IMPERFECT = was/were…-ing 2.

ending in –eler and –eter (appeler,

(Je parlais = I was talking) jeter) = double ‘l’ and ‘t’ (j’appellerai,
j’appellerais ; je jetterai, je jetterais)
Nous form +: 3. ending in –yer (employer, essayer,
-ais -ions essuyer, payer) = change ‘y’ to ‘i’
-ais -iez (j’emploierai, j’emploierais ; je paierai,
-ait -aient je paierais)
______________________________
etre (et-)
aller (all-) FUTURE PERFECT (futur anterieur)
______________________________ = will have… -ed
(J’aurai parlé = I will have talked)
CONDITIONAL = would Future avoir/être + past verb
(Je parlerais = I would talk)
PAST CONDITIONAL = would
Infinitive +: have…-ed
-ais -ions (J’aurais parlé = I would have talked)
-ais -iez Conditional avoir/être + past verb
-ait -aient
PLUPERFECT (plus-que-parfait) =
aller (ir-) to go had…-ed
avoir (aur-) to have (J’avais parlé = I had talked)
devoir (devr-) have to Imperfect avoir/être + past verb
être (ser-) to be ______________________________
faire (fer-) to do
falloir (faudr-) should 1. Si + present tense > present,
pouvoir (pourr-) be able to imperative, or future
savoir (saur-) to know Si je suis fatiguée, je me repose. If I'm
venir (viendr-) to come tired, I rest.
voir (verr-) to see Repose-toi si tu es fatigué. Rest if you're
vouloir (voudr-) to want tired.
Si je suis fatigué demain, je me
reposerai. If I am tired tomorrow, I will
SIMPLE FUTURE rest.
(Je parlerai = I will talk) 2. Si + imperfect > present conditional
Si j'étais riche, je pourrais acheter un
Infinitive + : château. If I were rich, I would buy a
-ai -ons castle.
-as -ez Il deviendrait roi s'il avait plus de
-a -ont courage. He would become king if he
had more courage.
For Future and Conditional : 3. Si + pluperfect > past conditional
1. Verbs ending in ‘e/er’ (mener, lever, Si j'avais su, j'aurais compris. If I had
peser) = change ‘e’ to ‘è’ (je mènerai, je known, I would have understood.
mènerais) ______________________________
SUBJUNCTIVE = mood/uncertainty
 FUTURE = will have to
Ils/Elles form + : (Je devrai parler = I will have to talk)
-e -ions
-es -iez IMPERFECT = had to, used to have to
-e -ent (Je devais parler = I had to talk)

aller (aille, ailles, aille – allions, alliez, PASSÉ COMPOSÉ = had to

aillent)
avoir (aie, aies, ait – ayons, ayez, aient)
être (sois, sois, soit – soyons, soyez,
soient)
faire (fass-)
falloir (faill-)
pouvoir (puiss-) to be able to
pleuvoir (pleuv-) to rain
savoir (sach-)
1. Verbs ending in –ier (crier, étudier) =
double’i’ (nous criions, nous étudiions)
(J’ai dû parler = I had to talk)
CONDITONAL = should, ought to
(Je devrais parler = I should talk)
PAST CONDITIONAL = should have,
ought to have
(J’aurais dû parler = I should have
talked)
______________________________

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
(Je doute que j’aie parlé = I doubt that I
talked)
Subjunctive avoir/être + past verb
______________________________

PRESENT PARTICIPLE = …-ing

(J’attend, parlant quand il est calme = I
wait, talking when it is quiet)

Nous form + -ant

1. En + present participle = simultaneous

actions (Je chantais en jouant de la
guitare = I was singing while playing the
guitar)
______________________________

DEVOIR: Necessity or Moral

Obligation

PRESENT = must, have to

(Je dois parler = I must talk)
- can mean ‘to owe’ with object
(Je dois d’argent = I owe money)