‘lowering of the nose? ( aiferrn: aL) e. g. sazieq; cf. P. V. 2.31, (1) mute syllable g prefixed to roots to signify the addition of the affix gq in the sense of ver- bal activity; e. g. 39y:, aa; cf P.III, 3.89; (2) the class of lingual consonants @, 3, 2,@ and 4; cf EPL 37, ZR augment = added to that in connection with which it is pres- cribed; it is prescribed in connec- tion with Zand q followed by a sibilant, ¢. g. Gy 4 9g: = g7uzay: ; ef. P, VIII. 3.98. Hoary tad. affix um added to the word g meaning ‘a warrior f tribe not of a Brahmana nor of a # Keatriya caste’ in the sense of the word ( 3% ) itself; e.g. ativa:, cf, PV. 3.115 Zam tad. affix a, causing af forthe initial vowel and the addition of the fem. affix £ applied to the word @ in the sense of ¢ having that asa deity,’ c.g. ai aig: ari ary; of. P. IV. 2.30. @@ tad. affix stato which the aug- ment @ is prefixed, making the affix A, applicable to the words ard, fat, 9, tt and indeclinable words in the Saisika or misce- laneous senses; ¢. g. aada:, Fae: Tearana, etc; cf. P. IV. 3.23, 24. =Ue, tad. affix added in the same way as 2g above,.making only a difference in the accent. When the affix 2g is added, the acute accent is given to the last vowel of the word preceding the affix, BP tad. affix @, causing vrddhi for the initial vowel of the word to which it is added and also the addition of the fem.affix &,applied to the word ai in the sense 155 aR of ‘fren eg. amici ge; cf Kas. on P. IV. 3.142. ea having @ as 4; roots, that have g as gor mute, take the affix gq in the sense of verbal activity. See z. cs & the second consonant of the ling- ual class possessed of the proper- ties MGI, BAS, Aaaweea and wan. For the syllable 3 at the beginning of taddhita affixes, the syllable 2% is substituted; if however the affix (beginning with % ) follows upon a word ending in &, 38, 3, % @ and q then is added instead of Hi; e. g- wtash, ai@larm: ete; ch sem, wanna #:, P. VIL, 3.50, 51. Some scholars say that sf and & are substituted for by the sutras quoted above; cf. Kas. on VII. 3.50. & (1) tad. affix 3; see 3 above for the substitution of 2 and % for 2. & stands as a common term for SH, Si, sa, and sa as also for 88,84, and sq; (2) the consonant 3, the vowel 4 being added for facitity of pronunciation, cf. T. Pr. 1.21. BR a very common tad. affix =, or 4 in case it is added to words ending in gq, 3%, 3, % @ and @ according to P. VII, 3. 51, causing the substitution of vrddhi for the first vowel of the word to which it is added. 2m is added to (1) %aet and other words in the sense of descendant (2194) e. g, atem:, awearen:, aiftia:, winter aaraiafam, cf. P. IV. 1.146-149; (2) to the words area, waa etc. in the sense of ‘dyed in’, ¢. g.156 ereren, datrmar; cf. P. 1V. 2.2; (3) to the words af and gafaq in the sense of &ga ‘made better’, €. g- aaa, data, ( % instead of 2% substituted for 2% ), cf. P. IV. 2. 18, 19; (4) to the words ennai, wae etc.; cf. P. IV. 2. 22, 23; (5) to words expressive. of inanimate objects, to the words eta and ¥, as also to the words %ai and 24 in the sense of ‘ multitude’; cf. P. IV. 2. 47, 48; '6) to the words id, 344 and words ending in aa, qard etc., in the sense of students of? ( aatiia daz ), cf. P. IV. 2.59, 60, 63; (7) to the words guz and others as also to aii as a 7d: affix; cf. PIV. 2.80, 84; (8) to the words a1, vam and asf in the Saisika senses; cf. P. IV. 2.102, 115, IV, 3,18; (9) to the words gqa1g and others in the sense “generally present’; cf. P. IV. 3. 40; (10) to the words consisting of two syllables, and the words #%, ale etc.in the sense of‘explanatory literary work’; of, P. IV.3.72; (11) to words meaning ‘sources of in- come’ in the sense of ‘ accruing from?; cf. P. IV. 3.75; (12) to words denoting inanimate things excepting words showing time or place, in the sense of ‘ufw’, cf P. IV. 8.96; and (13) to the words @@ and siz in the sense of ‘belong- ing to’, cf. P. IV. 3.124. The tad. affix 2% is added as a general termination, excepting in such cases where other affixes are pre- scribed, in specified senses like «ta deaf, ? aa wala, ? Ga dara? etc.; cf, P, IV. 4.1-75, as also to words @, ait, Fa, Fraat, fraser etc. in specified senses, cf. P. IV.4. 81, 102. s& is also added as a general tad, affix or afaRaReca, in various specified senses, as pre- scribed by P. V.1.19-63 words Zzz, 4 wre7, etc. and to the word w in the prescribed senses; cf. P. V. 2.67,76, V, 3.108,109; while, with- out making any change in sense it is added to aquri@a, faa, aaa, i being the word aL, Faas (ChaArPaR Ey Buz, a9, Bay and others, Reb stnec cord aT& in the sense of ‘expressed’; cf. P. V, 4.13, 34, 35. The fem. affix ¥iq(£) is added to words ending in the affix 2% to form fem, bases, SFG a popular name given to the ‘a of the fourth adhyaya* Astidhyayi, The pada be- ith the rule sHag42RP.1V4.1. prescribing the taddhita aflix 2% in the senses prescribed in rules be~ ginning with the next rule ‘aa dieafa ata Safa fan’ and ending with the rule ‘(ay avi’ P.IV.4.73. BAL tad. affix 2% ory (by P,VIT.3.51) with the vowel % accented acute applied to (1) gaz and others as a Caturarthika affix; cf. P. 1V.2.80; (2) to multisyllabic words and words beginning with 3a which are proper nouns for persons; cf. P. V.3.78, 80; and (3) to the word aret_in the sense of 24; cf. P. V.3.109. The base, to which az is added, retains generally two sylla- bles or sometimes three, the rest being clided before the affix eg e. g. Giae!, aR: fam: Safer: etc. from the words @aau, aged, ftd- au, BawaT ete.; cf, P. V.3.83, 84. 3 tad. affix gH or # (by P.VIL3.51) causing Vrddbi and acute accent for the first vowel of the word to which it is added, applied (1) to wens, Sgie and in the specified senses, cf. P, 1V.2.35, 41at e.g. areata were etc.; 5 (2) t to words If, “fe, along with fg, ¢. also with f#5 to words denoting | villages in the Vahika country eg. RIPHIGA ZIRT; as also to words ending in 3 forming names of countries in all the Saisika senses, cf. P. IV.2.116-120; (3) to com- pound words having a word show- ing direction as their first member, to words denoting time, as also to the words av, fiat and Haq in the Saisika senses; cf. P.IV.3.6, 7, 11- 3 (4) to the words agi (In Vedic Literature), and to 4a and qa in the Saisika senses; cf. P.IV.3.19~ 21; (5) to aaa, sai, words having oa: as the first member, to the word #14 preceded by af or ag, to multisyllabic words having their last vowel accented acute, to words denoting sacrifices, to words forming names of sages, to words ending in %and tothe word wea in the specific senses which are mentioned; cf. P. IV.3.50, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 97; (6) to the words a19°3, FIM, Aare, Ban, qa, compound words having a multi- syllabic words as their first. mem- ber, and to the words Js etc, in the specified senses;cf-P.1V.4.6,11, 38, 52, 58, 64, 103;(7) to any word as a general tad. affix (wifradtea), unless any other affix has been specified in the specified senses aa wlan? (ae fafa’... cada? mentioned in the section of sutras V. 1.18. to 117; (8) to the words S4:Y@, we, aft, compound words having we or ait as their first mem- ber as also to the words fara and fassaga; cf. P.V.2.76, 118,119. 