CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

PIPELINE CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN - Square ended and Tapered Anodes
(DnV RP B401 1993)
Input data is defined for the exposed and buried case using 2 row column matrices. The
exposed values are entered in row 0, whilst the buried values are entered in row 1, as
below. Current density values are based on water depth and location.
Pipeline Section: Exposed to Seawater with a Concrete Coating Thickness of 3 in (75 mm)
Universal Declarations
Exposed 0

Buried 1

All input data should be checked, however,

highlighted values are most critical

x := 0 .. 1

Input Data Summary

Y := 30 yr

Design life in years

Ta := 25

Anode Surface Temperature ( this

value must be in OC, without units)

Depth := 95ft

Water depth

CR := "Arctic"

Climactic region as defined by Tables 6.3.1 and 6.3.2. Input choices are:
"Tropical", "Sub-Tropical", "Temperate", and "Arctic".

D := 48 in

OD of pipe

L j := 40 ft

Joint length

ta := 75 mm

Original nominal anode thickness

tc := 0.635 mm

Corrosion coat thickness (anode internal lining +

steel pipe anti-corrosion coating)

gap := 4 in

Anode half shell gap

:=

0.32
ohm m
1.6

n := 10

Environmental resistivity

Fig 6.8, Cls 6.8.3

Number of array elements

k := 1 .. n

counter for array

Sk := k L j

Anode spacing

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Exposed

Buried

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CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

DNV :=

Fig & Tbl 6.6.1,

Cls 6.6.3

2500
Exposed
1
Electrochemical Efficiency
A hr kg

2000
Buried

Utilisation factor for bracelet anodes, anode mass

u := 0.8
3

a := 0.09754 lb in

Anode density

fi := 2 %

Initial coating breakdown factor

fm := 0.05 + 0.002

yr

ff := 0.07 + 0.004

yr

30

20

1.05
V
1.0

a = 2699.9 kg m

Tbl 6.9.1

Assumed input
data

Mean coating breakdown factor

fm = 5 %

Final coating breakdown factor

ff = 11 %

Cls 6.5.3

Design Closed Circuit Potential

Exposed

Buried

Tbl 6.6.2

E c := 0.80 V

Design Protective Potential

Exposed

Buried

Cls 7.8.2

V := E c E a

Difference in potential between

steel and anode

E a :=

i buried := 20mA m

V =

0.25
V
0.2

Buried current density (same for all conditions)

Cls 7.8.2

Cls 6.3.7

Initial Current Density

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CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

Table 6.3.1

i i :=
0

if Depth 30m

i i := i buried

150 mA m if CR = "Tropical"

170 mA m if CR = "Sub-Tropical"

200 mA m if CR = "Temperate"

ii =

250
2
mA m
20

250 mA m otherwise
otherwise

130 mA m if CR = "Tropical"
150 mA m if CR = "Sub-Tropical"
180 mA m if CR = "Temperate"
2

220mA m

otherwise

Mean Current Density

Table 6.3.2

i m :=
0

if Depth 30m

i m := i buried

70 mA m if CR = "Tropical"

80 mA m if CR = "Sub-Tropical"

100 mA m if CR = "Temperate"

im =

120
2
mA m
20

120 mA m otherwise
otherwise

60 mA m if CR = "Tropical"
70 mA m if CR = "Sub-Tropical"
80 mA m if CR = "Temperate"
2

100mA m

otherwise

Final Current Density

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Table 6.3.1

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CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

i f :=
0

if Depth 30m

i f := i buried

90 mA m if CR = "Tropical"

110 mA m if CR = "Sub-Tropical"

if =

130 mA m if CR = "Temperate"

170
2
mA m
20

170 mA m otherwise
otherwise

80 mA m if CR = "Tropical"
90 mA m if CR = "Sub-Tropical"

110 mA m if CR = "Temperate"
2

130mA m

otherwise

Temperature correction (for anode temp. > 25degC)

i tc := 1 mA m

Cls 6.3.8

Temperature Correction (Ref. Cls. 6.3.8)

i i := if Ta > 25 , i i + Ta 25 i tc , i i

i m := if Ta > 25 , i m + Ta 25 i tc , i m

i f := if Ta > 25 , i f + Ta 25 i tc , i f

ii =

250
2
mA m
20

im =

120
2
mA m
20

if =

170
2
mA m
20

Electrochemical Efficiency Derating (Fig. 6.6.1):

