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1385
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19917 -45481
E-mail: tsb.dta@mporg.ir
Web: http://tec.mporg.ir
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1385
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1-1
2-1
9
11
1-2
1-1-2 11 ........................................................................................
2-1-2 12 ....................................................................................................
3-1-2 24 ...................................... .
4-1-2 27 ..........................................................................................................................
2-2
29
1-2-2 29 ..............................................................................
2-2-2 31 .......................................
3-2-2 31 ............................................................
4-2-2 31 .............................................
5-2-2 32 ..............................................
6-2-2 32 ..........................................................
7-2-2 33 ...............................
37
3-2
1-3-2 ) ( 37 ....................................................................................
2-3-2 37 ...................................................................
3-3-2 38 ........................................................................................................
4-3-2 40 .................................................................................................................
5-3-2 43 .................................................................................
6-3-2 44 ..........................................................................................
46
4-2
--
1-4-2 46 .........................................................................................
2-4-2 49 .............................................................................................
3-4-2 50 .........................................................................................
4-4-2 50 ....................................................................................................................
5-4-2 51 ...........................................................
:
53
1-3
55
1-1-3 55 ....................................................................................................
2-1-3 61 ......................................................................................................
3-1-3 62 .......................................................................................................
4-1-3 63 .................................................................................................................
2-3 ) (
66
1-2-3 66 ......................................................................................................................................
2-2-3 67 ......................................................................................................
3-2-3 71 .........................................................................
4-2-3 73 ........................................................................
5-2-3 75 ..........................................................................
6-2-3 76 ......................................................................................................
7-2-3 83 ......................................................................................................
3-3
85
4-3
87
1-4-3 87 ...........................................................................................................................
2-4-3 91 .....................................................................................................................
3-4-3 93 .....................................................................................................................
:
97
1-4
99
1-1-4 99 ..........................................................................................................
- -
2-4
108
3-4
139
145
1-5
147
153
3-5
4-5
177
181
--
1-2 18 .................................................
2-2 TOC 20 ..........................................................................................
3-2 26 .................................................................................................
4-2 30 ............................................ 1966 -
5-2 31 .................................................
6-2 31 .......................................
7-2 32 .............................................
8-2
) (32 ...........................................................
9-2 33 .......................................................
10-2 35 .....................................................
11-2 36 .....................................................................
1-3 )87 ................................................................................... (mg/l
--
1-1
.
.
.
.
.
. .
2-1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
) ( )
( .
.
.
.
.
.
.
mg/lit .
6
DO
mg/lit .
9 mg/lit .
DO 7 mg/lit
Do 3 mg/lit .
BOD
. BOD
. BOD .
COD
5 BOD
COD
COD BOD .
TOC
.
CO TOC.
1. Dissolved Oxygen
2. Biological Oxygen Demand
3. Chemical Oxygen Demand
4. Total Organic Carbon
PH
PH .
PH . 7 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
1-2
1-1-2
1-1-1-2
.
)( .
. .
.
. .
.
. Red-Tide .
. )
(
.
.
12
2-1-1-2
.
.
. .
.
.
3-1-1-2
:
-1
-2
-3
-4 .
-5 .
.
.
2-1-2
1-2-1-2
.
.
50 100 70
13
.
. . 1/9 40
. .
. 40 40
.
. 25
25 .
.
)(
Warm Isotherm
. .
.
Cold Isotherm.
2-2-1-2
(%99) .
.
) (%96/5 ) (%3/5
.
gr/kg
) F.Cl.Br.I
( .
14
.
:
] S = 0.03 + 1.805[cl
gr/kg
0/0035 .
.
.
3
)( ) (%0/0034-%0/0035
60 60 ) (%31-%32 .
.
20N-35N
15S-20S ) (%36-%37 .
. )(
200 34/6-34/9
. 200
.
3-2-1-2
.
1024 1030 . 4o C .
15
.
.
.
.
4-2-1-2
.
.
) ( .
EC
EC
40000-30000 .
.
5-2-1-2 PH
PH
PH
H+
OH
. HOH PH=7
7 7 .