3a tad. affix zs or % (according to P. VII.3.51), causing the addition of em, and not , for forming the as feminine base, applied (1) to the word at and werds with two syllables in_ the sense of ‘crossing? or ‘swimming? over; ef. P.IV.4. 7; c.g. alien: alfaat, aes: aga; (2) to the words aa, #3, and fama and optionally with @ to Hmga in the sense of maintaining (84 staf); cf. P. IV. 4.13, 14; (3) to the word nisa, words ending with siz, to the word za, to words showing completion ( qwrifHa), to the words S14, HI, 48, 224, Tate and. ag in specified senses; cf P. IV 4.42, 70, V. 1.21, 48, 49, 51, 84, V. 2, 85, and 109; (4) to words ending in # as also to the words headed by aif, and optionally with the affix ea to gq and with the affix] to "atin the sense of aaq(pos- session); cf, P. V. 2. 118, 116, 117 and 109. {4 marked with the mute letter % There is no affix or word marked with mute g (at the end) in Pani- ni’s grammar, but to avoid cer- tain technical difficulties, the Mahabhasyakira has proposed mute @ instead of 2 in the case of the affix zz of the first pers. sing. perf. Atm. and 3g prescribed as Sariprasirana substitute by P. VI. 4.132 c.g. aate:, Bier; cf. M.Bh. on III.4.79 and V1.4.19. = (1) third letter of the lingual class of consonants possessed of the Properties atarayar, 414, and sequin; (2) mute letter a plied to affixes by Panini to show the clision of the f part (cf. P. 1. 1.64.) of the preceding word viz. the penultimate vowel and the consonant or ‘consonants follow- ing it; cf. @3 (SH: Rf sea R)V14.143. The syllable fa of ¥ is alsoZelided before an affix mark- with the mute letter =, S (1) krt affix: 7) applied to the root | aq, preceded by aa, ata, ATL etc., as also to the roots @{ and “ihunder certain conditions; cf. P. TII.2,48,49, 50, 97-101 and to the root #7, to form the word 3%, cf. P. VI. 3.75; (2) tad. affix 4 applied to words ending in zr words ending in #4 and the word fafa in the sense of ‘more than’ e.g. Creal TAY, Ca, TEAM, cf P.V.2.45, 46, Sa samasinta (4) added to a Bahu- vrihi compound meaning a nume- ral e.g. saat sofia cf, P.V.4.74, ‘Se tad. affix @ in the sense of qu | applied to a numeral to form an CHEE, ordinal numeral; e. g. saiean:, cf, P.V.2.48. SM tad. affix @, ca fear, applied to Fam and aeniiat to show the tart ie, measure- ment or extent of a Brahmana work; e. g. Sania areonia, areaieniel cf. P. V. 1.62. ‘SaHa tad. affix qq in the sense of determination or selection of one out of many, applied to the pro- nouns f, aq and ad; e,g. Fa: ; cf. P.V.3,93,as also to wm according to Eastern Grammarians; e.g. W#ciT wadi Baee:; cf. P.V.3.94. Saw tad. affix eax in the sense of ‘selection out of two’ applied to the words i%, 4q and aq as also to the word wh; e.g. #au Waa: FE: ef. P. V. 3.92, wnat vadidaedi cf. P.V. 3.94. Saas a class of wordsjheaded by the word 2a which stands for Sata ie. words ending with the affix at; similarly the word ¢a# which follows gag stands for 2qaret. aa This class zqufe is a subdivision of the bigger class called waif. and | it consists of only five words viz. ANG, a4, wea and AKG | 1.25 and 1.1.27. wa tad. affix =f affixed to the word f% to show number or measurement; e.g. @fat areas, cf. P.V.2.41. The words ending with the affix eft are termed deat and az for purposes of declension etc.; of. PHL23525. St krt affi: added to the root a in the sense of ‘instrament’ or ‘location’ e.g. sae, cf. P. IIL. 3. 125 Varttika, Sa alfix ax applied to the word “aqaig and others at the end of a pada i.e. when the word "yaale has got the aaaq. e. g. Maat: ex: 1 Aaivam, cf P.IIL.2.71Vart.1 and 2. | St (1) verb-ending e,causing elision of the penultimate vowel as also | of the following consonant, substituted for the 3rd pers. sing. affix faq of the first futures e.g. at; cf. P.11.4.85; (2) case ending eq substituted in Vedic Literature for any case affix as noticed in Vedic usages; e.g. arr gPeanm; cf. PLVIL1 39. ‘Sq tad. affix <1 applied to dissylla- bic words, used as imitation of sounds, or used as onomatopoe- tic, when connected with the root % or yor ay. The word to which 2 is applied becomes generally doubled; ¢. g. TeqerRaIG, seqeraafa qaqerat; cf, P.V.4.57. The affix zIq is also applied to facia, adia, to compound words formed of a numeral and the word gu, as also to the words 497, fra, au, fia ete. when these words are connected with the root #3¢.g. fisareara.ddiar- aaa, RA, ae, sarah etc.; cf. P.V.4, 58 to 67,am 159 r STY fem. affix at added optionally to words ending in #4 and to Bahu- vrihi compounds ending in sto show feminine gender, the words remaining as they are when the optional affix zig is not applied; eg. aa, dm, avai; cf. PIV. 1.11, 12, 13. ‘STHeg tad. affix sg added to the ig and fiq in the sense of "5 e.g. Wame:, farme:; cf. P, IV. 2.36 Vart, 2. FEq possessed of the mute letter g added for the purpose of the eli- sion of f& (ast vowel and the conso- nant or consonants after it) of the preceding word, See g. SIA (1) tad. affix applied to satay dial, aed etc. in the sense of ai (observing); e.g, fiwari, cf. P. V1. 94 Vart 3; (2) applied in the sense of ‘having as measurement’applied to numeral words ending in =q or faq and the word afi; e.g. Fiftat maT, PRI; cf M. Bh. on P, V. 2.37. fena tad. affix = applied to the words 3, a1f%, Taq and aq in the Saisika senses; e.g. APT, enfe WL, Waray, aia; cf. M. Bh. on PIV.3.23. fears case affix gat for Tnst.sing.seen in Vedic Literature; e.g. gafrat, gma; cf. Kas. on P.VII1.39, SVs tad affix stadded to the word ‘$f in the sense of diminutive; e.g. aa: a small oil-pot ( g@);of. V.3. 