessel
will increases as thickness of glass of window
increases
(C) Viewable area of seabed from interior of vessel is
independent of thickness of glass of window
(D) Area of seabed that can be seen through window
is 160 m2 (Approx)
window
water
Match the following

60
E
C
T3
A
T2
T1
F D
B
100 N
SEPTEMBER 2010
Column-I
(A) T1
(B) T2
(C) T3
(D) T4
13. In the figure shown the lens

has focal length f and
velocity v as shown. If the
final image velocity is kv.
Find k.
Column-II
400
N
(P)
7
100
N
(Q)
7
200
(R)
7
(S) 100 N
(T) None of these
f/2
f/2
15. The ratio of sizes of two images, obtained on a fixed

screen of a candle for two positions of a thin lens
(focal length f) is 4. If distance between candle and
screen is 36 units (> 4f). Then find f.
16. IN YDSE one of the two
P
slits is covered with a
PO = OQ
glass slab. At P and Q ;
O
th
th
8 and 12 maximum are
Q
observed. Find the order
of maxima at O if
thickness of slab is minimum for this to happen.
17. In the arrangement
shown the rod is
freely pivoted at
v
point O and is in
contact with the
O
equilateral
2a 3
triangular
block
which can moves on the horizontal frictionless
ground. As the block is given a speed v forward, the
rod rotates about point O. Find the angular velocity
of rod in rad/s at the instant when
= 30. [Take v = 20 m/s, a = 1 m]
This section contains 8 questions (Q.12 to 19).

+4 marks will be given for each correct answer and 1
mark for each wrong answer. The answer to each of the
questions is a SINGLE-DIGIT INTEGER, ranging
from 0 to 9. The appropriate bubbles below the
respective question numbers in the OMR have to be
darkened. For example, if the correct answers to
question numbers X, Y, Z and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and 2,
respectively, then the correct darkening of bubbles will
look like the following :
X Y Z W
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
12. A disc of radius 1 m is rolling on
a plane horizontal mirror with
14. Light travelling in air falls at an angle of incidence 2

one face of a thin prism of angle 4 and refractive
index 1.5. The medium on the other side is water
(R.I = 4/3). Find the deviation produce by prism in
degrees.
11. A block of mass m = 1 kg is at

rest with respect to a rough
m
wedge as shown. The wedge
a
starts moving up from rest with

2
an acceleration of a = 2 m/s
and the block remains at rest

with respect to wedge. Then in 4 sec of motion
(if = 60 & g = 10 m/s2) work done on block.
Column-I
Column-II
(A) By gravity (in magnitude) (P) 144 J
(B) By normal reaction
(Q) 32 J
(C) By frictional force
(R) 160
(D) By all forces
(S) 48 J
(T) None of these
constant angular speed = 3

rad/s (sec figure). Calculate
velocity of image of point Q
with respect to point Q itself.
(given = 30)
18. A cylinder of mass M radius R is resting on a

horizontal platform (which is parallel to x y plane)
with its axis fixed along the y-axis and free to rotate
about its axis. The platform is given a motion in Xdirection given by X = A cos t. There is sufficient
friction present in the surface of contact that can
prevent the slipping between the cylinder and
platform. The minimum torque in N-m acting on the
cylinder during its motion is.
[take M = 4 kg, R = 1 m, A = 2m, = 1 rad/s]
19. A body of mass m = 4 kg starts moving with velocity
v0 in a straight line is such a way that on the body
work is being done at the rate which is proportional
to the square of velocity as given by P = v2 where
0.693
=
. Find the time elapsed in seconds before
2
velocity of body is doubled.
61
SEPTEMBER 2010
4.
CHEMISTRY
1.
log P
A(vA)
log V
An alkene (A), C16H16 on ozonolysis gives only one

product B(C8H8O). Compound (B) on reaction with
NH2OH, H2SO4, gives N-methyl benzamide. The
compound 'A', is
(A)
CH3
H
(B)
CH3
C=C
(A) number of collision increases
CH3

answer.
CH3
CH2CH = CHCH2
CH3
(D)
CH = CH
5.
Which is correct for G

(A) G = H TS
(B) at equilibrium G = 0
(C) at equilibrium G = RT log K
(D) G = G + RT log K
6.
Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct

about friction ?
(A) The coefficient of friction between two bodies is
largely independent of area of contact
(B) The frictional force can never exceed the reaction
force on a body from the supporting surface
(C) Rolling friction is generally smaller than sliding
friction
(D) Friction is due to irregularities of the surfaces in
contact.
7.
(Consider the reaction

