Equation of a line: m x x1 y y1

Math 31 Formula Sheet

Surface Area and Volume

4
V r3
Cube: SA 6 s 2
3
Right Circular Cylinder:
SA 2 r 2 2 rh

Sphere: SA 4 r 2
Rectangular solid:
SA 2 Lw hw Lh
V Lwh

V s3
Right Circular Cone:
SA 2 rs r 2
1
V r 2h
3

V r 2h

Factoring
a 3 b3 a b a 2 ab b 2

Quadratic Formula:

a 3 b3 a b a 2 ab b 2

b b 2 4ac
2a

Solving Oblique Triangles

Sine Law:

sin A sin B sin C

a
b
c

Cosine Law:

cos C

a 2 b2 c2
2ab

Trigonometric Formulas
Fundamental Identities: sin
csc

1
sin

sec

opp
hyp

1
cos

sin 2 cos 2 1

cos

adj
hyp

tan

opp
adj

cot

1
cos

tan sin

tan

sin
cos

1 tan 2 sec 2

1 cot 2 csc 2

Addition and Subtraction Formulas:

sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B
sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B
tan A B

tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B

Double Angle Formulas:

sin 2 A 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B

cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A B

tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B

cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A

2 tan A
tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A

cos 2 A 1 2sin 2 A

Derivatives
f ' x lim

First Principals:

h 0

f x h f x
h

d
f x g x f ' x g x g ' x f x
dx

f ' x g x g ' x f x
d f x

2
dx g x
g x

d
f g x f ' g x g ' x
dx

d n
x nx n1
dx

d
n
g x n g x
dx

n 1

d
sin x cos x
dx

g ' x

d
cos x sin x
dx

d
tan x sec 2 x
dx

d
csc x csc x cot x
dx

d
sec x sec x tan x
dx

d
cot x csc 2 x
dx

d g x
g x
e
e g ' x
dx

d
1
ln x

dx
x

d x
b b x ln b
dx

d
1
log b x
dx
x ln b

Integrals
n
ax dx

ax n 1
C
n 1

n 1

x dx ln x C

sin x dx cos x C

cos x dx sin x C

sec

csc

x dx tan x C

x dx cot x C

sec x tan x dx sec x C

csc x cot x dx csc x C

x
x
e dx e C

x
a dx

1
1
x 2 1 dx tan x C

1
1 x

ax
C a 1
ln a
dx sin 1 x C