Exposed:
:= DNV
0
0

Buried:
:=
1

DNV

if Ta 20

DNV 27
1

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( Ta 20) A hr kg 1

otherwise

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CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

2500
1
A hr kg
1865

Square Ended Bracelet Anode

Initial Anode Length
The following equations were used to
obtain the initial anode length, Li k,x

Anode resisitiviy, Ra :=

0.315

Tbl 6.7.1

A = Exposed anode surface area, = Li [(D+2ta+2tc)-2gap]

Anode Current Output, Ia= Vx/Ra

Cls 7.8.2

Current demand, Ic = Ac.f c.i c

Cls 7.4.2

The total current demand from coated pipe and uncoated J-lay collar is given as :
Ii

k, x

( )

:= D Sk fi i i

Equate Current Demand, Ic and Current Output, Ia and solve for Li

Li

k, x

:=

0.315 x Ii
k , x

( Vx) 2 ( D + 2 tc + 2 ta) 2 gap

Mean Anode Length

The following equations were used to obtain the mean anode length, Lmk,x
Required anode mass, M = [Ic(average).y]/u.x
Current demand, Ic = Ac.f c.i c

Im

k, x

Cls 7.7

( )

:= D Sk fm i m

Cls 7.4.2

M = Volume x a
Volume = Lm.[.ta(D+2tc+ta) - 2tagap]
Substitute Ic into M and solve for Lm

Y Im
Lm

k, x

:=

k, x

x u a ta D + 2 tc + ta 2 ta gap

Final Anode Thickness

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CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

Vinital :=

Guess

) 2 ( D + 2 tc) 2 2 ta gap

D + 2 tc + 2 ta

Given

Vfinal := 1 u Vinital

tf := 0.20ta

Vfinal = 1 u Vinital
Vfinal =

) 2 ( D + 2 tc) 2 2tf gap

D + 2 tc + 2 tf

tf

tf = 0.62 in

tf := Find tf , Vfinal 0

ta

Final Anode Length

. . . final anode thickness

= 21.011 %

Note : Use similar method as initial anode length, but substitute with tf from above

If

k, x

( )

:= D Sk ff i f

Lf

k, x

:=

0.315 x If
k , x

( Vx) 2 ( D + 2 tc + 2 tf) 2 gap

Anode Mass
L required

k, x

mrequired

k, x

mf

k, x

:= max L i

k, x

:= a L required

k, x

k, x

:= a L required

L i ( x) :=

, Lm

k, x

k , x

ta D + 2 tc + ta 2 gap

tf D + 2 tc + tf 2 gap

for k 0 .. n
k Li

, Lf

L m ( x) :=

for k 0 .. n
k Lm

k, x

mrequired ( x) :=

k mrequired

k, x

k, x

for k 0 .. n

L required ( x) :=

mf( x) :=

for k 0 .. n

k L required

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L f( x) :=

for k 0 .. n

k mf

k, x

for k 0 .. n

k Lf

k, x

k, x

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CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

The following results tables can be applied to square-ended anode and tapered anode calculations,
respectively. Mass is based on a square ended anode.
Results Summary Table - Square Ended Anode - Exposed Case
Anode Spacing
joints
ft
1
40.0
2
80.0
3
120.0
4
160.0
5
200.0
6
240.0
7
280.0
8
320.0
9
360.0
10
400.0

Lj

Li
in
0.1
0.3
0.8
1.4
2.1
3.1
4.2
5.4
6.9
8.5

Lm

Lf

Lrequired

in

in

in

1.3
5.2
11.8
20.9
32.7
47.1
64.1
83.7
106.0
130.9

1.9
5.2
11.8
20.9
32.7
47.1
64.1
83.7
106.0
130.9

1.9
3.7
5.6
7.4
9.3
11.1
13.0
14.8
16.7
18.5

L i ( )

L m ( )

L f( )