89. SBA Unidi affix rq added to the root a1 to form the word 94; cf, qi S4aa Unadi Satra 1V.177, SST tad. affix gw in the sense of ‘brother’ applied to the word aa; e.g. arge:; cf. P. IV. 2.36 Vart 1, { $a tad. affix wq as a argues affix applied to the words ga, a and ‘Uda; c.g. EIA, Azar, Aeata; cfP. IV. 2.87. St tad. affix q (1) added in the sense of ‘Sima introduced by’ ( €2 GA ) to the word area; ec. g. aimed ata; cf. P. IV. 2.9; (2) added to the word diag optionally with aqin the sense of ‘ present there’ (aq Wa: ); e.g. diget, cf P. IV, 4.113, ‘SAW tad. affix q added to the words ai4a and a2 in the sense of “ pre- sent there’ (a4 Ha: ), ¢. g. 1% aie; of. PL IV. 4.111. Aq tad. affix q added along with Sq to the same words to which the affix frians just like 4 Paribhasts cf. sifet mea fw M. Bh. on °. 1.1.29; adinaar: for 2 on P.1,1.30 or a4 M. Bh, on P.I. 2.43; word for that word of which there. is the vicinity; cf. wea a werale | aeeeatea ais) ait Bh. on P. 1.2.27 where the letter 3 is taken in the sense of time required for its utterance, the reason being that sound and time go together;cf. also M.Bh. on PelL2aZ Oy iy 3.48, V.2. 795 (3) use of a word for that whic! re des there; cf. aewar M.Bh. on V, 4.50 Vart.3. At a the above places, the use of one word for another is by Laksana. ategife% prescribed in the sense of ‘habituated’; a term used in con- nection with all affixes prescribed in the triad of senses viz. adie, arae’, aeargnifea in Sotras from P. TIL2. 134 to 180; cf. asaiery aimeatafaritet P. 112.146 Vart. 3, Par, Sek. Pari, 67. ‘ala, (1) the same as lag substituted for % and f% of the imperative sec. and third sing. Parasmaipada; cf. P, VII. 1.35; (2) substitute ae for aof the imperative 2nd pl. in Vedic Literature; e.g. art mamta wari of. Kas. on P. VILL.44, wags the affix ad. See ag (1). afe tad. affix aft in the very, sense of the word to which it’ is applied occurring in Vedic Litera- ture after the words #4 and 2a, as also after fa, and az in the: sense of ‘bringing about’ and. in the sense of 414 (presence) after tte same words RM, Sf and sft; g. acer, SAT, Tere etenich ? IV. 4.142-144, \arene 173 aT aw (1) repetition of action; ef eran Gtatgqnear Kas.on IIL. 2.81. also 234 sari, Feaiaraaat | (2)foremost considera- tion; cf. safe aia atin eae errata wate Kas. on P.VII.2.59 (3) purport {of a sentence), signi ficance, intention; cf. afarancara: | fifa ame Par. Sek. Pari. 2, 3. AAA name given to the grave | (emeTa) vowel which is ag ie. which occurs at the end of the first member of a compound and which is placed between two acute | vowels i.e. is preceded by and followed by an acute vowel; e.g. | SISA, TASAT cf satadt aan | wearararea: | V.Pr.1.120. The tath- | abhavya vowel is recited as a kampa (4); cf. aa arma | Ragaataiatcaragentin:— ‘sana | aaa Saaea: aq TART weeds fai’. Some Vedic scholars hold the view that the arama vowel is not a grave ( sara ) vowel, but it isa kind of | waft or circumfex vowel. Strictly according to Panini “an anudatta following upon an udatta becomes Svarita”; cf. P.VIII. 4.66, V.Pr. IV. 1.138; cf. also R.Pr.IIT. 16. ‘aged (1) the nature of being meant for another ; cf. agai@ait area sadea | Zura ae M. Bh: on P. 113/13; (2) meant for another; cf. oe wa qed | aiddvaiieearg a | saa ea ARTA | ae a | cf. Kags. on P. V. 4.24; (3) being Possessed of the same sense; of. Teatirsan. See asa. UAIGT possession of the same nature; araaa;; cf aaaeae FeaaER 1 . Seeariaahay, Kas. on P.II, 1.2. being possessed of the same property; cf, Hari: sHivaeea za— Tea aReAearaert a areaa- fe 1M. Bh. on IV. 1.48 Vart, 3. ATE“ restoration to, or resumption of the same form by the ule of Sthinivadbhava, prescribed in P.I. 1,56, called =auaasi as contrasted with arate; of. ae argcratafeta M. Bh. on VI. 1.85 Vart. 26. Tt one uniform accent or tone, u#ala, as observed at the time of sacrifices in the case of the recital of the hymns; cf. aaeamies “aang Janu V. Pr. 1.130; cf also P. I. 2.34, ‘@laNgH a root of the tanadi class of roots (8th conjugation). ‘ATG personal ending substituted for aq of the 3rd pers. dual in the imperative, imperfect, potential, benedictive, aorist and condie tional; cf. P. 1114.85, 101. IE (1) elevated, high; a place for the production of words; cf. T.Pr. XVII. 11; (2) recital in a high tone which is recommended in the evening time; cf. akg fanaa qa, Rita a4 Sal saIsay, com. on T. Pr, XXIII. 12. Alea a class of words headed by the word ats and containing prominently the words 9%, #24, Uae, FH, 7, sya, =k and many others numbering more than ninety, to which the taddhita affix ¥q (gdq) is added in the sense of ‘containing’. As this class, called aepiia, is looked upon as asia, nouns with =a added at their end, are supposed to be included init; cf. P. V, 2.36, ARMA called aharveria; a Bengali modern Sanskrit scholar and gra~ mmarian of the nineteenth century who has written a commentary called Sarala on the Siddhanta Kaumudi, He has edited manyaeer 174 s fra important Sanskrit works consist- | farnfRaatf a class of compound ing of many kosas. @ee7 lit. produced from aig the part below the tongue; the vowel z, aa, 4 and 4 are, called ae, palatal letters; cf. ga2rrearet V-Pr. 1.66. These letters are formed upon the palate by the middle part of the tongue; cf. R.Pr. 1.42, R.Pr. 11.36, MSIE a small class of eight words to which the affix 4 (a) is added in the sense of ‘a product’ or ‘a | part? eg. a as, anéing, etc.; cf. Kag, on P. IV. 3. 152. ag palate; cf. azacka Fier aa RI ST | a men) Bey a1 cf. T. Pr. 1]. 22. ME conjugational sign or Vikarana (aft) added toa root in the first future before the personal endings which become accented grave (aaa); cf. P.VI.1.186; it has the augment z prefixed, if the root, to which it is added, is ¥. cf. P. VI. 4. 