‘THE STANDARD PENETRATION TEST ~ [7S APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION == TRACE RADFERDS hh . Part 2: M. A. STROUD, MA, PhD, MICE, Arup Geotechnics This paper considers the application and interpretation of the Standard Penetration Test in the wide variety of soils and rock encountered in the UK. Im particular, attention is focused on what information the SPT can provide on the etrength and stiffness of these materials, Correlations are provided for overconsolidated sands and gravels, normally consolidated sands, overconsolidated Clays, weak cocks and Chalk. ‘The importance of ély in the interpretation of the strength of granular materials is demonstrated of stiffness in all aaterials. INTRODUCTION ‘The Standard Penetration Test is Like the friend you've known for a long tina: maybe a Little taken for granted; there providing support when all else fails; civen to frustrating habits. Neither is above criticism, but both perhaps get criticised nore than they should, Of course the SPP can be done badly. But ve should aot forget that ground is naturally variable. fe should not necessarily expect tidily bunched data, The scatter of SPT results in Thanes gravel is more Likely to be a statement of reality in the ground than foible of the test procedure. tn devoloping our correlations tt is important, to relace SPT daca to fundanental soil propersies if ve can, zt is more useful to Felate N values to shear strength, for exanple, than to relate them directly to shaft friction of piles, It ia nore useful to relate W values to soil stifsaess than directly to settlenent. In both cases if ve understand the relationship of N to the basic paranaters we can extend this apolication to a whole variety of different geotechnical situations: ‘This report attempts to draw together and to develop some of the experience contained in the papers presented to this Conference, together with past work, Correlations of W value with two basic parameters perhaps nost widely used in practice, strength and stiffness, will be examined for each af the following materials commonly found in the UK: a) sands and gravels b) clays cc) inganaitive weak rocks chalk. one of the prineipal advantages of the SP? is that it hae sonething useful to tell us about all these materials and since three out of four Of them can conmonly be found in one borehole, the SPT has a big advantage over other less versatile forms of in situ testing. In sone materials, such as many glacial tills, the SPT 4s the only in situ test which can readily and economically be relied on. Penetration testing the UK. Thomas Telford, London, 1989 , as is the importance of strain dependency in the understanding SANDS AND GRAVETS eee dcaining gronulae nateriais a0 tasteionclly the materiale most ofsen tested by SPT but they sler provige date shaeh give igs eas etatear hebeee nea sctetateet ae Site G2 St Seghena weseiage 865) Is on feoctet coer cetaate ta euactevine eee de eeeaet teers heater cee Seciguiey os undecotanding the payeiees See ads fr eoenentin pastes culties ceeeestetbaisty fsaor tis open whieh thete correlations depend, defined as the inverse caer aeteee pebanare/aveciaaare curve divided by aA where B is the footing breadth, i.e., pear ae 7 RG” ar, re may bo neipfut to tock ot ¢ fev basic Semoun raisins asset oe cae eee seeaeeeeeee cave donovey much 20 that seereatsees in Flowre lay’ For this natesial Pape iret Shatated in Pigeee"iby because fris'a fonction sr eet natsTedtaceive sess level Cease lbabe aed Simones 198). tistaoss, erin apy ensatie ouny’s fotales 2” ie Ree eee ees eeeesen aceaceire gereas Level Se a eee arcees tar aeelatwsation nde teh Mopen aa trigere ie) thas 4 seas ao sae ter cenzalatione, 2) with relative density, vo would want to correct the value for depth to give one characteristic value while b) with atiggnese 2", ve vould look for relationships with N uncorrected for aopth. | \ \ 1 (al ) fe Pig 1 Sands and gravels: basic relationships 2S&SSION1: STANDARD PENETRATION TEST en ° 19 20 ° T T T 100} Ny = Cy oy" (ktm?) ELD TEST DATA oF ene #00 NC Coorse sands LABORATORY TESTS Morcuson & Tpiegenovsky (3977) bbs & Holtz (7959) fine sands 200} 300 Fig 2. Correction for overburden pressure {after Skempton, 1986) Strength Let us first look at the parameters of strength ‘Which emerge fron an appreciation of relative deneity- We first need to correct for overburden pressure in the way which is well known, relating N to the corrected value, Ny, appropriate to a vertical effective tress of 1O0kN/n?, using the expression N, = CN. Figure 2 eumarises the available field data collected by Skempton (1986) together with the variation of laboratory test data produced by Marcuson and Bieganovsky (1977) and Gibbs and Holtz (1987). the plot indicates that for normally consolidated sands the variation of Cy, with overburden pressure is relatively insensitive to grading. Limited field and laboratory data suggests that the effect of overconsolidation on , is also small. Skempton (1986) pointed out that the original correlation between descriptions of relative density and N value proposed by Terzaghi and Peck (1948). should properly be corrected for the energy levels used in modern SPT practice. He arrived at the relationship shown in Figure 3 of relative density, D_, against the standardised? sp? value,"(N,)gq- This 20 Vioose | Loose Macum | ‘Dance | Voenee sol Field deta NC Coarse sands 0c © NC | fine sands 0 Fit} 40h 4 8 Terzaghi & Peck (1948) /e 20 4 i L L L 20 40 80 ‘30100 RELATIVE DENSITY D, % Fig 3. BEfect of relative density, based on field data (after Skenpton, 1986) relationship correlates well with the field dete for normally consolidated sands of fine and coarse grading. Data for £111 and for laboratory tests fall below this line ‘This same relationship is shown in Figure 4 as the full line curve. Also shown is the correlation with B" proposed by Peck, Hanson and Thorburn (1953), modified as a result of using (,) gq. EE penetration resistance in a sand of given rolative donsity is controlled by the mean effective stress as the work of Clayton et al (1985) suggests, then it is to be expected that the relationship in Pigura 4 will be different for overconsolidated materials. tJaing vorking similar to that used by Skempton (1986) it can be shown to a first approximation (see appendix A) that the relationship between relative density and (N,) 9 varies with overconsolidatioR’ratio as indicated in Figure For a given value of (N,),, lt ts evident that the effect of overconsdlfdation ratio on B' is nore significant for dense material than for loose. An alternative method of estimating 9° was proposed by Cornforth (1973) in which the critical state value of the angle of friction B) was first measured by static angle of rSfose tests. To this was added the dilatancy component A'-%, which was found to vary with relative