Gas Equations

Bring it on!

Lesson goals
Explain

the behavior of ideal

gases in terms of pressure,
volume, temperature, and
number of particles using the
Combined and Ideal Gas Laws.
Able to identify inversely and
directly proportional relationships
of gas behaviour using graphs.

1. There are 2 balloons in a room. They are identical in size and material.
One balloon is filled with air and the other balloon is filled with Helium. How
does the pressure of the air balloon compare to the pressure of the Helium
balloon. The pressure in the air balloon is

A. lessB. equal C. greater

2. How does the pressure in the Helium balloon

compare to the pressure of the air in the room? The
pressure in the Helium balloon is

A. less B. equal C. greater

3. How do the number of air molecules in the air balloon

compare to the number of He atoms in Helium balloon?
The number of air molecules is

A. less B. equal C. greater

4. How does the average speed of the Helium

molecules compare to that of the air molecules?
The average speed of the He molecules is

A. less B. equal C. greater

Boyles Law: Volume vs

Pressure
Robert

Boyle discovered that at

CONSTANT temp, the volume and
pressure of a gas are....
inversely proportional
This means that as P, V

What does a graph of this look like?

Now

for some practice!

Practice #1
Bacteria

produce methane gas in

sewage-treatment plants. A
bacterial culture produces 0.06 L
of gas that has a pressure of 1
atm. What volume would be
produced at 690 mmHg ?

Charles Law: Volume vs

Temperature
Jaques

Charles discovered that at

CONSTANT pressure, gas volume
and temperature are....
directly proportional
This means that as T, V
What does a graph of this look like?

=
Now

for some practice!

Practice #2
You

place a bag of Hot Cheetos

under a heat lamp. At room
temperature (297 K), there is
0.35 L of air within the bag.
Under the heat lamp, the
temperature climbs to 311 K.
Find the new volume of air.

Gay-Lussacs Law: Temperature

vs Pressure

Gay-Lussac

discovered that at CONSTANT

volume, gas temperature and pressure are....

directly proportional.
This means that as T, P
What does a graph of this look like?

=
Why

should you NOT incinerate an aerosol

can?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8WkBCzEzaw
Now

for some practice!

Practice #3
A

gas has a pressure of 699.0

mm Hg at 40.0 C. What is the
temperature at 760.0 mm Hg?

Activity using PhET

simulation
What

is the relationship between

the number of gas molecules
(i.e., moles) and volume?
at CONSTANT temp/pressure

Avagadros Law: Moles vs

Volume

This

law states that if more gas

molecules are added to a sample of gas,
the gas volume will increase (at
CONSTANT temp/pressure). The
relationship can be defined as....
Directly proportional
This means that as n , V
What does a graph of this look like?
=

Now

for some practice!

Practice #4
A

6.0 L sample at 25 C and 2.00

atm of pressure contains 0.5
moles of a gas. If an additional
0.25 moles of gas at the same
pressure and temperature are
added, what is the final total
volume of the gas?

Molar volume of a gas at

STP

Conditions

need to be STP, when comparing gas behaviours

STP is used widely as a standard reference point for
expression of the properties and processes of ideal gases.
The standard temperature is the freezing point of water and
the standard pressure is one standard atmosphere.
At

STP one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4

litres.
At SLC one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 24.5 litres.
1) What is the volume of 5mol of O2 at STP?
2) What is the mass of 15.9 L Cl2 (g)
3) What is the volume of 100g of NO (g)?

STP
Stands

for Standard Temperature

and Pressure

0 C & 1.0 atm

Remember 1 mol = 22.4
L? This is ONLY true at
STP.

The Combined Gas Law

allows you to predict what will change

in a gas sample as a result of 1+
variables being changed
What if number of moles is constant?


Any

set of relationships between a single quantity

(such as V) and several other variables (P, T, n)
can be combined into a single expression that
describes all the relationships simultaneously.

The

following three expressions:

V 1/P (at constant n, T), Boyles Law
V T ( at constant n, P), Charles Law
V n (at constant T, P), Avogadros Law

can be combined to give

or


or

The

proportionality constant is called the

gas constant, represented by the letter R.

Inserting

R into an equation gives

Multiplying

both sides by P gives the

following equation, which is known as the
ideal gas law:
PV = nRT

The ideal gas law: PV =

nRT
P
V
T
n
R

=
=
=
=
=

pressure
volume
temperature (Kelvin)T
number of moles
gas constant
P

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

= 0 oC or 273 K

= 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm H

1 mol = 22.4 L @ STP

Solve for constant (R)

PV
nT

1 atm = 101.3 kPa

Substitute values:
(1 atm) (22.4 L)=
(1 mole)(273 K)

R = 0.0821 atm L / mol K

R = 0.0821 atm L(101.3 kPa)= 8.31 kPa L

mol K ( 1 atm)
mol K
or

R = 8.31 kPa L / mol K

The ideal gas constant

The ideal gas law does not work when the particles take up a large
proportion of the available space
(1)the gas consists of a large number of molecules, which are in
random motion and obey Newton's laws of motion;
(2)the volume of the molecules is negligibly small compared to
the volume occupied by the gas; and
(3)no forces act on the molecules except during elastic
collisions of negligible duration.

Ideal gas law equation

example
1) What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under
the conditions:
Temp = 300C and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
2) At 137 degrees celsius and under pressure of 3.11 atm, a
276 gram sample of an unkown noble gas occupies 13.46
Liters of space. What is the gas?
3) Using the information from STP conditions determine the
value of the ideal gas constant.
4) What volume will 35g of CO2 occupy at STP?