62, aiftt the Vikarana arg. See arg. & (1) personal ending faq of the 3rd pers. sing.; (2) common term for the krt affixes fq and fa as also for the unadi affix f; sec fa and fara; (3) fem. affix & added to the word a7. e.g. gata: cf, P. IV, 1.77; (4) tad. affix fa as found in the words afm and fiaia ef. Kag. on P.V.1.59; (5) tad. affix added to the word 94 in the sense of ‘a root,’ and to the words wa_and 2 in the sense of posses- sion (Hai ); e.g. Vafa:, Bat, ARE, cf. Kas. on P. V.2.25, 138; (6) a technical term for the term af in Panini’s grammar, cf. syani: Pra ait; after P. 1.4.59, 60. The term fai for aft is used in the Jainendra ’ Vyakarana. words headed by the dvandva compound ft in which the taddhita aflixes added to the con- stitutnt members of the com- pound are dropped when the dyandva compound is to be used in the plural number; a#raaaa 4a- aranaal ferePraat:; cf. Kas. on P. IL. 4.68. feriq tad. affix fir added to the word 2 in the sense of the word itself (ei) ce. g. afar cf.; P. Ve 4.39, feranZ a class of words headed by the words fers, Pr, 4at and others to which the taddhita affix aati (fq) causing the substitution of viddhi is added in the sense ge “a descendant’; e.g. anata: anafa:; of. Kas. on P-IV.1.154. fae (1)a brief term (sara) for the 18 personal endings. Out of these eighteen personal endings, which are common for all tenses and moods, the first nine fq, a% etc. all called Parasmaipada, while the other nine a, iam etc. are named Atmanepada and ag also; cf, aeraaiHmagaa; (2) a verbal form: called also wrearan; cf. fe We aareateral Hated | rafal date |V.Pr.1.27, yaeea (1) a word ending in fg; a verb; (2) a popular name given to the section which deals with verbs in books on grammar as contrasted with the term gaxt which is used for the section deal- ing with nouns. faseafirtattt a work dealing with verbal forms written by firtata- aera. fase senses possessed by the person- al endings of verbs, viz. are ( or 4) Geat and #13. For details see Vaiyakaranabhiisanasira,freRrera 175 Rreftara the grave accent for the whole word ( #faata) generally possessed by a verbal form when it is preceded by a word form which isnot a verb; cf. faefas: P. VIII. 1.28. feta an affix to which the mute | indicatory letter q is added signi- | fying the circumflex accent of that affix; e. g. the affixes aq, vat etc.; cf. P. VI. 1.185. fAeeaz the circumflex accent possess- ed by an affix marked with the mute letter q. See fad. the augment faq added to the words ag, 9%, 71 and #4 when they are followed by the tad, affix 4 (©) ¢, g. 7gfaia; cf. P. V. 2.52. fa the personal ending of the 3rd pers, sing. substituted for & (war) in the Parasmaipada, For sub- stitutes for faq in special cases, see P. VI. 168, IIT. 4.82, 83, 84, feravott a southern grammarian who wrote a short treatise on the pratyaharas like #1, #4 etc. in the grammar of Panini. faeag a southern writer of the commentary named gaqRar on the Siddhanta Kaumudi of Bhat- toji Diksita. fir tad. affix f& added in Vedic Literature to the word @ when superior quality is meant, e, g. ‘aria: cf. PV. 4.41. Yaegure compound words headed by the word f8¢ which are termed as avyayibhava _ com- pounds and treated as indeclin- ables; e. g. fa8g, Fe, Healt, sme ete.; of. Kas, on P. II. 1.17, diam utterance with a sharp tone characterizing the pronunciation of the Abhinihita kind of cireum- aR flex vowel as opposed to the utterance which is called a when the circumflex, called grag, is pronounced; cf, eddtatistiaea: SPRAMATL, TH Bea SY aT sa Saat | ai aaa: Iter FR Tea Bq ETaeRE Uvvata on V, Pr, I. 125, aia tad. affix aia in the sense of WI added to the words f and f& before which f% is changed into a. ¢, g. facia, ata: ch P. Vv. 2.54, 55; the tad. affix a ( a1 ) is added to the words ending in dta to mean a section e. g. fadfat HIM: cf, Kas. on P, V. 3.48. diaat extreme sharpness of the nasalization at the time of pro- nouncing the anusvara and the fifth letters recommended by Sai- tydyana. ec. g. SRCEIS, ada aaa’. of. T. Pr. XVIL 1. (1) short term (He7eR) for the dental consonants @, 4, %, ¥ and acf. P, I, 1.69; (2) personal-end- ing substituted for fa in the 2nd pers. imper. sing. Parasmaipada cf, P. ILI, 4.86; (3) tad. affix g in the sense of possession added in Vedic Literature to #4 and mle. g. FY, wg: ch. P. V. 2.138; (4) unadi affix J (ga) prescribed by the rule fa I Raa ( Unadi Sitra 1.69), before which the augment is not added ce. g. Ba: BG etc. ch P. VIL 2.03 ‘JF augment q added (1) to the root fa in the form fa, the pot. pass. part. of f4 cf, P. III. 1.132; (2) to the short vowel at the end ofa root before a ktt affix marked with the mute letter @ e.g. afi, sga of. P, VI. 1.71; (3) toa short yowel before & if there be close proximity (fea!) between theafafa 176 two e.g. safa, a; cf. P. VI. 1.73; (4) to the indeclinables =r and #1 as also to a long vowel | before 2, e. g. aismi2aia, fri ef. P. VI. 1.74, 75; (5) to a long vowel optionally, if it is at the end of a word, e. g. eail=gr, saitarn, cf. P. VI. 1.76; (7) to the letter q at the end of a word Ears e.g. ware=2a, cf, P. VIII. | sae GPa a rule prescribing the addi. tion of the augment q ; e. g. am: germmgrats afi P. VIL. 2.2 | See ag. | GM roots such as the root gq and | the like, which have their vowel of the reduplicative syllable leng- | thened as seen mostly in Ved Literature; e.g. qasita:, aera @ak etc.; cf. Kas, on P. V1.7. | ‘JF augment gq (1) added to the affix aa prea for the 4 of 2g and eae 5; ec. g. Pata, aa, cf. P. IV. 3. 23; ea) added to the tad. affix = (2%) applied to the word aig in the Saisika senses; e.g. 2ila- faa: cf. P, IV. 3.15, GANZ a class of roots headed by the root 6% which take the conjuga~ tional sign #1 ( #1) and which are popularly called roots of the sixth conjugation; cf. P. I1I.1.77. @A _unadi affix g, added to the roots f&, a, WH etc. See g (4). a very small class of words headed by the word gq to which the taddhita affix ze (sq) is added in the sense of possession (ara ). The affix zs is optional and the: other affixes 24, 27 and aq are also added; e.g. ahaz-, a4, Sires, eat; similarly safe: ete.; of. Kas. on P,V.2.117. SAL Kt afix Gof the infinitive (1) added to a root optionally with ‘gg when the root refers to an action for the purpose of which another action is mentioned by the principal verb ; aad aafa or disrat asta; cf. Kas. on P.IIL.3.11; (2) added to a root connected with another root in the sense of desire provided both have the same sub- ject; ¢.g.. =9f ttaay ; cf. P. IIL. 3.158; (8) added to a root connec- ted with the words #1, aa or 3a; e.g. aIat ara etc. c.f. P.IIL.3, 167; (4) added to any root which is connected with the roots Im Wy 8, , 42, TH, HY, TH, ag, we: and 3a or its synonym, as also with Aa, or its synonym ; e.g. aria aan, waft aga Aer aga, ae arg, dia, aga: cf. Kas. on P. IT. 4, 65, 66. e4 similar in articulation; savarna; cf. R. T. 168. generac one got the same sub- stratum; denoting ultimately the same object; expressed in the