densify, Modern OK practice using the automatic trip monkey gives N values equivalent to the standard W,. without correction. (M,)¢q values, are obtains by correcting for cverbirSfn using Figure 2.Voss or WS 3550S 190 Lewes Med wore | vay sre ott Tecate PSS pane ro SK and Thornouen (1083) _| ao. WN )50 eof ao Baa a eo a a ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION, @(degrees) Fig 4 Effect of overconsolidation ratio on the relationship between (N,) ¢5 and angle of friction g". w6o Bolton (1986) collected together data for 17 disterent sands. Figure 5 shows the variation of B'-d', with relative density for a mean fectife stress at failure in the range 150-600ku/n#**, Plane strain values were higher than triaxial values as would be expected. Bolton reported that values of J’, varied from about 33° for the quartz sands £5 37" for sands containing @ significant Proportion of feldspar. aking a value of 1,» 23° relevant to quarts sands and assuning Ekat the relationship Between (W,),0 and relative density in Figure 3 is appropriaél to quartz sands with 9! = 33%, then a relationship between (M,)¢y ands" can be obtained as plotted in Figutel%a and 6b for Sriaxial and plane strain configurations Fespectively.” There is son evidence to Biggest that for a given material A. in plane strain 12 a Little higher then for €Yiaxtal loading. Hovever, the conservative assumption fg made here that they ara the sane, Also shown for comparison in Figure 6 19 the elationship Beteeen Mt) ,» and B" from Peck Hangon and Thornburn, rdpfSeeed zon Figure 4. Because of the curvature of the failure envelope,.f" is here measured as 2 socant value. 9" will be higher at lover stress levels and lower at higher stress levels (see Bolton, 1986) PAPERS 1.9 — INTRODUCTI 20 pt = 150-600 kN/m* measured as secant value ° 20 40 608000 2, % Fig 5 variation of g'=g%, with rela deneity (after Bef¥on 1205) Tt is evident from Figure 6a that the relationships derived fron triaxial testing are in broad agreenent with the Peck, Hanson and ‘Thoraburn results, although therc latter underestinate #" at low (N,)¢) values. In plane strain, however, as wold be appropriate for retaining wall design for exanple, the Peck, Hanson and Thoraburn results significantly underestinate 9". ‘The correlations are clearly very sensitive to the value of $',, appropriate to the material in question. Valfés of §', found in the Literature are presenti in Table Cl (Appendix ©) for unitornly graded and well graded raterials where description of particle shape are available, The variation of #1, with particle shape is plotted in Figuré’7 from this data for triaxial testing. Typical Jj, values may be summarised ac follows: uniformly graded quartz feldspar rounded 30 sub rounded 32° sub angular angular 34° ae 39° very angular well graded sub rounded 38° angular ae tn clans fem ents range of vans that at ibetEaiate' Sena tian: thee’ stil abe 8 teigus reluctonhip of’ ins eh pre_Be Tiplgg value of fore tha'aGBat 5, for exopie, wittCndicace a generally loose of very loose Sennen whten coud be anyon tho ge 3149 as Pov = 39" 1150-600 kN/m* aa} a triaxial 40} 48, i plane strain a2 49] 38 36| 34 , Peck, Hanson and [face en (1953), Reg eeed ace (eeeee eo eee ee 0 10-20 «+30 «40 50 60 70 80 (eo ©) Fig 6 Relationship between (N,),, and 9" for materials with gi, = 334 30°-40", This is probably because in very loose sande the SPP readily breaks down the metastable sand structure and the Local confining pressures are greatly reduced leading to low N Values, For loose materials consideration of GZy is thus more important than N value. At higher relative densities, however, and for a given overconsolidation ratio it is probable that (i) gq is 2 Le cus 447-9 etisou ot fettou uns mixes OHM aces agle & Wants x 40} a A see x \ m 36) 4 Bev ex 34h * AS 32 od. 4 30 zal 26 L L 4 L T i T T {29} Sag | couns | Rounded ° o2 os 08 08 10 ROUNDNESS & (see Youd, 1972) Fig 7 Relationship betwaon particle shape and #1, based on triaxial tests proportional to the bearing capacity factor, Nyy and thus is aniquely retated 20.9". ‘This possibility is explored in Figure Ga vhere the (N)) gv. 8° curve for normally conscllaifed materials under triaxial loading and having @!, = 33° has boon replotted from Figure 6a. S{so shown is a curve AA of N. against 8° from Berezantsev (1961) with tfe horizontal scale adjusted to provide the best. Ht with the SP? curve. Tho fit is close over much of ite length supporting the view that (3) gq $8 Proportional to N, at moderate to nighfelative densities. Tdntative curves are draw for materiale with 1, = 31°, 35° and 37°, The affect of overcofgolidation indicated in Pigures 8b and 8c for over~ consolidated vatio of 3 and 10 respectively. Siniler curves could be dawn for plane strain loading. ‘ghe pattern of behaviour identified in, Figure @ has implications for the relationship between (1) gg and relative density given in Figure 3. raki8§ each of the curves In Figure 8 and using ‘the relationship batweon p'g" and relative density shown in Figure 5, its possible to construct curves of (N,),9 against relative density shown in Figuré §°tor materials with different BL. Evidently the value of 1, has a significant effect on the relationshi$ between (Wi), and relative density. corroborative data are hard to find but some indicators are given in Figure 9b vhere relative density has been measured in the field. Well graded gravels and sands vere investigated by Yoshida et al (1988) giving average {N,),. values in the range 50 to 60 for average retaffve density in the range 65 toPAPERS 1-9 ~ INTRODUCTION: STROUD 49 4a a 4 40 o® 26 a / 22 Normally Ev OcR=10 consolidated okt 4 Ee Dee ee geese ae Criiiipit 020406080100 020 a0 85 a0 7 Miso a go @ Meo Fig 8 Variation of " and (ti) go with Jl, and oc 754. Mo strength values were quoted, but a Data for the heavity overconsolidated Horwich value of 9, in the region of 16° wold sot be Crag sands in Figure Sc are elo taken eon unreasonabY’ for these well graded materials. Data for normally consolidated sands ave taken from Pigure 2 and Skenpton (1966). Judging by the waximun and minimum voids ratios for these sands (e,)) = 1.0 to 1.2, 9.4, © 0.36 to 0.75) they ara"tkely to be angull#"to sud angular in particle shape (see Table Cl and Youd, 1972). ‘Thus the value of J! = 33° chosen for the line Linking this data if"Pigure 3 and Figure 9a is likely to be appropriate. Skenpton (1986). Also shown is a coint for the overconsolidated Ragshot sands provided in the paper to this conference by Barton et al (1988), for which (a1,),, = 85 and D, = 88%. A Bt, of 34° is indicated’wnich again"is not ufifeasonable for this angular unifornly graded material. Laboratory tests carried out by Yoshida et al (2988) on nomally consolidated material showed (Ny) gq values 35% higher for moderately well Toe oote | Maden y ove] Loose | Mesum a 20 Normaty consoigoted 60 a Wileo Bey are 40 S38 20 ° 0 @ Fine sands 4 Walt graded sand © Norwich Crag. Skempton (1986) Skempton (1986) 1 Coaree sande !Stemoton( and gravel V voshida ot at _ Pm 30nd 0 Sind i300. 