What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under the conditions:
Temp = 300oC and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
Step 1) Write down given information.
mass = 500 g iodine Convert mass to gram;
recall iodine is diatomic (I2)
x mol I2 = 500 g I2(1mol I2 / 254 g I2)
n = 1.9685 mol I2
T = 300oC Temperature must be converted to Kelvin
T = 300oC + 273
T = 573 K
P = 740 mm Hg Pressure needs to have same unit as R;
therefore, convert pressure from mm Hg to atm.
x atm = 740 mm Hg (1 atm / 760 mm Hg)
P = 0.8 atm
R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K

What is the volume that 500 g of iodine will occupy under the conditions:
Temp = 300oC and Pressure = 740 mm Hg?
Step 1) Write down given information.
Step 2) Equation: PV = nRT
mass = 500 g iodine
Step 3) Solve for variable
n = 1.9685 mol I2
T = 573 K (300oC)
nRT
V=
P = 0.9737 atm (740 mm Hg)
P
R = 0.0821 atm . L / mol . K
V=?L
Step 4) Substitute in numbers and solve
(1.9685 mol)(0.0821 atm . L / mol . K)(573 K)
V =
0.9737 atm
V = 95.1 L I2

Advanced gas law

question
1) A sample of carbon monoxide at 57 degrees celsius and
under 0.67 atm of pressure takes up 85.3 Liters of space.
What mass of carbon monoxide is present in the sample?
mass CO = (28.01g/mole) x (0.67atm) x (85.3L) /
((0.08206 L*atm)/(mole*K) x (330K))
mass CO = 59.1g CO
2) At 137 degrees celsius and under pressure of 3.11 atm,
a 276 gram sample of an unknown noble gas occupies
13.46 Liters of space. What is the gas?
mw = (276g) x (0.08206 L*atm)/(mole*K) x (410K) / ((3.11
atm) x (13.46L))
mw = 222 g/mole
the noble gases are found in column 18 of the periodic
table.. so if you look here. you'll see that the gas must be
Radon

Example #1
What

volume is occupied by 2.0

g of He at 25 C and a pressure of
775 mm Hg?

Example #2
A

2.50-L container is filled with

175 g argon. If the pressure is
10.0 atm what will be the
temperature?

Test
#

PhET sims

Pressure
Measurement

Pressure Prediction
(greater than, equal to, less than, twice as
much, half as much, etc)

100 Light particles

=
Pressure for 100 Heavy Particles will be
__________________ the pressure from Test #1.

1. For Test 6 (150 Heavy +

2
100 Heavy

particles =
50 Light particles), what is
Pressure for 200 Heavy particles will be
__________________ the pressure from Test #2.
the pressure contribution
3
200 Heavy
Pressure for 100 Light AND 100 Heavy particles will be
from the heavy particles
particles =

(Pheavy)? How did you

__________________ the pressure from Test #3
figure this out?
4
100 Heavy + 100 Pressure for 200 Heavy AND 100 Light particles will be
2. What is the pressure
Light particles =

__________________ the pressure from Test #4.

contribution from the light

particles (Plight)? How did

5
200 Heavy + 100 Pressure for 150 Heavy AND 50 Light particles will be
Light particles =

you figure this out?

__________________ the pressure from Test #5.

3. For each test above,

Heavy + 50
Write your own prediction:
calculate the mole fraction 6 150
Light particles =

of each gas (number of

particles of that type /

total particles). Find a
relationship between the
mole
fraction
and the
4. The
atmosphere
is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21%
pressure
contribution
of Typical atmospheric pressure in
oxygen, and
1% argon.
each
type of is
gas.
Toowoomba
about 1.01 atm. What is the pressure contributed
by each gas?

Dalton
Daltons

Law of Partial Pressures

(PT) says that in a mixture of
gases, each gas exerts its own
pressure as though the others
were not there.

Mathematically,

P3 + ...

PT = P1 + P2 +

Example
A

container of a gas mixture has

a total pressure of 10 atm. The
mixture is composed of 2 atm He,
4 atm Ne, and an unknown
amount of Br2. What is the
partial pressure of Br2?

Scuba

tanks contain a mixture of oxygen

for breathing and helium which prevents
decompression sickness. It is more readily
released from the blood than nitrogen or
air. This allows divers to return to the
surface more quickly with less risk of gas
bubbles forming in the blood.
10 L tank, 4 mol of He, and 1.1 mol of,
295 K
PHe; PO2
Ptotal = PHe+PO2

The Litter Box Equation

Another

useful version of the Ideal Gas

Law involves molar mass and gas density.

If

gas density (d in g/L) is known, molar

mass ( in g/mol) can easily be
calculated.
We call it the litter box equation
because a kitty says mu, takes a P,
and kicks dRT over it. Easy to
remember

Problem of the ideal gas

law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIPrsWuSkQc

(from 4:00)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SRAkXMu3d0
(from 3:21)
http://
ch301.cm.utexas.edu/gases/ideal-gas-law/idealgaslawall.php
However,

a gas may act differently under not-so-ideal

conditions, such as really high pressures and densities
or at very low temperatures. These gases that exhibit
different properties under extreme conditions are
known as real gases. And in order to describe this
behavior, we need to deviate slightly from the ideal
gas law and use a modified version of the equation.

For Fun
https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsoE
4F2Pb20
(Implosion)
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=28TI
yWdfxxc
(egg and flask)
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXfT
NcnF9rM

What keeps things cold?

The modern refrigerator takes
advantage of the gas laws to
remove heat from a system.
Compressed gas in the coils (see
right) is allowed to expand. This
expansion lowers the temperature
of the gas and transfers heat
energy from the material in the
refrigerator to the gas. As the gas
is pumped through the coils, the
pressure on the gas compresses it
and raises the gas temperature.
This heat is then dissipated through
the coils into the outside air. As the
compressed gas is pumped through
the system again, the process
repeats itself.