A.

HistoryofHatred
1.1.Whatculturaltrait,languageorreligion,dividestheSerbsandCroats?
Religion
1.2.NamethereligionoftheSerbsOrthodoxandoftheCroats.RomanCatholic
1.3.WhathistoricaldevelopmentisresponsibleforthisreligiousdividebetweenSerbs
andCroats?ThedivisionoftheRomanEmpire.WestpracticedRomanCatholicism,Eastpracticed
Orthodox.
1.4.HowdidMuslimscometothisregionofEurope?
ThroughTurkeyandOttomanEmpire.
1.5.InwhatcenturydidtheMuslimsdefeatSerbiainthebattleofKosovo?
14thcentury.
1.6.Whatotheroutsideempirenextdominatedthenorthernpartsoftheregionin
theseveralcenturiespriortoWorldWarI?Austrian
1.7.AcountrycalledYugoslavia(LandoftheSouthernSlavs)firstcameintobeing
afterWorldWarI.WhichofitsmembernationsdominatedYugoslaviaatthattime?
TheSerbs
1.8.WhathappenedduringWorldWarIIthatfurtherincreasedSerbCroathatred
andaddedtotheSerbsenseofvictimhood?
NazisinvadedCroatiaandkilledthousandsofSerbs
B.ThePreBreakupSituation
1.9.Whichrepublicwasmostethnicallyuniform?*Slovenia
1.10.Whichrepublicwasleastethnicallyuniform?*Bosnia
1.11.Priortoitsbreakup,wasYugoslaviaanationstate,amultistatenation,ora
multinationstate?*MultinationState
1.12.TheprewarstateofYugoslaviareferredtoitscomponentregionsasrepublics.
Wouldapoliticalgeographerhavecalledthemstates,nations,orprovinces?*
Provinces
1.13.FromWorldWarIIuntilitsbreakup,Yugoslaviahadwhatkindofgovernment
communist,capitalist,ormonarchy?Communist
C.TheBreakup
1.14.DidYugoslaviabreakupbecauseofethnonationalismorirredentism?*
Ethnonationalism
1.15.Thefirstwar,whichlastedonlytendays,wasbetweenSloveniaandtheYugoslavian
governmentafterSloveniadeclareditsindependenceinthespringof1991.Would
thedeclarationofindependencebySloveniabedescribedasanactofirredentismor
secession?*Secession
1.16.WhydidnttheSerbdominatedgovernmentofYugoslaviaputupmoreofa
fighttokeepSloveniafrombreakingaway?*
SloveniahadfewresidentSerbsandisnotimplicatedinSerbiandesignofcreatingaGreater
Serbia
1.17.AfterSloveniabecameindependent,couldithavebeencharacterizedasa
nationstate(seeFigure13.8)?*Nationstate
1.18.Thesecondwaralsostartedinthespringof1991,butinCroatia.Thetwo

warringnationswereSerbianandCroatia.
D.Bosnia
1.19.WhichwasthedominantnationwithinBosniaintermsofpopulation?
Muslims
1.20.NamethesecondandthirdmostpopulousnationswithinBosniasborders.
SerbiansandCroatians
1.21.Which,ifany,ofthesetwominoritynationsinBosniawereirredentaofother
states?*Both
1.22.AfterBosniaestablisheditsindependence,wouldithavebeenbestdescribed
asastate,anation,oranationstate?*State
1.23.WhywouldthebreakupofBosniaworsentherefugeeproblem?
Manyrefugeeswouldneverbeabletoreturntotheirhomeswhicharenowheldbyotherethnic
groups.
1.24.WhatmessagewouldthepermanentbreakupofBosniaintotwoorthree
separatestatessendtootherethnicgroupsintheBalkansandaroundtheworld?
Aggressionandgenocideareacceptableforsavingproblems.
1.25.WhywouldnttheSerbdominatedpartofBosnia,whichtheBosnianSerbs
callRepublikaSrpska,beaviableindependentstate?
Doesnothaveastrongeconomicalandpoliticalbase.
E.KosovoandEthnicCleansing(1999)
1.26.InwhatstateisKosovo?Yugoslavia
1.27.WhattwonationscohabitKosovo?AlbaniansandSerbs
1.28.WhatnationisthemajorityinKosovo?Albania
1.29.WhatstatescitizenswouldlikelyhaveirredentistfeelingstowardKosovo?*
AlbanianCitizens
1.30.Whatistheaimofethniccleansing?
Changingdemographiccompositionsofregionsandtownstocreatehomogeneousregions.
1.31.Namefivemethodsofethniccleansing.
Murder,rape,imprisonment,threatsandintimidation,homeburnings,useofKosovarsashuman
shields
F.AllsNotQuietontheBalkanFront
1.32.IstherestillastatecalledYugoslavia?NO!!!!!!
Ifnot,whatisitcallednow?SerbiaandMontenegro
1.33.AsidefromthesmolderingconflictsinBosniaandKosovo,whatotherpolitical
geographicissuesremainthatmightbreakupanexistingstateandcreateanew
stateintheregion?
Macedonia,initself,hasaverylargeAlbanianminority.Albanianrebelshavearguedforachange
inMacedoniangovernmentthatwouldbenefitthepoliticalstatusofAlbanianMinority.Also,
Montenegroisstillaprobleminthis.TheKosovosituationisntyetstableandmayleadtoethnic
cleansing.Lastly,thenumberofBosnianCroatsandSerbsthatopposeaunifiedcountryisquite
great.