1 Bagshot Sand Barton (1988) 0 Fine send f-m sand ang - 8, eng fa) {b) te) Fig 9 Variation of (¥,)¢q and xelative density with g!, and ocr“SESSION 1: STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 607-—-—+—T 40 4 ~—liles- 1 Neocec ian isis 0204080 os of. | ee ¥6 20 4 oy = 47% Adie oa «bowing rosce sateen: ‘0 | 8 fotng tenth 7 ‘Y unit weight bs 4 + Pont of oe ice or=a0% ose sop at y D, = 21% o 20 —ag—80 HY 8%) Fig 10 Behaviour of model footing on sand at various relative deneitios (after vesic, 1973, B= 38nn) graded gravel than for uniform fine sand at the Sane relative denoity. Sinilarly, Holubec et a1 (1972) found for nodel penetration tests Zarried out in the laboratory on normally concolidated sands, that angular sands with Ju, = 24° showed N values twice those for 2Sinded sands with Jt, = 20° at the sone Felative density and°Geptn, A very similar pattern i evident in Pigure 9a. More fleld data is required to confizm the aenaitivity of the relationships in Figures 8 and 9 to Jt, and overconsolidation ratio. stiftness ‘The prediction of settlement of footings on granular materials involves estinating stiffness. It is now widely accepted that stiffness in-many materials is strain dependent, the stiffness at omall strains being greater than at larger strains. A practical ALEficulty then arises of how to estimate strain level in a useful way in a loaded foundation. Ff For constant 8 Dy (a) 4 59 047 on aa a 10 20 im B% Normalised plot of settlenent again: bearing stress, for nodel footing tests by Vesic. Pig 11 See eee Aare eRe telsisd aut by vostc 37H) on a nodal footing Ss scene esteee at teeecroed Gevcity. The results of Vosie's teste ar0 era ae eee Storing pressure's soteLemant plots are shovn for tow'rolative densities, The point at teich local ahaur failure tas cbsecved to sou! ie ineleceed on each plot. theereseingly thie ee eee acces uae eeceeaite sts from each of the tests plotted on the sane graeh of Qa, against sottlonent where {othe cielmlté bearing stress at the poinl’Se ical failures” te is avident that eo a fiat ppronination thore io a unique selecionghip $eEhean sdagroe’ of loading” yee and cettlanane dor varying deneley ‘This suggests that 9/a,,, is an indirect measure of shear straill: I footing design q is known and q,,, can be readily estimated using bearing caBacity factors incorporating an allowance for local failure, euch as those in Pigure Bl (see Appendix 8). fe have seen that both stiffness B" and W vary with mean effective stress level in the ground. Te may therafore be fruitful te consider the ratio E'/N,. and its variation with strain level or aires of loading 4/4... Pigure 12 shows data fron a wide range of spread footings, raft foundations and large scale plate tests cn overconsolidated sands. ‘The data is taken from those case histories referred co by Burland and Burbidge (1995)PAPERS 1-9 — INTRODUCTION: STROUD Teg ul eR fe a weg 2 Fe sand A+21 366.7 avd 8 avI6S DIAppolenta et at (1960) ir Bf se wos oe Saat f Qi £254 ¢ SE 1 2 f= aane 17 92 8a ase - aie. 2 Pe Pe semaare gies is: 2 Em igo: 2 SUE E if o EES B. 1 wpa ga , Ge nee ee 2 ga ey By 3 : BB sec wo 7 is o Eten bY Bee oe 33 33 Soet aut Hg 12 Variation of B'/igg with degree of toad vivere Standard Penetration Tests vere carsied ut. the daca relates to early American or UK practice tor whieh the SPT rod onergies vere Toner than they aze now. Conslderecion of the daca presented by skanpton (1986) suggests that for nodern UK practice Nev viil be lover by factor of about 0-8. the'll valuee ivan in the case Histories have therefore been zesuced by Ot. The valve of a.7~ has soon calculaved fn teach case using tg, Uifues corrected for overburden to 94080 Qh) oe, Values of 9" voro then chosen using PiglrS°S together with hearing capacity thetore appropriate to’ 10cal Shear faLlure aa described’ in Appendix 8. The Bearing pressure tnedy qr, ho the average net effective bearing pressulé ‘acting on the foundation,” tho vedue of B" has Dean estinated trom the daea given in the case histories using Linear elastic theory and 4o than the average aecant stiffness beneath the foundation under loading cc Further details of the assunpeiel®"aade are given in Apgandixe 8. Working foundations generally were found to have values of q.,/4,1, less than about 01, While footing teats and large plate teste with breadths in the range 1 to 3m were taken to higher degrees of loading, giving dyae/dyz¢ i the range 0.1 to 0.4. Data for the firgef raft foundations give low degrees of loading and corresponding high values of E'/I¥,,. 04 Ming for ovexconsolidated sands and gravels ik is evident that the relationship between E! and N,. is strongly strain dependent. Tt is LitelS°vonder that the search for simple ralationships between £' and N in the pact has proved so frustrating In the absence of consideration of strain or degree of loading. ‘The data in Figure 12 have been replotted in Figure 13 and a mean trend Line has been added. Also plotted in Figure 12 are the data from case histories of structures on normally consolidated sands, Here the observed behaviour is somewhat different. while the data are rather more Limited they suggest that stiffness is significantly less affected by shear strain in these materials, with the ratio of E'/N, decreasing from about 2uN/n? to um/n? &8 roading ineveases. For values of Gyer/Tyie 12 exCRSS Of about 0.1 the stiféness of normally consolidated sands is roughly halt that given by overconsolidated sands. Cozroboration from Laboratory Tests Sone corrohoration of the trend in ‘overcongolidated materials can ba found in the Field of soil dynamics. Let us first consider behaviour at very low strain levels, Figure 14 shows the variation of small strain shear stiffness G, vith N value as found by Imai and 38t Se ee ee we ee tt Fig 13 Variation of 8'/¥,, with degree of loading for normally consolidated sands Tonovcht (1982) based on monsurenent of the velocity of shear waves through sands and gravels in the field. A straight line Zelationship was proposed by the authors as best fit to the data, as indicated, However, the Line representing G_ = 7H Mi/n? gives arguably almost as good°a fit and is nora useful for prasent purposes, Bo and for Japanese SPT mH oe provedares it 1s reasonable 16” assune Ngo = 2.1 N (Skempton 1986). Thus assuming v's 0.25, the relationshig G/M = 7 HN/m* Deconte E1/igg = Lommel Sich « value is consistent“wifR che trend b¢ data tn Figure 13 for overconcolidated sande and gravels et sey low values of oan ne Yow 6, = The decrease of shoar modulus with sheae strain for sands has boon stuaied by © nuabes of authors. Curves fron Seed end torses" (2570) fd Uchida ee al (2980) are shown in Pogure 15, based on dynamic and cyeli¢ iosding teats en variety of ganda. Tt io to be expected that the stiffnesses do measured will be ratanty equivatene to the stiftnose of overconeal dated Sands sinco tn both casos the loading takes Place essentially Below the Yield tocune in onder 25 relate these curves t0 the E' liga v: /aaiq Blot tor overconseligated maceSfals, MiBEeEL*sE SS necessary eo eataniaen relationship between shear strain Y and 36 /ayyye This can be done in a approximate BS izon: Bugestad (1963) measured the aietribution of strain beneath a model footing on normally consolidated sand and showed a relationship of increasing strain with a/q,,, (Pigure 16). 