same case; the same as samanadhikarana in the grammnr of Panini, of Kat, 11.5.5. @ (1) substitute prescribed for the last vowel of the word sso as to make it declinable like words marked with the mute letter co (2) common term for the krt affixes 4 and %¥ prescribed in the sense of the agent of a verbal activity; the tad. affixes dag, and % are seen placed after words ending ing in Vedic Literature before which the affix g is elided; e.g. afer, digi; of. Kad. on P, V.3.59. aX tad. affix d, taking the fem. “affix 2 (2a), (1) added to a root optionally with sm (cg) in the sense of the agent of a verbal activity, the word so form- nutara 177 rod ed having the last vowel acute; e.g. ali TCH; eat ae; of. P. TIT. 1,133; (2) prescribed in the sense of ‘deserving one’ optionally along with the pot. pass. part. affixes; e.g. War Ug Bq at, wa sai Fa, Ha ae HM Areva, Te, Teetat ar; cf, Kaé. on P, III. 3.169. @sira_a word ending in the affix 9g and hence getting the guna vowel (i. e. 4) substituted for the final vowel = before the Sarvana- masthina (i. ¢, the first five) case affixes; cf. gaet area aerate, M. Bh, on VIL. 1.96. Gaga treatment of a word as ending with the affix ga although, in fact, it does not so end;e. g. the word ig; cf. gsaenig:, P. VII. 1.95; cf. also qTAARTHL, BZ sigat; M.Bh, on VIL. 1.95 Vart. 10. @aTs a class of words to which the taddhita affix a is added in the four senses given in P. IV. 2.67 to 70; e. g. qal:, Azaz, Wig: etc.; cf. Kas. on P. IV. 3.80. adia the third consonants out of the class consonants; aviadia;_ viz. , S, ¢and 4; cf. aar adaraat qa aTaaueeaaa, M, Bh, on P. I. 9. Gea the third case; affixes of the third case ( instrumental case or @Manaufey ) which are placed (1) after nouns in the sense of an ins- trument or an agent provided the agent is not expressed by the Personal-ending of the rootye. g- Saar gary, gat fares cf. P. TIT. 3.18; (2) after nouns connected with &g, nouns meaning defective limbs, nouns forming the object of 3 with aq as also nouns meaning a or a thing capable of produc- ing a result; ¢. g- G21 €@74:, ST 23 a0:, AMAT data, faat Fas; cf. Kas. on P. 11.3.19,23; (3) optionally with the ablative after nouns meaning quality, and optionally with the genitive after pronouns in the sense of &g, when the word %@W is actually used e.g. qftecHd am: or qitearaa: Ya eat or =e] Bildaia; it is observed by the Varttikakara that when the word 2 or its synonym is used in asen- tence, a pronoun is put in any case in apposition to that word ie. %g or its synonym e. g. a fafa, fH faftrag etc.; cf Kas. on P, II, 3.25, 27; (4) optionally after nouns connected with the words 748, Pt, Ari,after the words wis, 77, as also afters, sinia and their synonyms; e.g. saat etc. Sit Thi, SUl AAR, Fle HARA; cf. Kag.on P.IL3. 32, 33,35, 44; (5) optionally with the locative case after nouns meaning constellation when the tad, affix after them has been elided; e.g. Seam esereiter tT aera: Mahabharata; cf. P-11.3.45; (6) optionally with the genitive case after words connected with Hi or its synonymsse.g. Jet az, gem aaa; cf. P. 113.72. adaaATa called also eetragemas as prescribed by P. II. 1. 30-35; eg. aciazar P.I. 1,30 and the Mahabhasya thereon. @q (1) krt affix g with the acute accent on the first vowel of the word formed by its application, applied to any root in the sense of ‘an agent’ provided the agent is habituated to doa thing, or has his nature to do it, or does it well; e.g. aan sensarath, Brea: AEP ‘wafra THEN, Fai HEH; cf Kas, on P, I11.2.135; words ending with a govern the noun connected with them inthe accusative case;afatemnteenes (2) the term a4, used as a short term (aig) standing for krt affixes beginning with those pres- cribed by the rule a2: aqatale | (P.III.2.124) and ending with the | affix G4 (in P.IIT.3.69); cf. K P.JIT.4.69. ‘Staiaaaner called also g14y: ify and hence representing | possibly all the different branches or Sakhas of the naga, which is not attributed definitely to a parti- cular author but is supposed to have been revised from time to time and taught by various acaryas who were, the followers of the Taittirlya Sakha.The work is divid- ed into two main parts, each of which is further divided into twelve sections called adhyayas, and discusses the various topics such as letters and their properties, accen- ts, euphonic changes and the like, just as the other Pratisikhya works, It is believed that Vararuci, Mahiseya and Atreya wrote Bhas- yas onthe Taittiriya Pratiéakhya, but at present,only two important commentary works on it are avai- lable- (a) the ‘Tribhasyaratna’, based upon the three Bhasyas mentioned above as the title shows, written by Somayarya and (b) the * Vaidikabharana ’? written by Gopillayajvan. For details see Introduction to « Taittiriya Pratakhya’ ed. Govt Oriental Library Series, Mysore. BiFra a kind of «aa, or a vowel with a circumflex accent which follows an acute-accented vowel characterized by avagraha i. e. coming at the end of the first member of a compound; e. g. ‘it~ TAR Tisitt aaahiere aascia. Here 178 the vowel & of q following upon om the avagraha is called 4aaaHeaas of. saamaeatifra: V. Pr. I. 118, ‘Stier a kind of svarita or circum- flex-accented vowel which follows an acute-accented vowel, with the intervention of a consonant between the acute accented vowel and the circumflex vowel which (vowel) originally was grave. e. g. mB, 18}; here the vowel @ is adeqaaeaka; cf. et aaagaeay- mF, V. Pr. I. 117. twa tad. affix @ applied in the sense of oil toa word meaning the substance from which oil is extra- c. g. feats wider, ; cf. Rak aida aq, Kas. on P. V. 2. 29. atecqgiGet a southern grammarian who has written a gloss called wart on the Siddhantakaumudi of Bhattoji Diksit: aaa srt affix HE in the sense of the infinitive (a) seen in Vedie Literature; e.g. 2auwaRd:. The word ending with aga, becomes an indeclinable, Alga a root belonging to the garfe class of roots ( sixth conjugation ) which take the vikarana # (a) causing no guna or vrddhi_ substi- tute for the vowel of the root. atereatl® a class of words headed by the word dieai%, the taddhita affix in the sense of ga, ( grand- child ) placed after which is not .clided by P. IT. 4. 