O
CH3
2.
3.
As per Boyle's law V 1/P at constant temperature,

As per charles law V T at constant pressure.
Therefore, by combining, one concluded that T 1/P
hence, PT = constant
(A) PT = constant is correct, because volume remain
same in both the laws
(B) PT = constant is incorrect, because volume
remain same at the constant temperature and at
the constant pressure
(C) PT = constant is correct, because volume at
constant temperaute and volume at constant
pressure are not same
(D) PT = constant is incorrect, because volume at
constant temperature and volume at constant
pressure for the same amount of gas are different
Among the following statements on the nitration of
aromatic compounds, the false one is (A) The rate of nitration of benzene is almost the
same as that of hexadeuterobenzene
(B) The rate of nitration of toluene is greater than that
of benzene
(C) The rate of nitration of benzene is greater than
that of hexadeuterobenzene
(D) Nitration is an electrophilic substitution reaction
VA
times
VB
(B) number of moles in this process is constant

(C) it is isothermal process
(D) it is possible for ideal gas
C=C
(C)
A compression of an ideal gas is represented by curve

AB, which of the following is wrong
B(vB)
C OH
Na , NH (l )
O , Me S
EtOH
CH 2Cl 2
2
3

A 3
B+C
Identify the correct representation of structure of the

products -
62
SEPTEMBER 2010
COOH
10. Match the following

Column I
(A) HCOOH
(A) A is
(B)The intermediate formed in the conversion of B to
D is enol
(B) CH3COOH
OH
(C)
(C) The structure of C is

O O
(D) A can also be formed from the reaction
+
COOH
9.
(D) PhCH2COOH
O
(C)
OEt

CO2Et
O
(D) Me CH CO2Et
CO2Et
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
Z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
W
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12. Which of the following is the strongest nucleophilic

site in the following species ?
1 O

wrong answer.
Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

be as follows :
P Q R S T
A
B
C
D
(S) Decarbonylation or
decarboxylation on
treatment with
conc. H2SO4
(T) None of these
11. Match the following

Column I
Column II
(A) Cyclopropenyl carbocation (P) Hyperconjugation
(B) Cyclopentadienyl anion
(Q) All carbon atoms
are sp2 hybridized
(C) Benzyne
(R) Aromatic nature
(D) t-Butyl carbocation
(S) Diamagnetic
(T) None of these
Identify the compounds which do not give positive

iodoform test in the following sequence of the
reaction
(i) Hydrolysis (ii) Heating (iii) I2 + NaOH
CO2Et
O
(A) CH3 CH C Et (B)
(R) Cu2+(alkaline)Cu2O
COOH
Reduction of But-2-yne with Na and liquid NH3

gives an alkene which upon catalytic
hydrogenation with D2 / Pt gives an alkane. The
alkene and alkane formed respectively are (A) cis-but-2-ene and
recemic-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(B) trans-but-2-ene and
meso-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(C) trans-but-2-ene and
recemic-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(D) cis-but-2-ene and
meso-2, 3-dideuterobutane
8.
Column II
(P) Decarboxylation
on heating
(Q) Reation with Br2
63
O
O 2
SEPTEMBER 2010
13. Which nitrogen is protonated readily in guanidine ?
4.
HN = C
CH3
14.
H3C
NH2
NH2
Br
H
2
OH HO [F] CCl
4
5 such products
are possible
16. 0.45 g of an acid of mol wt 90 is neutralised by 20

mL 0.5 N NaOH. The basicity of acid will be
17. A Gaseous mixture of 2 moles of A, 3 moles of B, 5
moles of C and 10 moles of D is contained in a
vessel. Assuming that gases are ideal and the partial
pressure of C is 1.5 atm. The total pressure is
5.
Sum to n terms of the series