1000;- 4 i 1 z ] z ‘9 100} q te i g i z | Oe | 8 [Best fit «Es | rollin >” 4 = > : ao Go=™8 | @ | Geer eeeeseee Ceeeeeete i reeesta Ce 5 7 Too ado 10 N Fig 14 Relationship betwean small strain shear modulus G, and N values (after Imai and Tonoughi, 1962)Uchida et a, 1980 Range of values Seed & loriss 1970 SHEAR STRAIN % Fig 15 Variation of secant shear modulus ¢ with shear strain By averaging the strains to a depth of twice the footing vidth a relationship can be obtained between average shear strain and Va,,.1 a8 show in Figure 17. This rerilfonsnip is evidently broadly the same over a wide-range of relative denoities. Now from the field data given in Figure 13 it is possible to estimate the ratio of stifiness between overconsolidated and normally congolidated materials at a given ¢.44/4.34+ ‘Thus the curve from Eagestad's data in Figure 17 for normally consolidated sands can be proportioned to give a corresponding curve for overccnsolidated materials, as shown. Using this curve and the value of E' Mgq = 16 MM/m? establichod earlior, and wnofling® enat G/G, = E'/E",, it ts now possible Tyree oT Fea } an ete r a . _ [| ) se se Wi ee Hiv ATT IW |i a a if i | i | or aes aaa VERTICAL STRAIN) LATERAL STRAW 6% Pig 16 Measured strains beneath a footing on normally consolidated sande (after Eqgestad, 1963, 8 = 200mm, D = 44s) 1 2 3 a Y% AVERAGE SHEAR STRAIN (over depth 28) Fig 17 Relationship between dagreo of loading and average shoar strain beneath a footing on sand £0 transpose the envelope of curves rom Figure 25 onto a plot of E'/Ml,, against q.,/a.1, a8 shown in Figure te, 5° Snae/Sure While it is recognised that thie transposition has involved a nunber of rather eveeping generalisations, the trends are evidently similar and the broad agraenent of the laboratory data vith the back analysed case histories is encouraging. cuars Strengen Undzained shear strength of overconsolidated clays in the mass can be related to N values in the manner proposed by Stroud (1974), using the simple relationship ¢, = £8 vhere f) is a constant for a given material, The SPT data upon which the correlations were based vere derived from modern UK practice and so the parsneter £, is more properly defined by Pa" 8 Meo The variation of €, with plasticity index is shown in Figure 19, stiffness ‘The drained stiftness of overconsolidated clays in vertical leading, B', can be back-figured fron case histories as for sands. Figure 20 shows data from a nusber of raft and spread foundations for large structures on overconsolidated clays plotted against Spee! Type 28 before. In each case 4,,, has been estimated using akained strength parameters. In a nunber ofSESSION 1: STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 1856 T , dure Fig 18 Bg / ovortGnact llREed' Hinds razed on dynamic tnd oyelic laboratory tects cases, as indicated, it has been necessary to assure values of N,. based on strength measurements and appropriate values of £,. The trend of decreasing stiftness with increased loading is again evident. For the rafts on London Clay at a dogree of loading of about 0.1 a value of E'/M,, = 900kN/n? appears to be representative. Taf is equivalent to Et/c, = 200, sinca from Figure 13, £, ="4.skaW/n2, On the other hand for the piled ree (io $) q_,. is very mich higher, the degree of loading is consequently less and the stiffness is correspondingly greater. Data for the materials of low plasticity appear to lie above those for materials of high plasticity. A similar variation of stiffness with strain has been identified in the undrained loading of overcongolidated clays. Simpson et al (1979) proposed a model for Londen Clay in which the ratio of undrained Young's Hedulus to unérained shear strength, B/cy» decreased with shear strain, see Figure 2f. “The model accounted for the range of sstittnesses typically measured around deep ‘excavations, in plate bearing tests and fon laboratory samples at the Limit of accuracy of laboratory equipment at that tine. 20 4060 60 70 10 30 Pie Fig 19. variation of £, = oy/tig, with plasticity inadx fol ofGrconsolidated clays (after Stroud and Butler, 1975) In recent years significant advances have heen ade in the accurate measurement of small strains in the laboratory (Burland and Symes, 1962). Figure 22 shows triaxial test data obtained by Jardine et al (1984) for undrained tests on London Clay and on an ovexcongolidated clay of low plasticity. ‘The range of stiftn measured matches well that postulated in the Simpson model. The general trend of results is also similar to that for the case histories in drained loading given in Figure 20 In particular at very small strains the laboratory test data of Figure 22 gives values of B./c, for London Clay and the clay of low plasticity in the region of 1400 and 1900 respectively. Now, assuming that the shear modulus, G, is the sane in drained and undrained loading, = or) aru and o, * £Neg wae, Xoo Fu Taking p= 0.1 and Uy = 0.5, and £, values From Figure 19 we arrive at: ‘thos Gud. f= Ba, Guy tt London Clay Low plasticity clay ganym2) 4.5 5.5 a n/n?) 3 4:0 ‘Thus from the laboratory data we vould expect at very snail strains a value of E'/,) = 3,3 x 1400kN/m? = 4,6i/n? for Londen clay®Bnd 4.0 x 1900kN/n? = 7.6tti/n? for Low plasticity clays. These values are in keoping With the broad trend of case history data in Pigure 20 at very low values of q.54/d,14*ay pute ob 2 ew, L iffeseten e mT Sint see tara a a sepa d Bid, 5 Seas: seer eae uf mnes, tf wd oS peat cy Beer 2 OR PP ag ESP oe Fait Fig 20 Variation of E'/i,, with degree of loading for overconsolidated clays strength ‘The laboratory data in Figure 22, also Compras: indicates that for a given strain, iow plasticity clays exhibit greater stifinosses than high plasticity clays. An attempt to correlate M.. values with the compressive strength of th macs of rock is Presented in Figure 24. In these cases strength has been deduced from the back Similar conclusions have been arrived at by analysis of pile tests and pressureneter tests, others e.g. Koutsoftas et al (1980), Sun et al (2988) in resonant column and cyclic loading tests on clays in the triaxial apparatus. There is some confirmation for this trend