L required ( )

mrequired ( )

mf( )

ft

in

in

in

in

lb

lb

:= Exposed

m required
lb
81.2
229.5
516.3
917.9
1434.3
2065.3
2811.1
3671.7
4647.0
5737.0

Lj

Li
in

Lm
in
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.7

Lf
in
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.5
2.9
3.3
3.7

0.7
2.8
6.4
11.3
17.7
25.5
34.7
45.3
57.3

L i ( )

L m ( )

L f( )

L required ( )

mrequired ( )

mf( )

ft

in

in

in

in

lb

lb

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Lrequired
cm

m required
kg
14.099
56.396
126.891
225.583
352.474
507.563
690.849
902.334
1142.016

Lrequired
cm
1.768641
7.074563
15.91777
28.29825
44.21602
63.67106
86.66339
113.193
143.2599

117.77
160.29
209.36
264.97
327.13

:= Buried

Lrequired m required
in
lb
0.7
31.0
2.8
124.1
6.4
279.2
11.3
496.3
17.7
775.4
25.5
1116.6
34.7
1519.9
45.3
1985.1
57.3
2512.4

lb
16.2
45.9
103.3
183.6
286.9
413.1
562.2
734.3
929.4
1147.4

m required
kg
36.92
104.31
234.70
417.24
651.94
938.79
1277.79
1668.96
2112.27
2607.74

Results Summary Table - Square Ended Anode - Buried Case

Anode Spacing
joints
ft
1
40.0
2
80.0
3
120.0
4
160.0
5
200.0
6
240.0
7
280.0
8
320.0
9
360.0

mf

mf
lb
6.2
24.8
55.8
99.3
155.1
223.3
304.0
397.0
502.5

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CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

Tapered anode length can be estimated as equal to the calculated length plus the thickness of the
anode, assuming the following geometry:

L calc

In this case, the taper angle was

assumed to be 45 degrees. This
simplifies the length estimate.

L tapered

Results Summary Table - Tapered Anode - Exposed Case

Anode Spacing
joints
ft
1
40.0
2
80.0
3
120.0
4
160.0
5
200.0
6
240.0
7
280.0
8
320.0
9
360.0
10
400.0

Lj

Li
in

Lm
in

3.0
3.3
3.7
4.3
5.1
6.0
7.1
8.4
9.8
11.5

Lf
in

4.8
6.7
8.5
10.4
12.2
14.1
15.9
17.8
19.6
21.5

1.9
5.9
12.4
21.6
33.3
47.7
64.7
84.4
106.6
131.5

:= Exposed

Lrequired m required
in
lb
4.8
81.2
8.2
229.5
14.7
516.3
23.9
917.9
35.7
1434.3
50.1
2065.3
67.1
2811.1
86.7
3671.7
108.9
4647.0
133.8
5737.0

L i ( ) + ta

L m ( ) + ta

L f( ) + tf

L required ( ) + ta

mrequired ( )

mf( )

ft

in

in

in

in

lb

lb

Results Summary Table - Tapered Anode - Buried Case

Anode Spacing
joints
ft
1
40.0
2
80.0
3
120.0
4
160.0
5
200.0
6
240.0
7
280.0
8
320.0
9
360.0
10
400.0

Lj

mf
lb
16.2
45.9
103.3
183.6
286.9
413.1
562.2
734.3
929.4
1147.4

Li
in

Lm
in
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.7
5.1

Lf
in
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.3
6.7
7.1

3.7
5.8
9.3
14.3
20.6
28.4
37.6
48.2
60.3
73.7

:= Buried

Lrequired m required
in
lb
1.3
31.0
3.5
124.1
7.0
279.2
11.9
496.3
18.3
775.4
26.1
1116.6
35.3
1519.9
45.9
1985.1
57.9
2512.4
71.4
3101.8

mf
lb
6.2
24.8
55.8
99.3
155.1
223.3
304.0
397.0
502.5
620.4

L i ( ) + ta

L m ( ) + ta

L f( ) + ta

L required ( ) + tf

mrequired ( )

mf( )

ft

in

in

in

in

lb

lb

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CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PIPELINES

required

cm
4.63
13.09
29.44
52.34
81.78
117.77
160.29
209.36
264.97
327.13

required

1in = 0.025 m

cm
1.768641
7.074563
15.91777
28.29825
44.21602
63.67106
86.66339
113.193
143.2599

Z:\Jennifer H\Sakhalin\

10/26/2004