S = 12 + 2 (2)2 + 32 + 2(42) + 52 + 2(62) + is
1
(A)
n (n + 1)2 when n is even
2
1 2
n (n + 1) when n is odd
(B)
2
1 2
n (n + 2) when n is odd
(C)
4
1
n (n + 2)2 when n is even
(D)
4
7.
The number of ways in which we can arrange the 2n

letters x1, x2,,xn, y1,y2,yn in a line so that the
suffixes of letters x and those of the letters y are
respectively in ascending order of magnitude is (A) (nC0)2 + (nC1)2 + + (nCn)2
(B) 2nCn
(C) 2n[1.3.5 (2n 1]/n!
(D) 2nCn 1
8.
The values of which satisfy
MATHEMATICS
If nN, then value of S =
(1) r
r =0
1
(A)
n+2
(C) n + 2
3.
, then Re ()
(B) k/2
(D) None of these
n
2.
k 2 + zw
(n Cr )
(
r+2
Cr )
is
sin x dx = sin 2 ( [0, 2]) are equal to
2
(B)
n+2
(D) n + 1
/ 2
(A) /2
(C) 7/6
The equation of the curve satisfying the differential

equation y2 (x2 + 1) = 2xy1 passing through the point,
(0, 1) and having slope of tangent at x = 0 as 3 is
(A) y = x2 + 3x + 2
(B) y2 = x2 + 3x + 1
3
(C) y = x + 3x + 1
(D) none of these
(B) a negative integer

(D) none of these
6.
19. The equivalent weight of a metal is 4.5 and the

molecular weight of its chloride is 80. The atomic
weight of the metal is
zw
Solution of log x 2 + 6 x +8 log 2 x 2 + 2 x +3 ( x 2 2x ) = 0 is

(A) a natural number
(C) 1
18. A solution containing 4 m mole of An+ ions requires

1.6 m mole of MnO4 for oxidation of An+ to AO3 in
acidic medium. The value of n is
equals
(A) 0
(C) k
dx then I equals

answer.
15. A nanopeptide contains..peptide linkages.
If k > 0, |z| = |w| = k, and =
1/ 2
(C) log |tan (x/2 + /4) cos x| + C

(D) log |cot (/4 x/2) cos x| + C
C 4 H 8 Br2
1424
3
How many structures of [F] are possible ?
1.
[1 + 2 tan x(tan x + sec x)]
(A) log |sec x + tan x| + log |cos x| + C

tan( x / 2 + / 4)
(B) log
+C
cos x
If I =
9.
64
(B) 3/2
(D) 11/6
cos 8x cos 7 x
dx is expressed as
1 + 2 cos 5x
K sin 3x + M sin 2x + C then
(A) K = 1/3
(B) K = 1/3
(C) M = 1/2
(D) M = 1/2
If
SEPTEMBER 2010

be as follows :
P Q R S T

X Y Z W
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
wrong answer.
A
B
C
D
10. The number of real roots of

Column-I
Column-II
( )
1
dy
if (1 + x2)
= x(1 y),
3
dx
y(0) = 4/3 is .
12. The value of y 8
(A)
x + 9 + x = 2.7
(P) 2
(B)
13 x 2
=1
| x +1|
(Q) 1
(C)
x+5 x = 1
(R) infinite
(D)
x + 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 = 2 (S) 0
13. The area bounded by the curves x = y2 and

x = 3 2y2 is . .
(T) None
1
(A) lim
x 0 x
(B) lim
x 0
(C)
lim
x 0
Column-II
dt
sin 2 t
x+y
sin 3 (1 + 2cos) ( 1 + cos )2 d then
16. If |z| < 1/2 and 4|(1 + i)z3 + iz| < k, find the least
integral value of k.
(Q) e sin y
17. If x1 + x2 + x3 = 1, x2x3 + x3x1 + x1x2 = 1 and x1x2x3 = 1,

find value of |x1| + |x2| + |x3|.
sin x dx
x3
x
15. Number of divisors of the form 4n + 2 (n 0) of

integers 240 is.
dt = (P) 1
x2
e t dt
0
=
x+y
2t 2
e dt
x+y
x 0
(D) lim
sin 2 t
the value of I is .
11. Match the Column