Activity2
A. FromAncientTimestotheCreationofIraq
2.1.WhatistheancientnameoftheareapresentlycalledIraq?Mesopotamia
Nameoneoftheancientcivilizationsthatflourishedthere.Babylon
2.2.Whatarethetwomainriversrunningthroughtheregion?
TigresandEuphrates
2.3.ThroughoutIraqihistoryIraqsmanyautonomoussocialunits,itslackofstone
forroadbuilding,itslocationattheeasternflankoftheArabworld,andtheperiods
whentheirrigationsystemsfellintodisrepairallthesewereforcesofpolitical
fragmentation.(centralizationorfragmentation)
2.4.Whatoutsideempiredominatedthisregionintheseveralcenturiespriorto
WorldWarI?
OttomanEmpire.
2.5.AfterWorldWarI,controlofIraqwasgiventowhatcountry?GreatBritain
WhatinternationalorganizationgaveawaycontrolofIraq?LeagueofNations
2.6.TheboundariesofIraqweredrawnbyGreatBritainwithvirtuallynoconsiderationof
natural/tribalfrontiersandsettlementsnorIraqsneedforaportonthePersianGulf.
2.7.Iraqbecameindependentinwhatyear?1932
2.8.Iraqsfirsttypeofgovernmentwasmonarchy.(communism,democracy,militarydictatorship,or
monarchy).
B.NationandStateGeography
2.9.InwhichhalfcenturydidIslamarriveintheareathatisnowIraq(seeFigure3.6
inChapter3)?___________halfofthe___________00s.
2.10.WhathistoricaleventisresponsibleforthedividebetweenSunniMuslimsand
ShiaMuslims?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2.11.WhatarethefivepillarsofIslam?GivetheArabicwords,andexplaineach
one.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2.12.WhatwastheofficiallanguageofIraqfromitsinceptiontotheU.S.overthrow
ofSaddamHussein?____________________________
2.13.Iraqisa_________________________(nation,state,nationstate).*
2.14.TheKurdsarea________________(nation,state,nationstate)*,andtheir
homelandoverlapswhichfivecountries?
_______________________________________________________________
2.16.AccordingtotheReligion/LanguageSummary oftheIraqCountryStudy,
SaddamHussein,likemostpastrulersofIraq,belongedtowhichethnicgroup?
_________________
C.TheIranIraqWar

2.17.In1980,IraqinvadedIran.Whatwastheimportanceoftheterritoryoverwhich
IranandIraqwerefighting?____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2.18.Thisterritory,howeverimportant,wasnottheonlyreasonforIraqsattackon
Iran.AccordingtotheIraqCountryStudy,SaddamHusseinwasthreatenedbythe
1979IslamicRevolutioninIranandbyitspotentialinfluenceonIraqsmajority
population. Why?(RefertothetableinQuestion2.15.*)
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2.19.WhichcountrydidtheUnitedStatessupportintheIranIraqwarfrom1980
to1988?____________________
Why?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2.20.NamethreespecifickindsofmilitaryandtechnicalsupporttheUnitedStates
offeredtoSaddamHusseinsregimeduringtheIranIraqwar.
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
D.TheGulfWar
2.21.In1990,IraqinvadedKuwait.
2.22.WhatwereIraqsreasonsfortheinvasion?(Note:Besuretocheckboththe
IraqCountryStudyandTheLongRoadtoWarforreasons,becausedifferentreasons
aregiven.)
SaddamHusseinaccusedthecountryofKuwaitofillegallypumpingoilfromIraqsoil
grounds(locatedonborder).Also,KuwaitdidnotpayitsdebttoIraqfordefendingKuwaitagainst
thePersians.Thirdly,forrefusingtonegotiateIraqsneedforaportatShattalArab.Mainly,Iraq
wasangrywithalloftheirprosperousneighborsbecausetheywerebillionsofdollarsindebt.
2.23.ThepeopleoftheinvadedcountrydifferfromSaddamsSunni/Arabnation
onthebasisof:(checkoneseetableinQuestion2.15*)
language_____
religiousgroup_____
both_____
neither__X___
2.24.AftertheGulfWarin1991,theUnitedNationsSecurityCounciladopted
Resolution687thatrequiredSaddamtodestroyallofhisweaponsofmassdestructionorrenderthem
harmless.Or,hemustdestroyhisweaponsandhavetheminspectedbyUNSCOM.
2.25.OneyearaftertheSeptember11,2001,terroristattackontheWorldTrade
CentertowersinNewYork,theBushAdministrationreleaseditsNationalSecurity
Strategy,whichcametobeknownastheBushDoctrine.Whatwerethethreekey
elementsoftheBushDoctrine?
1. TheU.Swillexploititsmilitary+economicpowertoencouragefreesocieties.