in 2000] the back-analysed case history data in Pigure 20, ‘the trend lines for PI = 15 and.S0% fron Figure 20 are replotted in Figure 23 together 1000 with the trend lines obtained for granular materials. It is evident that the curve for TYPICAL STRAINS FOR: |-_——_ eep excavations overconsolidated sands and gravels, lies at. pm Plate bearing tests Nighor atietnosses" sells lion fe consistent with this trend of increasing sedssneor eite Secreasing pineeictey 200 eet tae the behaviour of orereonasiicaced siioe ait Lic somewhere between that of low plasticity 3s Gays and overconsoLidated sends, bee iscs ace Bg needed to consion this SEISTEIVE WEAK RO0KS 4 ‘The SPT can be a very useful tool in weak rocks to obtain an approximate quantitative measure 10! of rock properties. However, in rocks the influence of fissuring and jointing on the 0 2 4 8 @ 10 SHEAR STRAIN % Properties of the mass are even nore important than for clays. Meigh and Wolski (1980) were right in emphasising that in these materials particularly, it is important to use our eyes to understand the structure, Fig 21 Variation of undrained Young's Hodulue E, with shear strain, derived from a mlthematical model for London clay (after Simpson and Sommer, 1980)‘SESSION 1: STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 4000, T ‘100 T TTTT T TT BOF © Bunter Sendetons Thompson ota! (1986) 7 cn pre OL Keupa Madsone 2 4 tet ¢ tea } berson Clay 6-10 ~50 E 40} © fous Ma Lech ae aiigeoy Sole sooo 8 Low pitty 74 1825 2 | ogeun™” eeedieae) clay 20 G Natstone Grit Mudstone 1 4 é § a * Me Rd | « Bgl & kepar tt Duccny etait) i 5 10F tone ten) ines vi 4 2000; Ra w 7 e4 z fe SP y evsar Mut Kiboun a 1088 g Lea, oo. a tae Ee 4 [eee 3 Bad conte ane / | uct 5 tory ‘100 Hp A | 3 v6 L 2] 4 Sk, = / Re. xe S35; 10] a gt Yesenime | : FS Ras4 EE 4 not aot ai 1 08 J AXIAL STRAN €,:% oa 4 Fig 22 stittneas of ovexconsolidated clay at suall strains in the triaeial teat oa ito ao eoaat00 260400 600 (after Jardine et al, 1984) Ovarconsolideted sands end gravels: \ Ve ‘Overconsolidated clays 5% \- Pies0% 4 Normally consolidated sands 9 Ot 38 0 04 Fig 23. Variation of E'/Ni,. with degree of Loading: summary Slots 0 Neo Fig 24 variation of mass compressive strength with We, for insensitive veak rocks hich, because of the volune of rock involved, go sone way to measuring the strength of the mass rather than the intact rock ‘Tho data suggest that for Ng. <200 an extrapolation of the relatiSfship found for clays is appropriate for veak rocks, using an average value of = SkN/n?, relating N,. to undrained shear strength, as for clays, Gnd taking conpressive stzength O= 20, Also shown is the relationship suggested by Cole and Stroud (1976) whieh forms an upper bound to the data for Wo. <200. ‘co Pile test data for the Keuper Marl fron the paper to this conference by Kilbourn et al (1988) is shown, togather with data by Thonpson and Leach (1989) for Keupor "udstone and Bunter Sandstone. Tt is understood that the strengths of the Mudstone were obtained fron pressureneter tents but the strengths of the Sandetonos were based on point loading tests down graded by a factor of about 0.5 to take account of mass effects. The relationship represented by £, = SkW/n? forns a lover bound to this data, stifsness Pigure 25 shove the results of back-analysis of a number of cage histories of spread and piled Foundations bearing on Weak rocks. For these£26 for small streins PAPERS 1-9 ~ INTRODUCTION: STROUD === 1<300 (Thompson ot a! 1988 nesont i » ‘took Type Foundation Shee Raference hesal oan) ot ort dois sete Oph $2 ieren THES is Se mea SEAS 3s : oi ihr ma Fale oe Bs tomer wet ra 5 guage so Bc keaper Marl Footing 8 7H Na coat mearazes Voude vaste 800-2950 Yolen ot a1 Gse8) $. Sues Pie ae Rca Sa oes fis ie aah 32 Ieee HAS 88 8? eerie BASSET Eater ea ty Neo=100 e077 100 agiiz0 oe °5 0. ai oF ann 03 oa os rhe Pig 25 variation of E'/Mt,, with degree of loading £ materiale it haa not hoen possible to celoslete Erle reevipateonapeeanipeemrer estas Glficattiee of estimating c” and @" and so leinate betefng capacity in unarained losaing Tari “hes becr eaviatted ioned on tndzelned SUHIY'Derengens” sere measurements of sheer eee eerie ee eae Sods Using Neo vatves end @y = Shi/at. white the scatter of points in Figure 25 is greater than for sands and clays the trend of decreasing stiffness with degree of loading is again evident. Thompson and Leach (1968) provide somo data of shear vave measurenents in mudstone and sandstones which indicate that, at. very snall strains the ratlo of E'/N,q is in the region of siat/n*. ‘the trend Line fo" gg * 300 te shown. There trpears to be'a cendSfcy for poines with Righer eluos of tg, to fail below this Line, see. for rangle’ cheats by Holden (i382) presented 0 hist conferences shore Ney values Sverage 200 nd het by Cote etal (576) whoee fgg = 200, owanie Strength chalk 2 a particular exanple of a weak rock with a sensitive structure that breaks down at failure to produce a material with a very such reduced shear strength. By its nature the SPT ie Likely to be influenced by this lower renoulded ‘shear strength. Thus, for a given mags strength the ti, vaiue will be lower for Chalk than for insaRgitive rocks, i.e. the f, value will be hicher. for ingengitive weak rocks Nevertheless, it is still useful to correlate Ngo Values with the strength of chalk as dSlernined in the mass. Figure 26 summarises data from ifobbs and Healy (1379) for Nz against strength of Chalk Aetermined bf Loading plates or piles to failure, The correlation gives @ factor: #, = 25Kv/ar, relating Neg to undrained shear strength, as before. °° ‘he data presented to this conference by Woodland et al (1988) for very strong Upper chalk fron Hull, where i, values are in the region of 200, are consiSfant with this correlation although in thi case strength vas determined from unconfined conpressive tests in the laboratory. Finally i¢ is worth emphasising that SPt's in Chalk are Likely to be influenced most by strength. Thera has been much confusion over relating M values to Chalk grades. It is true that N in a particular Chalk will vary with the degree of weathering, as the strength of the Chaik mass varies. However, N is also Likely to vary from one Chalk to another even if the degree of weathering is the same (as measured by fracture spacing etc.) if the strength of the intact Chalk itself varies. Mortimore and Jones (1988) rightly conclude that there is a need to identify and record strength, fracture spacing and fracture tightness as three separate paranaters in Chalk, as would be the ease in any other rock. a‘SESSION 1: STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 109; 80] 1 60} 4 49) 4 10 og, os Hobbs and Healy (1979) © plato tests J (© COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MNIm?) ‘Sy © pile tests, or) i Fletcher ota! (1904) & pile tests 02 