Column-I
a
14. If I = 3
(R) 0
18. Let an =
cos t 2 dt
x
(S) 2/3
19. If x = (7 + 4 3 )2n = [x] + f, then x(1 f) is equal

to..
(T) None
2 3 1 33 1 4 3 1 n 3 1
.
.
...
, find lim 3an.
n
2 3 + 1 33 + 1 4 3 + 1 n 3 + 1
65
SEPTEMBER 2010
66
SEPTEMBER 2010
Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2012
XtraEdge Test Series # 5
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Laws of motion, Friction, Work Power Energy, Gravitation, S.H.M., Laws of Conservations of
Momentum, Rotational Motion (Rigid Body), Elasticity, Fluid Mechanics, Surface Tension, Viscosity.
Chemistry : Gaseous state, Chemical Energetic, Oxidation-Reduction, Equivalent Concept, Volumetric Analysis.
Mathematics : Logarithm & Modulus Function, Quadratic Equation, Progressions, Binomial Theorem, Permutation &
Combination, Complex Number.
Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 4 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - II
Question 5 to 9 are multiple choice question with multiple correct answer. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
Section - III
Question 10 to 11 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer (i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong answer..
Section - IV
Question 12 to 19 are Numerical type question. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and 1 mark for wrong answer.
2.
PHYSICS
1.
A container has a liquid filled upto the height H.

There is a hole at height H/4. The area of hole is 'a'.
Density of liquid is . Torque due to the efflux
coming out about an axis passing through 'A' and
perpendicular to the plane of figure is
2m.
(A) 2 m
(C) 7 m
3.
H/4
(B)
(B) 5 m
(D) 3 m
A block of mass 2 kg is kept at origin at t = 0 and is
(C) 10 24 m/s
agH 2
4
3
(C) agH 2
8
45
having velocity 4 5 m/s in positive x direction. Its

potential energy is defined as U = x3 + 6x2 + 15
(SI units). Its velocity when the applied force is
minimum (after the time t = 0) is
(A) 8 m/s
(B) 4 m/s
(A)
A container has a hole at a height of 2m. If the time

taken by the efflux to strike the inclined plane
perpendicularly is 1 sec. Then the height of liquid
level initially is (Take g = 10 m/s2)
3agH 2
4
4.
(D) agH2
67
(D) None of these
A particle of mass m is released from point A on

smooth fixed circular track as shown. If the particle is
released from rest at t = 0, then variation of normal
reaction N with () angular displacement from initial
position is
SEPTEMBER 2010
O
m
(A) 3mg
(B) 3mg
(A) The minimum coefficient of friction between

bucket and trolley is /2
(B) The acceleration of trolley is g/
(C) The inclination of water surface in the bucket
with horizontal in absence of any slipping is tan
1
1/
(D) Force on trolley is (m1 + m2 + m3) g/
(C) 3mg
(D) 3mg
7.

answer.
5. A vessel filled with liquid is resting on the rough
horizontal surface. A hole is made in the vessel as
shown. Then
C
4kg
5
4
4
(B) at points E and C is
5
(C) at points D and E is 1
1
(D) at points D and E is
2
(A) at points E and C is
8.
(A) The torque due to friction about the centre of

gravity is of into the plane of the paper
(B) The torque due to normal reaction force between
container and ground about center of gravity is
out of the plane of paper
(C) Torque due to friction about center of gravity is
zero
(D) Torque due to normal reaction force between
container and ground about center of gravity is
zero
A wedge of mass m1 and a block of mass m2 is in

equilibrium as shown. Inclined surface of the wedge
has an inclination with the horizontal and all
contacts are smooth. The normal reaction on the
wedge may be
m2
m1
(A) m2g cos