2. TheU.Smaynotallowitsmilitarypowertobechallengedagain(ColdWar)
3. WhentheU.Ssinterestsareatstake,itwillactaloneifneeded.
E.TheinvasionofIraqandOverthrowofSaddamHussein
2.26.WhatwerethetworeasonspubliclystatedbytheUnitedStatesatthattime
fortheirinvasionofIraqinMarch2003?TheU.SannouncedthatIraqwasconcealingweaponsof
massdestructionandthattherewasIraqiinvolvementwithAlQaeda.
2.27.WhichmajorcountriessupportedtheU.S.ledinvasion?
UKandAustralia.
Whichmajorcountriesopposedit?
FranceandGermany.
2.28.AccordingtoPeterGalbraith,themainthingthatwentrightintheU.S.invasion/
occupationofIraqwastheoverthrowofSaddamHusseinandtheBaathParty.
GivetwoofGalbraithsspecificexamplesofwhyitwasoneofthetwomostcruel
andinhumaneregimesinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury.
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2.29.AccordingtoPeterGalbraith,whataresomeimportantthingsthatwent
wrongintheU.S.invasion/occupationofIraq?Fillintheblankstocompleteeach
one.
DiscontentwiththeU.S.ledoccupationboiledoverintoanuprising.
intheShiiteareasofIraqandapersistentinsurgencyintheSunniTriangle.
U.S.credibilityabroadhasbeenunderminedbythefailuretofindweaponsofmassdestruction.
Uncheckedlootingeffectivelyguttedeveryimportantpublicinstitutioninthe
citywiththenotableexceptionoftheOilMinistry.
TheU.S.officialinchargeofprisonsdecidedtoworkwiththewardenof
AbuGhraibprison,apparentlyunawareofitsfearsomereputationastheplace
wheretensofthousandsperishedunderSaddamHussein.
SectionF:WillIraqStayTogether?:TheGeographyofNationsandStates
RefertoHowtoGetOutofIraq,sections57,WhattheNewConstitutionSays
(includingelectionmap),Figures13.15,13.17,and13.23.
2.30.Since1991,theIraqiKurdshaveeffectivelygovernedthemselvesthroughthe
semiindependentKurdistanRegionalGovernment.Thisisbestdescribedasaform
ofRegionalautonomy(federalstate,nation,nationstate,regionalautonomy,or
unitarystate).*
2.31.ThepeopleofKurdistanalmostunanimouslypreferindependencetobeing
partofIraq.Thisisbestdescribedasanexampleofseparatism.(ethnonationalism,
irredentism,nationalism,separatism,orsecession)*
2.32.IranianShiites,suchastheAyotollahalSistaniand,fromthegrave,Ayotollah
Khomeini,haveenormouspoliticalandspiritualinfluenceinsouthernIraq.
Hypothetically,iftheShiitesinIraqwantedtojointheirterritorywiththatoftheir
fellowShiitesinIran,orifthegovernmentinIrantriedtoclaimtheShiaregionof
southernIraqonthebasisofacommonnationalreligion,thepoliticalgeography
termthatwoulddescribethisdesirebestisirredentism.(ethnonationalism,
irredentism,ornationalism)*