PH
PH
. PH
16
8/4 7/5 .
.
6-2-1-2
ppm
19/4
1106 . .
Fecl3
.
7-2-1-2
.
. 2/71 gr/lit .
SO42
8-2-1-2
. 3 ppm .
9-2-1-2
17
10-2-1-2
g/lit
1/35 )( 4/5107.
.
. Mg+2 ) (%3/69 1/272
.
11-2-1-2
. 10/8 ppm
2/6106 .
.
Na+
) (%30/61 ) (%10/543
.
12-2-1-2
.
ppm
416 1/1107 .
. . k+
) (%1/10 ) (%0/380 .
.
13-2-1-2
.
0/00004 mg/lit .
.
AL2 (SO4 )3
18
14-2-1-2
.
.
)( .
3 .
. .
.
mg/lit
.
. 1-2
.
1-2
C0
(mg/lit) O2
14/6
13/1
11/9
12
10/8
16
10
20
9/2
24
8/5
28
30
7/6
19
.
SWT .
15-2-1-2
CO2 .
CO2
.
CO2 CO2
PH
PH PH
) ( CO2
.
16-2-1-2
.
.
.
.
.
17-2-1-2
20
.
.
0/95 ppm 0/5 .
) TOC 18-2-1-2 (
CO2
.
CO2
TOC
. .
TOC TOC .
.
19-2-1-2
. .
.
.
2-2 TOC
TOC N
80
50
100
150
20-2-1-2
H2S .
21
K1 = 108
K 2 = 1013
H 2S H + + H S
H S H + + S2
.
.
. ) (CH3COOH .
. HS
.
.
.
HS CH 2 CH COOH + H 2O
H 2 S + NH 3 + CH 3 C COOH
21-2-1-2
mg/lit
4/5
)( 1107.
22-2-1-2
22
.
.
23-2-1-2
. .
325000
. .
cuco3 cuoH+ .
.
. ) (%83
.
24-2-1-2
.
.
.
Fe +2 Fe +3 Ni +2 Mg +2 Mn +2 . 0/005 ppm .
25-2-1-2
.
.
.
23
. 0/59 ppm 0/17
.
26-2-1-2
CaF2
. .
27-2-1-2
.
28-2-1-2
:
. .
29-2-1-2
. 0/1-0/3 mg/lit
ppb
0/1 .
200-300 .
24
3-1-2 .
1-3-1-2
.
.
.
. 3 5 .
2-3-1-2
.
3-3-1-2
Zn
. 100 ppm .
.
ppm
0/3
. 0/25-5 ppm
. 30 ppm .
8000
.
. 0/001 ppm .
.
25
4-3-1-2
Hgcl42
Hgcl3
. Hgs2 Hgs Hg
.
.
5-3-1-2
. .
. 0/1-2/6 ppm
0/3 ppb .
.
6-3-1-2
cro42
. 200 mg/lit.
7-3-1-2
. 450,000
26
25,000 . 0/01 27
.
. 0/1 .
3-2
0/2 Ppb
0/3 Ppb
1 ppb
14 ppm
28 ppm
30 ppm
8-3-1-2
.
. 0/01 ppm .
9-3-1-2
.
5-170 .
ppm
148/42
.
10-3-1-2
.
.
DDT
27
)(
. .
m 1 mm
. 4
24 .
11-3-1-2
.
.
.
4-1-2
1-4-1-2 249
.
200
.
2-4-1-2
. 30 . 137
28
.
mg/lit
0/001-0/03
mg/lit
0/008
.
3-4-1-2 90
90
. 30 .
) ( .
1970
0/005 (0/0007-0/02) mg/lit .
5-4-1-2 40
40 .
11/84 mg/lit .
. . 40
. . 1/4 109 .
11/84 mg/lit.
6-4-1-2
. 228 230
232 (0/007-0/11) 10-3 mg/lit (0/22-0/500) 10-4 mg/lit
(0/004-0/29) 10-4 mg/lit .
29
2-2
1-2-2
:
-
PH
.