(B) m2g sin cos
(C) m1g + m2g cos2 (D) m1g+m2g sin cos
A trolley of mass m1 is to be moved such as to keep

block A of mass m2 at rest with respect to it. A
bucket of mass m3 (with water) in it is placed on
trolley. Coefficient of friction between the block A
and trolley is . The trolley is moved with
acceleration so that block does not slip
E
2kg
6.
As shown is figure the string BC is 10 cm long and

has a linear mass density of 10 kg/m while the string
ED is massless. If both strings are inextensible and
pulley is ideal then when the system is released from
rest the ratio of tension in the string.
9.
68
A rough L-shaped rod is located in a horizontal plane

and a sleeve of mass m is inserted in the rod. The rod
is rotated with a constant angular velocity in the
horizontal plane. The lengths l1 and l2 are shown in
figure. The normal reaction and frictional force
acting on the sleeve when it just starts slipping are
( = coefficient of friction between rod and sleeve)
SEPTEMBER 2010
11. A single conservative force acts on a body

of mass 1 kg that moves along the x-axis.
The potential energy U(x) is given by
U(x) = 20 + (x2)2 where x is in meters. At x = 5.0 m
the particle has a kinetic energy of 20 J then
Column-I
Column-II
(A) minimum value
(P) 29
of x in meters
(B) maximum value
(Q) 7.38
of x in meters
(C) maximum potential
(R) 49
energy
in joules
(D) maximum kinetic
(S) 3.38
Energy in joules
(T) None of these
X Y Z W
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
l1
L-shaped rod
l2
sleeve
(A) N = m2l1
(B) f = m2l2
(C) N = m g 2 + 4 l 12 (D) f = N
be as follows :
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
wrong answer.
A
B
C
D
10. As shown block C of mass 5 kg is pulled by a force F

and its acceleration is found to be 3 m/s2. The masses
of blocks A and B are 10 kg and 5 kg respectively
while the string passing over ideal pullies is ideal and
is under tension T. If acceleration of blocks A and B
are a1 and a2 respectively then if all surfaces are
smooth and g = 10 m/s2
12. A particle moves in a straight line with its retardation

proportional to its displacement 'x'. Change in kinetic
energy is proportional to nth power of x, where n is 13. A particle of mass 102 kg is moving along the
positive x-axis under the influence of a force
F(x) = K/(2x2) where K = 10 Nm2. At time t = 0 it
is at x = 1.0 m and its velocity is v = 0. Find its
velocity when it reaches x = 0.50 m.
C
aC = 3 m/s2
T
A
Column-I
(A) F
(B) T
(C) a1
(D) 2 a2
14. An artillery gun is mounted on a railway truck

standing on straight horizontal rails. The total mass of
the truck with gun shells and crew is M = 50 tons and
the mass of each shell is m = 25 kg. The gun fires in a
horizontal direction along the railway. The initial
velocity of the shells is V0 = 1000 m/s. What will the
speed of truck after the second shot? Disregard
friction and air resistance.
Column-II
(P) 2
(Q) 1
(R) 55
(S) 70
(T) None of these
69
SEPTEMBER 2010
15. A stationary body explodes into four identical

fragments such that three of them fly off mutually
perpendicular to each other, each will same K.E. E0.
The energy of explosion will be K times of E0, then
the value of K is 16. A cubical block of mass 6kg and side 16.1 cm is
placed on frictionless horizontal surface. If is hit by a
cue at the top as to impart-impulse in horizontal
direction. Minimum impulse imparted to topple the
block must be greater than.
17. A disc is rotating freely its axis. Percentage change in
angular velocity of disc if temperature decreases by
20C is (coefficient of linear expansion of material of
disc is 5 104/C )
19. A wire of length '2m' is clamped horizontally

between two fixed support. A mass m = 5 kg is
hanged from middle of wire. The vertical and
depression in wire (in cm) in equilibrium is (Young
modulus of wire = 2.4 109 N/m2, cross-sectional
area = 1 cm2)

What volume of 2N K2Cr2O7 solution is require to

oxidise 0.81 g of H2S in acid medium (A) 47.8
(B) 23.8
(C) 40 ml
(D) 72 ml
5.
20 volume of H2O2 is equal to (A) 20 % H2O2 by mass

(B) 6 % H2O2 by mass
(C) 1.764 N
(D) 3.528 N
6.
Which of the following is/are state function ?