Woodtend et al (1988) ~} | 1 laboratory teats 40 6080100 200 400 Goo Noo “Sete a0 Fig 26 Variation of macs compressive strensth with Ngo for Chalk Eo +2 >180 Abbis (1979) sot Neo + Musaford tank aed stistness Wakeling (1969) considered the relationship between E' and SPT values in Chalk ana concluded that the correlation was strongly strain depondent. ‘The variation of E'tgy With G. 66/4 ure) y £0 Chalk is summarised in Pigure 27 based on available data from in situ loading tests of shallow foundations, piles and large plates. Because of the difficulty of measuring accurately small deflections in thie stiff material, data have not been included from small diametar plate tests or from plate tests where there is no evidence that the plates were bedded in nortar. Values of have been chosen in the same vay as for SAR Yocks but using £, = 25ki/n3. Geophysical testing by Abbis (1979) shows that. at very snail strains 5'/N_. can be in excess of 150 mu/a?. Jardine et &2 (2984) made measurenents of stiffness of chalk samples at omell strains in the triaxial apparatus which leads to 8'/N,. values in the region of Loom/mé, assGRing £,=25 kN/n?, igh values are also obtained from the Grade I/II chalk at Mandford where at depth beneath tha tank the degree of loading was also very low. In the upper levels where the straing are higher ENAi,, values of about 18ii/n? are obtained, This*Vaine is broadly consistent with data presented by Hobbs and Healy (1979) for the base performance of 30 pile loading tests and 4 number of large scale footings with degrees of loading up to about 0,15, The trend of decreasing E'/A\,, with degree of loading ia evident, An‘@ndication of the trend beyond i Pe Neo “0 b ae a eee a gz. i * ale | ih va g 20 3 9 Fig 21. variation of B'/Ml,, with degree of leading for Chalk 2a degree of loading of 0.15 is given by the 0,97%m dianeter plate loading tests on the weaker Chalk at Mundford deseribed by Burland and Lord (1969). Finally, stiffness values for the high strength chalk at Hull in dilatonoter tests are reported by Woodland et al (198) and give a value of E'Al,, of about 5.SHN/a? at a degree of loading of aBSut 0.4. Te should be pointed out however, that the dilatoneter enables only a small area of chalk to be loaded, so this result may not be as representative of the mass Properties as the other data. ‘The evidence suggests that a conservative stiffness for Chalk under a moderate degree of Joading is given by B'/,, = SMN/n?, This value should be conpared“@ith a value for Ansensitive weak rocks of about E'/N,, = IMM/n? (igure 25), 1.e. a factor of 5 difefPent. A sinilar factor is reflected in the values of f, with regard to strength, dae. £ = 25 and SK/n* for Chalk and insensitive weak rocks Eespectively, which is perhaps not surprising, ‘concuupING REMARKS ‘The application and interpretation of the SPT has been reviewed in four types of materials most commonly encountered in the UK. ‘Two types of paraneters have been considered: strength and stifiness. Steengeh In sands and gravels the value of the angle of shearing resistance 3" can be ectinated from ‘the SPT value corrected for overburden, {W¥,) gg, and a knowledge of $1. It is evident ende®@e low relative densiti8S there is no unique relationship between (N)) gq and 8". Hare strength ts closely ingluSfeed by J! which can lie within a wide range of possible Values. ‘The data indicates that g* is dependent principally on particle sfiape and grading. The interpretation of the SPT and for that matter of any other type of penetrometer is therefore greatly aasisted by knovledge of 1, particle shape and grading. Thase are easy°Saranetars fo measure in the laboratory on disturbed sanples and should he part of basic site investigation practice. ‘The available data suggest that at higher values of relative density, (M,)gq 1s more Mirectly related to #", cor a §198n degree of overconsolidation. The effect of overconsolidation is to incraase the value of (tygq £0F @ given value of g", The data indicate that the relationship ketween (M,),. and relative density is not unique but 'd&Sends on degree of overconsolidation and the value of #1. More good quality data is needed to estab{Ysh the relationships between (i) go, 9", OCR and 9%, The differences in behaviour betwaen Laboratory tests and field tosts noted in Figure 3 may be, at least in part, due to differences in PAPERS 1-9 ~ INTRODUCTION: STROUD Particle shape of the sands tested, as much as ageing as suggasted by Skenpton (1986). the shape of the laboratory tested sands was on average sub-rounded to rounded. Thair g* value, from Figure 7, would be in the regfSn of about 31°. Pigure 9a thea shows that it 1s to be expected that the laboratory data would plot below Skenpton's field data in alnost exactly the position found in Figura 3. In overconsolidated clays, weak rocks and Chalk the undrained shear strength of the deposit in the mass can be estinated from the expression ey 7 Meg Values of f, calibrated against plate loading tests, pile loading tocts and pressureneter tests may be sunnarised as follows: frabie 2 =, e/a) loverconeolidatad clays lex = sox 4s br = 158 5.5 itnsensitive weak rocks Igy <200 5.0 ‘co ichatk 25.0 tn all materials the relationship betwen Grainea voung's wosmivs, By and the SPP valve Uncorrected for ovesburden, ‘ery has been ahora tobe strongly strain depended, the value of Einigg decreanen with inereasing degree of Toadfe a, ;/arq.. The effect is nose seriking im overcoR@S1itiited sande end gravels and least Granatic for normally consolidated. sands- the majority of full scale structures founded fn ovorconsolidated sands and gravels, when Backcanaliaed, shoved stiftnesses arectar than would be given by B/igy = Sat For Strctron whore the eOStor of saZeey agatnat Iccal. shear failure ip about 3 (heer any = 0.33), the stifeness drops to naiy these MLE vaive. In normally consolidated sands at a low degree of loading, 5'/N,. = 2M/n*, but rapidly drops to £'/w,, = IHN/AY as the level of loading ania 2 sunmasiane typical values of £' gs for Sich of the mucorlals conatSereds 9°98 60 of about 0.1, 4 General Most of the considerations discussed in this, report have relevance to other forms of penetration testing ae well az to the SOP. Hany of the apparent inconsistencies of interpretation of the SPT in granvlar materials in the past are resolved by consideration of: a) the influence of strain level on the relationship between 1,5 and &", ‘60 iaSTANDARD PENETRATION TEST SESSION Ey Ete," os) + Overconsolidated sands and gravele 2.5 - Wornally consolidate sands 1.0 - Overconsolidated clays er = ise Lea 250 Pr = 508 019 200 Insensitive weak rocks Neg <200 Lo 200 Chalk 5.0) 200 * based on £, values from Table t Table 2: stifiness at q.4./ayy_ 7 Ot >) the importance of 1, on the velationships betweSN (N,},,, 9° and the velative density 0, a0 In all materials the