: ...
4-2
.
30
4-2 1966 -
mg/lit
mg/lit
pb
0/05
Se
0/01 g/lit
As
0/05 g/lit
Cr
0/05 g/lit
Cn
0/2 mg/lit
Cd
0/01 g/lit
Fe
0/3 mg/lit
1 mg/lit
Ba
1 mg/lit
Mn
0/1 mg/lit
0/5 mg/lit
Cu
1 mg/lit
1/5 mg/lit
Zn
5 mg/lit
15 mg/lit
Ca
75 mg/lit
200 mg/lit
Mg
50 mg/lit
150 mg/lit
SO4
200 mg/lit
400 mg/lit
Cl
200 mg/lit
600 mg/lit
PH
7-8/5
6/5 9/2
)(Na+Mg
500 mg/lit
1000 mg/lit
0/001 mg/lit
0/002 mg/lit
0/2 mg/lit
0/5 mg/lit
500
1500
50
25
)(C.C.E
-
)(A.B.S
0/5 mg/lit
1 mg/lit
31
2-2-2
.
3-2-2
5-2 .
5-2
5/5-8 ppm
14/3-15/5gr/lit
65 ppm
220-240 ppm
0/25-1/1 ppm
28 ppm
0/13-0/59 ppm
1024 - 1030kg/m3
8 ppm
15 -17/6 S )(EC
cm
900 ppm
4/8 ppm
7/5 -8/5 pH
1300 ppm
3 ppm
19000 ppm
1/3 ppm
0/8 ppm
38-39 ppm
4-2-2
6-2 .
6-2
5/5 -8 ppm
7/5 -8/5 pH
28 ppm
220-240 ppm
900 ppm
8 ppm
38-39 ppm
1300 ppm
4/8 ppm
gr/lit
19000 ppm
3 ppm
S
15 -17/6 cm
14/3-15/5
EC
0/8 ppm
0/25 -1/1ppm
65 ppm
1/3 ppm
32
5-2-2
COD BOD.
7-2 8-2
.
7-2
5/5-8 ppm
7/5 -8/5 pH
1024-1030 kg/m3
28 ppm
220-240
900 ppm
8 ppm
38-39 ppm
1/35 ppm
4/8 ppm
19/4 ppm
3 ppm
S
cm
15-17/6
)(Ec
0/8 ppm
14/3-15/5 gr/lit
0/25-1/1ppm
1/3 ppm
65 ppm
8-2 )
(
0/5 mg/lit
1 mg/lit
0/2 mg/lit
2 mg/lit
0/2 mg/lit
0/01 mg/lit
1 mg/lit
0/2 mg/lit
0/5 Mg/lit
6-2-2
.
. 39-40 ppm
.
33
7-2-2
.
1-7-2-2
9-2 .
9-2
) (%110
8-18C
12-16C
) (
9-11
) (
Fe
<0/1
Fe ) (
<0/02
) NH3 (
<0/05
) NH3 (
<0/1
) NO2 (
<0/55
) NO2(
0-3
) NO3(
<50
) SO4(
<0/003
H2S
<0/2
PO4
4-160
Ca
>50
Ca ) (
0-10
CO2
34
<2
) CO2 (
<5
<5%
<10
BOD2
<20
Kmno2
<0/01
Al
10-400 As caco3
Alkalinity
50-200 As caco3
Alkalinity ) (
6/7-8/2
PH
<80 mg/lit
T.D.S
<0/05
As
Ba
0/03
Cr
<10-400
<0/005
HCn
<0/02
Pb
<15
Mg
<0/01
Mn
<0/2
Hg
<0/1
Ni
<0/003
Ag
75
Na
<1
S2-
<400
T.D.S.
<100
) T.D.S (
<80
TSS
<0/1
<0/1
35
<0/05
Zn
<0/01
0/3
Cu
0/006
Cu
) < (%100
0/005
Cd <100 ppm
0/03
Cl
0/005
2-7-2-2
10-2 .