(A) q
(B) q w
(C) q + w (D) q / w
8.
Given that H2O (l) H2O(g) ; H = + 43.7 kJ

H2O (s) H2O (l) ; H = + 6.05 kJ
Hsublimation of ice is (B) 37.65 kJ mol1
(A) 49.75 kJ mol1
1
(D) 43.67 kJ mol1
(C) 43.7 kJ mol
A real gas of molar mass 60 g mol1 has density at
critical point equal to 0.80 g/cm3 and its critical
4 105
temperature is given by Tc =
K. Then the
821
2
2
van der Waal's constant 'a' (atm L mol ) will be
(A) 0.025
(B) 0.325
(C) 3.375
(D) 33.750
4.
7. According to kinetic theory of gases :

(A) the pressure exerted by a gas is proportional to
mean square velocity of the molecules
(B) the pressure exerted by the gas is proportional to
the root mean square velocity of the molecules
(C) the root mean square velocity is inversely
proportional to the temperature
(D) the mean translational K.E. of the molecule is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature
CHEMISTRY
2.
Adiabatic reversible expansion of a monoatomic gas

(M) and a diatomic gas (D) at an initial temperatrue
Ti has been carried out independently from initial
volume V1 to final volume V2. The final temperature
(TM for monoatomic gas and TD for diatomic gas)
attained will be :
(A) TM = TD > Ti
(B) TM < TD < Ti
(C) TM > TD > Ti
(D) TM = TD = Ti

answer.
18. A glass capillary sealed at the upper end is of length

0.11 m and internal diameter 2 105 m. This tube is
immersed vertically into a liquid of surface tension
5.06 102 N/m. When the length x 102. m of the
tube is immersed in liquid then the liquid level inside
and outside the capillary tube becomes the same, then
the value of x is : (Assume atmospheric pressure is
N
1.01 105 2 )
m
1.
3.
9.
70
According to Charles' law :

1
dV
(A) V
(B)
=K
T
dT P
dT
1 V
(D) 2 = 0
(C)
=K
dV P
T T P
Consider in Redox reaction
2S2O32 + I2 S4O62 + 2I
(A) S2O32 gets reduced to S4O62
(B) S2O32 gets oxidised to S4O62
(C) I2 gets reduced to I
(D) I2 gets oxidised to I
SEPTEMBER 2010

be as follows :
P Q R S T
A
B
C
D
P
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
S

X
T
T
T
T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

wrong answer.
10. Column-I
(A) If force of attraction
Column-II
(P) P + 2 (Vb)= RT
V
Z W
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12. Oxidation number of Fe in Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] is

13. The number of moles of KMnO4 reduced by one
mole of KI in alkaline medium is.
among the gas molecules

be negligible
(B) If the volume of the (Q) PV = RT a/V
gas molecules be
negligible
(C) At STP (for real gas) (R) PV = RT + Pb
(D) At low pressure and (S) PV = RT
at high temperature
(T) PV/RT = 1a/VRT
14. How many mole of electrons are needed to convert

one mole of nitrate ion to hydrazine.
15. Calculate the volume occupied by 8.8 g of CO2 at
31.1C and 1 bar pressure. (R = 0.083 bar litre K1
mol1)
16. A compound exists in the gaseous phase both as
monomer (A) and dimer (A2). The molecular weight
of A is 48. In an experiment 96 g of the compound
was confined in a vessel of volume 33.6 litre and
heated to 273 C. Calculate the pressure developed if
the compound exists as dimer to the extent of 50% by
weight under these conditions.
11. Match of the following :

Column-I
Column-II
(A) A process carried (P) Adiabatic
out infinitesimally
slowly
(B) A process in which (Q) G = 0
no heat enters or
leaves the system
(C) A process carried (R) Sublimation
out at constant
temperature
(D) A process in
(S) Reversible
equilibrium
(T) Isothermal
Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
17. The haemoglobin from the red blood corpuscles of

most mammals contains approximately 0.33% of iron
by weight. The molecular weight of haemoglobin as
67,200. The number of iron atoms in each molecule
of haemoglobin is (atomic weight of iron = 56) :
18. 0.7 g of Na2CO3.xH2O were dissolved in water and
the volume was made to 100 mL, 20 mL of this
solution required 19.8 mL of N/10 HCl for complete
neutralisation. The value of x is
19. The temperature of a 5 mL of strong acid increases
by 5C when 5 ml of a strong base is added to it. If 10
mL of each are mixed, temperature should increase
by
71
SEPTEMBER 2010
MATHEMATICS
1.
The set of {x : log1/3 log4(x2 5) > 0} is equal to