605 c. g. dizafts: fier, dima: 93:5 cf. Kas, on PIT. 4.61. za tad, affix a added to the words fay, tet and Ga showing time, as also to the word sq in Vedic Literature; & 5. fey, RAL, cattery, He ( where wis clided ); cf. Ka. on P.IV, 3, 23. eT tad. affix 1, added to the word a optionally with the’ affixes ayOe a 179 Aug and @ before which aq is changed to Ase. g. AeWL, TTA, aAita; cf PB. V. 4, 30 Vart.6. (1) tad, affix @ standing for 4 and =i which see below; (2) a technical term for 94 (a suffix or a termination ) in the Jainendra Vyakarana. FR tad, affix | added in the Saisika senses to the words @i&m, Gard and gy e.g. SN: TATA, Area: afaoterat cf. P. IV 2. 98. tama tad. affix aH added to the words 37 and af¥ in the senses ‘near’ and ‘above’ respectively; ch, qdaweaqiern, Teareenier, cf, Kas. on P. V. 2.34. waanf® aterm used for the class of pronouns headed by #@ which are cight viz. 4,4, 4d, Gta, ACY, ga, UH and fa; cf-P.1.1.74,1.2.72, TIL. 2. 60, VII, 2. 102. PARA a specific operation pres- cribed for the pronouns headed by we. g. the substitution of 4 for the final letter; cf. anata? 4 saimaa, M. Bh. on P. I. 1. 27 Vart. 6. ea tad. affix a (1) added to a few specified indeclinables in the 5. ka senses; e. g. Fatwa: zee etc.; cl. Kag. on IV. 2. 104; (2) added to the indeclinables tay, ag and 48 optionally along with 2g and 4: cB. ARM, TIAN, TARAS cf. . on P. IV. 2. 105. ‘| a common term for the krt affixes ga and gi (P.IIL. 2. 181-186) in Case the vowel = of 21 is look- ed upon as equivalent to an aug- ment, as also for the wvdi affix Ba. and the tad. affixes 4 and 7 (P- IV. 2.51 and V.3.10);the tad. affix 3 is added in the sense of 44g or collection to the word ajar; cf. Kas, on P.IV-2.51, > eg. A@ tad, affix termed Vibhakti_added to pronouns excepting fe and others, and to the words ag andi, when they end with the loc. case termination; e.g. &4, 1, IA ete. cf. Kas. on P.V. 1.10, 14. I tad. affix 37 in the sense of some- thing donated, as also to the words @, 72%, gauge and 4ei end ing in the accusative or the loca- tive case; e. g. TAT Fue, SAAT gata: cf Ka. on P. V.4.55,56. There is avagraha before_the tad. affix at. ZaAfa zasateh. V.Pr. V.9. | Br) ket affix fa, always having the tad. affix ag (a) added to it, applied to the roots marked with the mute syllable g prefixed to them in the Dhatupstha; e. g. giaad, fama; (2) a term signify ing the plural number; cf. a at R addi fraaeg V-PrI13. fF lit. triad; a term used in the Mahabhasya in connection with the Vibhakti affixes i.e, case end- ings and personal endings which are in groups of threes cf. fia qavfureday M.Bh. on P.I.1,38; cf. also mara FRET Nee Ga _M. Bh. on P.I.4.101; cf, also M. Bh. on 11.2.3, V.1.52, V.1.58. faqaat name of a commentary on the Paribhasendusekhara written by Raghavendracirya_Gajendra- gadkar, a resident of Satara and a pupil of Nilakanthasistri Thatte. He lived in the second half of the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth century and wrotecom- entaries on important grammar works, : {Gaz made up of a collection of three padas or words; the word is used in connection with a Rk or a por tion of the kramapitha; cf. ait gant frenagft T.Pr.1.61. The wordfa 180 is found used in connection with a bahuvrihi compound made up of three words; cf. the term (#42- agate. frat a term usually used in conne- ction with the last three Padas (ch. VUI. 2, VII. 3 and VIII, 4) of Paninis Astadhyayi, the rules in which are not valid by convention to rules in the first seven chapters and a quarter, as also a later rule in which (the Tripadi) is not valid treatise on Pénini’s grammar Tripadi”) written by Dr. H.E. Buiskool recently. PATALET name of a commentary on the Taittiriya Pratisikhya written by Somayarya. The commentary is said to have been based on the three Bhasya works attributed to the three ancient Vedic scholars— Vararuci, Mahiseya and Atreya. fara consisting of three moras or miatras. The protracted or 2a - vowels are said to consist of three matras as contrasted with the short and long vowels which respectively consist of one and two matras; cf. Kas. on P.1.2.27. ala (1) the famous three ancient grammarians Panini (the author of the Sutras), Katyayana (the author ofthe Varttikas), and Pata%jali (the author of the Mahabhasya;) (2) the grammar of Panini, called so, being the contribution of the reputed triad of Grammarians. TaBm repeated thrice, occurring thrice; a term used in the Prati- sakhya works in respect of a word which is repeated in the krama and other artificial recitations. Gres son of Vaidyanatha who wrote a small treatise on kirakas fadiaa a scholar of grammar who has written a small work named 72/4 on the uses of indeclin- wrote a gloss called * qi on the Katantra—vrtti faferat_ name of a commentary on the Paribhasendusckhara written by Laksminrsithha in the 18th century. BHI all the three times, past, p sent and future; cf. mem: fren, Rat "a Uwvatabhasya on V. Pr. lea? 15. a ora arule or an operation pres: cribed by Panini in the last three quarters of his Astidhyayi, See fardi above. Brarea_a collection of three words (to express the same sense); cf. aif a Fae A aed | sregeaq oral sora M. Bh, on TIT, 1.445 cf. also M. Bh. on P. I, 4,74, IV, 1, 88, IV. 2.60 ete. eet (1) use of the three accents acute, grave and circumflex at the time of the recital of the Veda; wat wu wa tei; cf =ngdvaiaiat art srtearay | Fema, Seadeq Kas, on P.V.1. 194. cf. also ay Sead a eet Tt Fr 2a: | BeRoneide eae adtavia | M. Bh. on P, I. 2.31. saaat (a word) having three vowels or syllables in it; =44 or zaeR; cf. meres aft ama cf M, Bh. on VIII 4.6. savas a grammarian of the nine- teenth century, who resided at Wai in Saara District and wrote a commentary on the Paribhasen- dusekhara which is named zavaait after the writer,sant 181 saraait a commentary on the Pari- bhagendusekhae by w=m: see 4 tad. affix qin the sense of duty, nature or essence, prescribed optionally with the affix q (al); e.g. Wa Tad, Aaa, Wa; cf. qe_radet P. V. 1.119, also cf. wasninraae P. VI. 3. 35 Vart.lo. ta ket affix @ in the sense of the potential pass. part. in Vedic Literature; e. g. mai ga: | Hdea; also cf. Kas, on P.ILI. 4.14;cf. also gan ata wal R. V. 1X. 47.2. waa tad. affix @ before which there is observed the caesura or ava- graha in the recital of the Pada- patha. e.g. %arifata Base | ch. V. Pr. V. 9. a a (1) second consonant of the dental class of consonants possessed of the properties Tasaia, A414, Fza- aeq and wend; (2) augment 4 (4x) added to the words ag, ala, afaga and way before the Purana affix SZ. e. g. SUT GW: 9B:, afia:, aad; cf, Kas. on P. V. 2.51; (3) substitute for the con- sonant & of si before any con- sonant exccpt a nasal, and a semivowel as also for the conso- nant q of eq preceded by the Preposition 3; cf. P, VIII. 2.35, VIII. 4.61. 