importance of using the eye to understand the fabric of material being tested cannot be over-enphasised, In granular materiale it is important to observe carefully particle shape, grading and layering. In Clays, weak rocks and Chalk the state of €issuring, jointing and bedding must be understood. Neither the SPT nor any other type of Penetroneter should be used as an alternative fo visual inspection of the material, but as an adjunct to it. Boring holes to retrieve samples for inspection and testing will therefore always be a central pert of site investigation. Carzying out SPT's is then a simple tack which yields at Little expense a great deal of additional information about the ground. The versatility, simplicity and cheapness of the Se7 in such’a range of ground conditions will continue to make it a very attractive tacl for site investigation in the UK and in many other countries in the world. The Limitations of the SP? of course showld be recognised, but s0 too should the Limitations of other in situ testing devices. All have a place in modern site investigation practice but Rone will free the geotechnical engineer from the need to use hie judgement in the interpretation of the results. We have a friend in the SPT and we vould be the worse off witha ie. 4“ acmrontencenness ‘the weiter Ls grateful to his colleagues Sn Arup Geotachnies for such helpful eritiosam during the preparation of this paper, in particular to Grd A tord Snd De J W pappiny alco es Hes J Britton and ies 9 Aenold whose sustained ektll and patience turned vords and diagrans into reality. aopewore & ote on the nethod of eseinaring Ily)gy valves in sverconsol dated material i (2986) shows thet tgy and ralative density in a normally consolidaced sand of8 be related by the Rgg/Bet at DTD shore a ard b are constants, and gj, = vortionl effective Strese in tone/f0, Assuring that for a given calscive donaity panstcation resistances is uniquely related to eke nean aftactive stress p's Lg, {+ 2)), Ente expression can be Nyt +O, BOE vere Cg (LF TKI/E #2) and vere K, and Kaye are the in sit stress ratios 47" 24 AR oroveBlGolsaaced ona acmeliy ea fond respectively. ow to a fleet approximation Eggo 2-ain8 and K, = Fogg (008) sind ayne & Kattawy, 1902). ‘Thus for given values of and COR, valves of €,, can be esloulated. Now (Hy) gg/D,t = a+ Gao. ‘Mus for 2 given D,, the ratio of IM), values be overconselidated afi normally consolldéet sand is given by the expression Ay gg/LMy gglyg 7 (8 + Cb /a + Be ‘This expression ae sed eo derive the ())eg values for ovarconsotsdated natariale shawn in the atif°eext Sssusing represaneacive tiold values of a = 36 and B27 for nomally consolidated sande and C,, values eabuiated fy seenpton: Hotas on the nashods of analysts Eetinacion of stifinees 2° The avaraga apparent Young's Yedulue vas estimated for azn of the foundations givan in the onze hiatories ring Linear elaseic theory and the axeression: vag whore p is the sottlanane at the cantre of the foundation of width 8 loaded to pressure q. To influance Soaffictont 1 wore estimated using Steinbrenner chares (Canbe « wiieran, 1969) wnien enabled account to ba tl of the depth of compressible nateriel beneath the foundaeion. Potseen's ratio for drained loading 102 taken a0 2.26 in sands and 8.1 in clays, A factor correcting for depth of anbednant uy based os Fox (1948)wan applied whnre appropriate. A factor by = 0.8 waa algo apptied where ie vas coneidered that the foundation was eigid.1h a Linteed nunber of oases Lt wis appropriate to fetinute the satsienent of strata nderiying he stratus in question and to deduce thin trom the total neasured ettlenant betore calewiating E*, more possible values of ¢ and 9 were chosen corresponding to loading net of previous ovexburden, tn sone cians for everconseliéated aateriale this was, not sible and grows bearing preasiss and the corresponding sttlenent nave bean used. For normally consolidated ‘dang net pressures and corresponding eattlonents wore ‘sed in every case, Stotce of vel Surland and Burbidge (1995) dafined the depth of intloonce below a foundation aa the settlement $a 254 of the 20: recognised that the depth of influence depends on the varlation of stigtness ith depen. Navertheless tha dats shich they vere able to gether together, here the variation of sntelenent Bancsth foundation hes been seasuced, indicates that depth of influence, Lies at a eptn breadtheratio (21/2) af betwenn 0,78 and 1-22 for foundations of widen 1A to shout 305, 4p the anaiysis of the daca in this paper ie nas been assuned that dopen of ineioence extends to a Gepeh of shout 8 below a foundation andthe li valves within ais zone have been averaged 20 provie characteristic iy valoet seed in evaluating £'/,, Fi a mutbor of cases the general ground level and/or the groundwater level was reduced to a tower evel prise fo she construction of the foundations. for granblar materials where the SPT" vere carsied out fron the original lovol it waz nozessary ‘to carcect the Ny valuns to give sev tgs values agpeopeiste to tne 2ff stress regine. Taie"Gas done by using the correction carve ivan in Figure 2 Othoruise ne coxsections to ¥. values have Deen nade for such factors a0 the S2esence of gravel or very fine sands and ailty sand belew eho mater table, “There apgaars 2 be Iivtie avidanca to support che validity of such -orrections fe mentioned in che vain taxt i values obtained in early american and UK sractive vars adjusted to nedern SPT rod snaray levels by reducing W by a factor of 0.8 to gure gy *alues” ioe skenpton, 1986). 1m order to estinate $f and q,,, tha characteristic #, values obtained as described lve wore corrscted so Sve 1,65 valor sing Figure 2. Estinetion of a, The average net effective bearing prestuce hat been taken @ gross effective bearing preseure leas the Previcusly existing effective overburden pressure at Foundation loved. Patination of 3,1, for gramlar nateriate the ltinate Dearing capactty In drained loading dy, Mae boon obeained as follows! “eu Firstly the {,),q values characteristic of the material in question to'a®Gepth of about below foundation level were used to obtain values of * from Pigure 8. Unles: At was otherwise mde clear from the case history dxta, 4 was assuaed that J 0 32° applied for unsgoraly, graded materials and fil,» 36" applied to well graded naterials. Tor“fornaliy consolidated deposits Figure 8a was used and for overconsolidated oposite an OcR of 2 was assuned and Pigure ab was used. Yiaytng obtained appropriate values of J in this vay, the ltinete bearing capacity with allowances for Locel shear is estinatod In the manner described by Lesbo and tiiienan (1969Y teing bearing capacity factors shown tn Figure at (0) PAPERS 1-9 — INTRODUCTION: STROUD +m T 7 Ny 1 Na I 120) i Ne Ny! 10 i i 20) tha 4 sol. 4 : robo Ne 182226 30 “29 32 36, 4044 ¢ e a) b) Pg BL soaring capacity factors for local shes failure ‘based on Lanbe and Whstnan” (1963) an Teesagnt (2949) tatination of a,,,_ for claye ‘he wltinate bearing capacity in deained loading for clays waa based on ensured effective stzengeh Paraneter where poesible oc ci astinated values 6s dicated In tha table tn Figure 20. Bearing capacity factors have again Hoon gstinated making an alicwance tor local shear in the sanner saggested by Tersaghi (1243) taking the mobilised angle of friction ag the point of lecal shear failure. os Si, = tan | (2/, tan 9°). Bearing capacity ceetors for 1eBa shear taifure tn a'estacial of strength 3 are then taken’ as tha sane ae those for a navariel of eh Bin wktnout allovance for local shear failure, so obtainad are ahowm in Figure a1(a) ‘Wille che choice of factors for local shear in clays say be sonashat arbitrary it doos provide continuity vith the ‘agsunptions ada for locee sands (ene Lasbe and Mitnan, 1359 9108). Consotidation in clays te argusbly © rathos drawn out process of punching shear. 