2.33.IncontrasttoShiiteArabsandSunniKurds,SunniArabshavealwaysfelta
strongsenseofnationalismtowardIraqasawhole.(nationalism,
ethnonationalism,orirredentism)
2.34.AccordingtoGalbraith,ThebreakupofIraqisnotarealisticpossibilityfor
thepresent. WhichoutsidecountrieshavethemosttoloseiftheIraqiKurdsbecome
independent?
Turkey,Iran,andSyria
Why?
TheyallhavesubstantialKurdishpopulationssothereisafearthatwouldbeprecedentifIraq
Kurdistanbecameindependent.
2.35.WhywouldnttheSunniArabswanttodivorcethemselvesfromtheKurds
andShiitesandcreateaseparateSunnimajoritystateoftheirowninthecentral
andwesternregionswheretheyareamajority?
Sunniarabsdonothaveenoughresourcestosupportastateoftheirown.
2.36.IfthethreemainnationsofIraqweretotrytodivideIraqintothreeseparate
ethnicallybasedindependentstates,whichunresolvedterritorialissue wouldbe
mostexplosive andpossiblyplungeIraqintoviolentconflict?Kirkuk.
(nameacity)
Whatmakesthisissuesoexplosiveandcontentious?
TheKurdsweredrivenoutofKirkukandlaterwantedtoreturnhome(Iraq).However,they
sufferedinjustices.ThestatusofKirkukisdifferentdependingonwhichcountrylooksatit.
OnOctober15,2005,theIraqipeoplevotedtoapproveanewconstitutionfor
Iraq.Answerthefollowingquestionsaboutit.
2.37.Whichformofgovernmentdidtheyadopt?
__Unitarystate
__Unitarystatewithregionalautonomy
__Federalstate
_X_Federalstatewithregionalautonomy
2.38.Whichnationwouldlikelybemostinfavorofeachofthefollowingpartsof
theconstitution?(*Whileyoumaybeabletofindanswerstosomepartsofquestions
2.38and2.39bygoingbackthroughtheGalbraitharticleandtheIraqCountryStudy,
whatwehaveinmindhereisforyoutousethegeneralknowledgeyouhavelearned
aboutthethreenationsofIraq.)
ItsArabpeoplearepartoftheArabnation.
__X_SunniArabs___ShiiteArabs___Kurds___Allgroups
Islamistheofficialreligionofthestateandisabasicsourceoflegislation.Nolaw
canbepassedthatcontradictstheundisputedrulesofIslam.
___SunniArabs__X_ShiiteArabs___Kurds___Allgroups
Nolawcanbepassedthatcontradictstheprinciplesofdemocracy.
___SunniArabs__X_ShiiteArabs___Kurds___Allgroups
ArabicandKurdisharethetwoofficiallanguagesforIraq.Iraqisareguaranteed
therighttoeducatetheirchildrenintheirmothertongues.
___SunniArabs___ShiiteArabs__X_Kurds___Allgroups
ThefederalauthoritywillmaintaintheunityofIraq,itsintegrity,independence,
sovereigntyanditsdemocraticfederalsystem.

__X_SunniArabs___ShiiteArabs___Kurds___Allgroups
Thegovernmentsofregionshavetherighttopracticelegislative,executiveand
judicialpowersaccordingtothisconstitution,exceptinwhatislistedasexclusive
powersofthefederalauthorities.Theregionalauthorityhastherighttoamendthe
implementationofthefederallawintheregioninthecaseofacontradictionbetween
thefederalandregionallawsinmattersthatdonotpertaintotheexclusivepowers
ofthefederalauthorities.
___SunniArabs___ShiiteArabs__X_Kurds___Allgroups
Theregionsgovernmentisresponsibleforallthatisrequiredtomanagetheregion,
inparticularestablishingandorganizinginternalsecurityforcesfortheregionsuch
aspolice,securityandregionalguards.
___SunniArabs___ShiiteArabs__Xx_Kurds___Allgroups
2.39Whichnationwouldlikelybeleastinfavorofeachofthefollowingpartsof
theconstitution?
Entitiesortrendsthatadvocate,instigate,justifyorpropagateracism,terrorism,
takfir (declaringsomeoneaninfidel),orsectariancleansingarebanned,especially
theSaddamistBaathPartyinIraqanditssymbols,underanyname.
_X__SunniArabs___ShiiteArabs___Kurds___Allgroups
Thefederalauthoritieswillhaveexclusivepowers overforeignpolicyandnational
defence.
___SunniArabs___ShiiteArabs__X_Kurds___Allgroups
Aquota[onrevenuesfromoilandgas]shouldbedefinedforaspecifiedtimefor
affectedregionsthatweredeprivedinanunfairwaybytheformerregimeorlater
on,inawaytoensurebalanceddevelopmentindifferentpartsofthecountry.
__X_SunniArabs___ShiiteArabs___Kurds___Allgroups