(A) (3, )
7.
If 2 and 31 appear as two terms in an A.P., then

(A) common difference of the A.P. is a rational
number
(B) all the terms of the A.P. must be rational
(C) all the terms of the A.P. must be integers
(D) sum to any number of terms of the A.P. must be
rational
8.
Given that the 4th term in the expansion of

10
3x
2 + has the maximum numerical value, then x

8
lies in the interval

64
60
(A) 2,
(B) ,2
21
23
(B) ( 6 , 3)
(C) (3, 6 ) ( 6 , 3)
(D) none of these
2.
3.
4.
64
(C) ,2
21
The coefficient of xk (0 k n) in the expansion of

E = 1 + (1 + x) + (1 + x)2 + + (1 + x)n is
(A) nCk
(B) n+1Ck
n+1
(D) none of these
(C) Ck+1
9.
Let a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0. Then both the roots of the
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
(A) are real and negative
(B) have negative real parts
(C) are rational numbers
(D) none of these
If three positive real numbers a, b, c are in A.P. such
that abc = 4, then the minimum possible value of b is
(A) 23/2
(B) 22/3
1/3
(D) 25/2
(C) 2
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
P Q R S T
wrong answer.
A
B
C
D
1
1 + 2i 5i
Let z = 1 2i 3 5 + 3i , then
5i
5 3i
7
10. z lies on if
Column-I
(A) |z 3| + |z i| = 10
2z 3
=2
(B)
zi
(A) z is purely real

(B) z is purely imaginary
(C) (z z )i is purely real
(D) z + z = 0
5.
(C) z2 + z = 5
Let S denote the set of all real values of a for which

the roots of equation x2 2ax + a2 1 = 0 lie between
5 and 10, then S equals
(A) (1, 2)
(B) (2, 9)
(C) (4, 9)
(D) (6, 9)
If log x2 log 2x = 3 log 3 log 6 then x equals

(A) 9
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5

matches
are
A-P,
A-S,
A-T;
B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and D-S, D-T then the correctly
bubbled 4 5 matrix should be as follows :

answer.
5.
60
(D) 2,
23
(D)
z6
=3
z 2i
Column-II
(P) circle
(Q) hyperbola
(R) straight line
(S) ellipse
(T) parabola
72
SEPTEMBER 2010
17. If 1, x1, x2, x3 are the roots of x4 1 = 0 and is a

complex cube root of unity, find the value of
11. The value of

Column-I
Column-II
(A) 1.1! + 2.2! + 3.3!
(P) (n + 2)2n1 (n + 1)
+ + n.n!
(Q) 2nCn
(B) n.nC1 + (n 1).nC2
n
n
+ (n 2). C3 + +1. Cn
(C) 2C2 + 3C2 + 4C2 + + nC2 (R) (n + 1)! 1
n
(D)
Cr )2
( 2 x1 )( 2 x 2 )( 2 x 3 )
( x 1 )( x 2 )( x 3 )
18. If the lengths of the sides of a right triangle ABC

right angled at C are in A.P., find 5 (sin A + sin B).
(S) n+1C3
19. A class contains 4 boys and g girls. Every Sunday

five students, including at least three boys go for a
picnic to Appu Ghar, a different group being sent
every week. During, the picnic, the class teacher
gives each girl in the group a doll. If the total number
of dolls distributed was 85, then value of g is
r =0
(T) 0
mark for each wrong answer. The answer to each of
the questions is a SINGLE-DIGIT INTEGER,
ranging from 0 to 9. The appropriate bubbles below
the respective question numbers in the OMR have to
be darkened. For example, if the correct answers to
question numbers X, Y, Z and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and
2, respectively, then the correct darkening of bubbles
will look like the following :
X Y Z W
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
12. The remainder when 22003 is divided by 17 is
William Bottke at Cornell University in the US has

calculated that at least 900 asteroids of a kilometre or
more across regularly sweep across Earth's path.
The Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens (1629 1695) drew Mars using an advanced telescope of his
own design. He recorded a large, dark spot on Mars,
probably Syrtis Major. He noticed that the spot
returned to the same position at the same time the
next day, and calculated that Mars has a 24 hour
period. (It is actually 24 hours and 37 minutes)
Space debris travels through space at over 18,000