10-2
30
10 mg/lit
0 mg/lit
PH = 7
1/8-3/5 mg/lit
5-8 mg/lit
1 mg/lit
30 mg/lit
1/5 mg/lit
1 mg/lit
0/2 mg/lit
2 mg/lit
0/5 mg/lit
36
0/1-1 mg/lit
25 mg/lit
25 mg/lit
3-7-2-2
11-2 .
11-2
27-31
25-33
PH
8-8/5
7/5-8/9
5 Mg/lit
>4
31-37 ppt
28 -40
<0/005 mg/lit
<0/15
Ppb
<0/001
Fe+++
<1 mg/lit
Mg
Mn
<0/005 mg/lit
H2S
0/33 mg/lit
0/1-0/35
Hg
<0/002 mg/lit
Zn
<0/1 mg/lit
<0/25 mg/lit
-N NO2
<0/02 mg/lit
0/02-0/1 mg/lit
<200 mg/lit
NO3 -N
NH4
<0/1 mg/lit
0/1-0/5 mg/lit
37
3-2
1-3-2 ) (
1-1-3-2
)
( .
2-1-3-2
)
( .
3-1-3-2
.
4-1-3-2
. .
2-3-2
38
1-2-3-2
)
CODBODDOpH (...
.
2-2-3-2 )(
)
a (... .
3-2-3-2
.
3-3-2
1-3-3-2
.
.
.
39
2-3-3-2
PTFE
PVC
PTFE.
3-3-3-2 ) (
. .
.
.
4-3-3-2
.
.
40
4-3-2
1-4-3-2
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
ppt
)
( .
: 3 .
41
.
. ) ( .
) (
. .
:
.
.
.
.
2-4-3-2
. .
.
) (...
.
1-2-4-3-2
42
.
.
.
.
.
: .
.
.
.
2-2-4-3-2
.
.
3-2-4-3-2
.
.
43
.
3-4-3-2
.
. )(
.
.
.
.
. .
.
5-3-2
.
.
44
24 . 4 .
.
6-3-2
. :
) PH (
.
.
45
................:.......................:
............:
......:
........:
..................:
:
...........:
........
..........
....................
...............:....................:
..........:
.......................:
)(
( ) oC
.................:
...................................:
................:
) (
46
4-2
.
.
) (...
.
.
.
1-4-2
1-1-4-2
2
.
.
. : 3 4 .5
1. Trawl
2. Epifauna
3. Beam Trawl
4. Agassiz or Blake Trawl
5. Otter Trawls
47
2-1-4-2 1
.
.
3-1-4-2
. .
4-1-4-2
.
4
.
1. Sledges
2. Dredges
3. Grabs
4. Infuna
48
12
3 4 5 6 7 - 8 .
5-1-4-2
10
. 2030 45
750 .
.
11
.
12
6-1-4-2
1. Van Veen
2. Ekman
3. Petersen
4. Campbell
5. Okean
6. Ponar
7. Hunter
8. Smith Mcintyre
9. Box Samplers
10. Reineck
11. Macro Fauna
12. Suction Samplers
49
1 .
7-1-4-2
3
)
( . .
.
2-4-2
.
:
)
(
.
)
(
3-4-2
.
1. Knudsen
2. Corers
3. Intertidal Areas
50
.
)
... (
.
4-4-2
)( 1
. ) (%10 ) (%4
.
3
4 .
. . ) (%70 )(%5
.
.
5-4-2
:
1. Formalin
2. Formaldehyde
3. Borax
4. Hexamine
) (... -
51
55
.
1-3
1-1-3
1-1-1-3
1-1-1-1-3
NO2
.
NO3
. .
.
.
.
2-1-1-1-3
. .
56
) (
)
( .
.
.
3-1-1-1-3
) (
.
2-1-1-3
1-2-1-1-3
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
57
.
.
2-2-1-1-3
. .
.
PCB DDT .
)(PCB
PCB
. PCB
.
. PCB
.
.
DDTDDT
58
.
.
.
DDT
.
.
. DDT
10 ppb .
DDT
.
DDT
. .
:
1 :2
.
:1 .
