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PROJECT
SETTING OF CEMENT
Vidushi Mishra
SETTING OF CEMENT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that VIDUSHI MISHRA, a student of class XII has successfully
completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of
_____________________ ( Subject Teacher ) during the year 2015-16 in partial fulfilment of
chemistry practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
SETTING OF CEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
_________________
VIDUSHI MISHRA
SETTING OF CEMENT
DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project work has been originally carried under the guidance
and supervision of Mr. B D Kotwani, head of chemistry department, Aditya Birla Public
School, Pune.
VIDUSHI MISHRA
SETTING OF CEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SETTING OF CEMENT
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DECLARATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Objective
Requirements
Procedure
10
Observations
10
Conclusions
11
Precautions
11
Bibliography
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SETTING OF CEMENT
Introduction
A cement can be simply defined that material, which works as a binder. It sets and
hardens when it dries and is capable of reacting with carbon dioxide in the air while also
being capable of binding other materials together. The term cement can be traced back to
Romans who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern
concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The earliest version
perhaps, dates back to third millennium B.C. where it was used in Mesopotamia.
The volcanic ash and a pulverised brick additive that were added to the burnt lime
to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cament and
cement.
Cement works by holding the materials together; rather binding them and this
binding effect is achieved when it reacts with water. Over time, the chemical reaction
continues to occur and it is said that the reaction is infinite (continues forever). Cement is
used by making a mix of cement, sand and plaster of Paris.
The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete. The
bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material that is
durable in the face of normal environment effects.
Portland Cement
Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate), with small quantities of
in a kiln, in a process known as calcinations,
other materials (such as clay) to 1450C
whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form
calcium oxide or quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been
included in the mix. The resulting hard substance, called clinker, is then ground with a
small amount of gypsum into a powder to make Ordinary Portland Cement, the most
commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).Portland cement is a basic
SETTING OF CEMENT
ingredient of concrete, mortar and non specialty grout. The most common use for
Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material
consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement and water. As a construction material,
concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired and once hardened, can become a
structural (load bearing) element. Portland cement may be grey or white.
Theory : Chemistry of Cement
Cement is essentially a finely ground mixture of calcium silicates (3Cao. SiO2) and
aluminates (3Cao. ALO3) which sets to a hard mass treated with water. This property
makes cement capable of joining rigid masses like bricks, stones, tiles etc. into coherent
structures. The cements have property of setting and hardening under water due to
certain physicochemical process and are, therefore, called hydraulic cements. During
setting of cement, the physical changes taking place are gel formation and crystallisation
and chemical changes are hydration and hydrolysis.
The process of solidification of cement paste involves: (i) setting, and (ii) hardening.
Setting is stiffening of the original plastic mass into initial gel formation. After
setting, hardening starts due to gradual start of crystallisation in the interior of the mass.
The strength developed by cement at any time depends upon the amount of gel formed
and the extent of crystallisation. A mixture of cement, sand, small pieces of stone (gravel)
and water is known as concrete and sets to an extremely hard structure.
When cement is used for construction purposes, it is always mixed with sand and
little water to make a pasty material called mortar. Here cement or lime forms the binding
material and function of sand is to prevent shrinking and cracking and to increase the
bulk, thereby reducing the cost of the mortar. When cement is used as the binding
material it is called cement mortar and when lime is used as the binder it is called limemortar. Sand in addition to its other functions also increases the adhesive qualities of the
binding material.
SETTING OF CEMENT
Effect of time on setting of cement mortar.
Time has an important role on the strength developed by cement mortar. When a
cement sand paste in the ratio 1:3 in water is allowed to dry, the strength of the solid mass
keeps on increasing with increase in the time given for setting. It acquires nearly full
strength in 28 days.
SETTING OF CEMENT
Objective
To study the setting of mixtures of cement with sand, lime and fly-ash with respect to time
Requirements
Beakers, glass rod, weights, small wooden boxes or empty match boxes. Lime, pit
sand, river sand, cement, fly-ash, rice husk.
SETTING OF CEMENT
Procedure
1. Prepare mixtures of the various compositions as given in the following observation
table.
2. Take each of the mixtures in different beakers and prepare their pastes by adding
minimum quantity of water.
3. Take 9 empty match-box inner cases and mark them from 1 to 9.
4. Fill three cases with paste of each composition.
5. Spray water from time to time over the pastes so that they remain moist all the time.
6. After three days take out one slab of each composition and test for their strength by the
method described in previous experiment.
7. Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days and then after 30 days and test for
their strengths.
Observations
S.NO
Composition of
mixture
7 Days
10 Days
1 CEMENT:RIVER
SAND(1:3)
18 GRAM
20 GRAM
30 GRAM
2 CEMENT:RIVER
SAND:FLY ASH
(2:9:1)
16 GRAM
18 GRAM
26 GRAM
3 CEMENT:RIVER
SAND:LIME
(1:3:1)
10 GRAM
15 GRAM
20 GRAM
SETTING OF CEMENT
10
Conclusions
The strength of the slab increases with increase in the setting time allowed.
Precautions
1.
Bibliography
1. WWW.GOOGLE.COM
2. WWW.SCRIBD.COM
3. NCERT LAB MANUAL FOR CLASS 12
4. WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM
5. WWW.WONDERFULENGINEERING.COM
SETTING OF CEMENT
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