mph.
The nucleus of Comet Halley is approximately 16x8x8

kilometers. Contrary to prior expectations, Halley's
nucleus is very dark: its albedo is only about 0.03
making it darker than coal and one of the darkest
objects in the solar system.
A car travelling at a constant speed of 60 miles per

hour would take longer than 48 million years to reach
the nearest star (other than our Sun), Proxima Centauri.
This is about 685,000 average human lifetimes
Scientists estimate that the contents of our universe

consists of 4 percent ordinary atoms (baryons) in stars,
nebulae and diffuse intergalactic gas. Dark Matter
provides about 30 percent; and Dark Energy provides
the rest of about 66% percent.
One parsec is equal to 19.2 million million miles.
The coldest known star is an unnamed star about 160

light years from Earth. Its surface temperature is only
2600F which is 7400F cooler than the Sun!
Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun, and the

sixth largest overall.
The first manned space flight happened on the 12th

April 1961, when Yuri Gagarin made a complete orbit of
the Earth before landing safely back in Russia.
13. The number of real values of x which satisfy the
equation
x2 6 x + 7
x2 + 6 x + 7
= 1 are
14. Let x1, x2, ... (0, ) denote the values of x satisfying
the equation
27 (1+|cos x|+ cos
x +|cos x |3 +....upto )
find the value of
= 93,
1
(x1 + x2 + ...)
15. If x satisfies
log1x(3) log1x (2) =1/2, find 4x.
16. Rakshit is allowed to select (n + 1) or more books out
of (2n + 1) distinct books. If the number of ways in
which he may not select all of them is 255, then value
of n is
73
SEPTEMBER 2010
XtraEdge Test Series

ANSWER KEY
IIT- JEE 2011 (September issue)
Ques
Ans
Column
Matching
Numerical
Type
Ques
Ans
Column
Matching
Numerical
Type
Ques
Ans
Column
Matching
Numerical
Type
1
B
10
11
12
3
2
B
AQ
A R
13
3
PHYSICS
4
5
A
A
BR
BP
15
16
8
2
6
A,C
CP
CQ
17
5
7
B,D
1
B
10
11
12
4
C HE M ISTR Y
2
3
4
5
D
C
A
A,D
AS
BR
A Q,R,S
BR
13
14
15
16
1
3
8
2
6
C
CQ
CQ
17
6
7
B,C,D
1
A
10
11
12
3
MATHEMATICS
4
5
B
B,C
BP
BR
15
16
4
3
6
A,B
CQ
CS
17
3
7
A,B,C
2
B
AS
AQ
13
4
3
A
14
1
3
C
14
8
18
4
18
3
18
2
8
C,D
DS
DS
19
8
9
B,D
8
C
DP
DP
19
9
9
A,C,D
8
A,B,C,D
DR
DP
19
1
9
B,C
8
B,C
DP
DP
19
5
9
B,C,D
8
B,C,D
DS
DQ
19
5
9
B,C
8
A,C
DP
DQ
19
5
9
A
IIT- JEE 2012 (September issue)

PHYSICS
Ques
Ans
Column
Matching
Numerical
Type
Ques
Ans
Column
Matching
Numerical
Type
Ques
Ans
Column
Matching
Numerical
Type
1
B
10
11
12
2
2
C
AS
AS
13
1
1
A
10
11
12
2
2
C
AR
AS
13
2
1
C
10
11
12
8
2
C
AS
AR
13
1
3
A
4
5
A
A,B
BR
BQ
14
15
16
1
6
4
C HE M ISTR Y
3
4
5
B
B
B,D
B Q,T
BP
14
15
16
7
5
2
3
B
14
1
MATHEMATICS
4
5
B
A,C
BR
BP
15
16
5
4
74
6
B,C,D
CQ
CR
17
2
7
A,C
6
C
CP
CT
17
4
7
B,D
6
D
CQ
CS
17
1
7
A,B,D
18
1
18
2
18
7
SEPTEMBER 2010
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A transverse harmonic disturbance is produced in a

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Figure 1 shows vector 6 3i + 8 3 j

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ZO can be found by dot product