1. Aldrin
2. Dieldrin
59
:2HCB . :3 .
) ( .
:4 . 3-2-1-1-3
.
6
7 .
4-2-1-1-3
.
8 .
) (
.
1. Chlordane
2. Hexa Chloro Benzene
3. Hepta Chlor
4. Methoxychlor
5. Benzenes
6. Styrene
7. Cyclohexene
8. Biocide
60
5-2-1-1-3
.
.
2 3
.
4 .
.
.
5 5 100
.
.
5.
1. Detergents
2. Surface Active Agent
3. Surfactant
4. Linear Alkyl Sulfanate
5. eutrophication
61
2-1-3
1-2-1-3
.
) (
. .
10 15
.
.
.
.
2-2-1-3
) (
.
) (%0/1 .
.
3-2-1-3
.
.
.
62
46 .
.
4-2-1-3
.
.
.
.
3-1-3
1-3-1-3
.
)
( .
.
.
.
63
2-3-1-3
.
.
.
4-1-3
1-4-1-3
.
.
2-4-1-3
) (...
.
3-4-1-3
1-3-4-1-3
64
2-3-4-1-3
)
( .
3-3-4-1-3
... .
4-4-1-3
1-4-4-1-3
.
2-4-4-1-3
.
.
10 100 ) ( .
.
65
3-4-4-1-3
.
.
.
5-4-1-3
.
.
400
. 5
3
.
2-3 ) (
1-2-3
.
.
66
.
)
(... ) PCBs
(... ) (...
)(
.
67
.
COD BOD
PH
.
2-2-3
.
.
1-2-2-3
68
2-2-2-3
. .
.
.
.
3-2-2-3
-
-
.
4-2-2-3
.
.
5-2-2-3
.
)
( DNA .
69
6-2-2-3
) (
...
) (%100
.
7-2-2-3
.
.
8-2-2-3
. ...
.
.
...
.
70
.
.
9-2-2-3
.
3-2-3
.
.
71
1-3-2-3
)
( .
BOD .
183
(%50) ) (%70
.
2-3-2-3
... .
.
. .
) 2/04 2/7 (.
BOD
) (%97/5 .
30oC
72
3-3-2-3
) .(...
10 20 120 320
.
4-3-2-3
.
. ) (
18H2O Al2(SO4)3 7H2O FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3
FeCl3 .
PH .
5-3-2-3
.
.
.
73
6-3-2-3
)
( U.V.
. - -
.
4-2-3
1-4-2-3
Zeolite
.
700 mg/lit
.
.
2-4-2-3
)( .
.
.
74
.
-
pH
.
3-4-2-3
pH
pH .
pH .
:
) (CaCO3 + H 2 SO4 CaSO4 + H 2CO3 .
.
CO2
.
) CO2 (%14
.
CO2 + H 2O H 2CO3
H 2CO3 + 2 NaOH Na2CO3 + 2 H 2O
75
CO2
.
.
7H2O
18H2O
Al2(SO4)3
FeSo4 Fe2(So4)3
pH
.
5-2-3
.
10 :
76
SO2, NO3, H2O, CO2 .
)
(. )
24 (
.
6-2-3
1-6-2-3
... .
.
:
)
CO2
(
) (%99
...
77
...
.
:
: .
:
.
2-6-2-3
:
-1 -2 -3
-4
-5 -6
-7 -8 -9
-10 -11 -12
-13
:
1-2-6-2-3
.
.
.
78
.
.
.
0/1-0/2 mm .
.
.
2-2-6-2-3
.
.
)
( .
.
.
) ( .
79
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13
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14
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15
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0/5
16
Cr3+
17
Cu
0/2
18
2/5
19
Fe
20
Hg
21
Li
2/5
2/5
2/5
22
Mg
100
100
100
23
Mn
24
Mo
0/10
0/10
0/10
25
Ni
26
HN4
2/5
27
NO2
10
10
28
NO3
50
10
29
30
Pb
31
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0/1
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32
SH2
33
So3-
34
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130
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154
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:
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.
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8-3-4-5
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175
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.