4 (1) personal-ending of ‘the 2nd pers. pl. Parasmaipada,substituted for the & of the ten lakara affixes; (2) substitute (4) for the 2nd pers. sing. personal ending fq in the perfect tense; (3) wnadi affix (7%) added to the roots T, 4, a etc. e.g. dia, dicks etc.; cf. unadi siitra IT. 7; (4) unadi affix ( aa) added to the roots @1, #9, ai etc.; e.g. 8, ata: etc. cf. unadi satra II. 2: (5) unadi affix (aa) added to the roots 3%, 3% mm and c.g. Gist, #eH etc. cf, unadi siitra II, 4; (6) a technical term for the term 94m or the redu- plicated wording of Panini ( cf. 34 aa) P. VI. 1.5, used in the Jainendra Vyakarana. ‘Waa krt affix wn added to the root 4 ‘to sing, in the-sense of agent provided he is skilled; e. g. 7a%:5 cf, P. IIT, 1.146. a tad. affix 4 added to numerals ending in qin Vedic Literature; eg. Ta, waa, Wlaana gat wafea; cf. P. V. 2.50. ai personal-ending 44 substituted for a of the 2nd pers. pl. of the imperative Parasmaipada in Vedic Literature, e. g. af@uq for af%=sa; of. Kas, n P, VII. 1.45. @g ‘tad. affix aq in the sense of u# (manner) added to the pro- nouns z@q, and f%q, the words ending in 4% becoming indeclina- bles; e. g. may, way cf. P. Ve 3.24, 25. 4B personal ending 4 substituted for fag of the 2nd pers, sing. Paras- maipada in the perfect tense as also in the present tense in speci- fic cases; of. P. III. 4.82, 83,84. WA personal ending of the 2nd pers, dual Parasmaipada, which is substituted for % of the lakara affixes; cf. P, III 4. 78. at (1) tad. affix qj in the sense of question or reason (#2 ) added to the pronoun 17 in Vedic Litera~ ture; eg. Fat Gal ae; cf. Kas, on P.V.3.26; (2) tad. affix = (are according to Panini) which gets caesura or avagraha after sea, qi, AY, Hand 7g; e.g. HRA sige,om gaafa qisat etc.; cf. Vaj. Pr.V. 125 6) tad. affix aiZ in the sense wadded tothe words va, i, f and gH in Vedic Literature, e.g. a seaat gaat Pratam; cf. Kas. on P. V.3.111; (4) tad. affix are in the sense of mannar ( 9#) added to ffl, pronouns excepting those weaged by fg, and the word ag; g. waa, cf. PV_3.23. erate affix mg. See a1. ‘al personal ending of the 2nd pers. sing. Atmanepada, substitut- ed for @ of the lakara affixes. aia (THIEME, PAUL) a sound scholar of the present day, well | versed in Sanskrit Grammar and Vedic Literature, who has written a critical treatise named “Panini and the Veda.” BR (1) augment 4 added to the words 594, #fa, fata and agz; see q above; (2) augment 4 added to the root #@ ofthe fourth conjugati- on Paras. before the affixes of the aorist. e.g. area; cf. P.VIL4.17. way tad. affix in the sense of _ favourable for’ ( a eazy) added to the words am andafa; eg. saan af: | aaa | cf. Kas. on P. V.1.8. z @ third consonant of the dental class of consonants possessed of the pro- perties ATaIasaM, dia, dzarnvseagt and ‘sreqHMA;(2) consonant substituted for the final letter of nouns ending with the affix 44_as also for the final letter of @, 4% and wage provided the final letter is at the end of a pada; e.g. a7mmd etc.; cf. Kas. on P, VIIT. 2.72; (3) consonant & substituted for the final q of roots 182 excepting the root sig, before the ardiea personal —— fg, of the dag pers, sing.; eg. arrHIe Har; ch P. VIII. 3.93. @ (1) the consonant z, the vowel # being added for facility of utter- ance or use; (2) a technical term used in the Jainendra Vyakarana for the term aHag in the gram- mar of Panini. ava a fault of pronunciation where the letters are uttered indistinct ( se2 ). @Hq tad. affix aA prescribed optiona- lly with 44 and #14 in the sense of measure ( 347" ), with { appl- ied to them are termed Ubhaya- padin. All the rest are termed Parasmaipadin. There are some other mute letters or syllables applied by Panini to the roots in his Dhatupitha for specific purpo- ses; e.g. Cat the end to signify prohibition of vrddhi to the penu- Itimate 4 in the aorist, e.g. Heid cf. P,VIL2.5; gto signify the optional substitution of @ or 3 for the affix & of the aorist, e.g. afted, atraiq; cf PIIL157; ¢ to signify the optional application of the augment = ( 4) before ear eg. atver, aren; cf. P.VIL, 2. 56; % tosignify the optional applica- tion of the augment ¢ (2%) ¢.8- drat, aiftat, cf. P.VIL.244; 31 to signify the prohibition of the aug- ment ¥ in the case of the past pass. part. e.g. fam, faa, of P. VII.2.16; < to signily the addition of a nasal after the last yowel ¢, g. frat from fifa, of. P. VIL.1.58; to signify the prohibition of gai to the penultimate long vowel beforeaanetatant 194 ararata firg, ¢. g. otaenad, cf. P.VIT. 4.2 to signify the substitution of a | for f'@ in the aorist, e.g. anad, cf. | P. III.1.53; sito signify the sub- stitution of {for q of the past pass.part, e.g, Gaz, Aita:, Gai, Za: etc.; cf. P. VIII. 2.45. Besides ‘these,the mute syllables f%, g andg | are prefixed for specific purposes; cf. P, 111.2.187, I11.3.89 and IIT. | 3,88. The term wa is a suflici- ently old one which is taken by Panini from ancient grammarians and which is found used in the Nirukta and the Pratisakhya works, signifying the ‘elemental (radical)base’ for nouns which are all derivable from roots according | to the writers of the Nirukta works and the grammarian Sikatyana; | of, aM a algae fet sare a xa diva M. Bh, on P. III.3.1. Some scholars have divided roots into six categories;- cf. a4 4 ret (a) aRaar: yaaa, arameraiz:, (c) maPsariedzar: ( qratsas ) Geanrenieaa:, (d) saa: area:, = (ec) alAaTe: mogiam;, (f) neaalrarta: geeHgi amgaa:; cf. Sriigara Prak. I. For details see M.Bh. on P.1.3.1 as also pp 255, 256 Vol. VIL Vya- karata-Mahabhasya published by the D.E. Society, Poona. “aTgnetefatat a short treatise on the Toots of the different conjugations written by a grammarian named Dhanaijaya. argalieaast a grammatical work in verse written by Varadariija, the pupil of Bhattoji Diksita who lived in the 17th century. Besides Kiarikivali, Varadaraja — wrote eghlagt and eritad also. sargaiter (1) name of a comment- ary on the Kavikalpadruma of Bopadeva by Ramilarhkara; (2) name ofa commentary on the Kavikalpadruma by Durgadasa who wrote a commentary on the Mugdhabodha also. ‘aS (1) name given in general to the several