5.0) 40) 309 209} 1.0) 0 05 40 16 20 25 30 t Fig 02 Effect of redused ehfckness of beating stratun, ) on beaxing capecity factor Ny (aéter Tournier Sha Mstowio, 1979)‘SESSION 1: STANDARD PENETRATION TEST Estimation of (@,,,),for rocks The ultimate beseing casctty An vadconed louting for ‘ii tooke ahd Cale hes beet culousatedalng ‘hdtalnad shear abeength and convention oeePing Sipcity factors, theee ateengeh haa ben ttcuatad fron 'masnresons of mane ceopressive Strength taking g's ter "ere ass seopeneive Steen dete nor elauablo ey ha beet eeinatog tnen'tggasing the sppropetate sHlae of 2 Sorsection for Linived depth ‘Tournter and Milovis (3977) show that for # foundation of breadth B underlain by a soll of thickness t the tearing ‘capacity factor ty increases significantly whore © Feduces to values less than 9, They arrived at tho corsaction factors for Ny shove in Figure £2, These corsection factors have Deen used in anaiysing the case histories ip those fav cases vere a atratan of significantly greater etrengeh underlies the foundation St shallow depen, cute} ya ta ee cote Sie He s inaaosts, c.P. (1979], A conparizcn of tha atitmness of the chalk’ at Mindford fron a selenic survey and a large scale funk test. Geotachrique 29, Ho 4, 461-466. BAER, C.X. (1965). Discuselens "shallow foundations” Proc. ASCE SHPD, 81, S46, 135-121, MOEN, La, ESMATL, H AND TONG, P. (1969), Plantatrain. deformation of qramlar naterial at low and high Pressures. Geotechnigue 19, No 4 44I~432, MRTON, M.E., COOPER, H.R. and PALER, 3. (2986). Diagengtis alteration and aicro-structural characteristice of sands: neglacrad factors in the interpretation of penatration tats, Proe. Cont. Penetration Testing in the UK. f.C-8., Birmingham. BEM, Ka, TEPPERIES, Mac. CROOKS, JUHA. and ROMHENDURG, 1. (1987). ‘the cone penateation test in sands Fart £2, Genaral inference of state. Sacteshnigne 17, Mo Jy ies299, BEREZANTSEY, iG. at 42 (1961). Load bearing capacity and deformation of plied foundations, roe, Sth at, Cone. TSSHPE Faris, vol 2, lic13- BOUTON, M.D. (1995). the strangen and ailataney of sands.” Geotechnique 36, 40 1, 65-78. oneTH, an aN, F, (1974a). Tine - sattlenene and wttlomant = digtribution with depen in Frankfurt Cla nf. Settienant of Structaree, Cambridge, L4l-154, SRETH, Hand CHAMBOSSE, G. 19740). SettLenent bonavlour of a nuclear feactor, Coie, Settienent of Bemictures, Cenbridge, 155-158. PORLAID, J.B, and SUROIOGE, Mic. (1905). Settlement of Foundations an sand and grivel. Proc. TiC.R., fart 1, 23, Deer 1925-138 BURLAVO, 9.9., KEE) Re and SURFORD, D. (1974). shore stom sottionents of a five storay buSiding on soft chalk. Proc. Conf. Settlenont of Structures, Canorldge, 259-265. Aeroration benavicor of the Middle Chalk at Hondfoes, Norfotky a conparisos Setwean ful! seale perfomance. and im aleu and Laboratory seasurenanis., Proc, Conf. on ia isu invaseigations in sotls and Racks. Bsd.8.) town feo, 3-18. displacement gouge for use in che triaxial appa Geotechnique 32, Mo 1, 62-65, A single sxiat CASAGRANDE, A, (2965) Hohe Staudasme, Communication Ho. 8, Institute for Foundetion Engineering snd Sof] CUWOLER, A.J., aTRCR, N. and DAVIS, 2.6. (968). Enginaering proparties of fauper atl. CIRIA Rezeerch Raport fo.3. CUARTON, C.R.T., HABABR, HB. ane SIRENS, UAE. (L985). Dynanic penetration resistance and the padiction of che soapressibility of « fine-grained sand" a laboratory study. Geotechnique 35, to 1, 18-31, coue, fui, and StAw, H.R, |1978). Rock socket piles at Coventry Foine, Market May, Coventry. Geotecnniave 26, wot, 62, Ccomorti, 0.W. (2973). Pradietion of drained atvength of sands Geom relative daneity mearurenente, Pros. Symp. Brads WoL. Dana, ASTM st? 523, 281-100. crairono, C48, and SU, KN. (2962). Setelenant studies on the ME. Sinai Hospleat, Toxanto. Engineering Journal, 12960). 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Sep 520, 90-112, 1 conscancs relating tgg/B 29 4 fee nomnlly concetidaced”grSnular saieriats, Magers scoot ca" 3 . foundation beendth sy anceained shone atranath of C187 of fock 31 oom factor sodstying the constant» for SMoseongativend geanelse materials oe cverburdon corsaction fester, cowerting . dereh of foundation smbednent Below ground °, ratasive aeeaiey 9 oreicie sige at nich 100 by weight of Tetple Uo of snauier particles 0 particle cige at which SOV by weight of & Soapie fa of emaller particles perticte sige at hich 60v by welght of 2 Snpla ta of smaller particles axinun voide ratio hniniman voide satio 5 trained Young's Modalse at vory small = stein lancrained Young! Modulus of elastietty o footer eqlating 6 20 Myo Og aye ye 8 PAPERS 1-9 — INTRODUCTION: STROUD shear sodulve of elasticity shea eodulvs at very snail strains seetlenent influence coeftietent in situ arose eatio o 5/05 GeneoLideted geamise wectate = standard Penatration Test blow count for 2000 gonseeaeion Ut vate coreactad to that appropriate £0 a Vereical aftaceive steeas of 100K/a* vaiue comaiting fron using rod eneroy (iauai to 604 cf the €coo-fold onersy of the SEandord hanwee weight and drop vigg value normalised to vertical effective s82er of 100K/n* oematiy consotisated bearing cepactty factors beartag pressue tinate bearing capacity in drained Toodingy at the poine of Local faitore itinate bearing capacity tn undraioed Yeading rountness, defined 9 the catio of the Sand grain inage to the radius of the orien coecie that ean be ‘ascribed wishin he grain image thickness of stratan beneath Foundasson unitormity eoeefielent = P5o/%ig depth of Infloence, at which she secedanent Eas oe the sursice serctensne Adept of anbecnant factor in elastic effective foiszon"s Ratio ‘ndrained Poiseon"s aatso settlement of foundation rock cenpeaseive strength ap the mes horisoneal wffactive see angle of internal ¢riczion, neasured a & angle of interned (eiorion at the critical fase pee shearing sles ate Eh aro w