179
-1 ) - (1355 -
-2 ) - (1362 -
-3 ) - (1368 -
-4 ) - (1377 -
- 24
-5 ) - (1376
- - -
-6 ) - (1376 -
- -
-7. . - 1372 ) (
-8. . - 1372 ) (
-9 - 1368
-10 - 1379
-11 . - 1381
-12 . - 1371 - -
1- Anon. (1992) Water quality - Sam- Part 9: Guideline on sampling from marine
waters. First edition, International Standard, ISO 5667, 8pp
180
2- Holme, N.A. and A.Mc Intyre (1984), Method for the study of marine benthos
second edition, Blackwell Seientific Publication, 387pp.
3- Rumohr, H.(1990), Techniques in marine environmental seiences, No.8. Soft
bottom macrofaura: Institute fur Meereskunde an der Universitat Kiel, 18pp.
4- Abel, P.D. (1996). Water pollution biology. Second edition, Taylor & Francis
Publishers.
5- Clark, R.B. (2001). Marine pollution. Fifth EditionOxford Univ. Press
6- Abel, P.D.(1996). Water Pollution biology. Second edition. Taylor & Francis
Ltd.
7- Chapman, D. (1992). Water quality assessments. A guide to the use of biota,
sediments and water in envionmental monitoring. Chapman & Hall.
8- GEAMP (1995). Biological indicators and their use in the measurement of the
condition of marine enveironment. Reports and studies No. 55.
9- Reish, D.L. and P.S. Oshida (1990).Manual of methods in aquatic environment
researeh. Part 10 - Shart - term static bioassays. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper
No. 247.
10- Wiederholm, T. (1992). Freshwater enveionmental monitoring in Swedem.
Swedish University of Agricultural Suence, Center for Enveionmental
Monitoring.
11- Bodon, A and F. Ribeyre (1989). Aquatic ecotoxicology, Vol. I, CRC Press
Inc.
12- Dallinger, R.(1987).Contaminated food and uptake of heavy metals by fish.
Oecologia, 73, 91 98.
13- Gerhardt, A. (1990). Effects of heavy metals, especially Cd, on freshwater
invertebrates with special emphasis on acid coditions. Dept. of Ecotoxicolgy,
Lund Univ., Sweden.
14- Herrmam, J. (1991). Physiological, foodchain and ecological effects among
benthic invertebrates exposed to low pH and associated metal concentrations.
Dept of Ecology, Lund Univ, Sweden.
15- Mance, G. (1990). Pollution threat of heavy metals in aquatic environments.
Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.
183
..........................................
Acute...........................................................
Detergents...................................................
Grading ...........................................................
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Ballast Water................................
Bioaccumulation ..............
Bioaccumulation Bioconcentration
.................................................
Bioamplification Biomagnification
............................................
Bioavailability..............
Bioconcentratioon Factor
Bioconcentrators Bioaccumulators
.......................................
Bioindicators ......................
Biomagnification .................
Biomonitoring ..........................
Biopurification .......................
Biotransference Fac..........
C
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
........................................
Chronically........................................
Closed - Pipe Devices
.................................
Composite Sampling ............
...................................................
M
Marine Dumping..........
N
Non- point Sources .............
O
Offshore Industries ...........
Open Samplers and Surface Samplers
.......................
P
Particulates...................................
184
Passive Biomonitoring..
Pathogens...........................
Peristaltic Pumps
Petroleum Hydrocarbons .
Physiological Indices ...
Point Sources ...........................
R
Radioactive Wastes ......................
Reproduetive Cycle ..................
Response Indicators ...........
S
Spot Sampling .......................
Sampling Equipment ..
Sea- based Sources .....
Semi - Static or Renewal Tests
........................................
Significant.......................................
Solid Wastes ...........................
Suction Samplers ...........
Surface Active Agent....................
Surface Profile Sampling
.............................
T
Thermal Pollution ............................
Trophiclevel..............................
U
Upwellings....................................
-
.
.
.
http://tec.mporg.ir
No: 300-10
2006
) ( .
.
.