collections of roots given generally with their mean- ings by grammarians belonging to the various different schools of grammar. These collections are given as necessary appendices named faa to their grammars by the well known grammarians of Sanskrit such as Panini, Sika yana, and others; (2) a small trea- tise on roots written by Bhimasena of the 14th century. ‘aIgwsata a commentary un the Dhatapatha by Nages: aAgUat a grammatical treatise dealing with roots written as a su pplementary work by Jumaranan- din to his grammar work called Rasavati,which itself was a thorou- ghly revised and enlarged edition of the wal a commentary written by Kramadisvara on his own gram. mar named #faaei. Jumaranandin is believed to have been a Jain writer who lived in the fifteenth century A.D. MATH a work dealing with roots written as a supplementary work by Balardma-Paficinana to his own grammar named Prabodha- Prakasa. agaerrafant a work dealing with verbal forms written by Dharma~ kirti, a Jain grammarian of the eighth century. caraseta a work dealing with verbal forms written by Maitreya Rak- sita, a Buddhist writer and a famous grammarian belonging to the eastern part of India whoargasd lived in the middle of the twelfth century. He is believed to have written many scholarly works in connection with Panini’s grammar out of which the Tantrapradipa is the most important one. The work Dhatupradipa is quoted by Saranadeva, who was a contem- porary of Maitreya Raksita, in his Darghatavrtti_on P. IL. 4. 52. aTAaae called also sage attribut- ed to agrammarian named Ki natha. ANGATSI_ a work on roots in verse- form attributed to a grammarian named Iivarakanta. ageAanadi a treatise dealing with roots believed to have been written by Ramasitnhavarman. ATERHIPRT a work dealing with roots believed to have been written by Narayana who was given the title ae. He lived in the seventeenth century; a work named antafs- saat is also believed to have been written by him. agcettadt ashort list of the impor- tant roots from the Dhatupatha of Panini, given in verse by Eat a grammarian of the 17th century. WSN an clision of a portion ‘of a root; cf. 4 ulgala ardaig®, P.1.14. smTgahA a general term applied toa treatise discussing roots, but speci- fically used in connection with the scholarly commentary written by Madhavacarya, the reputed scholar and politician at the court of the Vijayanagara kings in the four- teenth century, on the Dhatupatha of Panini, The work is generally referred to as HTadial-aigai® to distinguish it from ordinary com- mentary works called also 4iaafa written by grammarians like Vijayananda and others, 195 TTS “TGR a grammar dealing with verbs believed to have been written by Vabgasena. ‘WTGAIPATG conventional name giv to the fourth pada of Panini Astadhyayi which begins with the Sitra qaaaes see: P. T1141 ‘ATAU enumeration or recital of roots in the Dhatupatha ef. szqa- aaioraasngrest:| a | arama HMaTeI- get a | M. Bh. on P. TI. 1. 1. ‘aad lit. meaning of a root, the verbal activity, named fat or a: cf area: fear; M. Bh. on TIL: 84, TIT.2.115. The verbal activity is described generally to be made up ofa series of continuous sub- ordinate activities carried on by the different karakas or agents and instruments of verbal activity helping the process of the main activity. When the process of the verbal activity is complete, the completed activity is looked upon as a substantive or dravya and a word denoting it, such as1#,or aT does not get conjugational affixes, but it is regularly declined like a noun. Just as a4, 203, fe%, ee, and 1% are given as: sieges, in the same manner fal, 1%, Ge, aaa or Fem, and aT are given as araa, asthey are shown by a verbal form, although strictly speaking verbal activity (Fralor 44) alone is the sense of a root, as stated in the Mahabhasya. For details see Vaiyak.Bh.Séra, where it is said that fruit (¥@) and effort (=4m1& ) are expressed by a root, cf, Gasqararaig:. The five senses given above are in fact conveyed not by a root, but by a verb or * sreard or fazed. AFIT a popular name given to theSRT 196 a second pada of the fifth adhyaya of Panini’s Astadhyayi possibly because the pada begins with the Siitra wait waa ay ag, P. V.2.1. ‘ATT (1) suppression of a consonant, out of two successive consonants which is looked upon as a fault of recital; e.g. ga when recited as aa; ef arumager Uvvata on R.Pr.XIV. 6; (2) repe- tition of a consonant which is also afault;eg. =fraq for sila: cf, Uvvata on XIV.6;cf. also area; eA etc. explained by Uvvata as area ery areal aaa ema: gaa gta where aaa means ‘lengthening’ or‘prolonging’ | cf, R.Pr. on XIV.23; (3) the pecu- llar position of the mouth (aaé- any) by which a double conso- nant is recited as a single one, cf. falaraday ( wasaafiad ) aren e.g. aan, #F#2:, cf. V.Pr. 1V.144. € (1)a technical term used for sonant consonants in the Pratigakhya and old grammar works; cf. fy 24: V- Pr.J,53, explained by Uwvata as adint sre: aterm fer V.Pr. 1.53; the term f% corresponds to @] of Panini; (2) personal ending f substituted for i of the impera. Qnd sing. eg. Bett, fix, freZ, ala, aa etc.; of. P.V.4.101-103. J a technical term in the Jainendra Vyakarana for aig (a root) which is used freely by the ancient gra mmarians and Panini. SE (Dthe augment prefixed to the consonant following upon the consonant @ or 4 occurring at the end of a word; eg. aimaia, were etc.; cf. P. VIIT.3.29: (2) technical short term for aig (root): the technical term is gg, but the nom. sing. used is gz; (3) a technical term standing for con- sonants excepting semi-vowels and nasals; cf. gza aff Kat. I1I.6.51. The term is used in the Katantra Vyakarana. It corresponds to the term ® of Panini. ‘GAT tad. affix called Vibhakti tad. affix, applied to the word ZH when zai. is changed into 23 cf. zea: AQUA: Fat a Waa: Kas. on P. V. 3.17. ‘TY a short term for arg or root.See gz, gan a class of words headed by the word 4H to which the tad.affix am ( 34) is added in the miscella- neous ( Zfa%) senses; ¢. g. in wen: etc.; cf Kas. on P,TV.2,127, ya or Jaaaya kind of original grave vowel turned into a circum- flex one which is called #34 unless followed by another acute or circumflex vowel. The Taittiriya Pratisakhya has mentioned seven varieties of this ‘pracaya’ out of which A or dais one. For details see Bhasya on a: uez: Aifeera, T.Pr-XVIIL3. ya tad. affix 4 applied to the words ain,